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ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

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Page 1: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,
Page 2: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203

SIDE 1

1. "lemee lot Nirshemet" (To Whom That Inscription?); "Elohim Chay" (God That lives)--Vocal: Ch. Dayan, Ud: Y. Sabagh, Percussion: A. Ben·Loulou and M. Cohen-Sung in Hebrew

2. "Mujer La Mi Mujer" (Wife Oh My Wife)--L. AUias-Sung in Ladino 3. Psalm No. 133 and Peeyoot "peace From Heaven"-N. Shalom, M. Chalfon,

M. Ner.Goan, M. Boso, M. Tivoni-Sung in Hebrew 4. "Rahhibu Bildayf" (Welcome To The Guest)-The Danoch Sisters-Sung in

Yemenite Arabic 5. "Song Of The Henna"-Lea Meshulam and Women-Sung in Yemenite Arabic 6. "Thou Art The God Of Gods"-E. Gez, S. Nataf, Y. Douiev, P. Bucharis-

Sung in Hebrew 7. "Shir Tahfif'-Perlette Derry-Sung in Moroccan Arabic 8. "Song of the Angels"-Samaritan Community-Sung in Aramaic 9. "Song Of Mourning," for those who fell during the battle of Jeru·

salem-'-Sa'ada lubeiri-Sung in Hebrew 10. "Yaqui Abu Salem" (Says Abu Salem)-Group of Habbanian Women

-Sung in Yemenile Arabic

SIDE 2

1. "love Song"-Rivka Tadledil-Sung in Turkish 2. "Make Us Stronger 0 God"-Chaim Dayan-Sung in Hebrew 3. "Aliyah" Song-Yehudit Dan-Sung In Yemenite Arabic 4. "Song Of Maimunah"-Group of Women-Sung in Moroccan Arabic 5. "I Will Sing Thy Might"-Chaim Bouzali and Moshe lati-Sung in Hebrew 6. "Rooster Song"-Saada Saadi-Sung in Yemenite Arabic 7. "The Heroic Feats of Hamu Museo"-M. Sasson and D. Barazini­

Sung in Kurdish 8. "Una Noche" (On a Moonlit Nighl)--L. Attias-Sung in Ladino

9. "Assalek Ya Auhaj Alguzlan" (I Ask You, 0 You Nicest of Gazelles)­Menachem Arussi and Group of Singers-Sung in Yemenit Arabic

Produced with the cooperation of the National Council of Culture and Art. Israel

®©1978 FOLKWAYS RECORDS & SERVICE CORP. 632 BROADWAY, NYC. , 10012 N.Y., U.S.A

Sung in Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic Yemenite and Morroccan dialects, Turkish, Ladino and Kurdish Recorded and annotated in Israel by Dr. Amnon Shiloah

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ARE INSIDE POCKET

COVER DESIGN BY RONALD CLYNE

COVER PHOTO OF THE INTERIOR OF

ALEPPAN SYNAGOGUE IN JERUSALEM

BY RICARDA SCHWERIN

ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203

Page 3: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

FOLKWAYS RECORDS Album No. FE 4203 © 1978 by Folkways Records & Service Corp., 43 W. 61st St., NYC, USA 10023

"MORASHA" - HERITAGE Authentic songs of ambiance and ritual from the musical

heritage of Jewish communities in Israel

Recording and commentary by Dr. AMNON SHILOAH

We may define Israel's cultural heritage as a phenomenon of cultural plurality in the midst of unity. This heritage is con· stituted by the various musical traditions which are the com· mon treasure of all the Jewish communities in the Diaspora and which are based on Biblical chanting, prayers, holy and profane songs, songs of men and songs of women, "zmirot" (songs) and "nigunim" (melodies) for Sabbath, Feasts and Holy Days, for all the occasions that punctuate the life of man from the day of his birth to that of his death. The literary base of this abundant musical treasure is extremely rich. On the one hand, there is the Bible - the permanent source of inspiration for generations. On the other, the work of the great Jewish poets of the past and of the "paytanim" (liturgical poets), Then there are the folk songs in which gifted writers expressed the general mood of their times or their personal feelings.

Holy and profane, simple creations and more sophisticated ones, exist side by side and their imbrication is not always clear. If synagogue songs, prayers, Biblical chanting have a common denominator, the Hebrew language, it is quite another story when it comes to profane songs where the main charac· teristic is diversity and plurality. There, a Babel of languages reigns, which testifies to numerous foreign influences. Even in a single country, it is difficult to consider the various musical creations as part of a homogenous whole. Let us take, for example, Morocco: In this particular country there is a huge difference between the musical tradition of the Sahara Jews and that of the Tetuan Jews. In the same way, the musical tradi· tion of the latter considerably differs from that of the Casablanca Jews etc ... Each Jewish group, community or tribe tended to emphasize what was particular in its own tradition and to further this particularism.

Even today when the Jewish people have returned to their ancient homeland, plurality continues to be its main charac· teristic.

But other, no less serious problems face them: the en· counter, inside their country, between antagonistic ways of life, between east and west. Then, last but not least the con· frontation inside the oriental community of the different oriental groups. In such a crucible, the particularisms which had until then been jealously kept for generations become blurred. This blurring of the outlines is one of the major obstacles in the path of the musicologist trying to sample species of song and in Israel this particular difficulty has increased a thousandfold. Thus, the musicologist must become a regular detective if he is to discover the genuinely authentic vestiges contained in the various traditions. Only these creations which retain the authenticity of their origins can be of interest to him.

From a musical point of view, the musical heritage of the Jewish people, based as it is on its various "diasporas", is like a spectrum of all the possible nuances. Moreover, it contains elements of all the musical styles of the countries in which Jewish communities lived. Actually, it is very difficult, for the outsider, to tell what is typically Jewish in the music of the Jews. Yet, almost any Jewish group is capable of drawing a clear line between its own music and that of its

Jewish neighbours. However, the Jews, consciously or un· consciously adopted songs which belonged to their environment while successfully keeping their original character by means and methods of their own. The guiding principle to these altera· tions was that of changing the initial purpose and function of the borrowed songs: usually, the chunge was from the Profane to the Holy. In this way, it frequently happened that certain elements of the local music survived in the musical tradition of the Jews long after vanishing into oblivion in their own original tradition.

