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PADL @ATD[PAV PADJ3 ]KOTJO@L JT ]LTTAFAEA@J@KT @K

AOPVL@[SAV LT JE[OLT OLT @KFJPKT Z[K LVBJOASJN JT

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vkiekpa`l kt}kdajenkopk tlfvk jt yvajt `atd{ttkt z{k ldlvvkn `kopvl `j d{ep{vj

ktdlejv k z{k dln}kn% kopvk l{pvjt dlatjt% pkxplt k ojvvjpayjt% njat l{ nkolt

liadajat% z{k vkt{epjn kn }vktdvakt z{k vkb{ejn k vkbkn ktpk kt}jl tldaje /

Pkohl nk vk}lvpj`l iaeltliaj k jl djn}l `l d{vvd{el }jvj }kotjv nl`lt`k plvojv }lttyke j aotkvl `lt ktp{`jopkt olt `kfjpkt ktdlejvkt k oktpk

}vldkttl pkohl aoyktpa`l oj ha}pktk `k z{k tkvaj }ltapayl aodkopayjv% `k nl`l

dj`j yks njat kx}edapl k ekbapanj`l% j }jvpada}jl `lt `atdkopkt ojt

olvnjpasjkt z{k j ktdlej }vl}k/ Jl pkopjv jeaohjv kttj }vkld{}jl dln

z{ktpl `j padj `kopvl `l jnfakopk ktdlejv% fjtkal nk{t ktp{`lt iaeltiadlt ojt

}vl}ltpjt j}vktkopj`jt }lv Leaykavj (:118! k ojt ilvn{ejkt tlfvk {nj Olyj

Vkpvadj }jvj dlopkn}lvjoka`j`k }kotj`jt }lv ]kvkenjo ) Lefvkdhpt.Pqpkdj

(6==6!/ Dlota`kvl% pjnfn% l djn}l `lt ktp{`lt `l d{vvd{el j}lajo`l.nk kn

Bll`tlo (:11;! k Ilvz{ao (:116! }jvj dln}vkko`kv jeb{njt dloiab{vjkt

tdal.hatplvadjt `j d{ep{vj ktdlejv z{k hlck dlohkdknlt k jeb{ot `lt }vldkttlt%

ab{jenkopk hatpvadlt% z{k pn ekbapanj`l pko`odajt }vktdvapayjt k olvnjpayjt

kn t{jt lvakopjkt/

Leaykavj% dln fjtk oj pklvaj `j Olyj Vkpvadj (]KVKENJO )

LEFVKDHPT.PQPKDJ% 6==6!% }vl}k vk}kotjvnlt l nl`kel pvj`adaloje }kel

z{je tk pkn `kiaoa`l l }j}ke `j padj dlnl daodaj z{k `kpn {n d`abl `k

:]KOPKJ@L% Jo`vkj/ padl `atd{pav padj3 }kotjo`l jt }lttafaea`j`kt `k aopvl`{sav lt je{olt olt

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6@l{plvj kn K`{djl }kej [oaykvta`j`k Ik`kvje `l Val `k Cjokavl/ ]vlikttlvj `k @a`padj% Nkpl`lelbaj k

]vpadj `k Kotaol `jt Jvpkt Yat{jat `j Ijd{e`j`k `k K`{djl `j [IVC/

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vkbvjt ktpjfkekda`jt j }valva z{k `kykn vkbkv l dln}lvpjnkopl `lt je{olt dln j

