Ethnologue by ဦးဦး ေမွာ္ဆရာ

7/27/2019 Ethnologue by

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Ethnologue

Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a comprehensive reference work cataloging all of theworlds known living languages. Since 1951, theEthnologue has been an active research projectinvolving hundreds of linguists and other researchers around the world. It is widely regarded tobe the most comprehensive source of information of its kind.

The information in theEthnologue will be valuable to anyone with an interest in cross-culturalcommunication, bilingualism, literacy rates, language planning and language policy, languagedevelopment, language relationships, endangered languages, writing systems and to all with ageneral curiosity about languages.

Language descriptions in theEthnologue

are organized by world area, UN region, and country indicate region of use within countries list alternate language and dialect names specify the three-letter code from ISO 639-3 estimate speaker populations give genetic classification of the language describe language use and viability identify writing scripts used cite availability of literature and other products of language development

Other key features of the site:

statistical summaries by world area, language size, language status, language family, andcountry

extensive bibliography of references cited over 200 color language maps


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SIL International

Ethnologue: Languages of the Worldis compiled and published by SIL International, a nonprofitorganization committed to serving ethnolinguistic minority communities worldwide and buildingcapacity for sustainable language-based development by means of research, translation, training

and materials development. Since its beginning in 1934, SIL Internationals linguisticinvestigation has exceeded 1850 languages spoken by over 1.2 billion people in more than 70countries. Its more than 5,000 workers come from over 60 countries. As a nongovernmental

organization, SIL has special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC) of the United Nations and with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It has also been designated by the International Organizationfor Standardization as the Registration Authority for the ISO 639-3 standard, which providesover 7,500 three-letter codes to uniquely identify every known human language, past andpresent.

Visit our web site at: www.sil.org

ISO 639-3

This is the home page for Part 3 of the ISO 639 family of standards, Codes for the representationof names of languages.ISO 639-3 attempts to provide as complete an enumeration of languagesas possible, including living, extinct, ancient, and constructed languages, whether major or

minor, written or unwritten.

ISO 639-3 is a code that aims to define three-letter identifiers for all known human languages. Atthe core of ISO 639-3 are the individual languages already accounted for in ISO 639-2. The largenumber of living languages in the initial inventory of ISO 639-3 beyond those already includedin ISO 639-2 was derived primarily from Ethnologue(15th edition). Additional extinct, ancient,historic, and constructed languages have been obtained from Linguist List.

SIL International has been designated as the ISO 639-3/RA for the purpose of processingrequests for alpha-3 language codes comprising the International Standard, Codes for therepresentation of names of languages - Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of

languages. The ISO 639-3/RA receives and reviews applications for requesting new language

codes and for the change of existing ones according to criteria indicated in the standard. Itmaintains an accurate list of information associated with registered language codes which can beviewed on or downloaded from this website, and processes updates of registered language codes.Notification of pending and adopted updates are also distributed on a regular basis to subscribersand other parties.


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This is the official site of the ISO 639-3 Registration Authority and thus is the only oneauthorized by ISO. If you have questions concerning ISO 639-3 please contact us at:

SIL International

ISO 639-3 Registrar

7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd.

Dallas, TX 75236

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: +1 972 708 7575


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Language Family

Language Name

Language Code Language Family Map Title

Afro-Asiatic East Birds Head-Sentani Mapudungu Sino-Tibetan

Algic East Geelvink Bay Mascoyan Siouan-Catawban

Altaic East New Britain Matacoan Skou

Amto-Musan Eastern Trans-Fly Maxakalian Somahai

Andamanese Eskimo-Aleut Mayan South Bougainville

Arafundi Eyak-Athabaskan Maybrat South-Central Papuan

Arai (Left May) Fas Misumalpan Tacanan

Arauan Guajiboan Miwok-Costanoan Tai-Kadai

Australian Guaykuruan Mixe-Zoquean Takelman

Austro-Asiatic Haida Mixed language Tarascan

Austronesian Harkmbut Mongol-Langam Tequistlatecan

Aymaran Hmong-Mien Mosetenan Tiniguan

Barbacoan Huavean Muran Tor-Kwerba

Bayono-Awbono Indo-European Muskogean Torricelli

Border Iroquoian Nambiquaran Totonacan

Bororoan Jabutian Niger-Congo Trans-New Guinea

Botocudoan Japonic Nilo-Saharan Tsimshian

Caddoan Jean Nimboran Tucanoan

Cahuapanan Jicaquean North Bougainville Tupian

Cariban Jivaroan North Caucasian Unclassified

Central Solomons Kamakanan Otomanguean Uralic

Chapacuran Karaj Paezan Uto-Aztecan

Chibchan Kartvelian Palaihnihan Wakashan

Chimakuan Katukinan Panoan West Papuan

Chinookan Kaure Pauwasi Wintuan

Chipaya-Uru Kaweskaran Piawi Witotoan

Chocoan Keresan Pidgin Yaguan

Cholonan Khoisan Pomoan Yanomaman


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Chon Kiowa-Tanoan Puinavean Yele-West New Britain

Chukotko-Kamchatkan Kwomtari Purian Yeniseian

Chumashan Lakes Plain Quechuan Yokutsan

Cochim-Yuman Language isolate Ramu-Lower Sepik Yuat

Constructed language Lencan Sahaptian YukaghirCoosan Lower Mamberamo Salish Yukian

Creole Maiduan Slivan Zamucoan

Deaf sign language Maipurean Senagi Zaparoan

Dravidian Mairasi Sepik


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Indo-European

+ Albanian (4) + Armenian (1) + Baltic (4) + Celtic (6) + Germanic (48) + Greek (6) + Indo-Iranian (312) + Italic (44) + Slavic (19)

- Albanian(4)o - Gheg (1)

Albanian, Gheg [aln] (A language of Serbia)o - Tosk (3)

Albanian, Arbresh [aae] (A language of Italy) Albanian, Arvanitika [aat] (A language of Greece) Albanian, Tosk [als] (A language of Albania)

- Armenian(1)o Armenian [hye] (A language of Armenia)

- Baltic(4)o - Eastern (3)

Latgalian [ltg] (A language of Latvia) Latvian, Standard [lvs] (A language of Latvia) Lithuanian [lit] (A language of Lithuania)

o - Western (1) Prussian [prg] (A language of Poland)

- Celtic(6)o - Insular (6)

- Brythonic (3) Breton [bre] (A language of France) Cornish [cor] (A language of United Kingdom) Welsh [cym] (A language of United Kingdom)

- Goidelic (3) Gaelic, Scottish [gla] (A language of United Kingdom) Irish [gle] (A language of Ireland) Manx [glv] (A language of Isle of Man)

- Germanic(48)o Hunsrik [hrx] (A language of Brazil)o - North (6)

- East Scandinavian (4) - Danish-Swedish (4)

- Danish-Bokmal (1)


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Norwegian [nor] (A language of Norway) - Danish-Riksmal (2)

- Danish (2) Danish [dan] (A language of Denmark) Jutish [jut] (A language of Denmark)

- Swedish (1)

Swedish [swe] (A language of Sweden) - West Scandinavian (2)

Faroese [fao] (A language of Denmark) Icelandic [isl] (A language of Iceland)

o - West (41) - English (2)

English [eng] (A language of United Kingdom) Scots [sco] (A language of United Kingdom)

- Frisian (3) Frisian, Northern [frr] (A language of Germany)

Frisian, Western [fry] (A language of Netherlands) Saterfriesisch [stq] (A language of Germany) - High German (21)

- German (19) - Middle German (10)

- East Middle German (4) German, Standard [deu] (A language of

Germany) Saxon, Upper [sxu] (A language of

Germany) Silesian, Lower [sli] (A language of Poland) Wymysorys [wym] (A language of Poland)

- West Middle German (6) German, Pennsylvania [pdc] (A language of

United States) - Eastern Franconian (1)

Frankish [frk] (A language ofGermany)

- Moselle Franconian (1) Luxembourgeois [ltz] (A language of

Luxembourg) - Rhenisch Franconian (2)

Limburgish [lim] (A language ofNetherlands)

Pfaelzisch [pfl] (A language ofGermany)

- Ripuarian Franconian (1) Klsch [ksh] (A language of

Germany) - Upper German (9)


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Mainfrnkisch [vmf] (A language of Germany) - Alemannic (4)

German, Colonia Tovar [gct] (A language ofVenezuela)

German, Swiss [gsw] (A language ofSwitzerland)

Swabian [swg] (A language of Germany) Walser [wae] (A language of Switzerland)