Owing to the exeguity of a record, it must be clear that it is unfortunately impossible for us to give here more than a summary selection of our rich musical heritage.

In this selection of songs of rituals and ambiance, we lay the emphasis on three different aspects:

I. Authenticity of the recorded music.

2. High technical level of the performers (while insisting on their non·professional character).

3. Deliberately arranging the different recordings for contrasting effects whilst choosing them only according to musical criterions.

The excessive length of the original recordings had to be reduced. In so doing we did our best to preserve their musical value.

"Songs of Women" constitute more than half the recordings for, unlike the "Songs of Men", they represent an older layer of our musical heritage. Out of the 11 songs of women in the record, 3 are original creations. The performers are of two kinds: ordinary housewives and women who specialize in sing· ing on festive occasions. In this respect, it is worth mentioning that one of the main differences between the former category and the latter is that the former are generally shy of singing before an audience and only do so in moments of festivity.

The topics of the songs are varied: Circumcision cere· monies, "bar·mitsvot", weddings, Samaritan pilgrims etc ...

All are sung in different languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, Yemenite and Moroccan dialects, Turkish, Ladino and Kurdish.

The melodies conSiderably differ from one to the next: Some have a simple melodic line and a limited tessitura while others are more sophisticated. Certain songs almost reach the level of artistic creations. One instance of "Song of the Angels" presents an example of polyphony while two others tend to corroborate the assumption that improvisation is one of the basic elements of oriental music. In five recordings, the per· formance is responsorial and antiphonal.

The instruments: 'We purposely avoided instrumental music. As a matter of fact, the use of instruments, even when it is intended to set off the singing, tends to put local influences to the fore. An exception has been made concerning the percussion instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings, mainly to the accompaniment of clappings of hands (which can be described, in their turn, as additional percussion instruments).

Page 4: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

SIDE ONE

(1) Lemee %ot nirshemet (To whom that inscription ?) - vocal improvisation, and, Elohim Chay (God that lives) - "Bar­M itsva" song. Casablanca, Morocco.

In the first piece, the singer improvises words and music to the accompaniment of an "'Ud," The style of the song, the technique of the singing and certain musical motives suggest the "Flamenco". The "'Ud" enhances this impression for it seeks to imitate the sounds of a guitar, Improvisation is one of the basic elements of Middle East and North African music and constitutes at the same time a test of the artistic capacity of the performer. After the improvisation comes a metrical song with the" 'Ud " supported by two percussion instruments : frame-drum and "darbuka", The instruments are used both to support the voice of the singer and to play intermezzi so that the singer may rest for a while.

God that lives Thou art terrible My lips praise you In the midst of this people you chose I shall speak Thy command Glory and awe Thy crown Thy commandments we follow As they were written in Thy Tora By Thy servant Moses And they shall be for a sign unto Thee And for frontlets between Thine eyes

(2) "Mujer lami Mujer" (Wife oh my wife). Ladino love song (Sarajevo, Yugoslavia). The folksongs and romances in the Ladino language ac­

companied the perigrinations of the Jews after their exile from Spain. They constitute a very rich section of our heritage, from a literary as well as from a musical point of view. In the course of time, new songs kept being added to the original thesaurus to the extent thi5t even the original stock of songs was in­fluenced by local nuances. Owing to this fact (and to the character of the oral tradition) most songs are to be found in several variants (both in words and melodies). A free trans­lation of the wods is given as well as a transcription of its musical theme. (See notes A on page 9).

Wife oh my wife! Who knocks so early? It's the beautiful baker boy That comes to fetch some leaven So early in the morning

Get up husband! get up early For the gains of the morning Are enough unto the whole week In the early morning.

The husband through the door The lover through the window In the early morning

Neighbours oh neighbours! Below and above Come and see the bearded cat With curly whiskers In the ei5r1y morning

He who owns a beautiful wife Must keep her jealously Lest the cat takes her Alone he remains In the early morning.

(3) Psalm No, 133 and the "peeycot": Peace from Heaven ("baqqasha" - supplication, Aleppo, Syria). It is during a Sabbath winter night between the feasts

of Succoth and Pesach at two o'clock in the morning, that the "Baqqashot" (Supplications) take place. This custom is kept mostly in two countries: Syria and Morocco. The songs of the Baqqashot were written by famous rabbis and poets. The re­ligious atmosphere surrounding the singing does not prevent the singers from abundantly drawing on the folk and classical music of their environment. Therefore, this type of music can be said to belong to a special category between folk music and original musical creation . It is represented by 3 recordings.

In the "supplications" of the Aleppo Jews two choirs sing alternately. Between them there are passages of sole singing that serve as a transition from one "maqam" to the next. For instance, the soloist takes us through psalm 133 into the "maqam rast" (see notes B on page 9) in which "PEACE FROM HEAVEN" by Ra abi Mordechay Abadi is sung.

Extract from a "peeyoot" (liturgical song) : FROM HEAVEN SHALOM TO THE PEOPLE, To Thy

beloved people, the sons of Abraham. Thou shalt redeem them soon and they shall be

satisfied of Thy goodness. Thou shalt be a consolator unto them by showing

them the delights of Thy temple and leading them to the city of Zion, the city of David !

(4) "Rahhibu bildayfll, (Welcome to the guest) . "Henna" song . (Manakha, Yemen).

One of the most colourful festiv ities of the Yemen Jews is the wedding ceremony wh ich lasts for two weeks (one before and one after the actual marriage ceremony) . Before the marriage a special event is the ceremony of the anoint­ment of the bride with henna: the reddish liquid containing dissolved henna is prepared by the women and is appl ied on the f ingers and on the toes of the bride amid a crowd of singing and dancing womenfolk. As a matter of fact, the parti­cipants to this ceremony are excluSively women. They invite "professional" singers and dancers for the occasion. In our record, the song is performed by the Danoch sisters to the drumming of a "tof" (drum) and "sahn" (copper tray beaten by a hard object). The two performers sing in unison, one of the two taking the lead while the other merely supports her singing. (See notes C on page 9).

(5) Song of the Henna (AI-Gades, Yemen). Here, the ceremony took place in the village of Giv'at

Ye'arim. The voice of the performer who accompanies herself on an oil can is now and then drowned by the joyful shouting of the women . This ceremony followed a long evening of dancing and singing. During the long hours that preceded the ceremony, the br ide sat montionless and veiled . At the beginning of the evening she was led through the v illage in a procession of women holding candles.