iaojea`j`k `k dloilvn.elt t vkbvjt `j tldak`j`k yabkopk% l z{k olnkaj `k padj

`lt olt (ol njpjvt% ol vl{fjvt///% kpd/!/ Kttk iaetlil dlota`kvj z{k kttj

ilvnj `k }kotjv j padj j plnj ol dlnl {nj dlotpv{l }ltapayj }jvj j ya`j%

njt dlnl {n jd{n{ej`l `k vkbvjt z{k pkn tk{ jedjodk eanapj`l c z{k% }lv t{j

}v}vaj ilvnj olvnjpayj% f{tdj hlnlbkokasjv j `aykvta`j`k `k yjelvkt k hfaplt

`jt `aikvkopkt d{ep{vjt (LEAYKAVJ% :118% }/ :48!/ Kn dlopvj.}jvpa`j }vl}k z{k

j padj tk dlotpap{j ol kt}jl lo`k lt t{ckaplt }lttjn `kfjpkv jt olvnjt `k

dloyyal kn }vle `l fkn dln{n `k nl`l z{k% jl aoyt `k d`abl }vktdvapayl%

kttj }lttj tk plvojv {nj dlotpv{l tldaje z{k ol tk ` j }valva% njt% tan% }lv

}jvpada}jl `knldvpadj `lt t{ckaplt koyleya`lt/ Attl jdjvvkpj z{k j padj%

`kopvl `jt ktdlejt% tk plvojvaj pjopl njat `knldvpadj% z{jopl njat tk }j{pjttkkn `kfjpkt jvb{nkopjpaylt z{k }kvnapattkn j }jvpada}jl `k pl`lt lt t{ckaplt `j

d{ep{vj ktdlejv% aode{tayk lt je{olt/ Dlnl olt }vl}k l j{plv% }k`jblbadjnkopk

ijejo`l% pvjpj.tk `k dleldjv }jvj l k`{dj`lv% olt `aikvkopkt kt}jlt tldajat kn

z{k jp{j% j pjvkij `k aodkopayjv l vktbjpk `l }kotjnkopl k `j ijej `lt ol.

ijejopkt (vkikvao`l.tk jlt je{olt! (Afa`/% }/ :;4!/

Jt dlota`kvjkt pkvadjt `k Leaykavj% k z{k plnl dlnl yea`jt% pn }lv

fjtk lt ktp{`lt `k ]kvkenjo ) Lefvkdhpt.Pqpkdj z{k% kn tk{ Pvjpj`l `j

Jvb{nkopjl (6==6!% vktbjpjn j iaeltliaj }vpadj `k Jvatppkekt k }vl}kn {nj

olyj vkpvadj }jvj j dlopkn}lvjoka`j`k/ Lt j{plvkt dln}vkko`kn j vkpvadj

dlnl {nj iaeltliaj z{k ktp{`j lt jvb{nkoplt z{k ekbapanjn jt ykv`j`kt

}vlyatvajt z{k tk ilvnjn hatplvadjnkopk ojt tld ak`j`kt3 pl`l dlohkdankopl z{k

ol }l`k tkv dln}vlyj`l }kej `knlotpvjl ktpjfkekda`l jpvjyt `k `kfjpkt

z{k ekbapanjn j ykv`j`k njat vjslyke }jvj {n dlopkxpl tldaje kn `kpkvnaoj`l

nlnkopl hatpvadl% dloiab{vjo`l.tk kn ykv`j`k }lttyke k }vlyatvaj/ ]lvpjopl% j

vkpvadj ktp{`j jt pdoadjt }kejt z{jat tk dlotkb{k j`ktl }jvj `kpkvnaoj`jt

pktkt `kiko`a`jt/ Ojt }jejyvjt `lt j{plvkt j Olyj Vkpvadj% dlnl j olnkajn% tk

`kiaok dlnl ktp{`l `jt pdoadjt `atd{vtayjt z{k }kvnapkn }vlyldjv l{ j{nkopjv

j j`ktl `lt kt}vaplt t pktkt z{k ehkt j}vktkopjn jl jttkopankopl (6==6% }/ 0!/

Jttan% dln}vkko`kn z{k lt dlohkdankoplt z{k ol tl `knlotpvjpaylt tk

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ktpjfkekdkn jpvjyt `k `kfjpkt k jvb{nkoplt z{k tk yjea`jn }jvj `kpkvnaoj`jt

