ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF SELECTED MEDICAL PLANTS …

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123

Mangali et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF SELECTED MEDICAL PLANTS

USED IN CHILDREN OF MABILONG AND BOTBOT TRIBE IN

KALINGA, PHILIPPINES

Mangali, Glen R.*1, Evangelista, Luisito

2, Bawer, Maria Cyrila C.

3

1Professor, College of Liberal Arts and Science, Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Intramuros

Manila.

2Curator, The National Museum of the Philippines.

3Professor, Kalinga State University, Tabuk City, Kalinga.

ABSTRACT

Plants have impacted the lives of humans both in food and medicine.

Various ethnic groups practice indigenous knowledge to cure illness

and prolong the lives of human in Kalinga Tribe. Although traditional

medicine is the primary health care in Kalinga, little work has been

done to promote and document the Indigenous Knowledge of

medicinal plants of different tribes living in this area. The study was

conducted to have an ethnobotanical survey of selected of medical

plants used in curing diseases in children of Kalinga Tribe.

Ethnobotanical data on traditional medicines were collected. Guided

field work, interview, focus group discussion and field observation

were used to verify and crosscheck captured information. Qualitative and quantitative

ethnobotanical methods were used to analyze the data. A total of 12 plants were reported to

have medicinal uses from the study area. The study accounted the presence of medicinal

plants rooted in their traditional and indigenous knowledge. It supported the occurrences of

plant-based medicinal transferred through generations.

KEYWORDS: Ethnobotanical survey, medicinal plants, Kalinga Tribe, Indigenous

Knowledge.

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 10, Issue 3, 123-135 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

*Corresponding Author

Mangali, Glen R.

Professor, College of Liberal

Arts and Science, Colegio de

San Juan de Letran,

Intramuros Manila.

Article Received on

02 Jan. 2021,

Revised on 23 Jan. 2021,

Accepted on 12 Feb. 2021

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20213-15581


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INTRODUCTION

Plants provide food and supply natural medicine to humans (Anheyer et al., 2017; Boadu &

Asase, 2017).

The medicinal uses of plants have been studied even before the start of civilization (Lim,

2016; Rasool Hassan, 2012a). The use of herbal medicines are proven to treat various disease

such as hypertension and infectious diseases (Agrawal, Nandini, Sharma, & Chauhan, 2010).

In fact, plants usage are not only evident in treating diseases. It can help leverage the

economy by producing medicines in treating diseases (Mathur, 2018; Sarkar & Devi, 2017;

Zeng & Ren, 2012).

Studies show that majority of people living in developing countries are still dependent in

traditional medicine like herbal plants (Wondimu, Asfaw, & Kelbessa, 2007; Yuan, Ma, Ye,

& Piao, 2016). The established facts on medicinal uses of plants became the foundation for

ethnobotanical studies. For this reason, plants are identified as primary source of natural

products in curing diseases (Jamshidi-Kia, Lorigooini, & Amini-Khoei, 2018; Rakotoarivelo

et al., 2015).

Therapeutic plants, vegetables and organic products contain normal compound or

phytochemical constituents that work with supplements and filaments to act against

infections or all the more explicitly to secure against illnesses (Chen, Vigneault, Vijaya

Raghavan, and Kubow, 2007; Oz and Kafkas, 2017). One technique to show the presence of

essential and optional constituents is through phytochemical screening that uncovers essential

and auxiliary constituents. Essential constituents may incorporate amino corrosive, sugars,

protein and chlorophyll. While optional constituents then again, allude to the presence of

alkaloid, fundamental oils and flavonoids (Edriss, Alabjar, and Satti, 2012; Kumar and

Pradeep, 2011). Phytochemical constituents are referred to be important as antibacterial,

cancer prevention agent, anticonstipative, hostile to contagious, insecticidal and other organic

uses (Edriss et al., 2012; Kumar and Pradeep, 2011). It has been upheld that agricultural

nations rely vigorously upon natural medications because of the restricted medical care

uphold, needs present day medical services, expanding development of destitution and mass

populace (O'Donnell, 2007; Peters et al., 2008). Truth be told, native people groups in

agricultural nations depend on home grown medication for drug uphold (Alade, Okpako,

Ajibesin, and Omobuwajo, 2016; Karunamoorthi, Jegajeevanram, Vijayalakshmi, and


125


Mengistie, 2013; Tantengco, Condes, Estadilla, and Ragragio, 2018; Van Andel and

Carvalheiro, 2013).