- Bavarian-Austrian (4) Bavarian [bar] (A language of Austria) Cimbrian [cim] (A language of Italy) Hutterisch [geh] (A language of Canada) Mcheno [mhn] (A language of Italy)

- Yiddish (2) Yiddish, Eastern [ydd] (A language of Israel) Yiddish, Western [yih] (A language of Germany)

- Low Saxon-Low Franconian (15) Frisian, Eastern [frs] (A language of Germany)

- Low Franconian (4) Afrikaans [afr] (A language of South Africa) Dutch [nld] (A language of Netherlands) Vlaams [vls] (A language of Belgium) Zeeuws [zea] (A language of Netherlands)

- Low Saxon (10) Achterhoeks [act] (A language of Netherlands) Drents [drt] (A language of Netherlands) Gronings [gos] (A language of Netherlands) Plautdietsch [pdt] (A language of Canada) Sallands [sdz] (A language of Netherlands) Saxon, Low [nds] (A language of Germany) Stellingwerfs [stl] (A language of Netherlands) Twents [twd] (A language of Netherlands) Veluws [vel] (A language of Netherlands) Westphalien [wep] (A language of Germany)

- Greek(6)o - Attic (5)

Cappadocian Greek [cpg] (A language of Greece) Greek [ell] (A language of Greece) Greek, Ancient [grc] (A language of Greece) Pontic [pnt] (A language of Greece) Yevanic [yej] (A language of Israel)

o - Doric (1) Tsakonian [tsd] (A language of Greece)


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- Indo-Iranian(312)o - Indo-Aryan (225)

Sanskrit [san] (A language of India) - Central zone (77)

Domaaki [dmk] (A language of Pakistan)

Powari [pwr] (A language of India) - Bhil (19)

Bareli, Palya [bpx] (A language of India) Bareli, Pauri [bfb] (A language of India) Bareli, Rathwi [bgd] (A language of India) Bauria [bge] (A language of India) Bhilali [bhi] (A language of India) Bhili [bhb] (A language of India) Chodri [cdi] (A language of India) Dhodia [dho] (A language of India) Dubli [dub] (A language of India)

Dungra Bhil [duh] (A language of India) Gamit [gbl] (A language of India) Garasia, Adiwasi [gas] (A language of India) Garasia, Rajput [gra] (A language of India) Mawchi [mke] (A language of India) Nahali [nlx] (A language of India) Noiri [noi] (A language of India) Pardhi [pcl] (A language of India) Rathawi [rtw] (A language of India) Wagdi [wbr] (A language of India)

- Dom (1) Domari [rmt] (A language of Iran)

- Gujarati (9) Aer [aeq] (A language of Pakistan) Gujarati [guj] (A language of India) Jandavra [jnd] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Kachi [gjk] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Parkari [kvx] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Wadiyara [kxp] (A language of India) Saurashtra [saz] (A language of India) Vaghri [vgr] (A language of Pakistan) Vasavi [vas] (A language of India)

- Khandesi (3) Ahirani [ahr] (A language of India) Dhanki [dhn] (A language of India) Khandesi [khn] (A language of India)

- Panjabi (1) Panjabi, Eastern [pan] (A language of India)

- Rajasthani (18) - Marwari (10)


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Dhatki [mki] (A language of Pakistan) Dhundari [dhd] (A language of India) Goaria [gig] (A language of Pakistan) Godwari [gdx] (A language of India) Loarki [lrk] (A language of Pakistan)

Marwari [rwr] (A language of India) Marwari [mve] (A language of Pakistan) Merwari [wry] (A language of India) Mewari [mtr] (A language of India) Shekhawati [swv] (A language of India)

- Unclassified (8) Bagri [bgq] (A language of India) Gujari [gju] (A language of India) Gurgula [ggg] (A language of Pakistan) Haroti [hoj] (A language of India) Lambadi [lmn] (A language of India)

Lohar, Gade [gda] (A language of India) Malvi [mup] (A language of India) Nimadi [noe] (A language of India)

- Romani (7) - Balkan (1)

Romani, Balkan [rmn] (A language of Serbia) - Northern (5)

Romani, Baltic [rml] (A language of Poland) Romani, Carpathian [rmc] (A language of Czech

Republic) Romani, Kalo Finnish [rmf] (A language of

Finland) Romani, Sinte [rmo] (A language of Serbia) Romani, Welsh [rmw] (A language of United

Kingdom) - Vlax (1)

Romani, Vlax [rmy] (A language of Romania) - Unclassified (5)

Mewati [wtm] (A language of India) Parya [paq] (A language of Tajikistan) Sonha [soi] (A language of Nepal) Tharu, Dangaura [thl] (A language of Nepal) Tharu, Kathariya [tkt] (A language of Nepal)

- Western Hindi (12) - Bundeli (1)

Bundeli [bns] (A language of India) - Hindustani (4)

Hindi [hin] (A language of India) Urdu [urd] (A language of Pakistan) - Sansi (2)


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Kabutra [kbu] (A language of Pakistan) Sansi [ssi] (A language of India)

- Unclassified (7) Bhaya [bhe] (A language of Pakistan) Braj Bhasha [bra] (A language of India)

Chamari [cdg] (A language of India) Ghera [ghr] (A language of Pakistan) Gowli [gok] (A language of India) Haryanvi [bgc] (A language of India) Kanauji [bjj] (A language of India)

- East Central zone (5) Awadhi [awa] (A language of India) Bagheli [bfy] (A language of India) Chhattisgarhi [hne] (A language of India) Hindi, Fiji [hif] (A language of Fiji) Surgujia [sgj] (A language of India)

- Eastern zone (46) - Bengali-Assamese (19)

Assamese [asm] (A language of India) Bengali [ben] (A language of Bangladesh) Bishnupriya [bpy] (A language of India) Chakma [ccp] (A language of Bangladesh) Chittagonian [ctg] (A language of Bangladesh) Hajong [haj] (A language of India) Halbi [hlb] (A language of India) Kayort [kyv] (A language of Nepal) Kharia Thar [ksy] (A language of India) Kurmukar [kfv] (A language of India) Lodhi [lbm] (A language of India) Mal Paharia [mkb] (A language of India) Mirgan [zrg] (A language of India) Nahari [nhh] (A language of India) Rajbanshi [rjs] (A language of Nepal) Rangpuri [rkt] (A language of Bangladesh) Rohingya [rhg] (A language of Myanmar) Sylheti [syl] (A language of Bangladesh) Tangchangya [tnv] (A language of Bangladesh)

- Bihari (11) Bhojpuri [bho] (A language of India) Hindustani, Caribbean [hns] (A language of Suriname) Kudmali [kyw] (A language of India) Magahi [mag] (A language of India) Maithili [mai] (A language of India) Majhi [mjz] (A language of Nepal) Musasa [smm] (A language of Nepal) Panchpargania [tdb] (A language of India)


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Khetrani [xhe] (A language of Pakistan) Pahari-Potwari [phr] (A language of Pakistan) Panjabi, Mirpur [pmu] (A language of India) Panjabi, Western [pnb] (A language of Pakistan) Seraiki [skr] (A language of Pakistan)

- Sindhi (6)

Jadgali [jdg] (A language of Pakistan) Kachchi [kfr] (A language of India) Lasi [lss] (A language of Pakistan) Sindhi [snd] (A language of Pakistan) Sindhi Bhil [sbn] (A language of Pakistan)

- Nuristani (6) Ashkun [ask] (A language of Afghanistan) Kamviri [xvi] (A language of Afghanistan) Kati [bsh] (A language of Afghanistan) Prasuni [prn] (A language of Afghanistan)

Tregami [trm] (A language of Afghanistan) Waigali [wbk] (A language of Afghanistan) - Sinhalese-Maldivian (3)

Maldivian [div] (A language of Maldives) Sinhala [sin] (A language of Sri Lanka) Veddah [ved] (A language of Sri Lanka)

- Southern zone (12) Marathi [mar] (A language of India) - Konkani (7)

Katkari [kfu] (A language of India) Konkani [knn] (A language of India) Konkani, Goan [gom] (A language of India) Kukna [kex] (A language of India) Phudagi [phd] (A language of India) Samvedi [smv] (A language of India) Varli [vav] (A language of India)

- Unclassified (4) Bhalay [bhx] (A language of India) Deccan [dcc] (A language of India) Gowlan [goj] (A language of India) Varhadi-Nagpuri [vah] (A language of India)

