Chapter 2

EthnomusicologyMusic from Other Cultures1PhonographFirst device capable of recording and playing sound.Invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1877.Made music from around the world easily accessible to everyone.

2Phonograph

Original tinfoil medium Phonograph, 1877

3The History of the Edison Cylinder PhonographPhonograph Catalog/Advertisement: "I want a phonograph in every home...". The phonograph was developed as a result of Thomas Edison's work on two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone. In 1877, Edison was working on a machine that would transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper tape, which could later be sent over the telegraph repeatedly. This development led Edison to speculate that a telephone message could also be recorded in a similar fashion. He experimented with a diaphragm which had an embossing point and was held against rapidly-moving paraffin paper. The speaking vibrations made indentations in the paper. Edison later changed the paper to a metal cylinder with tin foil wrapped around it. The machine had two diaphragm-and-needle units, one for recording, and one for playback. When one would speak into a mouthpiece, the sound vibrations would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle in a vertical (or hill and dale) groove pattern. Edison gave a sketch of the machine to his mechanic, John Kreusi, to build, which Kreusi supposedly did within 30 hours. Edison immediately tested the machine by speaking the nursery rhyme into the mouthpiece, "Mary had a little lamb." To his amazement, the machine played his words back to him. Although it was later stated that the date for this event was on August 12, 1877, some historians believe that it probably happened several months later, since Edison did not file for a patent until December 24, 1877. Also, the diary of one of Edison's aides, Charles Batchelor, seems to confirm that the phonograph was not constructed until December 4, and finished two days later. The patent on the phonograph was issued on February 19, 1878. The invention was highly original. The only other recorded evidence of such an invention was in a paper by French scientist Charles Cros, written on April 18, 1877. There were some differences, however, between the two men's ideas, and Cros's work remained only a theory, since he did not produce a working model of it. Original Edison Tin Foil Phonograph. Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Edison National Historic Site. Edison took his new invention to the offices of Scientific American in New York City and showed it to staff there. As the December 22, 1877, issue reported, "Mr. Thomas A. Edison recently came into this office, placed a little machine on our desk, turned a crank, and the machine inquired as to our health, asked how we liked the phonograph, informed us that it was very well, and bid us a cordial good night." Interest was great, and the invention was reported in several New York newspapers, and later in other American newspapers and magazines. The Edison Speaking Phonograph Company was established on January 24, 1878, to exploit the new machine by exhibiting it. Edison received $10,000 for the manufacturing and sales rights and 20% of the profits. As a novelty, the machine was an instant success, but was difficult to operate except by experts, and the tin foil would last for only a few playings. Ever practical and visionary, Edison offered the following possible future uses for the phonograph in North American Review in June 1878: Letter writing and all kinds of dictation without the aid of a stenographer. Phonographic books, which will speak to blind people without effort on their part. The teaching of elocution. Reproduction of music. The "Family Record"--a registry of sayings, reminiscences, etc., by members of a family in their own voices, and of the last words of dying persons. Music-boxes and toys. Clocks that should announce in articulate speech the time for going home, going to meals, etc. The preservation of languages by exact reproduction of the manner of pronouncing. Educational purposes; such as preserving the explanantions made by a teacher, so that the pupil can refer to them at any moment, and spelling or other lessons placed upon the phonograph for convenience in committing to memory. Connection with the telephone, so as to make that instrument an auxiliary in the transmission of permanent and invaluable records, instead of being the recipient of momentary and fleeting communication. Eventually, the novelty of the invention wore off for the public, and Edison did no further work on the phonograph for a while, concentrating instead on inventing the incadescent light bulb.In the void left by Edison, others moved forward to improve the phonograph. In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell won the Volta Prize of $10,000 from the French government for his invention of the telephone. Bell used his winnings to set up a laboratory