The Philippines is a developing and tropical country that houses abundant medicinal plants.

Due to the accessibility of medicinal plants in this country, it allows people to produce

various kinds of medicines taken from plants. The effectivity of the medicinal plants lies on

the phytochemical constituents present in it (Karami, Javid, & Haghirosadat, 2017). The

study on the uses of indigenous knowledge about plants is known as ethnobotany. The

medicinal uses of plants and the human health care to prevent illness have been the practice

and by many Indigenous People (IP; IPs Indigenous Peoples, plural form) until today

(Farnsworth, 1993). The medicinal uses of plants are not only effective to IPs but a way to

preserve their culture and tradition in conserving biodiversity of their place.

The Philippines having in excess of 175 different nationality and dialects demonstrates its

ethnolinguistic nature of the country. It houses 100 ethnic groups including Kalinga tribe.

The Kalinga tribe is arranged in Kalinga-Apayao in the Island of Luzon, Philippines. It is

separated into two areas: Kalinga and Apayao. The territory is situated in the northernmost

segment of the Cordillera Region limited by the region of Cagayan and Apayao, Mt. Area

and Abra. Kalinga has a sharp-peaked mountain tops, steep inclines and detached level, level

and valleys. The eastern segment covered Cagayan and Isabela are by and large has as slant

and level land along its fundamental stream which establish to the potential the travel

industry especially cascades, underground aquifers, rice porches and underground waterways

(Department of Tourism, 2012).

The region is made up of seven regions and one city (Cordillera Almanac,1999;Department

of Tourism, 2012). Kalinga enlisted an absolute populace of 201,613 and a development pace

of 1.95 from 1990 to 2010 ( NSO, 2010). The region has a land territory of 3, 164.3 square

kilometers possessing 17% of the place where there is the Cordillera Administrative Region.

The 85.96% of the land territory of Kalinga was pronounced as natural and dispensable or

public land under the Revised Forestry Code leaving just 14.04% as alienable expendable.

The topographical construction of the land make it difficult to reach for individuals to get to

medical services.

There are 31 subtribes in Kalinga that are grouped into eight municipalities. Every one of

these subtribes can be distinguished, mainly from their lingo which has dissimilarities in


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phrasing, articulation and most particularly in the phonetic letters and the fricative and

voiceless articulation of their discourse. Among the subtribes, the Mabilong clan of

Lubuangan and Botbot clan of Tingalyan was the engaged of this investigation.

Albeit therapeutic plants are the essential wellspring of medication in Kalinga, little work has

been done to record the Indigenous Knowledge of restorative plants here. This study serves

as a guide for the development and utilization of different plant species in Kalinga. The

investigation directed an ethnobotanical overview and recognize phytochemical constituents

of selected clinical plants utilized in relieving sicknesses in children of Kalinga Tribe.

Explicitly it tried to respond to the accompanying inquiries: 1. what are the different

medicinal plants used in curing diseases in children of Kalinga Tribe?; and 2. which plant has

the highest and lowest cultural importance (CI) and Informant Concensus Factor (ICF)?

The study covered quantitative and qualitative analysis. The ethnobotanical survey of

medicinal plants used in children of Kalinga covered the quantitative analysis. The interview

and focus group discussion covered the qualitative section of the analysis. The study was

intended to explore the common indigenous knowledge related to medicinal plants of selected

plant species used by selected Kalinga tribes. The study can help anthropologist and

ethnobotanist in adding information on medicinal uses of plants. This study will help

government officials to conserve the rapidly disappearing traditional knowledge of Kalinga

tribe.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

This section presents the materials and method used by the researchers.