(6) Thou Art the God of Gods - Song for the ci rcumcision ceremony, (Tunis). Although Tunisia belongs geographically to North Africa,

its musical tradition, specially in the northernmost regions, is closer to the spirit and quality of Middle Eastern music than to that of, say, Morocco. Yet, despite this musical affinity, the encounter, on Tunisian ground, of several stylistical trends, specially in the provinces of religious and folk music, confers on the musical tradition of this country a special colouring .

LITHO IN U.S.A. E..~,. - 2 -

Page 5: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

The short example of this kind of music that is included here is performed in a responsorial manner with a choir singing a sort of recurring refrain and several soloists alternately sin{jing the various verses of the song. The rhythmic base is constituted by kitchen basins used as drums.

(7) Shir Tahfif. "Bar-Mitsva" song on the occasion of hair cutting.

In some Moroccan towns, it was customary to celebrate the cutting of hair of the young boy who reached the age of "mitsva", that is to say, the age when he was vested with the responsibilities of an adult. This was done on the eve of the ceremony proper. Singers and musicians were invited for the occasion. This ''Tahfif song" belongs stylistically to the type of songs which originated in Andalusia. The last verse is of special significance for it shows that the singer is not a pro­fessional :

Do not laugh at me: This is my first song And if my brother was not dear to me You would not hear my voice o you that surround me!

(8) Song of the Angels. (Excerpt) During the pilgrinage of the Samaritans to Mount Grizim, during the Shavu'ot festival.

The pilgrimage starts off on the stroke of midnight and continues until the first hours of the morning. The first part of the ceremony takes place inside the synagogue on top of Mount Grizim. Then a procession rounds the mount to stop and pray at the various holy sites dispersed over the hill. Here, we have a short excerpt from the "song of the angels" sung while the Samaritans kneel, prostrate themselves, or raise their antique Torah scrolls to Heaven. This very old song con­tains polyphonic elements which mainly stem from the man­ner of the singing called "right and left": The crowd is split into two groups, one right, the other left; they proceed in the following manner: The first group starts singing line A until it reaches the hemistich . At that point the second group begins with line B while the first group continues singing line A and then jumps over to line C etc ... until the, end of the song.

This "Song of the Angels" belongs to what is termed the "heavy" style, with its slow and solemn character and its inten­sity of feeling.

(9) Song of Mourning, for those who fell during the battle for Jerusalem. This is one of the original creations contained in the re­

cord. In selecting those, we intended to give its proper re­presentation to one aspect of the musical creation that has always been present in the musical heritage of numerous Jewish communities. However, the community who is the most prolific in this respect is that of the Yemenite Jews. Therefore, it is not a mere coincidence that the three songs that are included here should all have been written by JeVy's from Yemen . Songs of joy and mourning are not their only creations: our poets, whether men or women, frequently compose songs that reflect the qreat events of their age or the impact they had on the collective imagination.

Sa'ada Zubeiri, from the small city of Zuleima, has com­posed a number of songs about Jerusalem. Here, she tells us of the Six Day War.

(10) Yaqui Abu Salem (Says Abu Salem). Wedding song. (Habban, Yemen).

This is a song of women about marriage. It is performed by two groups who sing in an antiphonal manner to the accompaniment of the "sahn" and clapping of hands. They all come from the ancient community of Habban (South Yemen) which has a long and eventful historical past. They have their own particular dress, custom, jewels, and do their hair in a special way.

SIDE TWO

(1) Love Song (Turkey) . .. in which a woman laments her lover's desertion:

No, the sorrows of my heart I won 't tell anyone That my sadness should not be a medicine unto them, That my lover should not hear the groans of my

heart I have hidden my tears That my unfaithful love should not see them That he should not hear the groans of my heart.

The housewife who sings the simple words of this tradi­tional Turkish melody has the proper touch of manliness in her voice that makes her song a typical representative of the Turkish manner of singing .

(2) Make us Stronger 0 God; May we Sing Thy Might Daily, Restore our Health Quickly. ("Baqqashot" - Casablanca, Morocco).

Between the Succoth and Pesach festivals, the Jewish communities of Morocco and Syria (for the most part) used to Sing their "baqqashot" or supplications . The structure of the "peeyootim" complex as well as the musical mode changed from one Sabbath to the next. The "baqqashot", which last well over three hours, are performed by a group of singers carefully trained for the occasion by an initiated into the secret manner and order in which they were to be performed. It fell to this man to determine, among other things, the complex rhythms and transitions. He may be described as a sort of "conductor".

From a musical point of view, the structure of the song is extremely complicated. It is based on the "Nubah" (a kind of suite combining both vocal and instrumental music) which originated in Spain during the Moslem rule. This musical type was jealously preserved within the province of "serious" music. In this respect it is worth mentioning that many of the artists that cherished this song and kept it from desintegrating were Jews.

The three pieces that follow summarily illustrate the art of the "baqqashot".

(3) Song about the Aliyah (Emigration to Israel, literally: "ascension").

All the sonqs of Y. Dan are in the Arabic lanquaqe with the exception of one only which is in Hebrew. This she "heard" in a drf'am as it came from the mouth of a chained and veiled figure. The theme of this song is liberation from exile.

One of her best creations is a long poem about the esca~ ­from Yemen and the "ascension" to Israel. She took her melody from the repertoire of the weddinq songs and adapted it to her own text. This is a current procedure with Yemenite poets. Here, we give the last two verses of the song :

-3-

Page 6: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

Judge of Righteousness, manifest thyself by a mighty feat I

Do not forget the persecutions that were heaped upon us

When the heart could not rest, the eye could not close

On that day when the hosts of the enemy closed in upon us

As an eagle gathers its wings.

When the wild hosts stoned our doors Tore their clothes off the white (women) and their children When the mere gallop of a passing horseman

Set the women and their children trembling At the thought of the coming horror. I swore I would not sing any more were it not To remind you of Yemen and its tortures.