vkjea`j`kt% l z{k `k}ko`k `jt pktkt j}vktkopj`jt kn pjat jvb{nkoplt k `j j`ktl

z{k pjat pktkt dlotkb{kn/ Plnjo`l j padj }lv djn}l `k dlohkdankopl z{k tk

ktpjfkekdk oj jvb{nkopjl% k ol dlnl {n dloc{opl `k vkbvjt l{ ekat d{cj

j}eadjl `k}ko`k `k jt jdkapjvnlt dlnl ykv`j`kt ojp{vjat% kopko`kn.oj dlnl

iv{pl `lt `kfjpkt z{k ldlvvkn kn dj`j dlopkxpl% `j Leaykavj `kiko`kv z{k lt

je{olt }jvpada}kn `ktpkt `kfjpkt% l{pvlttan% plvojn.tk t{ckaplt ol.ijejopkt }jvj

lt z{jat dvajn.tk vkbvjt k tk ehkt j}eadjn% dloikvao`l j kttjt {n tpjp{t `k

ykv`j`k aoz{ktpaloyke/

Jl }ltadalojv.nk kn vkejl jl {oaykvtl ktdlejv% dln}vkkotl `k t{jt

njoaiktpjkt k ilvn{ejl `k t{jt olvnjt% lftkvyl j ktdlej dlnl {nj

aotpap{al z{k tk dloiab{vl{% olt nle`kt z{k hlck dlohkdknlt% j }jvpav `lknfjpk kopvk `aykvtjt pklvajt k }ltadalojnkoplt }lepadlt/ @ktpk nl`l ol tk

}l`k pln.ej `k nl`l aodlopktpk% okn t{fktpanjv jt vkejkt `k }l`kv z{k ehk

tl an}edapjt% }lvpjopl }l`kvjnlt dlota`kvjv z{k l kopko`ankopl `j padj dlnl

{n dloc{opl `k vkbvjt j tkvkn kotaoj`jt jlt je{olt% k `jt }v}vajt vkbvjt dlnl

ykv`j`kavjt% pjnfn }jttj }lv {n }vldkttl `k ekbapanjl hatpvadl z{k koyleyk

kttjt vkejkt `k }l`kv/

J z{ktpl `l }l`kv% oj pklvaj `j Olyj Vkpvadj% ktp aopanjnkopk eabj`j jlt

}lttykat nl`lt `k yaleodaj k dloiab{vj.tk ol }v}val ilvnjpl `l `atd{vtl k oj

ilvn{ejl `jt dlo`akt }vyajt j tk{ kxkvddal/ L `kfjpk vkpvadl k

jvb{nkopjpayl z{k ol tk }vkpko`k tliatpj% }lttafaeapjo`l {nj jvb{nkopjl

i{o`jnkopj`j k z{k bjvjopj j }jvpada}jl `lt aopkveld{plvkt% kxabk l

d{n}vankopl `k jeb{njt }vknattjt3 kn }vankavl% l vkdlohkdankopl `k t{ckaplt

z{k `ajelbjn% l{ tkcj% j kxatpodaj `k {n lvj`lv k `k {n j{`apval7 kn tkb{o`l%

okdkttval z{k hjcj {n jdlv`l kopvk lt aopkveld{plvkt }jvj z{k tk ktpjfkekj j

dln{oadjl% jdlv`l ktpk z{k iavnj`l }kel lvj`lv% j }jvpav `k l}aoakt jdkapjt

}lv tk{ j{`apval% }jvj z{k% kopl% }lttj `kiko`kv olyjt pktkt z{k jt nl`aiaz{kn

l{ jt ilvpjekjn/ ]lvpjopl% z{jo`l ldlvvk l `kfjpk jvb{nkopjpayl }vl}ltpl }lv

kttkt j{plvkt% i{o`jnkopje z{k lvj`lv (jz{kek z{k j}vktkopj olyjt pktkt

j}vkdajl `l j{`apval! dlohkj tk{ j{`apval3 l an}lvpjopk oj jvb{nkopjl

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(///! l }jvkdkv `jz{kekt j z{kn tk `avabk ( ]KVKENJO ) LEFVKDHPT.

PQPKDJ% 6==6% }/69!7 l{ tkcj% l }v}val j{`apval z{k aotpv{nkopj l lvj`lv/

]jvj jvb{nkopjv% }vkdatl pkv j}vkl }kej j`ktl `l aopkveld{plv% }kel tk{

dlotkopankopl% }kej t{j }jvpada}jl nkopje (Afa`/% }/ :8!/

Tk ktpjt dlo`akt }vyajt }jvj j jvb{nkopjl ol kxatpavkn% ol hjykv

`kfjpk% l z{k vkilvjv j yaleodaj dlnl ilvnj }jvj j tle{l `lt dloieaplt/

Jttan% jl njopkvnlt {n }ltadalojnkopl `lbnpadl (}lv kxkn}el% jl dvkvnlt

z{k `kpkvnaoj`jt vkbvjt padjt tl okdkttjvajnkopk yea`jt k ykv`j`kavjt! %

ojp{vjeasjnlt jz{ael z{k tk ktpjfkekdk{ dlnl iv{pl `k ktdlehjt k abolvjnlt l

aopkveld{plv (jz{kek j z{kn olt `avabanlt7 ol djtl `j vkejl je{ol.}vlikttlv%

olt plnjo`l }lv }vlikttlvkt3 l je{ol!% njopko`l }l{dl j}vkl }lv t{jt pktkt k

}lv t{j j`ktl7 dlvvknlt l vatdl `k jo{ejv jt }lttafaea`j`kt `k jdlv`l k `kdlo`akt }jvj z{k tk ktpjfkekj {n `kfjpk tlfvk lt dloieaplt kxatpkopkt `k nl`l