to further electrical and acoustical research, working with his cousin Chichester A. Bell, a chemical engineer, and Charles Sumner Tainter, a scientist and instrument maker. They made some improvements on Edison's invention, chiefly by using wax in the place of tin foil and a floating stylus instead of a rigid needle which would incise, rather than indent, the cylinder. A patent was awarded to C. Bell and Tainter on May 4, 1886. The machine was exhibited to the public as the graphophone. Bell and Tainter had representatives approach Edison to discuss a possible collaboration on the machine, but Edison refused and determined to improve the phonograph himself. At this point, he had succeeded in making the incandescent lamp and could now resume his work on the phonograph. His initial work, though, closely followed the improvements made by Bell and Tainter, especially in its use of wax cylinders, and was called the New Phonograph. The Edison Phonograph Company was formed on October 8, 1887, to market Edison's machine. He introduced the Improved Phonograph by May of 1888, shortly followed by the Perfected Phonograph. The first wax cylinders Edison used were white and made of ceresin, beeswax, and stearic wax. Edison Home Phonograph Businessman Jesse H. Lippincott assumed control of the phonograph companies by becoming sole licensee of the American Graphophone Company and by purchasing the Edison Phonograph Company from Edison. In an arrangement which eventually included most other phonograph makers as well, he formed the North American Phonograph Company on July 14, 1888. Lippincott saw the potential use of the phonograph only in the business field and leased the phonographs as office dictating machines to various member companies which each had its own sales territory. Unfortunately, this business did not prove to be very profitable, receiving significant opposition from stenographers. Meanwhile, the Edison Factory produced talking dolls in 1890 for the Edison Phonograph Toy Manufacturing Co. The dolls contained tiny wax cylinders. Edison's relationship with the company ended in March of 1891, and the dolls are very rare today. The Edison Phonograph Works also produced musical cylinders for coin-slot phonographs which some of the subsidiary companies had started to use. These proto-"jukeboxes" were a development which pointed to the future of phonographs as entertainment machines. In the fall of 1890, Lippincott fell ill and lost control of the North American Phonograph Co. to Edison, who was its principal creditor. Edison changed the policy of rentals to outright sales of the machines, but changed little else. Edison increased the entertainment offerings on his cylinders, which by 1892 were made of a wax known among collectors today as "brown wax." Although called by this name, the cylinders could range in color from off-white to light tan to dark brown. An announcement at the beginning of the cylinder would typically indicate the title, artist, and company. Advertisement for the Edison New Standard Phongraph, in Harper's, September 1898. In 1894, Edison declared bankruptcy for the North American Phonograph Company, a move that enabled him to buy back the rights to his invention. It took two years for the bankruptcy affairs to be settled before Edison could move ahead with marketing his invention. The Edison Spring Motor Phonograph appeared in 1895, even though technically Edison was not allowed to sell phonographs at this time because of the bankruptcy agreement. In January 1896, he started the National Phonograph Company which would manufacture phonographs for home entertainment use. Within three years, branches of the company were located in Europe. Under the aegis of the company, he announced the Spring Motor Phonograph in 1896, followed by the Edison Home Phonograph, and he began the commercial issue of cylinders under the new company's label. A year later, the Edison Standard Phonograph was manufactured, and then exhibited in the press in 1898. This was the first phonograph to carry the Edison trademark design. Prices for the phonographs had significantly diminished from its early days of $150 (in 1891) down to $20 for the Standard model and $7.50 for a model known as the Gem, introduced in 1899. Standard-sized cylinders, which tended to be 4.25" long and 2.1875" in diameter, were 50 cents each and typically played at 120 r.p.m. A variety of selections were featured on the cylinders, including marches, sentimental ballads, coon songs, hymns, comic monologues and descriptive specialities, which offered sound reenactments of events. The early cylinders had two significant problems. The first was the short length of the cylinders, only 2 minutes. This necessarily narrowed the field of what could be recorded. The second problem was that no mass method of duplicating cylinders existed. Most often, performers had to repeat their performances when recording in order to amass a quantity of cylinders. This was not only time-consuming, but