(4) Song of Maimunah (Southern Morocco) In various communities of Morocco the Jews used to

celebrate the feast of "Maimunah" on the day that followed the Pesach festival. During this colourful event, the Jews used to eat fish, cakes and to drink sour milk while exchanging special blessings. There are a number of explanations con­cerning the meaning of the feast . One of these is that Rabbi Maimon, the father of Rambam should have died on the night following Pesach. The Maimunah is a substitute for a pilgrimage to his tomb. Here, we present an excerpt from such a cere­mony that took place in Jerusalem. The five beats tempo of the drums suggest Africa rather than the East.

(5) I will Sing Thy Might. Song of "baqqashot" (Damascus, Syria) In the preceding pages we have already presented the

"baqqashot" of the Aleppo and Moroccan Jews. Now we give an excerpt from those of the Damascus comm'unity. Although there is evidence that the Damascus Jews kept this tradition as early as the 17th century, it is probable that they later adopted the complex of "baqqashot" that was sung in Aleppo .

The Peeyoot (liturgical poem) "I shall sing thy might" is one of the many songs composed by the poet Israel Naggara considered by the Jews of Damascus as their national poet. The song is performed in an antiphonal manner. It is interesting to note that, while the first singer performs in the simplest possible way, the second adds many ornamentations to the melody. (See notes D on page 9)

(6) Rooster Song. (Sa'ada, Yemen) During the period of restrictions that followed the Israel

War of Independance in 1948, the Sa'adi family owned a small rooster that came to be considered as a member of the family. One day, the animal disappeared. For three days, the man and his wife combed the surrounding countryside. Eventually, they found the rooster at the bottom of a narrow hole from which it was unable to climb out by its own means and they rescued it. Later on, they decided to tell the story in a song of their own composition. The song is a dialogue between the woman and the animal: the latter protests his innocence: "If you had fed me properly and given me a coop, I wouldn't have left I". She answers: "I took you when you were a tiny

little rooster and now that I raised you to become a big fat cock you keep asking for more !". "You liar I" comes the rejoinder : "you kept regretting the money you gave away to feed me." The story has a happy ending .

Sa' ada accompanies herself on an oil-can.

(7) The Heroic Feats of Hamu Museo (Kurdistan) After the adventures of a rooster, those of a popular hero.

The name of this mountaineer from the Kurdistan hills is Hamu Museo. The song begins with a trivial event: a messenger from the government comes to demand payment of taxes that were due for several years. Hamu declines to pay and starts a rebellion. With the help of friends he finally defeats his enemies. To the present day, this kind of song celebrating the adventures of a heroic character has remained very popular among the Kurds, Jews and Non-Jews alike. It has a single melodic line which the singer keeps readjusting to his lines of inequal length . While singing, the performers indulge in a kind of mimicry. Although rather dull from a purely musical point of view this type represents one of the oldest and most charming elements of popular music. In our recording, the two singers sing alternately. The second performer begins his verse before the first has completely finished his by a tryout of his voice that serves as a transition. The use of two singers enables them to rest alternately and gives the feeling that they are competing with one another. While singing, they usually put their hands over their ears.

(8) On a Moonlit Night. (Sarajevo, Yugoslavia) On a moonlit night I wandered and strayed To look for the sea! To find the sea!

My eyes were swollen and burning From gazing over the sea Ships come and go But no letter comes to me.

This is a free translation of the original Ladino song which greatly differs in character and quality from the first one in the record both in words and melody. The melody is in the Phrygian mode common to many Spanish songs and to the countries which border on the westernmost part of the Medi­terranean Sea.

(9) "Assalak ya Auhaj Alguzlan" (I ask you, 0 you the nicest of gazelles 1) Dancing song. (Manahah, Yemen). This dancing song is performed to the accompaniment of

a two-skinned drum and belongs to the category of the "Shirot" which are an important element of Yemenite poetry. Their number is very extensive and they are sung mainly during weddinqs. They are strophic songs containing refrains ("tawshih''l. From a musical point of view, the "shirot" are the most developed type of songs. The followinq song has a basic .A.BA pattern. The B part represents the melody of the refrain while the second A part is shorter than the first. The basic rhythm is 7/8 but in the refrain ("tawshih") it varies between 6/8 and 7/8. From the second couplet onwards, a group of singers chimes in and sinqs the second part of each couplet in a responsorial manner. The soloist adds ornaments to the melody before beginning the couplets.

- 4 -

Page 7: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

" MORASHA"- PATRIMOINE Chants authentiques, tires du patrimoine rituel et folkloriqu8

des communautes d'israiil.

Enregistrements et commentaire du Dr. AMMON SHILOAH

On peut definir Ie patr imo ine musical d ' israel comme une pluralite se manifestant au sein d 'une unite culturelle. Ce patrimoine s'est constitue a partir de diverses t raditions musi­cales qui forment Ie tresor commun a toutes les communautes juives de la Diaspora et qui se fondent sur la cantillation bibli­que, les prieres, les chants sacres et profanes, les chants pour hommes et pour femmes, les " zmirot" (chants) et les "ni ­gounim" (melodies) du sabbat, des fetes et des Jours Sanctifies, ainsi que de tous les evenements qui marquent la vie de I'homme de sa naissance a sa mort. Le materiel litteraire sur lequel s'appuie ce patrimoine musical est extremement riche. /I y a d'une part, la Bible - source d 'inspiration permanente pour les generations - et de I'autre, les oeuvres des grands poetes juifs du passe et des " paytan im" (poetes liturgiques). /I y a enfin les chansons folkloriques dans lesquelles de talen­tueux auteurs expriment I'atmosphere de leur temps ou leurs sentiments personnels.

Sacrees et profanes, creations modestes ou au contra ire tres elaborees, ces oeuvres se cotoient ou s' imbriquent, quel­quefois de fort subtile fa~on . Si les chants synagogaux, les prieres, la psalmodie bibl ique ont un denominateur commun - la langue hebra'ique - il n'en va pas de meme des chants profanes dont la caracteristique essentielle est la diversite et c'est alors la confusion linguistique de Babel qui atteste de nombreuses influences etrangeres . Meme lorsqu'il s'agit d 'un pays determine, il est difficile de considerer la masse des creat ions musicales comme constituant un tout homogene. Pre­nohs par exemple Ie Maroc: dans ce seul pays, on note une difference radicale entre la tradition musicale des Juifs du Sahara et de ceux de la region de Tetouan, qUi eux-memes ont une tradition ne ressemblant en rien a celie des Juifs de Casablanca, etc .. . Chaque groupe juif - communaute ou tribu - tendant a mettre I'accent sur son propre particularisme et sur les valeurs de sa tradition specifique.

