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ETHIOPIAN WATER AND LAND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS OVER 35 YEARS: LESSONS LEARNED AND TO BE LEARNED. Douglas J. Merrey and Tadele Gebreselassie Consultants to the Challenge Program on Water and Food Nile Basin Development Challenge: Program Launch Workshop 29 September 2010. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ETHIOPIAN WATER AND LAND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS OVER 35 YEARS: LESSONS
LEARNED AND TO BE LEARNED
Douglas J. Merrey and Tadele Gebreselassie
Consultants to the Challenge Program on Water and Food
Nile Basin Development Challenge:
Program Launch Workshop
29 September 20101
OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
What we did, how we did it, sources Some major observations emerging from the
study Major conclusions of the study—research and
implementation Recommendations for implementation programs Recommendations for research ConclusionStudy has synthesized existing knowledge,
made detailed recommendations for implementation, future research, and for the CPWF program 2
CONCEPTS “Rainwater Management” (RWM) – CPWF broad
definition, includes soil & water conservation (SWC), rainwater harvesting, conservation farming, micro-irrigation Management of water for crops, livestock, agro-forestry “Sustainable Land (& Water) Management” (SLWM):
“every land-use decision is a water-decision” [Bossio et al]
“Landscape approach to RWM” = Integrated Watershed Management (IWM)
“Water Productivity” (WP) – Kg or $ produced per unit of water consumed “Livestock Water Productivity” (LWP)
“Innovation Systems” -- Linking multiple stakeholders in process of research & development & uptake of new ideas [value chain platforms] 3
WHAT WE DID, HOW WE DID IT, SOURCES
Purpose to synthesize in a systematic way, existing knowledge, lessons, gaps as foundation for NBDC projects
Study is based on review of policy & project documents, research as reported in Ph.D. theses, journal articles, workshop papers, etc Database of nearly 400 references
Discussions and interviews with researchers, policy makers at early phase
Developed detailed data tables on policies, programs, interventions, inventory of organizations, & annotated reference list [Vol. 2] 4
ORGANIZATION OF MAIN REPORT
Scene setting, focusing on Abay River Basin Historical perspective – evolution of institutions,
policies, programs, strategies, outcomes of interventions Examined major research & implementation programs
Assessment of experiences with selected interventions largely based on research
Experiences with targeting (agro-ecological zones, development domains, gender, etc)
Derived key lessons on what works; key knowledge gaps
Implementation recommendations: Ideas for strengthening current programs
Research recommendations: towards a new paradigm of RWM research & development
5
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-INSTITUTIONS
Tremendous progress in human resources development, re-orientation of government from centralized authoritarian implementation to decentralized service-provision. Problems continue: overlapping mandates &
communication-coordination issues; lack of systematic M&E & use in management; disruptive re-organizations; de facto continuation of command & control through top-down quotas, etc
Need to build more effective collective action capacity on watersheds & aquifers, building on indigenous institutions where feasible
Need for nested watershed & basin institutional arrangements for effective integrated management
Can be informal arrangements for many purposes
6
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-POLICIES
Over past 10-15 years, increasingly detailed & coherent policy framework developed for agriculture, water, natural resources, poverty reduction, climate change adaptation, etc.
Recently: “National SLM Framework” to guide SLM planning & investments in coherent way to address linkages of poverty and land degradation Influence of TerrAfrica, CAADP on program design Shift conservation to livelihood improvement focus CPWF’s NBDC program can directly support this
Issues: Insufficient attention to integrating water with land management Need for “green water” policy integrated with SLM &
“blue” water resources policy7
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY- IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS
MERET current name long-running SWC program with WFP support, combining support to food-insecure people with promoting rural infrastructure including SWC Changed over time based on lessons Evolution from “coerced” to “bribed” participation: Food
for Work (FfW), Cash for Work (CfW) Developed participatory methodologies now used in
newer programs, especially “Community-Based Participatory Watershed Development” Guidelines
Added income-generation to meet households’ short-term needs – important innovation
Strong influence on Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) & new SLM Program
Bilateral regional programs (AMAREW, SARDP, GTZ, etc) – also sources of lessons & capacity building 8
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS
Lessons & Observations Early (1970s-1980s) highly coercive, based on
standardized packages, no regard for peoples’ views Evolution to participatory community-driven approach
at policy level, & increasing reality locally Recently: shift to systematic approach to targeting small
watersheds in larger planning context, & enhancing farmers’ incomes
But: researchers continue to find some evidence of coercion locally; use of quotas continues; FfW raises questions on ownership of infrastructure; high staff turnover & institutional re-structuring
“Participatory” “community-driven” positive, but still pushing “best practice” packages, not partnerships with farmer communities to engage them in a creative innovation process to assist them to solve their problems.