costly. The Edison Concert Phonograph, which had a louder sound and a larger cylinder measuring 4.25" long and 5" in diameter, was introduced in 1899, retailing for $125 and the large cylinders for $4. The Concert Phonograph did not sell well, and prices for it and its cylinders were dramatically reduced. Their production ceased in 1912. Catalog for Edison cylinder records, September 1911. A process for mass-producing duplicate wax cylinders was put into effect in 1901. The cylinders were molded, rather than engraved by a stylus, and a harder wax was used. The process was referred to as Gold Moulded, because of a gold vapor given off by gold electrodes used in the process. Sub-masters were created from the gold master, and the cylinders were made from these molds. From a single mold, 120 to 150 cylinders could be produced every day. The new wax used was black in color, and the cylinders were initially called New High Speed Hard Wax Moulded Records until the name was changed to Gold Moulded. By mid-1904, the savings in mass duplication was reflected in the price for cylinders which had been lowered to 35 cents each. Beveled ends were made on the cylinders to accommodate titles. A new business phonograph was introduced in 1905. Similar to a standard phonograph, it had alterations to the reproducer and mandrel. The early machines were difficult to use, and their fragility made them prone to failure. Even though improvements were made to the machine over the years, they still cost more than the popular, inexpensive Dictaphones put out by Columbia. Electrical motors and controls were later added to the Edison business machine, which improved their performance. (Some Edison phonographs made before 1895 also had electric motors, until they were replaced by spring motors.) At this point, the Edison business phonograph became a dictating system. Three machines were used: the executive dictating machine, the secretarial machine for transcribing, and a shaving machine used to recycle used cylinders. This system can be seen in the Edison advertising film, The Stenographer's Friend, filmed in 1910. An improved machine, the Ediphone, was introduced in 1916 and steadily grew in sales after World War I and into the 1920's. Catalog for Edison moulded cylinder records, March 1903. In terms of playing time, the 2-minute wax cylinder could not compete well against competitors' discs, which could offer up to four minutes. In response, the Amberol Record was presented in November 1908, which had finer grooves than the two-minute cylinders, and thus, could last as long as 4 minutes. The two-minute cylinders were then referred to in the future as Edison Two-Minute Records, and then later as Edison Standard Records. In 1909, a series of Grand Opera Amberols (a continuation of the two-minute Grand Opera Cylinders introduced in 1906) was put on the market to attract the higher-class clientele, but these did not prove successful. The Amberola I phonograph was introduced in 1909, a floor-model luxury machine with high-quality performance, and was supposed to compete with the Victrola and Grafonola. In 1910, the company was reorganized into Thomas A. Edison, Inc. Frank L. Dyer was initially president, then Edison served as president from December 1912 until August 1926, when his son, Charles, became president, and Edison became chairman of the board. Columbia, one of Edison's chief competitors, abandoned the cylinder market in 1912. (Columbia had given up making its own cylinders in 1909, and until 1912 was only releasing cylinders which it had acquired from the Indestructible Phonographic Record Co.) The United States Phonograph Co. ceased production of its U.S. Everlasting cylinders in 1913, leaving the cylinder market to Edison. The disc had steadily grown in popularity with the consumer, thanks especially to the popular roster of Victor artists on disc. Edison refused to give up the cylinder, introducing instead the Blue Amberol Record, an unbreakable cylinder with what was arguably the best available sound on a recording at the time. The finer sound of the cylinder was partly due to the fact that a cylinder had constant surface speed from beginning to end in contrast to the inner groove distortion that occurred on discs when the surface speed slowed down. Partisans of Edison also argued that the vertical cut in the groove produced a superior sound to the lateral cut of Victor and other disc competitors. Cylinders, though, had truly peaked by this time, and even the superior sound of the Blue Amberols could not persuade the larger public to buy cylinders. Edison conceded to this reality in 1913 when he announced the manufacture of the Edison Disc Phonograph. The Edison Company did not desert its faithful cylinder customers, however, and continued to make Blue Amberol cylinders until the demise of the company in 1929, although most from 1915 on were dubbed from the Diamond Discs. Information for this section was culled from the following sources:

Gelatt, Roland. The Fabulous Phonograph: From Tin Foil to High Fidelity. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1955. Koenigsberg, Allen. Edison Cylinder Records, 1889-1912. New York: Stellar Productions, 1969.Marco, Guy A., ed. Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound in the United States. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1993.Millard, Andre. America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound. Cambridge University Press, 1995.Read, Oliver, and Walter L. Welch. From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph. Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 1959.

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyldr.htmlPhonograph

Edison Home Phonograph, c. 18964PhonographEdison Standard Phonograph, c. 1898

5Phonograph

6Phonograph

Edison Record Catalog, 19037Phonograph

Edison Record Catalog, 19118Ethnomusicologist- a person who studies the music of many different cultures.Empathy- the ability to look at the world from another persons perspective or stand in someone elses shoes.9Oriental & OccidentalOriental- Asian or Eastern (China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, etc.).Occidental- Western European (UK, France, Germany, Spain, Scandinavia, etc.). Descended from Roman Empire and immediate outlying barbarian tribes.Relatively unfamiliar cultural elements between hemispheres as these cultures developed in relative isolation from each other until the 1400s.10Progression of EconomiesHunter/Gatherer- people obtain food by hunting (meat) and gathering (vegetables). Requires nomadic lifestyle as groups move from one food source to another. Simple housing and few material possessions. Dawn of man (c. 2 mya) to mesolithic (c. 10,000 ya).11Progression of EconomiesPastoral- domestication of animals for food, clothing, and defense. Mesolithic (c. 10,000-3000 ya). Wealth measured in possession of livestock. Still nomadic, leading herds to good pasture and limiting possessions and housing. 12Progression of EconomiesAgricultural- Farming (c. 3500 ya to present). Development of agriculture depended on irrigation and a steady water supply (rivers), so the earliest civilizations developed along river valleys. The ability to feed a large population in place allowed increased possessions and better housing and required a military defense. Allows specialization of labor and trade.13Progression of EconomiesIndustrial- c. 1800 to present. Economy based on mass production and trade of goods.Information/Technological?- present. Economy based on trade of information.14Music from Cameroon

15Music from Cameroon

16Music from Cameroon

17Country Details First inhabited by the mysterious Pygmies, and then the Bantu and Sudanic peoples, Cameroon would eventually became an infamous source of slaves for Muslim and European Traders. Missionaries arrived in the mid-19th century, and the land was subsequently colonized by Germany. In the early 1900s (during World War I), it was invaded by both Britain and France, and was later divided between those two countries. Cameroon first flirted with independence in 1960, but then a long series of internal political jugglings between north and south, and the bloody coups of the 1980s delayed that process until the 1990s. The country is ethnically diverse with over 225 individual groups. The local economy is driven by foreign aid, a wide variety of agricultural ventures, as well as oil and timber production. Tourism is limited, but those that venture in enjoy the beach areas near Kribi, the interesting capital city of Yaound, and the abundant wildlife of the national parks, and especially the elephants found in Waza National Park. Facts and Figures Population 16,785,500 Largest Cities Douala, Yaound, Garous, Koussri Latitude/Longitude 3 87'N, 11 52'E Religions Christian, Muslim, traditional beliefs Land Landforms From the low and marshy coastal area, the land rises into a rain forest plateau. From there the land moves higher into the central Adamawa Plateau, were some elevations reach over 4,000 ft. To the north of Benoue National Park, the land slopes into a savanna plain that extends to the shores of Lake Chad. In the far southwest Cameroon is mountainous. Mt Cameroon (an active volcano), sits on the edge of the Gulf of Guinea, and it's the highest point in West Africa. Significant rivers include the Dja, Nyong and Sanaga

Lowest Point Atlantic Ocean, 0 ft. (0 m)Land Divisions 10 provinces, including: Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud and Sud-Ouest.Climate The tropical coastal areas of Cameroon receive copious amounts of rain, that in some years exceeded 30 feet. That's right, 30 feet. While in the northern areas yearly precipitation amounts are much lower, averaging near 30 inches. Drought is a way of life in the far north. Daily highs in the mid 80s are commonplace, and overall, mean temperatures average in the high 70s; slightly warmer in the south, and a bit cooler in the western mountains.

18Yaounde, Cameroon

19Douala, Cameroon

20Kribi Beach, Cameroon

21Mandara Mountain Village

22Waza Preserve

23Bamileke Country

The Chutes Waterfalls24Music from Cameroon

Funeral Procession in the Atlantika Mountains25LaliMusic of the BamilekeWarrior dance.Serves preparatory and celebratory purposes.Express bravery, virility, and brotherhood.Prohibited during colonial period as it represented a threat to European colonists.26LaliPerceptive ListeningIdentify means.How many musicians?What instruments or what kinds of instruments?All instruments belong to what family?