Study Area and Sampling Design

Fig. 1: Location Map of the Study.


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The study was conducted in Kalinga Province, particular in Lubuaga and Tingalayan. The

population for the study consisted of the mothers’ ages from 30-80 years old who naturally

born and native in both areas of study. The study intends to explore the significance of

medicinal plants that mother used to treat diseases on infants and children. The study was

participated by 50 participants (mothers); 25 mothers from each tribe. However, using the

qualification criteria in selecting participants, only 35 mothers were considered native in the

area. Hence, a total of 35 participants were considered as reliable and valid informants of the

study.

The location of the study was purposively chosen due to the limited ethnobotanical study

conducted from the said municipalities because of its terrain land form. The data were

collected with the help of the Mr. Cirilo “Sapi” A. Bawer (Chieftain of the tribe) and tribe

experts to check the reliability and validity of the responses in the interview and survey

conducted. Focus group discussion and field observation were arranged to gain information

about the uses of plants. The interpreters assisted the researchers in asking the questions and

getting the needed data related to the study to avoid miscommunication.

Ethnobotanical Data Collection

The plant samples were collected with the presence of the Cheiftain, Dr. Bawer and

informants for ethical reasons. Pictures of the plants were taken with the consent from the

informants. Plants were pressed to preserve the plant for proper identification. The use of

GPS and digital photo were used to capture important plant details. A structured and semi-

structured questionnaire was used in the interview.

Calculations for Cultural Importance and Informant Concensus Factor

The researchers computed the cultural importance index to identity the species that is

commonly used as medicinal plants in the tribe. It was calculated using the following

formula: CI=UR/N; UR (Use Report) = recorded use for every species; N= the total number

of informants participating in the research (refer to table 1). According to Heinrich , Ankli,

Weimann (1998), they mention that this formula is good means of assessing the agreements

of informants is based on the common ailments categories. In this analysis, the consensus

report of a species for treating a particular disease is seen with the report in treating any given

disease in the tribe (Kassa, 2009; Friedman, Yaniv, Dalewitch, 1986). It means that this

formula can be used to test the consensus of the tribe in curing diseases categories where

plant was claimed to be effective.


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The informant concensus factor (ICF) was considered to identify the most trusted plants in

healing diseases and verify the CI indices following Heinrich's approach using this formula:

Legend:

NUC = number of use citation (report) in disease category

NS = number of species used for each citations (report)

Fidelity level/Species Concensus

Fidelity level/Species consensus has also been employed to rate the comparative curative

capacity of reported traditional medicinal plants (TMP); and it was calculated by applying the

formula:

FL = (Sf/Tf) x 100

Legend:

Sf - refers to frequency of citations for a specific ailment

Tf - refers to total number of citations of that species.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presented the result and discussion of the study. The current research work was

based on the indigenous knowledge of most frequently used medicinal plants of Kalinga

Tribe. A total of 12 plants were reported from the study area. During the conduct of the study,

local informants were interviewed too. Ethnomedicinal uses and data about management of

various ailments were collected from structure and semi-structure interview.

Table 1 shows the common medicinal plants used by mothers in infant and children in

Kalinga Tribe. It shows that majority of the parts of the plants being used in curing diseases

in children were leaves as seen in figure 1. Studies show that tribe members have good

knowledge on medical uses in various countries and ethnicity (Ayele, 2018; Of, Plants, To,

Diseases, & Seka, 2005; Rasool Hassan, 2012b). The result of the study is supported by

another study in Ethiopia that 80% of different ethnic groups rely on traditional medicine to

cure diseases even in treating cancer (Ayele, 2018). Among the parts of the plants that

contain medicinal uses are found in leaves (Ayele, 2018; Of et al., 2005; Subramanian &

Dhamotharan, 2016; Swaroopanand et al., 2015). The result shows that majority of the plants

used in Kalinga tribe are abundant in their nature as seen in figure 2. It means that there are


129


plants that are found in their community only. Although plant abundance is present in

Kalinga, still, half a million plants have not yet investigated whether they have medicinal

implication (Rasool Hassan, 2012b).