9
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-RESEARCH PROGRAMS
Compared to most countries, Ethiopia has had numerous research programs, some long-term Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Study (EHRS-FAO &
MoA) Soil Conservation Research Program (SCRP-Berne &
MoA) & successors CGIAR programs; Nile Basin Initiative; European &
USA university collaborations; national system research programs
Large body of research findings & opportunities for Ethiopian capacity building
Evolution from technical to socio-economic to integrated research
Have had substantial but unsubstantiated influence on policies (no evaluations)
Research results are often mutually contradictory making generalization difficult
10
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-SELECTED RESEARCH RESULTS
Strong bias towards land management (i.e., reversing degradation)
Neglect of improving productivity of water in agriculture – though land management is a means to improve WP
Failure to recognize and build on farmers’ knowledge and indigenous practices Farmer scepticism about introduced packages often
well-founded; dis-adoption often for good reasons Awareness, knowledge not sufficient condition for
adoption Farmer risk aversion in context of binding
consumption, finance constraints11
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-SELECTED RESEARCH RESULTS
Reviewed evidence on RWH ponds, shallow wells, terraces & bunds [fanya juu, stone & soil bunds, ditches]; conservation agriculture practices; livestock water productivity; agro forestry from WP perspective; collective management of common lands No time to present specific results; generally
mixed, often contradictory even from same sites Ponds, shallow wells—high potential but often
not achieved: serious implementation problems; targeting; unanticipated impacts; lack of extension advice, market access, water lifting technologies Shallow wells perform better but aquifer depletion
threat
12
Left to right top then bottom:
RWH pond
Shallow well
Fanya juu
Planting pits
13
Terraces
Plowing stony field
14
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-SELECTED RESEARCH RESULTS
Bunds & terraces Many negative findings especially fanya juu – being
promoted in places not appropriate (e.g., high rain) Generally more positive results in low-rainfall areas Top-down implementation; often perceived by
farmers as more harmful than useful Need for stronger policy framework supporting
implementation strategies with positive incentives to adopt & sustain interventions
Conservation agriculture [e.g., low tillage] Positive research cases but insufficient farmer-based
experience Managing livestock for water productivity
Promising research results but no cases of intervention experiences as yet
15
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-SELECTED RESEARCH RESULTS
Agro forestry Clear benefits of many practices but little
knowledge from WP perspective Collective action for managing common land
Critical resource: grazing, fodder, fuel, construction, watersheds
Long tradition of community management though weakened in many communities now
Mixed experiences e.g., with “Area Enclosures” Need for stronger policy framework & technical
support to assist communities to adapt to new needs
16
17
Are they water productive?
Household agro forestry
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY--TARGETING
SLM programs historically targeted food-insecure (“low potential”) areas New SLM program targets places with high potential returns,
e.g., high potential areas under threat of degradation Gender equity –major policy emphasis, and much
progress at macro-level Very little research on RWM & gender—needs strong focus
in NBDC program Very little research on RWM impacts on poverty
Agro-ecological (AE) zones AE zones used in planning, but miss dimensions like market
access, availability of “blue” water Development domains combine AE zones, market
access & population density Some potential for targeting RWM interventions, but these too
fail to capture the heterogeneity at local areas May not help in targeting watersheds under threat or with high
potential returns
18
OBSERVATIONS EMERGING FROM THE STUDY-RESEARCH RESULTS: CONCLUSIONS
No credible systematic comparative research evaluating outcomes & impacts of SWC-RWM interventions & interactions among them Such a study could clarify what works, under
what conditions, who actually benefits, and why Most research examines outcomes of specific
interventions; no “systems perspective” Need paradigm shift to agro-ecological system
optimization justification for integrated landscape approach of CPWF, in an innovation system framework
19
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS
Move from “participation”/consultation to community responsibility, empowerment through demand-based programs Strengthen partnerships of farmers, DAs,
researchers, other stakeholders Transform performance evaluation of officials
from achievements based on targets to assessments & incentives based on clients’ (farmers”) feedback
Promote community responsibility and collective action to solve their own problems
Even de-centralized government cannot manage small watersheds – it requires strong community-driven institutional arrangements
20
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS
Complete process of moving from reversing degradation as a goal to sustainably improving productivity and livelihoods through integrated SLWM/RWM programs
From a negative to a positive goal IWM or landscape approach requires integration of
a diverse set of interventions, tailored to specific needs
Replace ‘packages’ [“best practices”] with a menu of possible interventions and let clients “mix and match” & adapt according to their needs
Strengthen national research system in natural resources management research through an innovation system paradigm
To link research to stakeholders, consumers
21
GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE
What are potential and means to improve productivity of water used by crops, livestock, agro forests; social & economic outcomes? How to improve LWP is in its infancy; relative
advantages small vs large livestock from WP perspective
How to optimize productivity & sustainability of investments (e.g., RW ponds, shallow wells, etc)?