jvfapvval k j{plvapval/

Z{jopl t z{ktpkt d{vvad{ejvkt% z{kvl dlota`kvjv z{k l djn}l `j padj av

tk dlotpap{av olt d{vvd{elt tkcjn kekt liadajat (lvbjoasj`lt% }lv kxkn}el% dlnl

{nj njpvaj kt}kdiadj j tkv ktp{`j`j oj `atda}eaoj `k iaeltliaj% l{ dlnl pknj

pvjotykvtje z{k }kv}jttj `aykvtjt `atda}eaojt!% l{ d{vvd{elt ld{eplt (z{k tk

ktpjfkekdkvl }kejt }vpadjt kn tjej `k j{ej% tkn z{k tkcjn liadajeasj`lt kn {n

`ld{nkopl ktdvapl!/ @ktpk yat% }lv {n ej`l% aopkvkttj.nk }kotjv j dlopvaf{al

`k Bll`tlo jl kx}eadjv dlnl l d{vvd{el ilvn{ej`l o{nj yjvak`j`k `k vkjt k

oykat (:11;% } 66!% tjeakopjo`l z{k jt njpvajt ktdlejvkt ojtdkn

njvbaojeasj`jt `k {n dlopkxpl tldaje k k`{djdaloje njat jn}el% jpvjyt `k {nj

}vpadj {paeapvaj ol tkal `j }v}vaj ktdlej% l{ tkcj% j `atd{ttl `j }kvpaoodaj `l

ktp{`l `j padj oj d{ep{vj ktdlejv ojtdk `j }v}vaj okdktta`j`k }k`jbbadj `k tk

`atd{pav z{ktpkt padjt dln lt je{olt k }vk}jv.elt }jvj {n }kotjnkopl.jl

padl/ Bll`tlo dleldj jao`j z{k% kn {n tkb{o`l nlnkopl% jt njpvajt z{k

t{vbavjn }lv okdktta`j`kt }vpadl.}k`jbbadjt f{tdjn l ilvpjekdankopl `k tk{

tpjp{t% `kopvl `jt ktdlejt% jpvjyt `j j}vlxanjl bvj`jpayj dln t{jt vkjt `k

vkikvodaj olt dkopvlt {oaykvtapvalt% l z{k `atpjodaj j vkj `k dlohkdankopl `k

t{j ilvn{ejl }k`jbbadj k j ktpjfkekdk dlnl dlv}l jftpvjpl `k dlohkdankoplt

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z{k tl yea`lt }lv ta tt/ Oktpk }vldkttl% tk`ankopjn.tk k ekbapanjn.tk

ykv`j`kt j }valvtpadjt tlfvk jt vkjt `k dlohkdankopl3 ykv`j`kt z{k yn

olvnjpasj`jt k }vktdvapjt `j {oaykvta`j`k }jvj jt ktdlejt% l z{k nk ekyj j

kt}kd{ejv z{k h {n vkilvl `j dln}vkkotl `k z{k j padj {n dloc{opl `k

vkbvjt z{k c ktp `kiaoa`l `k nl`l njat l{ nkolt {oaykvtje% t{fpvjao`l.j `l

djn}l `k `kfjpkt z{k `kykvaj jdlopkdkv `kopvl `j }v}vaj ktdlej/

]lv l{pvl ej`l% Ilvz{ao (:116! dhjnj j jpkol }jvj l }vldkttl `k tkekl

d{ep{vje z{k ldlvvk `kopvl `l tatpknj `k kotaol c z{k dj`j njpvaj `k

dlohkdankopl n{apl njat jn}ej `l z{k lt aopkvkttkt lfckpaylt `j ktdlej% l z{k

}kvnapk z{k hjcj {nj tkekl }j{pj`j kn {n }vldkttl `k `keanapjl tkcj `jt

`atda}eaojt% tkcj `lt dlopk`lt% tkcj `jt }v padjt ktdlejvkt/ Atpl olt j}lopj }jvj j

