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ETHICS
Theories of Ethics
DEPRATMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
RIPHAH INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
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Relativism No universal norms of right and wrong
One person can say X is right, another
can say X is wrong, and both can beright
Subjective relativism
Each person decides right and wrong forhimself or herself
Whats right for you may not be right for
me
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What is right and wrong depends
upon a societys actual moral guidelines
These guidelines vary from place to placeand from time to time
A particular action may be right in one
society at one time and wrong in othersociety or at another time
Cultural Relativism
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HEDONISM
( HEDON IS A GREEK WORD WHICH MEANS PLEASURE)
The ethical doctrine holding that only what is pleasant
or has pleasant consequences is intrinsically good.
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Egoism
Psychological egoism: Human actions aremotivated by their self-interests.
Ethical egoism: One should only promote ones
own interests, or it is alright for everyone to do
so.
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Utilitarianism: The Greatest Good
Argues that the consequences of an
action make that action either moral
or immoral.
An action that leads to beneficial
consequences is right or moral; one
that leads to harmful consequences iswrong or immoral.
Known as a consequentialist theory.
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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)The greatest good of the greatest numbers
IDEAL UTILITARIANISM
A THEORY OF RASHDEL
Utilitarianism
Consequentialism or teleological ethics
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Kantian Ethics: Duties and Rights Argues that the consequences of an
action are irrelevant to a moralevaluation of that action.
It is the motivation behind an actionthat matters. Actions that are moralare those that are undertaken out ofa sense of duty.
One does it because it is the rightthing to do.
Deontology
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Deontological ethics
nonconsequentalist
judgment of moral rightness basedon the intrinsic moral value of the
act itself
Good will
motivating force in all morality
Kantian Ethics
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We owe obedience to our Creator. God is all-good and all-knowing.
God is the ultimate authority.
Divine Command Theory
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