27Music of Mexico

28Music of MexicoLarge country with many regions and a variety of local cultures.Largely mountainous.Half of work force engaged in agriculture.Growing industrial and commercial sectors.Coastal areas have become a favorite tourist destination.29Major Cultural InfluencesNative- The Aztec capital of Tenoctitlan was at present Mexico City. Many other native groups, some vassal states to the Aztecs, also occupied the area of present Mexico.30Major Cultural InfluencesSpanish- Conquistadors under Hernan Cortes arrived in 1519, eventually conquered the Aztecs under Montezuma, and took their gold. Spanish colonization introduced a rich European musical heritage.31Major Cultural InfluencesAfrican- The Spanish imported African slaves to work their colonial plantations.Caribbean- The culture of these islands, itself a combination of Spanish, African, and native elements, influenced Mexico through immigration and slave trade.32MestizoLiterally mixture, in this case referring to culture.Cross fertizilation and blending of Spanish, Indian (native), and African cultures in Mexico.33Music of Mexico

34Music of Mexico

35

36VeracruzFort San Juan de Ulua

37Veracruz

Zocalo MarketZocalo Square38Music of VeracruzSones Jarochos- traditional songs of Veracruz.Typically performed on four instruments:Arpon- 35- string harp, melody and bass.Requinto Jarocho- 4-string guitar, melody.39Music of VeracruzSones Jarochos Instrumentation (continued):Jarana- thin guitar.Spanish Guitar- traditional 6-string.40Hear the Rhythm

41Music of Mexico

42Music of Mexico

43Jalisco

44Puerto Vallarta Beach

45Puerto Vallarta

Landmark Cathedral

Malecon46Guadalajara

Mariachi EnsembleMariachi Festival Parade47Music of JaliscoMariachi- ensemble employed for a variety of styles. Instrumentation includes several violins, two trumpets, guitarron (bass guitar), vihuela (short 5-string rhythm guitar), and Spanish Guitar (traditional 6-string).

48Music of JaliscoSon Jalisciense- literally song from Jalisco.Cancion Ranchera- literally country song.

49La NegraOne of the best known of the Sones Jalisciense.Example of polymeter, as accents among the six beat measure shift to arrange them in two groups of three then three groups of two.50La Negra

51Music from China

52Description Much like the ancient Roman and Egyptian empires, China lead much of the world in the arts and sciences for hundreds of years. Then, in the 19th Century, China experienced debilitating civil unrest, significant food shortages, military defeats, and foreign occupation. With the end of World War II, the upstart Communists under the leadership of MAO Zedong established a dictatorship that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life, and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping gradually introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized economic decision-making. Those efforts were successful as GDP output quadrupled by the year 2000. Today, political controls still remain tight, but more and more economic controls continue to be relaxed. Tourism, always popular in China, is a growth industry, as the country presents (quite possibly), the most fascinating destination on the planet. Facts and Figures Official Name People's Republic of China Population 1,319,132,500 Capital City Beijing metro (14 million) Languages Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects Official Currency Yuan Currency Converter here Religions Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim Flag here Land Area 9,326,410 sq km (3,600,927 sq miles) Latitude/Longitude 39 93N, 116 40E

Music from China

53Description Much like the ancient Roman and Egyptian empires, China lead much of the world in the arts and sciences for hundreds of years. Then, in the 19th Century, China experienced debilitating civil unrest, significant food shortages, military defeats, and foreign occupation. With the end of World War II, the upstart Communists under the leadership of MAO Zedong established a dictatorship that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life, and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping gradually introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized economic decision-making. Those efforts were successful as GDP output quadrupled by the year 2000. Today, political controls still remain tight, but more and more economic controls continue to be relaxed. Tourism, always popular in China, is a growth industry, as the country presents (quite possibly), the most fascinating destination on the planet. Facts and Figures Official Name People's Republic of China Population 1,319,132,500 Capital City Beijing metro (14 million) Languages Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects Official Currency Yuan Currency Converter here Religions Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim Flag here Land Area 9,326,410 sq km (3,600,927 sq miles) Latitude/Longitude 39 93N, 116 40E