Meme de nos jours, alors que des populations juives en­tieres sont revenues dans leur patrie antique, Ie pluralisme continue d 'etre I'une de leurs principales caracteristiques. Mais la, un nouveau probleme les confronte: la rencontre, en un meme lieu essentiel, de deux fa~ons de vivre anta­gonistes, celles de l'Orient et de l'Occident. Puis la confron­tation, au sein meme de la grande communaute orientale, de differents sous-groupes orientaux. Cependant, a une telle croisee des chemins, les particularismes si jalousement preserves du­rant des generations commencent a s'estomper. Pour Ie musi­cologue qui tente de dasser les chants par especes, ces con­tours de la tradition qui perdent de leur nettete constituent I'une des pierres d'achoppement principales. En Israel, la multi­plicite des influences reciproques a augmente d'autant les difficultes que Ie chercheur doit resoudre . /I doit jouer les limiers pour tenter de decouvrir les vestiges authentiques qui se cachent sous tant de traditions et seules les creations qui conservent Ie caractere veritable de leurs origines doivent re­tenir son attention.

Sur Ie plan musical, Ie patrimoine du peuple juif, fonde a partir de tant de "diasporas", offre I'eventail complet de

to utes les nuances possibles . Bien plus, il contient des ele­ments de to us les styles prop res aux pays ou les communautes juives ont vecu . En fait, il est fort difficile a un "etranger" de d i re ce qu i est typiquement juif dans la musique des Juifs . Pourtant, tout groupe ju if est generalement en mesure de tracer une ligne de demarcation bien nette entre sa tradition et ce qui appartient deja a tel autre groupe juif de la me me region. II demeure que les Juifs, consciemment ou non, ont ado pte des chants appartenant au mi l ieu qui les environnait, en alte­rant leur caractere original - Ie plus souvent avec bonheur -au moyen d 'une alchimie musicale qui leur etait propre. Le principe fondamental de ces alterat ions reside dans Ie propos initial et la fonction dont on a voulu investir Ie chant "em­prunte". II s'agit en general de passer du profane au sacre. De sorte qu' il n'est pas rare que certains elements de la mu­sique autotochne aient survecu dans la tradition juive long­temps apres leur disparition de la tradition originale.

Les limites imposees par Ie disque ne no us ont malheu­reusemen! pas permis de montrer plus qu'un echantillonnage sommaire de notre riche heritage musical.

Dans la presente selection de chants rituels et folkloriques, nous nous sommes fi xes trois imperatifs:

1. Authent icite des enreg istrements musicaux.

2. Haute tenue des interpretes sur Ie plan technique (tout en ne choisissant que des "amateurs" , au sens ou ils ne vivent pas de leur musique).

3. Agencement delibere des divers enreg istrements de fa~on a obtenir des eHets de contraste, tandis que les enregistrements eux-memes n'on! ete choisis que sur les seuls cr iteres musicaux .

La duree des enreg istrements or iginaux a dO etre reduite. Nous nous sommes efforces cependant de ne pas fa ire perdre pour autant aux elements sonores leur valeur musicale.

Les " Chants de Femmes" constituent plus de la moitie des enreg istrements car i ls representent dans notre patrimoine mu­sical une stratificat ion plus ancienne que les " Chants d 'Hom­mes" . Des onze chants de femmes que contient ce disque, trois sont des creations originales. II y a deux sortes d'inter­pretes : de simples menageres et des femmes qui Ollt I'habitude de chanter durant les fetes. A cet egard, n'oublions pas de mentionner que I'une des differences essentielles entre ces deux categories d ' interpretes, est que les premieres sont gene­ralement mal a I'aise devant un public et qU'elies ne chantent qu'au moments de festivite.

Les themes des chansons sont varies: ceremonies de la circoncis ion, "bar-mitsvot" et mariages, etc . .. Elles sont toutes chantees dans des langues differentes: hebreu, arameen, arabe, d ialectes marocain et yemen ite, turc, ladino et kurde. Les me­lodies sont fort differentes les unes des autres: certaines se limitent a une simple ligne de chant a la tessiture somma ire, alors que d'autres sont plus elaborees. Quelques unes attei­gnent meme au niveau de la veritable creation artistique. L'une d'elles " Ia Chanson des Anges" offre un exemple de polyphonie, alors que les deux autres semblent confirmer I'idee que I' im-

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provisation est I'un des elements fondamentaux de la musique orientale.

Dans cinq des enregistrements, I'interpretation est de la forme du repons antiphonal.

Instruments: Nous avons 11 dessein evite d 'enregistrer de la musique instrumentale. tn fait, I'utilisation d' instruments, me me lorsqu'ils sont destines 11 soutenir Ie chant, met en evi­dence les influences indigenes. Une exception a ete faite ce­pendant en ce qui concerne les percussions: tambours, bidons a essence, recipients de fer, "sahn" (plateaux de cuivre que I'on frappe avec les doigts garnis de bagues). Ces instruments figurent dans six enregistrements, surtout 'accompagnes de daquements de mains (qu'on peut considerer eux-memes comme une percussion supplementaires).

PREMIER FACE

(1) Lemi zot nirchemet (Pour qui celie inscription ?). - Impro­visation vocale, et Elohim Hay (Dieu vivant) - chant de

bar-mitsva. Casablanca, Maroc. Dans la premiere oeuvre, I' interprete improvise tant la

musique que les paroles avec accompagnement de "'Ud ". Le style de la chanson, la technique de I'interpretation et certains motifs musicaux font penser au "flamenco". Le "'Ud" renforce encore celie impression en cherchant a imiter les sons de la guitare. L'improvisation est I'un des elements essentiels des musiques du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord et elle constitue en me me temps une mise a I'epreuve des facultes artistiques de I'interprete. Apres I'improvisation, vient une chanson versifiee ou Ie "'Ud" est seconde par deux instru­ments a percussion: tambour et "darbouka". Les instruments interviennent non seulement pour soutenir la voix de I'inter­prete, mais aussi dans des intermedes permellant a I'interprete de reprendre souffle.