- Unclassified (12) Andh [anr] (A language of India) Chinali [cih] (A language of India) Danuwar [dhw] (A language of Nepal) Darai [dry] (A language of Nepal) Kanjari [kft] (A language of India) Kumhali [kra] (A language of Nepal) Lohar, Lahul [lhl] (A language of India) Memoni [mby] (A language of Pakistan)


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Nayini [nyq] (A language of Iran) Parsi [prp] (A language of India) Parsi-Dari [prd] (A language of Iran) Sivandi [siy] (A language of Iran) Soi [soj] (A language of Iran)

Vafsi [vaf] (A language of Iran) - Kurdish (4)

Kurdish, Central [ckb] (A language of Iraq) Kurdish, Northern [kmr] (A language of Turkey) Kurdish, Southern [sdh] (A language of Iran) Laki [lki] (A language of Iran)

- Ormuri-Parachi (2) Ormuri [oru] (A language of Pakistan) Parachi [prc] (A language of Afghanistan)

- Semnani (4) Lasgerdi [lsa] (A language of Iran)

Sangisari [sgr] (A language of Iran) Semnani [smy] (A language of Iran) Sorkhei [sqo] (A language of Iran)

- Talysh (16) Alviri-Vidari [avd] (A language of Iran) Eshtehardi [esh] (A language of Iran) Gozarkhani [goz] (A language of Iran) Harzani [hrz] (A language of Iran) Kabatei [xkp] (A language of Iran) Kajali [xkj] (A language of Iran) Karingani [kgn] (A language of Iran) Khoini [xkc] (A language of Iran) Koresh-e Rostam [okh] (A language of Iran) Maraghei [vmh] (A language of Iran) Razajerdi [rat] (A language of Iran) Rudbari [rdb] (A language of Iran) Shahrudi [shm] (A language of Iran) Takestani [tks] (A language of Iran) Talysh [tly] (A language of Azerbaijan) Taromi, Upper [tov] (A language of Iran)

- Unclassified (1) Dezfuli [def] (A language of Iran)

- Zaza-Gorani (6) Bajelani [bjm] (A language of Iraq) Gurani [hac] (A language of Iraq) Sarli [sdf] (A language of Iraq) Shabak [sdb] (A language of Iraq) Zazaki, Northern [kiu] (A language of Turkey) Zazaki, Southern [diq] (A language of Turkey)

- Southwestern (17)


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- Fars (2) Fars, Southwestern [fay] (A language of Iran) Lari [lrl] (A language of Iran)

- Luri (4) Bakhtiri [bqi] (A language of Iran)

Kumzari [zum] (A language of Oman) Luri, Northern [lrc] (A language of Iran) Luri, Southern [luz] (A language of Iran)

- Persian (9) Aimaq [aiq] (A language of Afghanistan) Bukharic [bhh] (A language of Israel) Dari [prs] (A language of Afghanistan) Dehwari [deh] (A language of Pakistan) Dzhidi [jpr] (A language of Israel) Hazaragi [haz] (A language of Afghanistan) Pahlavani [phv] (A language of Afghanistan)

Persian, Iranian [pes] (A language of Iran) Tajiki [tgk] (A language of Tajikistan) - Tat (2)

Judeo-Tat [jdt] (A language of Russia) Tat, Muslim [ttt] (A language of Azerbaijan)

o - Unclassified (1) Badeshi [bdz] (A language of Pakistan) Luwati [luv] (A language of Oman)

- Italic(44)o - Latino-Faliscan (1)

Latin [lat] (A language of Vatican)o - Romance (43)

- Eastern (4) Aromanian [rup] (A language of Greece) Romanian [ron] (A language of Romania) Romanian, Istro [ruo] (A language of Croatia) Romanian, Megleno [ruq] (A language of Greece)

- Italo-Western (34) - Italo-Dalmatian (5)

Istriot [ist] (A language of Croatia) Italian [ita] (A language of Italy) Judeo-Italian [itk] (A language of Italy) Napoletano-Calabrese [nap] (A language of Italy) Sicilian [scn] (A language of Italy)

- Western (29) - Gallo-Iberian (28)

- Gallo-Romance (15) - Gallo-Italian (6)

Emilian [egl] (A language of Italy) Ligurian [lij] (A language of Italy)


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Lombard [lmo] (A language of Italy) Piemontese [pms] (A language of

Italy) Romagnol [rgn] (A language of

Italy)

Venetian [vec] (A language of Italy) - Gallo-Rhaetian (9)

- Ol (6) - French (5)

French [fra] (Alanguage of France)

French, Cajun [frc] (Alanguage of UnitedStates)

Picard [pcd] (Alanguage of France) Walloon [wln] (Alanguage of Belgium)

Zarphatic [zrp] (Alanguage of France)

- Southeastern (1) Arpitan [frp] (A

language of France)

- Rhaetian (3) Friulian [fur] (A language of

Italy) Ladin [lld] (A language of

Italy) Romansch [roh] (A language

of Switzerland) - Ibero-Romance (13)

- East Iberian (1) Cataln [cat] (A language of Spain)

- Oc (2) Occitan [oci] (A language of France) Shuadit [sdt] (A language of France)

- West Iberian (10) - Asturo-Leonese (2)

Asturian [ast] (A language ofSpain)

Mirandese [mwl] (Alanguage of Portugal)


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Rohingya

A language of Myanmar

ISO 639-3

rhg

Alternate Names : Rohinja

Population : 800,000 in Myanmar (2012). Due to unrest, numbers are very uncertain. Population

total all countries: 1,800,000.

Location : North Rakhine State, Maungdaw and Buthidaung townships; Sittwe and Rathedaung

townships. Also in Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand.

Language Maps : Bangladesh , Central Myanmar

Language Status : 6a (Vigorous).

Classification : Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

Dialects : Not much contact between dialect groups living in different townships; intelligibility

situation is not clear. Dialects differ by river valleys.

Language Use : Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Rakhine [rki]. Those witheducation are literate in Burmese [mya].

Language Development : Literacy rate in L1: Below 1%.

Language Resources : OLAC resources in and about Rohingya

Writing : Arabic script. Latin script. Rohingya Hanifi script, some development in immigrant

communities for all three scripts.

Other Comments

About 1,000,000 refugees went to Bangladesh in recent years, the majority of whom havedispersed to other countries. Most refugees in UNHCR-controlled camps in Bangladesh were

repatriated back to Myanmar, but many of these have returned to Bangladesh unofficially.Muslim.

Also spoken in : Bangladesh

Language name : Rohingya

Population : 200,000 in Bangladesh (2006).


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Location : Coxs Bazaar district.

Alternate Names : Rohinga

Status : 6b (Threatened).

Other Comments : Muslim.

Rohingya in the Language Cloud

This graph shows the place of Rohingya within the cloud of all living languages. Each language

in the world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population(in the vertical axis) and its level of development or endangerment (in the horizontal axis), withthe largest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages(down to extinction) in the lower right. The population value is the estimated number of firstlanguage (L1) speakers; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale (where 100 = 1; 102 = 100; 104 =10,000; 106 = 1,000,000; 108 = 100,000,000). The value for the development versusendangerment dimension is the estimated level on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages onDevelopment and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.)

Rohingya is represented by a large, colored dot. When the population is unknown, a color-codedquestion mark appears at the bottom of the grid. When there are no known L1 speakers, an X

appears at the bottom of the grid. The color coding matches the color scheme used in thesummary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels aregrouped as follows:

Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) The language has been developed to thepoint that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home andcommunity.


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Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) The language is in vigorous use, with literaturein a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread orsustainable.

Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) The language is unstandardized and in vigoroususe among all generations.

Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) Intergenerational transmission is in theprocess of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use thelanguage so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission ofthe language in the home.

Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmissionthrough the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed.

Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) The language has fallen completely out of use andno one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.

The EGIDS level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the EGIDS level

reported in the main entry for the language. This is because a separate EGIDS estimate is madefor every country in which a language is used. Our method for calculating the EGIDS level forthe language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level(that is, most safe) for any country. The logic here is that if the EGIDS level of a language istaken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is thestrongest.

Each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20% black. As dots are superimposed on each other,the spot gets darker. Thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the samespot in the cloud. The population scale is continuous; thus the placement in the vertical axiscorresponds exactly to population. The EGIDS scale, however, is discrete. Rather than placing

all of the dots for a given EGIDS level exactly on the grid line for that level, the dots arejittered (that is, the horizontal placement is random within a band around the grid line for thelevel).