Music from China

54Description Much like the ancient Roman and Egyptian empires, China lead much of the world in the arts and sciences for hundreds of years. Then, in the 19th Century, China experienced debilitating civil unrest, significant food shortages, military defeats, and foreign occupation. With the end of World War II, the upstart Communists under the leadership of MAO Zedong established a dictatorship that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life, and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping gradually introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized economic decision-making. Those efforts were successful as GDP output quadrupled by the year 2000. Today, political controls still remain tight, but more and more economic controls continue to be relaxed. Tourism, always popular in China, is a growth industry, as the country presents (quite possibly), the most fascinating destination on the planet. Facts and Figures Official Name People's Republic of China Population 1,319,132,500 Capital City Beijing metro (14 million) Languages Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects Official Currency Yuan Currency Converter here Religions Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim Flag here Land Area 9,326,410 sq km (3,600,927 sq miles) Latitude/Longitude 39 93N, 116 40E

Shanghai

55Beijing (Peking)

56The Forbidden CityBeijing

57The Forbidden CityBeijing

Golden Water Bridges58The Forbidden CityBeijingGate of the Celestial Guardians

59The Forbidden CityBeijingFive Dragon Pavilions

60Temple of Heaven

Double Ring Pavilion61The Great Wall

62Peking (Beijing) OperaOrigins uncertain. Dated from 600 to 6000 years ago.Chinese opera performed in a wide variety of regional and local styles.Combination of some of these styles in Peking from 17th century.Combines orchestral music, singing, acrobatic martial arts, and pantomime.63Peking Opera Characters

64Peking Opera Characters

Lao ShengXiao ShengWu Sheng65The Story of White Snake

66The Story of White Snake

67The Story of White Snake

68The Story of White Snake

69The Story of White Snake

70The Story of White Snake

71Instruments Employed in Peking OperaJinghu- small, two- stringed bowed lute, accompanies male roles.

72Instruments Employed in Peking OperaJing Erhu- larger version of jinghu, accompanies female roles.

73Instruments Employed in Peking OperaYueqin- round plucked lute, accompanies male and female roles.

74Instruments Employed in Peking OperaYangqin- hammered dulcimer.

75Instruments Employed in Peking OperaRuan- plucked lute.

76Instruments Employed in Peking OperaPipa- pear-shaped lute.

77Operatic Vocal TechniqueWestern (European) Opera- lower range, voice resonates in chest.Peking Opera- generally higher range, voice resonates in head cavities, producing the characteristic shrill tonal quality (to Western listeners).78Chapter 2 Test ReviewWhich of Thomas Edisons inventions was most beneficial to the music world?Ethnomusicologist-The ability to look at the world from another persons perspective or to stand in someone elses shoes is called _____________.79Chapter 2 Test ReviewWhere is Cameroon?Lali-Mestizo-Sones Jarochos-Guitarron-80Chapter 2 Test ReviewThe Story of White Snake is a well-known _______________.Briefly compare Western and Peking operatic vocal techniques.Hunter/Gatherer-Pastoral-AgriculturalIndustrialInformation/Technological-81Chapter 2 Test ReviewAbraham measures his wealth in livestock. He is a member of a ___________ society.Joseph measures his wealth in fine art and other possessions and lives in a permanent house. Although there are artisans, craftsman, and trade, there is no large scale manufacturing. He is a member of an __________ society.82Chapter 2 Test ReviewAdam must hunt animals or gather vegetables to eat. He doesnt farm, but is an expert on the forest, knowing just when certain foods are available in which parts of his territory. He is a ___________.Henrys society depends on large-scale manufacture of goods for trade, such as automobiles. He works in a factory. He lives in an ____________ society.83Chapter 2 Test ReviewBillionaire Bill has earned his billions selling 1s and 0s arranged in very particular orders. He calls these packages programs or applications which control machines. He is a member of an ________________ society.84Chapter 2 Test ReviewListening:Lali- warrior dance of the Bamileke. Cameroon.La Bamba- Son Jarochos. Veracruz.La Negra- Son Jaliscience. Jalisco.The Story of White Snake- Peking Opera. China.

85Listening Test

Ethnomusicology86EthnomusicologyMusic from Other Cultures87