"Dieu vivant, Toi qui es terrible Mes levres Te glorifient Au sein de ce peuple que Tu choisis Je dirai Ton commandement Glorifierai Ta couronne Tes prescriptions que nous suivons, Ecrites qU'elies sont dans Ta Torah Par Ton serviteur MO'ise Et elles seront comme un signe envers Toi Et comme des fronteaux entre Tes yeux."

(2) Mujer lami mujer (Femme 0 ma femme). - Chanson d'amour en ladino. Sarajevo, Yougoslavie.

Les chansons folkloriques et les romances en langue ladino ont accompagne les perigrinations des Juifs apres leur expul­sion d'Espagne. Elles constituent un tres riche domaine de notre patrimoine, aussi bien sur Ie plan lilleraire que sur Ie plan musical. A mesure que Ie temps passait, de nouveaux chants sont venus s'ajouter au tresor commun, de sorte que Ie vieux fond des chansons originelles s'est trouve marque d'influences locales. Cest pourquoi - et par Ie caractere-meme de la tradition orale - la plupart des chansons possedent plu­sieurs versions, dans les paroles comme pour Ie melodies. En voici une transcription libre. (Voir example A page 9).

"Femme 0 ma femme! Qui frappe si matin? Cest Ie beau mitron Qui demande du levain Au petit matin.

Debout, mari ! Debout des I'aube Car I'argent du matin Suffit pour la semaine Dans Ie petit matin.

Le mari passe la porte Et I'amant la fenetre Dans Ie petit matin.

Voisins 0 les voisins I Du dessous et du dessus Venez voir Ie matou barbu Et ses favoris boucles Dans Ie petit matin .

Proprietaire de belle epouse Doit la garder d'une ame jalouse Sinon Ie chat la lui prend Et tout seul iI demeure Dans Ie petit matin."

(3) Psaume 133 et "pyiout": la Paix vient des Cieux ("Ba · kasha", suppliques. A lep, Syrie). Cest Ie sabbat, entre les fetes de Souccot et de la Paque,

a deux heures du matin que les " Bakashot" (suppliques) sont dites. Celie coutume s'est surtout conservee dans deux pays: la Syrie et Ie Maroc. Les chants des "Bakashot" ont ete ecrits par de celebres rabbins et poetes. L'atmosphere religieuse qui aureole Ie chant, n'empeche pas les interpretes d'emprunter abondamment a la musique classique et populaire du monde ou ils vivent. II est done possible de considerer que ce genre appartient a une categorie speciale, a mi-chemin entre Ie folk­lore et la creation musicale originale. II est illustre ici par trois enregistrements.

Dans les "suppliques" des Juifs d 'Alep, deux choeurs se repondent et des soli font la transition d'un "makam" au sui­vant. Ainsi par exemple, Ie soliste nous amene, a travers Ie Psaume 133, au "makam rast" (voir example B page 9)

ou "LA PAIX VIENT DES ClEUX" de Rabbi Mordekha'i Abadi est interpretee.

Extrait d'un "pyiout" (chant liturgique): DES CIEUX VIENT LA PAIX, POUR LE PEUPLE, pour

Ton peuple bien-aime, les fils d'Abraham. Tu feras bientot leur redemption et ils seront satisfaits

de Ta volonte. Tu seras leur consolateur et Tu leur montreras les del ices de Ton temple et Tu les conduiras vers la cite de Sion, la cite de David!

(4) "Rahhibou bildayf" (Bienvenue a I'hote) - chant du "henne". Manakha, Yemen. L'une des fetes les plus hautes en couleur du juda'isme

yemenite est la ceremon ie du mariage qui se prolonge pen­dant deux semaines (une semaine avant et une semaine apres la celebration du mariage proprement dite). Avant Ie mariege a lieu la ceremonie de I'onction de la promise avec du henne: Ie liquide rouge est prepare par les femmes qui I'appliquent sur les doigts et les orteils de la fiancee au milieu d'une foule de femmes qui chantent et qui dansent. En fait, seules les femmes participent a celie ceremonie. Elles invitent pour I'oc­casion des chanteuses et des danseuses " professionnelles". Dans notre enregistrement, Ie chant est interprete par les soeurs Danoch avec accompagnement d'un "tof" (tambour) et d'un "sahn" (plateau de cuivre que I'on percute). Les deux interpretes chantent a I'unisson, I'une d'elles menant Ie chant, alors que I'autre se contente de la seconder. (Voir example C page 9).

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La ceremonie evoquee ici a eu lieu dans Ie v illage de Guivat-yearim. La voix de I'interprete, qui s'accompagne elle­meme il I'aide d'un bidon, disparal't parfois au milieu des joyeuses exclamations des femmes . Cette ceremonie fait suite il une longue soiree de danses et de chants. Durant les heures qui precedent la ceremonie, la fiancee qui porte un voile, reste assise sans bouger. Au debut de la soiree, elle est promenee a travers Ie village par une procession de femmes tenant des cierges.

(6) Tu es Ie Dieu des divinih~s - chant de la circoncision. Tunisie. Bien que la Tunisie appartienne geographiquement il l'Afri­

que du Nord, sa tradition musicale - surtout pour les regions les plus septentrionales - est plus proche de I'esprit de la musique du Moyen-Orient. Pourtant, en depit de cette affinite, la rencontre sur Ie sol tunisien, de divers courants stylistiques (specialement dans les domaines de la musique folklorique et religieuse) confere a la tradition musicale de ce pays une couleur particuliere. La courte illustration de cette musique que nous donnons ici, est interpretee avec autorite par un choeur chantant une sorte de refrain et par plusieurs solistes reprenant il tour de role les diverses strophes. La base ryth­mique est constituee par une cuvette de cuisine.

(7) Shir tahfif. Chanson de "bar-mitsva" a I'occasion de I~ coupe des cheveux. Dans certaines villes marocaines, iI Mait de coutu me de

celebrer I'instant ou I'on coupait les cheveux du jeune gar~on qui avait atteint I'age de la "mitsva", ou il etait investi des responsabilites et des devoirs de I'adulte. Cet evenement avait lieu la veille de la ceremonie proprement dite. A cette occasion on invitait chanteurs et musiciens. Ce chant "tahfif" appartient pour Ie style a un genre d'origine andalouse. La derniere strophe, que no us transposons ci-dessous, est significative, car elle apporte la preuve que nous n'avons pas affaire a un in­terprete professionnel:

"Ne riez pas de moi Cest ma premiere chanson Et si mon frere ne m'etait pas si cher Vous ne pourriez entendre ma voix o vous qui m'entourez,"

(8) Chant des Anges (Extraits) - Au cours du pelerinage des Samaritains, au Mont Grizim, durant la fete de Shavouot (Pentecote).