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26/64

25Ethnologue

- Nungish (4) Anong [nun] (A language of Myanmar) Drung [duu] (A language of China) Lama [lay] (A language of China) Rawang [raw] (A language of Myanmar)

- Tani (7)

Adi [adi] (A language of India) Adi, Galo [adl] (A language of India) Apatani [apt] (A language of India) Mising [mrg] (A language of India) Na [nbt] (A language of India) Nyishi [njz] (A language of India) Tagin [tgj] (A language of India)

o - Karenic (21) - Central (7)

Karen, Bwe [bwe] (A language of Myanmar)

Karen, Geba [kvq] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Geko [ghk] (A language of Myanmar) Kayah, Eastern [eky] (A language of Myanmar) Kayah, Western [kyu] (A language of Myanmar) Kayaw [kvl] (A language of Myanmar) Manumanaw [kxf] (A language of Myanmar)

- Northern (5) Kayan [pdu] (A language of Myanmar) Lahta [kvt] (A language of Myanmar) Yinbaw [kvu] (A language of Myanmar) Yintale [kvy] (A language of Myanmar) Zayein [kxk] (A language of Myanmar)

- Peripheral (5) Karen, Phrae Pwo [kjt] (A language of Thailand) Karen, Pwo Eastern [kjp] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Pwo Northern [pww] (A language of Thailand) Karen, Pwo Western [pwo] (A language of Myanmar) Pao [blk] (A language of Myanmar)

- Southern (4) Karen, Mobwa [jkm] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Paku [jkp] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Sgaw [ksw] (A language of Myanmar) Wewaw [wea] (A language of Myanmar)

o - Ngwi-Burmese (113) - Burmish (13)

- Northern (6) Achang [acn] (A language of China) Hpon [hpo] (A language of Myanmar) Lashi [lsi] (A language of Myanmar) Lhao Vo [mhx] (A language of Myanmar)


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27Ethnologue

Katso [kaf] (A language of China) Naluo [ylo] (A language of China) Nasu, Wumeng [ywu] (A language of China) Nasu, Wusa [yig] (A language of China) Nuosu [iii] (A language of China)

Samatao [ysd] (A language of China) Samei [smh] (A language of China) Sanie [ysy] (A language of China) Yi, Wuding-Luquan [ywq] (A language of China)

- Southeastern (38) Ache [yif] (A language of China) Alugu [aub] (A language of China) Axi [yix] (A language of China) Azha [aza] (A language of China) Azhe [yiz] (A language of China) Bokha [ybk] (A language of China)

Kathu [ykt] (A language of China) Khlula [ykl] (A language of China) Kua-nsi [ykn] (A language of China) Kuamasi [yku] (A language of China) Laghuu [lgh] (A language of Vietnam) Mantsi [nty] (A language of Vietnam) Moji [ymi] (A language of China) Muji, Northern [ymx] (A language of China) Muji, Qila [ymq] (A language of China) Muji, Southern [ymc] (A language of China) Muzi [ymz] (A language of China) Nisi [yso] (A language of China) Nisu, Eastern [nos] (A language of China) Nisu, Northern [yiv] (A language of China) Nisu, Northwestern [nsf] (A language of China) Nisu, Southern [nsd] (A language of China) Nisu, Southwestern [nsv] (A language of China) Phala [ypa] (A language of China) Phola [ypg] (A language of China) Phola, Alo [ypo] (A language of China) Pholo [yip] (A language of China) Phowa, Ani [ypn] (A language of China) Phowa, Hlepho [yhl] (A language of China) Phowa, Labo [ypb] (A language of China) Phula [phh] (A language of Vietnam) Phuma [ypm] (A language of China) Phupa [ypp] (A language of China) Phupha [yph] (A language of China) Phuza [ypz] (A language of China) Sonaga [ysg] (A language of China)


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28Ethnologue

Thopho [ytp] (A language of China) Zokhuo [yzk] (A language of China)

- Southern (19) Akeu [aeu] (A language of China) Akha [ahk] (A language of Myanmar)

Bisu [bzi] (A language of China) Biyo [byo] (A language of China) Chepya [ycp] (A language of Laos) Cng [cnc] (A language of Vietnam) Enu [enu] (A language of China) Hani [hni] (A language of China) Honi [how] (A language of China) Kaduo [ktp] (A language of China) Laomian [lwm] (A language of China) Lopi [lov] (A language of China) Mpi [mpz] (A language of Thailand)

Muda [ymd] (A language of China) Phana [phq] (A language of Laos) Phunoi [pho] (A language of Laos) Pyen [pyy] (A language of Myanmar) Sangkong [sgk] (A language of China) Sila [slt] (A language of Laos)

- Unclassified (2) Laopang [lbg] (A language of Laos) Ugong [ugo] (A language of Thailand)

o - Northeastern Tibeto-Burman (23) - Bai (4)

Bai, Central [bca] (A language of China) Bai, Northern [bfc] (A language of China) Bai, Southern [bfs] (A language of China)

- Baima (1) Baima [bqh] (A language of China)

- Ersuish (1) Ersu [ers] (A language of China)

- Naic (4) Namuyi [nmy] (A language of China) Narua [nru] (A language of China) Naxi [nxq] (A language of China) Shixing [sxg] (A language of China)

- Qiangic (8) Guiqiong [gqi] (A language of China) Muya [mvm] (A language of China) Pumi, Northern [pmi] (A language of China) Pumi, Southern [pmj] (A language of China) Qiang, Northern [cng] (A language of China) Qiang, Southern [qxs] (A language of China)


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29Ethnologue

Queyu [qvy] (A language of China) Zhaba [zhb] (A language of China)

- rGyalrongic (4) Horpa [ero] (A language of China) Jiarong [jya] (A language of China)

Lavrung [jiq] (A language of China) sTodsde [jih] (A language of China)

- Tujia (2) Tujia, Northern [tji] (A language of China) Tujia, Southern [tjs] (A language of China)

o - Sal (122) - Bodo-Garo-Northern Naga (28)

- Bodo-Koch (15) Deori [der] (A language of India) - Bodo-Garo (10)

Megam [mef] (A language of Bangladesh)

- Bodo (8) Bodo [brx] (A language of India) Dimasa [dis] (A language of India) Kachari [xac] (A language of India) Kok Borok [trp] (A language of India) Riang [ria] (A language of India) Tippera [tpe] (A language of Bangladesh) Tiwa [lax] (A language of India) Usoi [usi] (A language of Bangladesh)

- Garo (1) Garo [grt] (A language of India)

- Koch (4) Atong [aot] (A language of India) Koch [kdq] (A language of India) Rabha [rah] (A language of India) Ruga [ruh] (A language of India)

- Northern Naga (13) Naga, Chang [nbc] (A language of India) Naga, Khiamniungan [kix] (A language of India) Naga, Konyak [nbe] (A language of India) Naga, Kyan-Karyaw [nqq] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Lao [nlq] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Leinong [lzn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Makyan [umn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Nocte [njb] (A language of India) Naga, Phom [nph] (A language of India) Naga, Ponyo-Gongwang [npg] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Tase [nst] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Tutsa [tvt] (A language of India) Naga, Wancho [nnp] (A language of India)


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30Ethnologue

- Dhimalish (2) Dhimal [dhi] (A language of Nepal) Toto [txo] (A language of India)

- Jingpho-Luish (7) - Jingpho (4)

Jingpho [kac] (A language of Myanmar)

Singpho [sgp] (A language of India) Taman [tcl] (A language of Myanmar) Turung [try] (A language of India)

- Luish (3) Chak [ckh] (A language of Myanmar) Kadu [zkd] (A language of Myanmar) Kanan [zkn] (A language of Myanmar)

- Kuki-Chin-Naga (85) - Angami-Pochuri (9)

Naga, Angami [njm] (A language of India)

Naga, Chokri [nri] (A language of India) Naga, Khezha [nkh] (A language of India) Naga, Mao [nbi] (A language of India) Naga, Northern Rengma [nnl] (A language of India) Naga, Pochuri [npo] (A language of India) Naga, Poumei [pmx] (A language of India) Naga, Southern Rengma [nre] (A language of India) Naga, Sumi [nsm] (A language of India)

- Ao (4) Naga, Ao [njo] (A language of India) Naga, Lotha [njh] (A language of India) Naga, Sangtam [nsa] (A language of India) Naga, Yimchungru [yim] (A language of India)

- Karbi (2) Amri Karbi [ajz] (A language of India) Karbi [mjw] (A language of India)

- Kuki-Chin (51) Chin, Thaiphum [cth] (A language of Myanmar) - Central (9)

Chin, Bawm [bgr] (A language of India) Chin, Bualkhaw [cbl] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Falam [cfm] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Haka [cnh] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Ngawn [cnw] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Tawr [tcp] (A language of Myanmar) Hmar [hmr] (A language of India) Mizo [lus] (A language of India) Pangkhua [pkh] (A language of Bangladesh)