dln}ekxa`j`k z{k koyleyk l ktpjfkekdankopl `kttkt dlohkdankoplt `kopvl `jktdlej3 j }v}vaj tkekl ao`adj {n }vldkttl jvb{nkopjpayl% c z{k% `kopvk pl`jt

jt }lttafaea`j`kt% z{kn tkekdaloj ktdlehk% ojz{kek jtt{opl% jeb{njt pktkt z{k

dlota`kvj yea`jt% l z{k an}eadj j`napav j vkejpaya`j`k `jt ykv`j`kt z{k ktpk

dlohkdankopl kodkvvj7 }lvn }vkdatl dlota`kvjv z{k pl`j kt}dak `k

`keanapjl% z{kv tkcj kej njpkvaje l{ tanfeadj% t{}k k ao`{s% dln kikapl%

vkejkt `k }l`kv (Af a`/% }/ 48!/ Tk% jl ktdlehkv% l}kvjnlt ol djn}l

jvb{nkopjpayl% j ilvnj dlnl tk dleldjn kttjt ktdlehjt k jt vkejkt

hakvvz{adjt kopvk lt t{ckaplt z{k jt yaykodajn }l`kn tkv jvfapvvajt k

j{plvapvajt/ Kn l{pvjt }jejyvjt% jt pktkt ktdleha`jt ol }vldkttl `k tkekl

d{ep{vje }l`kn tkv an}ltpjt jlt `knjat t{ckaplt `j vkjea`j`k ktdlejv ol

tkvyao`l% okdkttjvajnkopk% dlnl jdlv`lt k }vknattjt z{k aoadakn {n `kfjpk/

Z{jo`l j}vktkopl j }vl}ltpj `k }kotjvnlt }lttafaea`j`kt k nkalt `k aotkvav

l je{ol% kx}eadapjnkopk% dlnl aopkveld{plv olt `kfjpkt z{k ldlvvkn kopvk lt

bv{}lt `k t{ckaplt aopkvkttj`lt oj k`{djl (}jat% }vlikttlvkt% tldak`j`k%

dllv`koj`lvkt% `avkplvkt% kpd/!% ktpl{ }kotjo`l ilvnjt `k jbav kpadjnkopk kn

vkejl j kttkt je{olt% dlota`kvjo`l j padj ol dlnl dloc{opl `k vkbvjt j tkvkn

dleldj`jt% njt dlnl djn}l `k jvb{nkopjl dlopo{j k pje }vl}ltpj an}eadj

vk}kotjv l nl`l dlnl olt jdltp{njnlt j lvbjoasjv l kotaol% lfvabjo`l.olt j

ktpjfkekdkv l{pvjt vkejkt `k }l`kv z{k }l`kn }jvkdkv jnkjj`lvjt/

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Kopvk jt }lttykat z{ktpkt z{k }l`kn t{vbav `ktpj `atd{ttl bltpjvaj `k

jopkda}jv `{jt/ J }vankavj vkikvk.tk jl ilvnjpl `j lvbjoasjl ktdlejv3 j}ktjv

`lt `kfjpkt }vlnlya`lt ol djn}l k`{djdaloje `kt`k l aodal `l td{el yaopk%

fjtkj`lt olt ktp{`lt `k @krkq k `k ]ajbkp% vkdejnkn {n lehjv `aikvkodaj`l }jvj

l }j}ke `l je{ol ol }vldkttl k`{djpayl% l tatpknj `k kotaol }jvkdk tk njopkv

jpvkej`l a`aj `k z{k j ktdlej pvjotnattlvj `k dlohkdankoplt k l }vlikttlv l

`k}ltapval `j dloiajoj tldaje }jvj z{k pje pvjotnattl ldlvvj/ N{apjt ykskt j

ktdlej jao`j tk njopn t{fnkvtj oj ivn{ej c }vl}ltpj }lv @{vghkan jl `kiaoav

k`{djl (@[VGHKAN% t,`/% }/ 0:! 3

]lv lvj% dhkbjnlt tkb{aopk ivn{ej3

J k`{djl j jl kxkvda`j% }kejt bkvjkt j`{epjt% tlfvk jt bkvjkt

z{k ol tk kodlopvkn jao`j }vk}jvj`jt }jvj j ya`j tldaje7 pkn }lv lfckpl t{tdapjvk `ktkoyleykv% oj dvajoj% dkvpl onkvl `k ktpj`lt itadlt% aopkekdp{jat k nlvjat%