Herbs are common plant forms that are used as medicinal plants (Figure 3). These herbs serve

as common ingredients in their local dishes too. The percentage distribution of different plant

part(s) used as medicine in children in figure 1. Based on the graph, 54% of the informants

used leaves in curing diseases in children, followed by stems and leaves combination (23%),

stem (15%) and roots (8%).

Figure 1: Plants part(s) used as medicine in children.

Table 1: Ethnobotanical Survey of Medical Plant used in Infant and Children of

Kalinga Tribe.

Scientific Name Local

Name

Part

Used

Abundance

(Rare/

Abundant/

Common)

Status

(Wild/

Cultivated)

Plant form

(Tree/Herb

Shrub/Grass

Climber)

Plant

Preparation

Medicinal

Importance

Coleus aromaticus

Benth.

Oregano Leaves Common Wild Herb Steaming Cough

Curcura longa Linn Luyang

Dilaw

Roots Common Wild Herb Infusion of the roots Cough

Vitex negundo Lagundi Leaves Abundant Cultivated Shrub Boiling of the leaves

Decoction

Cough; Flu

Psidium guajava Bayabas Leaves Common Cultivated Tree Boiling of the leaves Diarrhea;

Fever; UTI;

Skin disease

Citrofortunella

microcarpa.

Kalamansi Leaves Common Cultivated Tree Boiling of Leaves

Synedrella nodiflora

(l.) G. Don

Poke Leaves Abundant Cultivated Herb Direct heating of the

leaves

Burns

Hyptis capitates

Jacq.

Kulig Stem Abundant Cultivated Herb Infusion; Decoction Stomach

pain;

Diarrhea

54%

8%

15%

23%

38%

Leaves Roots Stem Stem and Leaves

Common 37%

Abundant 63%

Figure 2. Plants part(s) used as medicine in children


130


Blumea sp. Lappaka Leaves Abundant Cultivated Herb Decoction Stomach

pain;

Diarrhea

Stachytarpheta

jamaicensis (L.)

Vahl

Chimpeleg Stem Abundant Cultivated Herb Decoction; Direct

Application

Wound

Crossocephalum

crepidiodos (Benth)

S. Moore

Bebetak Leaves;

Stem

Abundant Cultivated Herb Decoction Iodine

Supplement

Anonan muricata L. Guyabano Leaves Common Cultivated Tree Decoction; Boiling

of the leaves

UTI

Persea americana Avocado Leaves Common Cultivated Tree Decoction Cough

59%

8%

33%

Herb Shrub Tree

Figure 3: Plant Form.

Figure 2 showed percentage abundance of the different medicinal plants in their area. Based

on the participants, 63% of medicinal plants used are abundant and 37% are common but

needs to be cultivated in their place. Although these plants are common in their community,

members of Kalinga tribe need to cultivate because some plants do not produce often

compare to other plants. Figure 3 showed the different plant form of medicinal plant used by

the tribes. Based on the graph, 59% of the medicinal plant used are herb, followed by trees

(33%) and shrub (8%).

In order to established the importance of each plant in the community. The researchers

computed for the Cultural Importance (CI) and Informant Concensus Factor (ICF) values.

These values are guides in order to identify the effectiveness of the medicinal plants. In this

way, the researchers can tell the level of prevalence of diseases in Kalinga Tribe. Based on

the ICF Kulig, Poke and Lagundi obtained the highest values of 1.000, 0.909 and 0.781

respectively. Hence, it is known to be the most prevalent medicinal plant in the tribe which

can be used in curing diseases in children.


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Table 2: ICF and CI values of Medicinal Plant.