What is nature of interactions & synergies among RWM technologies & practices?
Local cultural, social, institutional dynamics & their impacts on actual government program implementationNeed to scale up RWM research based on a
new paradigm22
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH TOPICS
1. Basic in-depth interdisciplinary study of watershed dynamics over time
Test & adapt planning & monitoring tools that can be used with stakeholders
2. Studies of alternative institutional arrangements for managing watersheds & river basins
E.g., promoting bottom-up processes
3. Systematic in-depth authoritative comparative study of implementation strategies, impacts, outcomes, effectiveness of SLM-RWM programs
4. Definitive & authoritative comparative assessment of poverty outcomes, returns on investments, sustainability of alternative RWM technologies & practices
5. Systematic assessment of potential future market for low-cost water management technologies
6. Study of effectiveness of NGO programs in SLM-RWM7. Study of effectiveness and benefits of national &
international research programs23
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NBDC RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Include multiple stakeholders in a wider innovation system/platform
Encourage active involvement in entire research process of wide range of stakeholders
2. Farmer-driven participatory innovation development
Build on recent experiences to engage farmers as active partners, co-equal sources of ideas
Site selection based on farmer interest & demand
3. Focus on increasing the capacity of the entire watershed system to produce a range of benefits over time
Implicit in planned “landscape approach” but may require new institutional arrangements
24
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NBDC RESEARCH PROGRAM
4. In-depth analysis of local social & economic dynamics, power relations, institutions
Productivity, equity, sustainability ultimately a function of institutional effectiveness
Serious gap in knowledge making it impossible to identify and promote institutional & implementation innovations
Currently targeting women, poor households is ineffective— need strong focus on RWM innovations that benefit women and other poor households
25
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NBDC RESEARCH PROGRAM
5. Test & assess institutional & implementation innovations
Identify ways to strengthen collective management of common property resources building on indigenous arrangements & introducing innovations
To achieve this encourage local creative institutional innovation processes (“bricolage”), not impose designs
Identify & test potential institutional innovations for downstream beneficiaries to share costs as well as benefits of SLWM E.g. Payment for environmental services (PES)
Identify & test risk-reducing institutional innovations E.g., weather index & indemnity insurance linked to
adoption of RWM-SLM practices 26
CONCLUSION: KEY MESSAGES-1
Ethiopia & partners have invested more in sustainable land & water management than any other Africa country (probably 3rd rank behind China, India)
Programs have learned lessons from experiences and modified strategies over time, becoming more participatory, based on integrated watershed management perspective, with more focus on improving farmer livelihoods as well as reversing land degradation
New Sustainable Land Management Program and growing interest in water management offer opportunity to further improve implementation of programs
27
CONCLUSION: KEY MESSAGES-2
Launch of CPWF Nile Basin Development Challenge Program unique opportunity for building on past experience to create a new paradigm of sustainable land & water management in support of programs
Progressed from coercion to consultation to participation. Now, Ethiopia should go further to community-driven research-based programs
Critical importance of working with communities to test and promote institutional and technological innovations on watersheds
Importance of strengthening policy support for sustainable demand-driven research-based rainwater management programs
28
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THANK YOU!