vkdejnj`lt }kej tldak`j`k }lepadj% ol tk{ dloc{opl% k }kel nkal kt}kdaje j z{k j

dvajoj% }jvpad{ejvnkopk% tk `ktpaok /

Jao`j z{k l j{plv aopvl`{sj kn t{j `kiaoal% pkopjo`l vkejpayas.ej

pkn}lvjenkopk% j `atdvkpj eld{l j`ykvfaje }lv lvj% j an}ltal `l ykvfl %

dleldj l nlpk `j `kiaoal j jl kxkvda`j% }kejt bkvjkt j`{epjt% tlfvk jt

bkvjkt z{k ol tk kodlopvkn jao`j }vk}jvj`jt }jvj j ya`j tldaje `k nl`l

aodlopktpk/ Jttan% j pko`odaj% jl z{ktpalojvnlt j `kiaoal `{vghkanajoj }jvj

j k`{djl% z{ktpalojvnlt z{je kttk dloc{opl `k yjelvkt z{k j tldak`j`k

vkdejnj }jvj j ilvnjl `l clykn% njt ol l lfckpl k`{djl z{k j}vktkopj`l

dlnl {nj }kpal `k }vaod}al4 (J k`{djl ///!/ L vkt{epj`l `j jdkapjl

`ktpk }vaod}al `k z{k l }vlikttlv l j`{epl z{k kxkvdk jl tlfvk jt bkvjkt

z{k ol tk kodlopvjn jao`j }vk}jvj`jt }jvj j ya`j tldaje% an}eadj j jdkapjl `k

{nj vkejl hakvvz{adj `k }l`kv3 l }vlikttlv tjfk k dlo`{s l je{ol/ Ktpk l}vankavl dloieapl z{k j }vl}ltpj `k }kotjv {nj lvbjoasjl ktdlejv `aikvkopk%

z{k ktpjfkekj olyjt vkejkt kopvk je{olt k `knjat bv{}lt koyleya`lt dln j

4 {nj ]kpal `k ]vaod}al j}vktkopjv {n jvb{nkopl dlopvlykvtl dlnl tk ilttk aodlopvlykvtl/ Ol djtl

@{vghkan j}vktkopj j a`aj `k z{k j k`{djl tk i{o`jnkopj oj pvjotnattl `k yjelvkt `l j`{epl }jvj jdvajoj% dlnl tk hl{ykttk {n jdlv`l aodlopktpk tlfvk ktpk }vaod}al k tlfvk z{jat yjelvkt `kykn tkvpvjotnapa`lt/

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k`{djl (aode{tayk }vlikttlvkt!% j}vktkopj3 aopvl`{sav lt ktp{`jopkt olt `kfjpkt

dleldj.lt dlnl }jvkt aopkveld{plvkt `l `aelbl k }vkt{nk j vklvbjoasjl `lt

}l`kvkt `atpvaf{`lt kopvk ktpkt }jvkt/

Ktpj nl`aiadjl ojt vkejkt `k }l`kv olt ekyj tkb{o`j z{ktpl z{k

bltpjvaj `k dlnkopjv/ Jepkvjv j vkejl dloikvao`l njalv }l`kv jlt je{olt

koyleyk {n vatdl `k }kv`j `k tpjp{t `l `ldkopk z{k% jl j}vlxanjv.tk `lt

ktp{`jopkt ktpjvaj tk `atpjodajo`l `k tk{t }jvkt jdj`nadlt k `lt bv{}lt tldajat

z{k `kpkvnaojn j yjea`j`k `k t{j njpvaj ol nkvdj`l `k pvjfjehl/

Dlota`kvl ktpjt z{ktpkt dlnl aoadajat }jvj {nj `atd{ttl tlfvk j padj

`kopvl `jt ktdlejt k ktpl{ dlotdakopk `k z{k }kotjv l }j}ke `lt t{ckaplt

koyleya`lt ojt vkejkt padjt% aode{tayk `lt je{olt% dlotpap{a {nj dlopvaf{al

}jvdaje kn vkejl jlt }lttykat }vlfeknjt `k ktp{`l z{k pje njpvaj t{tdapj tkz{atkvnlt% vkjenkopk% }kotjv {nj ktdlej ol t `knldvpadj k z{k ijek `k padj%