- Maraic (5) Chin, Lautu [clt] (A language of Myanmar)


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31Ethnologue

Chin, Mara [mrh] (A language of India) Chin, Senthang [sez] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Zotung [czt] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Zyphe [zyp] (A language of Myanmar)

- Northern (21)

Aimol [aim] (A language of India) Anal [anm] (A language of India) Biete [biu] (A language of India) Chin, Paite [pck] (A language of India) Chin, Siyin [csy] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Tedim [ctd] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Thado [tcz] (A language of India) Chiru [cdf] (A language of India) Gangte [gnb] (A language of India) Hrangkhol [hra] (A language of India) Kom [kmm] (A language of India)

Lamkang [lmk] (A language of India) Naga, Chothe [nct] (A language of India) Naga, Kharam [kfw] (A language of India) Naga, Moyon [nmo] (A language of India) Naga, Purum [puz] (A language of India) Purum [pub] (A language of India) Ralte [ral] (A language of India) Simte [smt] (A language of India) Vaiphei [vap] (A language of India) Zo [zom] (A language of Myanmar)

- Southern (15) Chin, Asho [csh] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Chinbon [cnb] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Daai [dao] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Eastern Khumi [cek] (A language of

Myanmar) Chin, Kaang [ckn] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Khumi [cnk] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Laitu [clj] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Matu [hlt] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Mro-Khimi [cmr] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Mn [mwq] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Rawngtu [weu] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Rungtu [rtc] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Songlai [csj] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Sumtu [csv] (A language of Myanmar) Shendu [shl] (A language of India)

- Meitei (1) Meitei [mni] (A language of India)


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32Ethnologue

- Tangkhul (4) Naga, Khoibu [nkb] (A language of India) Naga, Maring [nng] (A language of India)

Naga, Tangkhul [nmf] (A language of India) Naga, Tangkhul [ntx] (A language of Myanmar)

- Unclassified (7) Naga, Akyaung Ari [nqy] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Inpui [nkf] (A language of India) Naga, Koki [nxk] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Long Phuri [lpn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Makuri [jmn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Para [pzn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Puimei [npu] (A language of India)

- Zeme (7)

Koireng [nkd] (A language of India) Naga, Liangmai [njn] (A language of India) Naga, Maram [nma] (A language of India) Naga, Mzieme [nme] (A language of India) Naga, Rongmei [nbu] (A language of India) Naga, Thangal [nki] (A language of India) Naga, Zeme [nzm] (A language of India)

o - Unclassified (9)

Darlong [dln] (A language of India) Khamba [kbg] (A language of India) Koro [jkr] (A language of India) Lui [lba] (A language of India) Naga, Monsang [nmh] (A language of India) Naga, Tarao [tro] (A language of India) Pao [ppa] (A language of India) Ranglong [rnl] (A language of India) Sakachep [sch] (A language of India)

o - Western Tibeto-Burman (135) - Bodish (86)

Gongduk [goe] (A language of Bhutan) Lhokpu [lhp] (A language of Bhutan) Monpa, Kalaktang [kkf] (A language of India) Olekha [ole] (A language of Bhutan) Tshangla [tsj] (A language of Bhutan) - Central Bodish (39)

Choni [cda] (A language of China) Tseku [tsk] (A language of China)


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33Ethnologue

- Amdo (1) Tibetan, Amdo [adx] (A language of China)

- Central (27) Tibetan, Central [bod] (A language of China) - gTsang (13)

Dolpo [dre] (A language of Nepal)

Helambu Sherpa [scp] (A language ofNepal)

Humla [hut] (A language of Nepal) Jirel [jul] (A language of Nepal) Kagate [syw] (A language of Nepal) Kyerung [kgy] (A language of China) Lhomi [lhm] (A language of Nepal) Loke [loy] (A language of Nepal) Mugom [muk] (A language of Nepal) Nubri [kte] (A language of Nepal)

Sherpa [xsr] (A language of Nepal) Tichurong [tcn] (A language of Nepal) Tsum [ttz] (A language of Nepal)

- Southern (10) Adap [adp] (A language of Bhutan) Brokkat [bro] (A language of Bhutan) Brokpake [sgt] (A language of Bhutan) Chocangacakha [cgk] (A language of

Bhutan) Dzongkha [dzo] (A language of Bhutan) Groma [gro] (A language of China) Lakha [lkh] (A language of Bhutan) Layakha [lya] (A language of Bhutan) Lunanakha [luk] (A language of Bhutan) Sikkimese [sip] (A language of India)

- Western (3) Jad [jda] (A language of India) Spiti Bhoti [spt] (A language of India) Stod Bhoti [sbu] (A language of India)

- Khams (1) Tibetan, Khams [khg] (A language of China)

- Unclassified (3) Naaba [nao] (A language of Nepal) Thudam [thw] (A language of Nepal) Walungge [ola] (A language of Nepal)

- Western (5) Balti [bft] (A language of Pakistan) Changthang [cna] (A language of India) Ladakhi [lbj] (A language of India) Purik [prx] (A language of India)


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34Ethnologue

Zangskari [zau] (A language of India) - East Bodish (9)

Dakpakha [dka] (A language of Bhutan) Monpa, Tawang [twm] (A language of India) - Bumthang (7)

Bumthangkha [kjz] (A language of Bhutan)

Chalikha [tgf] (A language of Bhutan) Dzalakha [dzl] (A language of Bhutan) Khengkha [xkf] (A language of Bhutan) Kurtokha [xkz] (A language of Bhutan) Nupbikha [npb] (A language of Bhutan) Nyenkha [neh] (A language of Bhutan)

- West Bodish (17) Dura [drq] (A language of Nepal) Kaike [kzq] (A language of Nepal) - Ghale (3)

Ghale, Northern [ghh] (A language of Nepal) Ghale, Southern [ghe] (A language of Nepal)

Kuke [ght] (A language of Nepal) - Gurung-Tamang (12)

- Gurungic (7) Chantyal [chx] (A language of Nepal) Gurung, Eastern [ggn] (A language of

Nepal) Gurung, Western [gvr] (A language of

Nepal) Manangba [nmm] (A language of Nepal) Nar Phu [npa] (A language of Nepal) Seke [skj] (A language of Nepal) Thakali [ths] (A language of Nepal)

- Tamang (5) Tamang, Eastern [taj] (A language of Nepal) Tamang, Eastern Gorkha [tge] (A language

of Nepal) Tamang, Northwestern [tmk] (A language of

Nepal) Tamang, Southwestern [tsf] (A language of

Nepal) Tamang, Western [tdg] (A language of

Nepal) - West Himalayish (16)

- Almora (4) Byangsi [bee] (A language of Nepal) Chaudangsi [cdn] (A language of India) Darmiya [drd] (A language of India) Rangkas [rgk] (A language of India)


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35Ethnologue

- Kinauri (12) Gahri [bfu] (A language of India) Jangshung [jna] (A language of India) Kanashi [xns] (A language of India) Kinnauri [kfk] (A language of India)

Kinnauri, Bhoti [nes] (A language of India) Kinnauri, Chitkuli [cik] (A language of India) Pattani [lae] (A language of India) Rongpo [rnp] (A language of India) Shumcho [scu] (A language of India) Sunam [ssk] (A language of India) Tinani [lbf] (A language of India) Tukpa [tpq] (A language of India)

- Himalayan (49) - Central Himalayan (14)

- Chepang-Bhujel (2)

Bhujel [byh] (A language of Nepal) Chepang [cdm] (A language of Nepal) - Kham-Magar (6)

- Kham (4) Kham, Eastern Parbate [kif] (A language of

Nepal) Kham, Gamale [kgj] (A language of Nepal) Kham, Sheshi [kip] (A language of Nepal) Kham, Western Parbate [kjl] (A language of

Nepal) - Magar (2)

Magar, Eastern [mgp] (A language ofNepal)

Magar, Western [mrd] (A language ofNepal)

- Newar (1) Newar [new] (A language of Nepal)

- Raute-Raji (3) Raji [rji] (A language of Nepal) Raute [rau] (A language of Nepal) Rawat [jnl] (A language of India)

- Thangmi-Baraamu (2) Baram [brd] (A language of Nepal) Thangmi [thf] (A language of Nepal)

- Kiranti (35) - Eastern (25)

Athpariya [aph] (A language of Nepal) Bantawa [bap] (A language of Nepal) Belhariya [byw] (A language of Nepal) Chamling [rab] (A language of Nepal)


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38Ethnologue

Writing : Myanmar (Burmese) script, informal and non-standardized use.

