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8/4/2019 Ethical Issues in CR
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Ethical Issues inClinical Research
Vijeta (Roll no.36)
8/4/2019 Ethical Issues in CR
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Ethics is notdefinable, it is notimplementable,because it is not
conscious, itinvolves not onlyour thinking, butalso our feeling.
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Ethics - Greek ethos: tradition, habit... the philosophical study of the principles at the basis of morale
Morale - Latin mores: custom, habit... indicates the distinction between what is good and what is evil in the
everyday life
Both ethics and morale are the resultof the society's evolution towards"standard" behaviors.
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Medical progress is based on research experimentation that involves human
subjects.
In research on man, the interest of science and society should never take
precedence over considerations related to the well-being of the subject .
By bringing ethical issues into sharp focus we will be able to improve the
research quality of our research.
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Autonomy: Respect for Persons, Informed consent; confidentiality
Beneficence: Improve wellbeing while doing no harm (weighing risksversus benefits of research)
Non-malfeasance:Dont inflict harm and dont refuse aid
Justice: Fairly distribute the burdens and benefits of research
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Human participants in research:
People are the means to developing useful knowledge; and are thus atrisk of exploitation.
Vulnerable Populations: It considers people who are HIV infected,Disabled Persons, Mentally Retarded, Women, Children, The Elderly,Prisoners,Refugees, Students, Patients, and Economically andEducationally disadvantaged persons.
Rural Populations.
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Research on animals: ethical debate
Avoidance of experiments on larger animals like cats, dogs,
monkeys, when such can be done on smaller animals like guinea
pigs, rabbits, frogs, rats, mice.
As far as possible, experiments should not be performed merely for
the purpose of acquiring manual skills .
Animals intended for performance of experiments should be looked
afterboth before and after the experiments.
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Writing research proposals: process, guidelines.
State the specific contribution and responsibilities of each author (and
make acknowledgments specific and detailed)
Publishing of research papers
Copyright Issues
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Institutional Ethics Committee
(IEC) /Institutional
Review Board (IRB)
Informed ConsentETHICAL RESEARCH
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Institutional Review Board
means any board, or committee, or any other group formally designated
by an institution to review biomedical research involving humans as
subjects, to approve the initiation of and conduct periodic review of such
research.
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I.C.M.R. GUIDELINES STIPULATE:
No. of members recommended minimum : 57 ; maximum : 12
15
Quorum necessary for meeting - 5 members
Chairman preferably from outside not the head of the institute
Member secretary from the institute to conduct the business
Other members are medical, nonmedical, scientific and
nonscientific, legal expert / retired judge, philosopher including lay
public
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Ethical Issues in CR
13/23
Competent review of ethical aspects of proposals received
Regular monitoring for compliance of ethics as per the guidelines
Protect dignity, rights and well being of the participants
Protect universal ethical values and international scientific standards and localcommunity values and customs.
Development and education of research community responsive to health care
Review by I.E.C. should be complete and adequate
written documentation of all meetings and records to be maintained
premature termination of study if noncompliance is observed
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8/4/2019 Ethical Issues in CR
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A process by which a subject voluntarily confirms his or her willingness toparticipate in a particular trial, after having been informed of all aspects of thetrial that are relevant to the subject's decision to participate.
Informed consent is documented by means of a written, signed and
dated informed consent form.
Synonyms: Subject Information Sheet Patient Information Leaflet
Informed Consent Form
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Ethical Issues in CR
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Sponsor
EthicsCommittee Investigator
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Subject / Trial SubjectAn individual who participates in a clinical trial, either as a recipient of the
investigational product(s) or as a control.
Legally Acceptable Representative (LAR)
An individual or juridical or other body authorized under applicable law
to consent, on behalf of a prospective subject, to the
subject's participation in the clinical trial.
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18/23
Impartial WitnessA person, who is independent of the trial, who cannot be unfairly influenced
by people involved with the trial, who attends the informed consent process if
the subject or the subjects LAR cannot read, and who reads the informed
consent form and any other written information supplied to the subject
Vulnerable Subjects
Individuals whose willingness to volunteer in a clinical trial may be unduly
influenced.
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19/23
It is conducted, strictly adhering to the trial related guidelines, so that it can
protect the individuals freedom of choice and respect for individuals
autonomyand the subjects rights
All the trial related Essential Information and the identity of the ICF
conducting team with address and phone numbers;has to be given to the
subject before taking his consent
There should be no coercion / undue influence on the
subject
Ample time and opportunity to discuss the procedure hasto be given to the subject for his/her decision
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Ethical Issues in CR
20/23
Subject
if subject unable to give consent (minor , dementia etc.) then the consent isgiven by the
Subjects legally acceptable representativesubject should be informed to the extent compatible with his/herunderstanding and consent sought and documented.
In case ofChildren2 consents: one from parents / legally acceptable representative and one fromthe child.
ICF is Signed and dated by
Subject / Subjects LAR
Person conducting the IC process
If subject / subjects LAR is illiterate, then
an impartial witness
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Ethical Issues in CR
21/23
Incomplete informed consent forms
Overstated benefits of the study
Implemented substantive changes to the study without obtaining IRB
approval.
Failure to adhere to the protocol
E.g.: Directly ship study vaccine to some subjects homes for self-administration
As Regulators are very sensitive to ICFs, Inadequate/ Poor consents may
lead to:
Possible Investigator disqualificationfor further trials (FDA warning
letters) and/or Possible Rejection of sponsor data.
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Ethical Issues in CR
22/23
. . . is not a piece of paper.. . . is not a signature.
. . . It is aProcess by which we