Scientific Name ICF CI (CI=UR/N)

Coleus aromaticus Benth. 0.588 0.514

Curcura longa Linn 0.500 0.086

Vitex negundo 0.781 0.943

Psidium guajava 0.364 0.343

Citrofortunella microcarpa. 0.000 0.171

Synedrella nodiflora (l.) G. Don 0.909 0.343

Hyptis capitates Jacq. 1.000 0.143

Blumea sp. 0.500 0.143

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl 0.500 0.143

Crossocephalum crepidiodos (Benth) S. Moore 0.500 0.143

Anonan muricata L. 0.600 0.171

Persea americana 0.000 0.086

Scientific Name Tf Sf FL Value %

Coleus aromaticus Benth. 18 8 44

Curcura longa Linn 3 2 67

Vitex negundo 33 8 24

Psidium guajava 12 8 67

Citrofortunella microcarpa. 6 6 100

Synedrella nodiflora (l.) G. Don 12 2 17

Hyptis capitates Jacq. 5 1 20

Blumea sp. 5 3 60

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl 5 3 60

Crossocephalum crepidiodos (Benth) S. Moore 5 3 60

Anonan muricata L. 6 3 50

Persea americana 3 3 100

The fidelity level/species consensus was also measured. In this way, comparative curative

capacity can be reported as IPs used in curing children. Based on table 2, Citrofortunella

microcarpa, and Persea Americana obtained 100 % fidelity level which means that these are

common plants used to cured specific diseases in children. The 100% fidelity level indicates

that these plants are used by the informant always whenever they children experienced a

particular disease. On the other hand, Synedrella nodiflora (l.) G. Don (17%), Vitex

negundo(24%) and Coleus aromaticus Benth (44%) obtained the lowest fidelity level. The

lowest percentage of these plants indicate that although these plants are effective in curing

diseases, IPs have other alternative plant options use in curing diseases in children. FL is an

important means to see for which ailment a particular species has more healing power and

accordingly those species with high FL are supposed to be more curative for the respective

ailments.


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CONCLUSION

The study reported the existence of a number of medicinal plants, an indication for the

presence of plant-based traditional medicinal knowledge transfer that survived through

generations. A total of 16 plants are reported from the study area. The informants used leaves

in curing diseases in children, followed by stems and leaves combination (23%), stem (15%)

and roots (8%). Based on the study, 63% of medicinal plants used are abundant and 37% are

common but needs to be cultivated in their place and 59% of the medicinal plant used are

herb, followed by trees (33%) and shrub (8%). In terms of fidelity level, Citrofortunella

microcarpa, Kutchay, and Persea Americana obtained 100 % fidelity level which means that

these plants are common plants used to cured specific diseases in children. However, in terms

of Informant Concensus Factor (ICF), Kulig, Poke and Lagundi obtained the highest values

of 1.000, 0.909 and 0.781 respectively. Hence, it is known to be the most prevalent medicinal

plant in the tribe which can be used in curing diseases in children. The identified plants show

medicinal potentialities in curing diseases. This implied that these plants need protection to

help IPs resolves health concerns. The identified plants can help botanist and ethnobotanist

explore the importance of these plants in other tribes as well and explore the phytochemical

constituents in producing medicinal drugs from natural products. This study calls for

collaboration to government officials and agencies to intensify the policy or implemented

policies in protecting these plants in their communities. In this way, plants used by IPs will

not only be protected but protect their culture, practices and generation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to thank the local people of Tinglayan and Lubuagan Tribes for

their generosity and kind response to inquiries information on the medicinal plants of the

area. Specifically, the researchers would like to extend our deepest thanks to the following

people Mr. Cirilo “Sapi” A. Bawer (Chieftain), Sherr Ann B. Dawagan and Divina C. Tallog

for helping us interpret the questions and answers of the informant.

Deepest thanks are extended to the Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity

Management of the National Museum for identifying the plants as well as their kind response

and cooperation in all inquiries during the study period. The technical personnel of the

National Herbarium are also acknowledged for their help in the identification of the

specimens.


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