Other Comments : Included in official ethnic group list. Buddhist.

Also spoken in : Bangladesh

Language name : Rakhine

Population : 200,000 in Bangladesh (2011 SIL).

Location : Southeast, Chittagong district.

Alternate Names : Mogh, Rakhain, Rakkhaine

Dialects : Rakhine, Sitwe.Status : 5 (Developing).

Language Use : All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Burmese [mya]. Many men also use

Bengali [ben].

Language Development : Literacy rate in L1: 80%. Literacy rate in L2: 60% Rakhine; 30%

Marma.

Other Comments : Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu.

Rakhine in the Language Cloud


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39Ethnologue

This graph shows the place of Rakhine within the cloud of all living languages. Each language inthe world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population (inthe vertical axis) and its level of development or endangerment (in the horizontal axis), with thelargest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages (downto extinction) in the lower right. The population value is the estimated number of first language

(L1) speakers; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale (where 10

0

= 1; 10

2

= 100; 10

4

= 10,000; 10

6

=1,000,000; 108= 100,000,000). The value for the development versus endangerment dimensionis the estimated level on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment fora fuller explanation.)

Rakhine is represented by a large, colored dot. When the population is unknown, a color-codedquestion mark appears at the bottom of the grid. When there are no known L1 speakers, an Xappears at the bottom of the grid. The color coding matches the color scheme used in thesummary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels aregrouped as follows:

Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) The language has been developed to thepoint that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home andcommunity.

Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) The language is in vigorous use, with literaturein a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread orsustainable.

Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) The language is unstandardized and in vigoroususe among all generations.

Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) Intergenerational transmission is in theprocess of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use thelanguage so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of

the language in the home. Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmissionthrough the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed.

Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) The language has fallen completely out of use andno one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.

The EGIDS level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the EGIDS levelreported in the main entry for the language. This is because a separate EGIDS estimate is madefor every country in which a language is used. Our method for calculating the EGIDS level forthe language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level(that is, most safe) for any country. The logic here is that if the EGIDS level of a language istaken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is thestrongest.

Each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20% black. As dots are superimposed on each other,the spot gets darker. Thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the samespot in the cloud. The population scale is continuous; thus the placement in the vertical axiscorresponds exactly to population. The EGIDS scale, however, is discrete. Rather than placing


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42Ethnologue

Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified

Bishnupriya [bpy] Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,

Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

Blang [blr] 12,000 in Myanmar (1994). East Shan state, Mong Yang area, andKengtung. Alternate names:Bulang, Kala, Kawa, Kontoi, Plang,Pula, Pulang. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, NorthernMon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang

Burmese [mya] 32,000,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total all

countries: 32,319,700. South, central, and adjacent areas. Also inBangladesh, Malaysia (Peninsular), Thailand, United States. Alternatenames: Bama, Bamachaka, Myanmar, Myen. Dialects:Merguese(Mergui, Beik), Yaw, Danu (Taruw), Burmese, Palaw. Diglossic highand low varieties. Preferred variety is spoken in Mandalay. Merguese(250,000), Danu (100,000), and Yaw (20,000) may be separatelanguages and are distinct varieties (Bradley 1997). Bangladeshspeakers speak Bomang [mya], not StandardBurmese. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese,Burmish, Southern

Chak [ckh] 20,000 in Myanmar (2002). Population total all countries:25,500. Rakhine (Arakan) Blue Mountains. Also in Bangladesh.Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jinghpo-Konyak-Bodo,Jinghpo-Luish, Luish

Chaungtha [ccq] 122,000 (1983). Dialects:Related to Burmese [mya].Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish,

Southern

Chin, Asho [csh] 10,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population total all countries:12,340. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) River, lowlands. Also inBangladesh. Alternate names:Asho, Ashu, Khyang, Kyang, Qin, Sho,Shoa. Dialects: Thayetmyo (Thayetmo), Minbu, Lemyo, Khyang.


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44Ethnologue

called Baro Halam. Rupini and Koloi reportedly quite different fromthe others; Tapong reported to have difficult intelligibility for otherdialect speakers. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Haka [cnh] 100,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). 2,000 Zokhua, 60,100 Lai(1983). Population total all countries: 131,260. Chin Hills, Haka area.Also in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names:Baungshe, Haka, Hakha,Lai. Dialects: Klangklang (Thlantlang), Zokhua, Shonshe. Shonshemay be separate language. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Khumi [cnk] 60,000 in Myanmar (2006). Population total all countries:62,090. Rakhine (Arakan) Hills, Akyab area. Also in Bangladesh,India. Alternate names:Khami, Khimi, Khumi, Khuni,Khweymi. Dialects:Khimi, Yindi (Yindu), Khami. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern,Khumi

Chin, Khumi Awa [cka] 60,000 (2006). Upper Rakhine state, Arakan Hills, and coastalarea; Chin state.Dialects:The coastal dialect differs from inlandKhumi [cnk]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-

Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Khumi

Chin, Mara [mrh] 20,000 in Myanmar (1994). Lushai Hills. Alternatenames:Lakher, Mara, Maram, Mira, Zao. Dialects:Tlongsai,Hlawthai, Sabeu. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

Chin, Mro [cmr] 138,000 (2000). Rakhine (Arakan) state. Dialects:Lexicalsimilarity: 13% with Mru [mro] of Bangladesh and Myanmar.Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern


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Chin, Mn [mwq] 30,000 (1991 UBS). Chin Hills, west. Alternate names:Cho,Mindat, Mn, Ngmen. Dialects:Ngmen, Nitu. Related to Daai Chin[dao]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga,Kuki-Chin, Southern

Chin, Ngawn [cnw] 15,000 (1984). Chin Hills, Falam area. Alternatenames:Ngawn, Ngon, Ngorn. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Paite [pck] 13,000 in Myanmar (2007). Tiddim area, Chin Hills. Alternatenames:Hainte, Oarte, Paite, Paithe, Vuite. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Senthang [sez] 32,000 (2007). Haka, Chin Hills. Alternate names:Hsemtang,Senthang. Dialects:Surkhua, Sakta, Khuapi. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Siyin [csy] 10,000 (1991 UBS). Chin Hills. Alternate names:Siyang, Siyin,Sizang. Dialects:Similar to Paite Chin [pck]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Tawr [tcp] 700 (1996 D. Van Bik). Falam, Haka, Chin Hills. Alternatenames:Tawr, Torr. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Chin, Tedim [ctd] 189,000 in Myanmar (1990). Population total all countries:344,000. Chin Hills state, Upper Chindwin, Tiddim area. Also inIndia. Alternate names:Tedim, Tiddim. Dialects:Sokte, Kamhau(Kamhow, Kamhao). Other area Chin languages or dialects are Saizang[pck], Teizang [pck], Zou [zom]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Thado [tcz] 26,200 in Myanmar (1983). Sagaing Division. North Chin state,


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India border area.Alternate names:Kuki, Kuki-Thado, Thado-Pao,Thado-Ubiphei, Thadou. Dialects: Baite, Paite, Changsen, Jangshen,Kaokeep, Khongzai, Kipgen, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngen,Hawkip. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Chin, Zotung [czt] 40,000 (1990 UBS). Chin Hills, South of Haka Township.Alternate names:Bandzhogi, Banjogi, Zobya, Zotung.Dialects:Reportedly intelligible with Haka[cnh]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga,Kuki-Chin, Central

Danau [dnu] 10,000 (1984). Shan state, Kalaw area, Ang Pan village, on roadto He Ho. Alternate names:Danaw. Dialects:Most similar to Riang-Lang [ril]. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, NorthernMon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Danau

Gangte [gnb] May be in Tamu Township in Sagaing Division. Alternatenames: Gante. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Hmong Njua [hnj] 10,000 in Myanmar (Hattaway 2000). Northeast adjacent toThailand. Alternate names:Mong Ntsua, Hmong Nzhua, Blue Hmong,Blue Meo, Tak Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Qing Miao, ChingMiao, Lu Miao; Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Hmong Lens, Hmoob Leeg.Classification:Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Hpon [hpo] A few hundred speakers (Bradley 1997). Ethnic population:2,254 (2000 WCD). Upper Irrawaddy gorges, north of Bhamo.

Alternate names:Hpn, Megyaw, Phon, Phn, Phun,Samong. Dialects:North Hpon, South Hpon. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Hrangkhol [hra] 8,120 in Myanmar (2000), decreasing. Population total allcountries: 26,820. Assam; Tripura; a few in Manipur and Mizoram.


