ETHICAL ISSUES IN SCIENCE
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SCIENCE
R. SjamsuhidajatFKUI9/17/20131The University is an Incubator of
Knowledge9/17/20132Knowledge is the Product of the Human Mind.
The Human Mind is Fallible.It may be Influenced by Gender,
Religion, Politics, and Greed. 9/17/20133What is Academic
Integrity?What are the Five Pillars of Academic
Integrity?9/17/20134HONESTYTRUSTFAIRNESSRESPECTRESPONSIBILITY9/17/20135ESE5The
Pearce affair: The castProfessor Geoffrey Chamberlain. President of
the RCOG, editor of the BJOG, professor of obsterics at St Georges.
Affectionately known as Bodger
Malcolm Pearce. Assistant editor of the BJOG, senior lecturer at
St Georges.The Pearce affair: The papersCase report of embryo of
ectopic pregnancy reimplanted and successful pregnancy. Massive
media attention worldwidea true breakthrough.A trial of treating
recurrent miscarriage in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Nearly 200 women recruited.Both papers published in BJOG in August
1994.The Pearce affairA whistleblower at the medical school
reported that the patient in the case report did not exist
Ability to recruit so many women for the polycystic ovary trial
was also questioned
Malcolm Pearce, author of both papers, was fired by St Georges
and reported to the GMC The Pearce affairChamberlain discovered
after publication that the woman in the case report did not
existThis was a problem because he was editor of the journalThis
was an even more serious problem because he was a co-author on the
case reportHe suggested it was normal for senior people to put
their names on papers they had done little work onThe Pearce
affair: The fall outThe Daily Mail made it a front page storyPearce
struck off by the GMCChamberlain resigned as journal editor and
college presidentA college working party investigated the
affairBoth men were disgracedYet how many similar stories have gone
undiscovered?AuthorshipWhy not move to contributorship?Have you
ever been involved in an authorship dispute?ICMJE definition of
authorshipThe uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to
medical journals state that authorship credit should be based only
on substantial contribution to:Conception and design, or
acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of dataDrafting
the article or revising it critically for important intellectual
contentAnd final approval of the version to be publishedAll these
conditions must all be met. Participation solely in the acquisition
of funding or the collection of data does not justify
authorship.icmje.org/ICMJE guidanceDeveloped in 1980sUpdated
intermittently sinceAuthorship guidance adopted by over 600
biomedical journalsOften unworkableA self-appointed group of
busybodiesWhat is contributorship? Contributors should include all
those who have added usefully to the work. They might include
somebody who suggested the idea and design for the study but did
nothing further, or somebody who collected many of the data but was
not concerned with design or analysis. Rennie et al suggest that
contributors should agree on the relative size of their
contributions to decide on the order in which they will be
listed.
Richard Smith, BMJ Sep 1997 and Drummond Rennie et al, JAMA
1997What is a guarantor? Guarantors," say Rennie et al, "are those
people who have contributed substantially, but who have also made
added efforts to ensure the integrity of the entire project. They
organise, oversee, and double check and must be prepared to be
accountable for all parts of the completed manuscript, before and
after publication."What is gift authorship?Allowing somebody joint
or sole authorship of an article when they have made little or no
contribution to the work. They may never have seen it.Offered by
the weak to the powerfulA ploy to gain professional
advantageIntellectually dishonestSometimes called honorary
authorshipWhat is ghost authorship?Absence from the list of authors
when you have made a contribution to the work that either qualifies
you as an author, contributor, or guarantor.Forced on the weak by
the powerfulA ploy to gain commercial advantageIntellectually
dishonestHonorary and ghost authorship in high impact biomedical
journals 1Cross sectional survey (2008 v 1996)
Annals, JAMA, Nature Med, Lancet, NEJM, PLoS Med
Self-reported compliance with ICMJE guidance
630/896 corresponding authors
Online confidential questionnaire
Wislar J et al. BMJ 2011; 343 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d6128 (Published
25 October 2011Honorary and ghost authorship in high impact
biomedical journals
219962008PHon/Ghost/Both29.2%21.0%0.004Honorary19.3%17.6%0.439Ghost11.5%7.9%0.023Plagiarism"to
copy (ideas, passages of text, etc.) from someone else's work and
use them as if they were one's own"(Chambers Dictionary)
"ranges from unreferenced use of others' published and
unpublished ideas to submission under 'new' authorship of a
complete paper"(COPE guidelines)
BMJContributorship
Please note the way that we list the names of contributors to
papers published in the BMJ. We believe that the definition of
authorship, produced by the International Committee of Medical
Journal Editors (or Vancouver Group), has some serious flaws.
BMJ: ContributorsWe now list contributors in two ways. Firstly,
we publish a list of authors' names at the beginning of the paper
and, secondly, we list contributors (some of whom may not be
included as authors) at the end of the paper, giving details of who
did what in planning, conducting, and reporting the work.
One or more of these contributors are listed as guarantors of
the paper. The guarantor accepts full responsibility for the work
and/or the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and
controlled the decision to publish.The LancetWe ask all authors and
all contributors (including medical writers and editors) to specify
their individual contributions at the end of the text.
JAMAFor reports of original data and systematic reviews, authors
specific contributions will be published in the Acknowledgment
section
JAMA: Group authorshipIf authorship is attributed to a group
(either solely or in addition to 1 or more individual authors), all
members of the group must meet the full criteria and requirements
for authorship as described above.
Group authorshipIndividual authors can be listed in the article,
either in the byline or elsewhere
Authors listed in this way will be included in
MedlineQuestions?9/17/2013289/17/201329