Le pelerinage commence minuit sonnante et se poursuit jusqu'aux petites heures du matin. La premiere partie de la ceremonie a lieu a I'interieur de la synagogue qui se trouve au sommet du Mont Grizim. Puis la procession fait Ie tour de la montagne et s'arriHe pour prier sur les divers emplacements sacres, On ecoutera ici un court extrait du "Chant des Anges" qui s'eleve tandis que la foule des Samaritains s'agenouille et se prosterne ou au contraire eleve vers Ie ciel les antiques Rouleaux de la Torah, Ce chant tres ancient contient des ele­ments polyphoniques qui s'expriment surtout par une maniere de chanter dite "de droite et de gauche": la foule est divisee en deux groupes, I'un a droite, I'autre a gauche. Le premier groupe commence a chanter Ie vers A jusqu'a I'hemistiche. A cet instant, Ie second groupe commence a chanter Ie vers B tandis que Ie premier poursuit Ie vers A, puis saute au vers C, etc, .. jusqu'a la fin de I'hymne.

Ce "Chant des Anges" appartient a ce qu'on appelle Ie style "pesant", au caractere lent et solennel et ou Ie sentiment est intense,

(9) Chant de deuil pour ceux qui tomberent a la bataille de Jerusalem. Cest I'une des oeuvres originales contenues dans ce dis­

que. En la retenant, nous avons cherche il donner une image exacte de I'un des aspects de la creation musicale qui a tou­jours ete present dans Ie patrimoine de nombreuses commu­nautes juives. Cependant la communaute la plus feconde dans ce domaine est celie des Juifs du Yemen. Cest pourquoi ce n'est pas par simple co'incidence que les trois chansons in­cluses ici ont ete ecrites par des Juifs yemenites. Les chants d'allegresse et de deuil ne sont pas leurs seules creations: nos poetes, hommes et femmes, composent frequemment des oeuvres qui illustrent les grands evenements de leur temps ou la maniere dont ils ont frappe I'imagination collective.

Sa'ada Zoubeiri, de la petite ville de Zouleima, a com­pose un certain nombre de chansons sur Jerusalem. Elle no us conte ici la Guerre des Six Jours.

(10) Yakoul Abou Salem (Les Dits d'Abou Salem) - chant de noces. Habban, Yemen. Cest un chant de femmes sur Ie theme du mariage. II est

interprete par deux groupes qui chantent dans Ie style anti­phonal avec accompagnement de "sahn" et · claquements de mains. Toutes les participantes sont originaires de I'antique communaute de Habban (Sud-Yemen) qui a un long passe riche en evenements et qui se distingue par ses vetements, coiffure, bijoux etc. ..

FACE DEUX (1) Chant d'amour (Turquie). , . ou une femme se lamente

de la desertion de son amant:

"Non, personne ne saura les miseres de m~n coeur Que ma tristesse ne leur soit point une medecine Que mon amant n'entende point mon coeur gemir.

J'ai cache mes larmes Pour que I'infidele ne puisse pas les voir Et qu'il n'entende pas les pleurs de mon coeur".

La menagere qui chante ces mots simples d'une melodie turque traditionnelle, a dans la voix cette touche de noblesse qui est typiquement representative de la maniere turque de chanter.

(2) Donne-nous plus de force a mon Dieu. Que no us chan­tions chaque jour Ta puissance. Rends-nous bien vite la sante. (Bakashot. Casablanca, Maroc). Entre les fetes de Souccot et de Pessah, les communautes

juives du Maroc et de Syrie avaient I'habitude de chanter des "Bakashot" ou suppliques. La structure complexe des "Pyiou­time" ainsi que Ie mode musical etaient modifies d 'un sabbat 11 I'autre. Les "Bakashot" qui durent plus de trois heures sont interpretees par un ensemble de chanteurs soigneusement pre­pares 11 cette tache par un initie qui connalt les arcanes de la maniere et de I'ordre secret dans lesquels elles doivent etre interpretees. II revenait il cet homme de determiner entre autre I'elaboration des rythmes et des transitions. II s'agissait done d'une sorte de "chef des choeurs".

Sur Ie plan musical, la structure de ce chant est extreme­ment complexe. Elle est basee sur Ie "noubah" (sorte de suite combinant les voix et les instruments) dont I'origine remonte 11 l'Espagne du temps de la domination musulmane. Ce genre de musique etait jalousement maintenu dans Ie cadre de la rnusique "serieuse". A cet egard, il est interessant de noter que la plupart des artistes qui aimaient cette oeuvre, et I'em­pechaient de s'alterer, etaient des JUifs.

Les trois morceaux que I'on peut entendre, illustrent, bien que sommairement, I'art des "Bakashot",

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(3) Chant de la Alyiah (I'emigration vers Israel, litteralement : ("montee"). Toutes les chansons de Y. Dan sont en arabe, a I'excep­

tion d'une seule en hebreu. Y. Dan, poetesse yemenite, dit qu'elle I'a "entendue" dans un reve, de la bouche d'un per­sonnage voile et enchaine. Le theme de cette chanson est la liberation et la fin de I'exil.

L'une des meilleures creations de I'auteur, c'est un long poeme sur la fuite loin du Yemen et la "montee" en Israel. Y. Dan a emprunte sa melodie au repertoire des chants de noces pour I'adapter a son propre texte. Cest la une pratique courante chez les poetes yemenites. Nous donnons ici les deux derniers couplets de la chanson:

"Maitre de Justice, manifeste-Toi par de hauts faits! N'oublie pas les persecutions qu'on nous a infligees Quand Ie coeur ne connaissait point de repos et que

l'oeil ne se fermait plus En ce jour ou les hordes de I'ennemi se refermerent

sur nous Comme un aigle rassemble ses ailes.

Quand les hordes sauvages lapidaient nos portes Dechiraient les vetements des blanches (femmes) Et de leurs enfants Quand Ie seul galop d'un cavalier Faisait fremir les femmes et les enfants A la pensee de I'horreur qui vena it. J'ai jure que je ne chanterai plus jamais, si ce n'est Pour vous rappeler Ie Yemen et ses tortures.