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Also in India. Alternate names:Rangkhol. Dialects:Most similar toBiete [biu]; Dialect differences between Assam and Tripura but mostlyintelligible. Manipur dialects strongly influenced by Hmar [hmr], thosein Mizoram by Mizo [lus]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Intha [int] 90,000 (2000 D. Bradley). South Shaun state, Taunggyi District,Inle Lake area. Alternate names:Inntha. Dialects:A well-knownvariety of nonstandard Burmese [mya] with profound pronunciationand vocabulary differences from Burmese. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Jingpho [kac] 900,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Populationtotal all countries: 940,060. Kachin state. Also in China, United States.Alternate names:Chingpo, Chingpaw, Jinghpaw,Kachin. Dialects:Hkaku (Hka-Hku), Kauri (Hkauri, Gauri), Dzili(Jili), Dulong. Dzili may be a separate language. Hkaku and Kauri areonly slightly different than Jingpho. Lexical similarity: 50% withSinghpo [sgp] of India. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Jingpho

Kadu [kdv] 37,000 (2007). 7,000 Kanan. Sagaing Division just west of

Mandalay, Banmauk, Pinlebu and Indaw townships (Kadu, withGaanan farther west); Rakhine state (Thet). Alternate names:Asak,Gadu, Gemaan, Kado, Kadu-Ganaan, Kato, Katu, Kudo, Mawteik,Puteik, Sak, That, Thet, Woni. Dialects: Settaw, Mawkhwin, Nanza(Kanan). The Kadu, Kanan, Chakpa, and Phayeng dialects may all beseparate languages. Lexical similarity: 90% between Kadu and Kanandialects. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Luish

Karen, Brek [kvl] 16,600 (1983). Southwestern Kayah state. Alternate names:Bre,Brec , Kayaw Brek , Laku, Pramano, Pre. Dialects:ReportedlyKayaw who want to talk with Bwe [bwe] use Sgaw Karen[ksw]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Brek


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Karen, Bwe [bwe] 15,700 (1983). Kybogyi area of Kayah state, ThandaunggyiTownship, Kayin (Karen) state. Alternate names:Baghi, Bghai Karen,Bwe. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Unclassified

Karen, Geba [kvq] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D.Bradley). Thandaunggyi Township of northern Kayin (Karen) state;Pekon and Pinlong townships of south Shan state. Alternate names:Eastern Bwe, Geba, Kaba, Karenbyu, Kayinbyu, WhiteKaren. Dialects:May be part of the same dialect subgroup with Bwe[bwe] and Brek Karen [kvl]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Western

Karen, Geko [ghk] 9,500 (1983). Yamethin District of Mandalay Division, ToungooDistrict of Bago Division, Thandaunggyi Township of north Kayin(Karen) state, Moby area of south Shan state. Alternatenames:Gaikho, Geko, Gekho, Ghekhol, Ghekhu, Gheko, Kekaungdu,Kekhong, Keku, Padaung. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Unclassified

Karen, Lahta [kvt] 9,550 (2000). Southern Shan state. Alternate names:Khahta,Lahta, Peu, Taru, Tarulakhi. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-

Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Eastern

Karen, Manumanaw [kxf] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D.Bradley). Western Kybogyi area of Kayah state. Alternatenames:Man, Manu, Manumanaw, Monu. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

Karen, Paku [kpp] 5,300 (1983). Southern hills east of Taungoo in Kayin (Karen)state. Alternate names:Mogpha, Mogwa, Monebwa, Monnepwa,Mopaga, Mopha, Mopwa, Pagu, Paku, Thalwepwe. Dialects:Bilichi,Dermuha, Paku, Mopwa. Similar to Sgaw [ksw]. Some reportsindicate the Paku and Mopwa dialects are separatelanguages. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen,Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw


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Karen, Pao [blk] 560,000 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries:560,740. Southwestern Shan state and east of the Gulf of Martaban inTaninthayi (Tenasserim) Division. Also in Thailand. Alternate names:

Black Karen, Northern Taungthu, Pa Oh, Pao, Pa-O, Pa-U.Dialects:Southern Pao, Northern Pao. Southern Pao is in Myanmar,Northern Pao in Thailand. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pao

Karen, Pwo Eastern [kjp] 1,000,000 in Myanmar (1998). Population total all countries:1,050,000. Kayin (Karen) state, Mon state, Taninthayi (Tensserim)Division. Also in Thailand. Alternate names:Moulmein Pwo Karen,Phlou. Dialects:Paan (Moulmein, Inland Pwo Eastern Karen),Kawkareik (Eastern Border Pwo Karen), Tavoy (Southern Pwo Karen).Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen varieties. Lexical similarity:91%97% among dialects, 63%65% with other Pwo Karenvarieties. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo

Karen, Pwo Western [pwo] 210,000. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) Delta. Alternate names:Bassein Pwo Karen, Delta Pwo Karen, Mutheit, Phlong Sho.Dialects:Bassein, Tuan Tet, Maubin. Classification:Sino-Tibetan,Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo

Karen, Sgaw [ksw] 1,280,000 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries:1,480,000. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) delta area, Taninthayi(Tenasserim) Division, the Pegu range between the Irrawaddy andSittang rivers, the eastern hills Kayin (Karen) state. Also in Thailand.Alternate names: Burmese Karen, Kanyaw, Kyetho, Paganyaw,Pchcknya, Pwakanyaw, Sgau, Sgaw, Sgaw Kayin, White Karen,Yang Khao. Dialects:Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi). Similar to Paku[kpp]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw

Karen, Yinbaw [kvu] 7,300 (1983). Shan Plateau of eastern Shan state. Alternatenames:Yeinbaw, Yinbaw. Dialects:Reportedly a variety of Geko[ghk]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah


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Karen, Yintale [kvy] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D.Bradley). Bawlakh District of Kayah state. Alternate names: Taliak,Yangatalet, Yangtadai, Yintale, Yintalet. Dialects:Reportedly a

variety of Kayah [eky]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

Karen, Zayein [kxk] 9,300 (1983). Between the towns of Moby and Phekon insouthern Shan state. Alternate names:Gaungtou, Khaungtou,Zayein. Dialects:May be a subgroup of Latha Karen [kvt].Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Unclassified

Kayah, Eastern [eky] 8,000 in Myanmar (2007). Population does not include 15,000refugees in Thailand (Thailand Burma Border Consortium 2007).Population total all countries: 26,000. Kayah state. Also inThailand.Alternate names:Karenni, Karennyi, Kayah Li, Kayay, RedKaren. Dialects:Upper Eastern Kayah, Lower Eastern Kayah. Distinctfrom but related to Bwe Karen [bwe] (Bghai), forming a dialectsubgroup. Difficulty understanding Western Kayah[kyu]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

Kayah, Western [kyu] 100,000 (2007). 2,000 refugees encamped in Thailand, a dialectof 400 people in 4 villages east of Bawlake in Kayah state. Kayah andKayin (Karen) states, west of Pong River. Alternate names:Karenni,Karennyi, Karieng Daeng, Kayah Li, Red Karen, YangDaeng. Dialects:Distinct from but related to Bwe Karen [bwe],forming a dialect continuum from Thailand (Eastern Kayah) to westernKayah state. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen,Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

Kayan [pdu] 40,900 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries:41,080. Kayah state, Moby area; south Shan state, Phekon Township;hills east of Toungoo. Also in Thailand. Alternate names:Kayang,Padaung, Padaung Karen. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Eastern


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Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central

Lama [lay] 3,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Dialects:Dialect or closely

related language to Norra [nrr]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

Lamkang [lmk] Betukshangreng village, 20 kms. from the border with southeastManipur, India. Alternate names:Hiroi-Lamgang , Lamgang ,Lamkaang, Lamkang Naga. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

Laopang [lbg] 9,550 (2000). Alternate names:Laopa. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified

Lashi [lsi] 30,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total allcountries: 31,800. Htawgaw Subdivision, Kachin state. Also in China.Alternate names: Acye, Chashan, Lachik, Lachikwaw, Lacid, Lacik,Lashi-Maru, Lasi, Lechi, Leqi, Letsi. Classification:Sino-Tibetan,Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Lhao Vo [mhx] 100,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 1997). Population total allcountries: 103,500. Kachin state, eastern border area, widely dispersed,north Myanmar. Also in China. Alternate names:Diso, Lang, Langsu,Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawng, Lhaovo, Malu, Maru, Mulu, Zi.Dialects: Dago Lawng Bit, Zagaran Mran, Gawan Naw, Hlolan,Laking, Wa Khawk, Lawng Hsu. Lawng Hsu may have difficultintelligibility with the other dialects. Classification:Sino-Tibetan,Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Lisu [lis] 126,000 in Myanmar (1987). Around Lashio in Shan state, in Wastate, around Myitkyina and Bhamo in Kachin state, around Putaotowards Assam border, around Loilem area in Shan state. Alternatenames:Central Lisu, Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lisaw, Lu-Tzu, SouthernLisu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jeh. Dialects: Hwa Lisu(Flowery Lisu), Black Lisu, White Lisu, Lu Shi Lisu.