(4) Chant de Maimounah (Sud·marocain). Dans diverses communautes du Maroc, les Juifs avaient

coutume de celebrer la fete de Ma'imounah Ie lendemain de la paque. Cet evenement haut en couleurs etait I'occasion, pour les Juifs, de consommer poissons et gateaux et de boire du lait aigre, tout en echangeant des benedictions speciales. On donne plusieurs explications du sens qu'il convient d'accorder a cette fete. L'une d'elles veut que Rabbi Ma'imon, Ie pere du Rambam, serait mort Ie lendemain de la paque. La Ma'imounah se substitue au pelerinage sur sa tom be. Nous presentons ici un extrait d'une ceremonie de ce genre qui a eu lieu a Jeru­salem. Le rythme a 5 temps des tambours rappelle I'Afrique plutot que l'Orient.

(5) Je chanterai Ta puissance. Chant de "Bakashot" (Damas, Syrie). Nous avons parle plus haut des "Bakashot" des Juifs

d'Alep et du Maroc. Nous donnons maintenant un extra it des "Bakashot de la communaute de Damas. Bien qu'il y ait lieu de croire que cette tradition des Juifs de Damas remonte au 17eme siecie, il est probable qU'elie a ado pte ulterieurement Ie systeme des "Bakashot" en usage a Alep.

Le "pyiout" (poeme liturgique) "Je chanterai Ta puis­sance" est une des nombreuses chansons ecrites par Israel Naggara considere par les Juifs de Damas comme leur poete national. La chanson est interpretee dans Ie style antiphonal. II est interessant de noter qu'alors que Ie premier chanteur donne la plus simple des interpretations possibles, Ie second ajoute nombre d'ornementations a la melodie. (Voir example D page 9).

(6) Chant du coq (Sa'ada, Yemen). Durant la periode des restrictions qui suivit la guerre

d'independance d'israel en 1948, les Sa'adi possedaient un petit coq qui finit par etre considere comme un membre de la famille. Un jour, I'animal disparut. Pendant trois longues jour­nees, I'homme et la femme passerent au peigne fin la cam­pagne alentour. 115 finirent par trouver Ie coq au fond d'un trou, dont il n'etait pas capable de sortir par ses propres moyens et Ie tire rent de Ill. lis decide rent par la suite de

conter c(;tte histoire dans une chanson de leur cru. Cest un dialogue entre la femme et I'animal : ce dernier proteste de son innocence, "si vous m'aviez nourri convenablement et donne un compagnon, je ne serais pas parti !" La femme repond: "Je vous ai pris lorsque vous etiez un tout petit coq et maintenant que j'ai fait de vous un chapon gros et gras, vous en demandez plus encore I". - "Vous n'iHes qu'une menteuse !", reprend I'autre: "Vous n'avez cesse de regretter I'argent de ma nour­riture." Mais tout est bien qui finit bien.

Sa'ada s'accompagne en frappant sur un bidon.

(7) Les exploits heroiques de Hamou Mouseo (Kurd is tan}. Apres les aventures d'un coq, celles d'un heros populaire.

Le nom de ce montagnard du Kurdistan est Hamou Mouseo. La chanson commence sur un evenement banal: un messager du gouvernement vient demander Ie paiement d' impots dOs depuis plusieurs annees. Hamou refuse de payer et se fait rebel Ie. Avec I'aide de quelques amis, il finira par ballre ses adversaires. De nos jours, ce genre de chansons glorifiant les aventures d'un personnage hero"lque est demeure tres popu­laire chez les Kurdes, Juifs ou non. On y distingue une ligne melodique fort simple que I'interprete adapte aux besoins de couplets d'inegale longueur. Tout en chantant, I'interprete exe­cute une sorte de mimodrame. Bien qu'assez terne sur Ie plan purement musical, ce type de chants represente I'un des ele­ments les plus anciens et les plus charmants de I'art populaire. Dans notre enregistrement, deux chanteurs se relaient. Le second interprete commence, avant que Ie premier n'ait tout­a-fait fini, par un essai de voix qui sert de transition. Ce sys­teme d'alternance des chanteurs leur permet de reprendre souffle a tour de role tout en donnant Ie sentiment d'une com­petition. Lorsqu'ils sont en train de chanter, ils mellent gene­ralement leurs mains au-dessus des oreilles.

(8) Par une nuit de lune (Sarajevo, Yougoslavie). "Par une nuit de lune J'etais parti Chercher la mer. Trouvee la mer!

Mes yeux etaient secs et brOlants D'avoir tant regarde la mer Et les bateaux qui vont et viennent. Mais aucune lettre ne vint a moi."

Ceci est une traduction libre de la chanson originale en ladino, qui est tres differente, tant par Ie caractere que par Ie genre, de la premiere chanson de ce disque dans la me me langue. La melodie est du mode phrygien, commun a de nom­breuses chansons espagnoles et que I'on retrouve dans les pays qui bordent les rives les plus occidentales de III Medi­terra nee.

(9) "Asalak ya 'Auhaj Alguzlan" (Je vous en prie 6 vous, belle d'entre les gazelles !). Chant de danse (Manahah, Yemen). Cette chanson a danser s'accompagne d'un tambour a

deux peaux et de la categorie des "Shirot" qui constituent un element important de la poesie yemenite. Elles existent en grand nombre et sont interpretees principalement durant les festivites des noces. Ce sont des chants a strophes et refrains. Sur Ie plan musical, les "Shirot" representent Ie type de chants Ie plus developpe. Celui qui suit est base sur Ie modele ABA. La partie B represente la melodie du refrain tandis que la seconde partie A est plus courte que la premiere. Le rythme fondamental est 7/8, mais dans Ie refrain il passe parfois a 6/8. A partir du second couplet, un groupe de chanteurs vient s'intercaler et interprete la second partie de chaque couplet en maniere de repons. Le soliste apporte quelques vocalises avant d'entamer les couplets .

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Page 12: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

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Page 13: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

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Page 14: ETHNIC FOLKWAYS RECORDS FE 4203 instruments: Drums, oil cans, iron basins, "sahn" (copper trays that are rhythmically beaten with ringed fingers). These instruments appear in six recordings,

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