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Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish,Northern, Lisu

Lopi [lov] 4,780 (2000). Possibly also in China. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified

L [khb] 200,000 in Myanmar (1981). Kengtung District of Shan state.Alternate names:Lue, Pai-I, Shu-Ai-I, Tai Lu. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

Lui [lba] 200. Alternate names:Loi. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-

Burman, Unclassified

Meitei [mni] 6,000 in Myanmar (1931). Alternate names:Kathe, Kathi,Manipuri, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe,Ponna. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Meitei

Mizo [lus] 12,500 in Myanmar (1983). Northwestern portion of Falam

Township, Chin state. Alternate names:Hualngo, Le, Lusai, Lushai,Lushei, Whelngo. Dialects:Dulien, Ngente, Mizo. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Moken [mwt] 7,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone 1993). Mergui Archipelago,Dung, and other islands in south Myanmar. Also in Thailand.Alternatenames:Basing, Chau Ko, Lawta, Mawken, Orang Laut, Salon,Salong, Selong, Selung. Dialects:Dung, Ja-It, Lbe. Most similar toMoklen [mkm]. Related to Urak Lawoi[urk]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Moklen

Mon [mnw] 743,000 in Myanmar (2004). Population total all countries:851,000. Eastern delta region from east of Rangoon as far as Ye inSouthern Mon state. Also in Thailand. Alternate names:Mun, Peguan,Talaing. Dialects:Mataban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu


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(Northern Mon, Mon Tang), Ye (Southern Mon, Mon Nya).Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Monic

Mru [mro] 20,000 in Myanmar (1999 ABWE). Rakhine (Arakan) Hills andadjacent area. Alternate names:Mrung, Murung, Niopreng.Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Mru

Naga, Leinong [lzn] 8,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, KhamtiDistrict, Lahe Township near Lahe town, Khamti Township. Alternatenames:Lainong Naga; Lenaung Naga; Yao Dyang Naga.Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga,Unclassified

Naga, Long Phuri [lpn] 2,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, KhamtiDistrict, Layshi Township. Alternate names:Longpfuri, Longpfuru,Mimi, Amimi Naga. Dialects:Similar to Makuri Naga [jmn].Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga,Unclassified

Naga, Makyan [umn] 3,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, KhamtiDistrict, scattered within Lahe Township. Alternate names:Macham

Naga; Leinong. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga, Unclassified

Naga, Para [pzn] 2,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, KhamtiDistrict, Layshi Township and Homalin Township. Alternatenames:Bara Naga, Jejara Naga. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga, Unclassified

Naga, Tase [nst] 55,400 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries:100,400. Northwestern Myanmar. Also in India. Alternate names:Cham Chang, Rangpan, Tangsa, Tase, Tasey. Dialects:Gashan,Hkaluk, Sangche, Saukrang, Langshin, Mawrang, Myimu, Sangtai,Tulim, Longri. A grouping of many Naga speech varieties, some ofwhich are separate languages. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-


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Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Konyak

Nga La [hlt] 40,000 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries:

60,000. Also in India. Alternate names:Matu Chin, Thlan Tan.Dialects: Va Lang (Warang), Tlam Tlaih. Not intelligible with ChinHaka [cnh]. Southern Matu [hlt] (India) considered the main dialect.Mizoram Matu reportedly not intelligible with Myanmarside. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga,Kuki-Chin, Southern

Norra [nrr] 6,210 (2000). Northern Myanmar near Tibet. Alternate names:Nora, Noza, Nurra. Dialects:Nora, Byabe, Kizolo. Lama [lay] (3,000)may be a dialect. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Nungish

Nung [nun] 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total allcountries: 790. Ethnic population: 6,000 in Myanmar (2000 D.Bradley). North Myanmar. Thanlwin (Salween) (Nu) River. Also inChina. Alternate names:Anong, Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuchye,Khanung, Khupang, Kiutze, Kwingsang, Kwinpang, Lu, Lutze, Lutzu,Nu. Dialects:Cholo, Gwaza, Miko. 15 or 16 dialects, mostly mutuallyinherently intelligible. Some understand the Mutwang dialect of

Rawang. They may be the same as Nu River Drung in China. Lexicalsimilarity: 70% with Rawang [raw]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan,Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

Palaung, Ruching [pce] 258,000 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries:272,000. Southern Shan state area near Kalaw. 10,000 square milearea. In Kyawkme area in the northern Shan state. Lashio up to theChina border. East of Lashio to the Salween. Some villages east ofSalween River in Kokaing area. Also in China, Thailand. Alternate

names:Di-Ang, Ngwe Palaung, Silver Palaung, Pale, Palay,Daang. Dialects:Rulai dialect near Lashio, regular phonologicalchanges and some lexical difference from Ruching. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic,Western Palaungic, Palaung


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Palaung, Rumai [rbb] 137,000 in Myanmar. Population total all countries:139,000. Northern Shan state, around Lashio and the road north to theborder, Nam Kham, North Hsenwi, Tawngpeng (the ancient Palaungstate), and some east of Lashio and east of the Salween. Also in China.Alternate names:Rumai, Humai, Rumai Humai, Taang Rumai, Silver

Palaung, Ngwe Palong, Taang, Shan Rumai, TaiRumai. Dialects:Nam Kham Rumai may be a different dialect fromLashio Rumai. Possible wide-spread variation. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic,Western Palaungic, Palaung

Palaung, Shwe [pll] 148,000 in Myanmar (1982). Population total all countries:150,000. Northern Shan state, centered in Nam Hsan. Also in China.Alternate names:Ta-Ang Palaung, Golden Palaung, Shwe Palaung,

Liang, Taang Samlung, Red Daang. Dialects:15 Palaung dialects inMyanmar. Pale Palaung [pce] and Rumai [rbb] are related, but distinctlanguages. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung

Pali [pli] Extinct. Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified

Palu [pbz] 4,780 (2000). Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,

Unclassified

Pankhu [pkh] Falam area, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Pangkhu, Pankho,Panko. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

Purum [pub] 300 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Alternate names: Puram.

Dialects:Related to Chiru [cdf], Aimol [aim], Langrong[aim]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga,Kuki-Chin, Northern

Pyen [pyy] 800 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East central, 2 enclaves very nearLaos border, near Kha River. Alternate


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is Sino-Tibetan. The degree of difference between Red and BlackRiang is unknown but these have been treated as separate languagestraditionally, occupy different social and geographic space, and weardifferent styles of traditional clothing. Classification:Austro-Asiatic,Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic,

Riang

Rohingya [rhg] 1,000,000 in Myanmar (2006). Population total all countries:1,500,000. Rakhine state. Also in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia,Thailand. Alternate names:Akyab, Arakan, Rohinja. Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

Samtao [stu] 9,550 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries:9,650. East Shan state. Also in China, Laos, Thailand. Alternatenames:Samtau, Samtuan. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic,Angkuic

Sansu [sca] 4,780 (2000). Dialects:May not be a distinct language. In China,included with the Hani. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani

Shan [shn] 3,200,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). 350,000Tai Mao (1990 A. Diller ANU). Population total all countries:3,295,000. Shan state, southeast Myanmar. Kokang Shan is in Kokangarea, north Wa area, Shan state; Tai Mao is on Burma-Yunnan border,centered at Muang Mao Long or Namkham, Myanmar. Also in China,Thailand. Alternate names:Great Thai, Mau, Ngeo , Ngiao ,Ngiaw , Ngio , Ngiow , Sam, Sha, Tai Luang, Tai Shan, Tai Yai,Thai Yai.Dialects:Kokang Shan, Tai Mao (Mao, Maw, Mau, Tai

Long, Northern Shan). Burmese Shan is spoken with regional dialectdifferences, but dialects are similar linguistically. Tai-Khae (Khe) maybe a dialect. Low intelligibility with L [khb]. Classification:Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

Tai Loi [tlq] 4,460 in Myanmar (2008). Population total all countries:


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