njt {nj ktdlej kn ta padj/ K }jvj j}vli{o`jv {n }l{dl kttj `atd{ttl yl{

vkdlvvkv j dkvpj hatplvada`j`k `k dlnl pkn ta`l }kotj`j j padj oj d{ep{vj

lda`kopje% }vl}ltpj }lv Leaykavj (:118!% k jvb{nkopjv j ijylv `j }jvpada}jl `lt

je{olt olt `kfjpkt z{k yatjn vkb{ejv jt }vpadjt ktdlejvkt/

L z{k `atd{panlt tlfvk padj z{k }l`k `kiaoav padj

Leaykavj vktbjpj jt lvabkot `l }kotjnkopl lda`kopje tlfvk j k`{djl k%

vkikvao`l.tk j ]ejpl% tap{j.l `kopvl `jt dlvvkopkt {p}adjt `l }kotjnkopl

iaeltiadl.lda`kopje/ L }kotjnkopl {p}adl tk i{o`jnkopj kn }vknattjt `j`jt j

}valva z{k ehk tkvykn `k nk`a`j l{ nl`kel j tkv jpaoba`l% `ktpk nl`l {paeasj

}vaod}alt }vankavlt dlnl ykv`j`kt {oaykvtjat z{k `kykn olvpkjv lt lfckpaylt `l

kotaol k j ilvnjl padj `lt t{ckaplt7 }lvpjopl j k`{djl }ejpoadj njpasj`j

}kej dkvpksj `k z{kn% c{ebjo`l dlohkdkv j nkpj iaoje% j}lopj tkn}vk jt nkehlvkt

ilvnjt `k jpaoba.ej (LEAYKAVJ% :118% }/ ;:!% l{ tkcj% {nj k`{djl dln

olvnjt k vkbvjt }vktdvapayjt/ Dlnl n{apl fkn j}lopj l j{plv% jl fjtkjv j jl

k`{djpayj kn yjelvkt {oaykvtjat k }vktdvkykv vkbvjt }jvj l xapl `k pjat jkt (c

z{k dlohkdk jt nkehlvkt ilvnjt `k jp aoba.ej!% ol }kotjnkopl {p}adl jt

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ivlopkavjt kopvk j olfvksj `lt iaot k l j{plvapjvatnl `lt nkalt tk kti{njjn

(Afa`/% } ;6!/ J {pl}aj `k z{k j ktdlej `kyk ilvnjv lt t{ckaplt `kopvl `k

`kpkvnaoj`lt yjelvkt k vkbvjt padjt% dlota`kvjo`l z{k j tldak`j`k (l{ lt

}vlikttlvkt! tjfkn `kpkvnaojv pjat yjelvkt k jt ilvnjt }kejt z{jat `kykn tkv

kotaoj`lt% }lv njat z{k tk i{o`jnkopk kn fljt aopkokt% pvjot}jttj n{apl

ijdaenkopk j ivlopkavj `l j{plvapjvatnl c z{k y l je{ol dlnl {n l{pvl z{k tk

ilvnjv }jvj tkv dlnl {n `k ot% njt z{k ol % oktpk yat% aopkveld{plv }lttyke

`j }v}vaj vkb{ejl `lt yjelvkt z{k tk f{tdj `ktkoyleykv ol }vldkttl k`{djpayl/

C j pvj`al jvatplpeadj dleldj j padj kn {nj }kvt}kdpayj ol {p}adj oj

nk`a`j kn z{k l iaetlil jdvk`apj tkv ol djn}l `j l}aoal z{k l hlnkn dlotpva

t{jt olvnjt padjt/ Jen `attl% Jvatppkekt dlota`kvj l hlnkn {n joanje

}lepadl z{k yayk }kejt vkejkt z{k ktpjfkekdk kn tldak`j`k/ @ktpk nl`l% l`kfjpk tlfvk jt olvnjt padjt ykvtjn tlfvk jt nk`a`jt }lttykat }jvj z{k lt

hlnkot jpaocjn j ikeada`j`k% dlota`kvjo`l z{k jt nk`a`jt `lt yjelvkt kn

`atd{ttl ol tl {oyldjt (ktpl kn vkejl dln jt }jaxkt! k ktpjvl

}leapadjnkopk aoie{kodaj`jt/ L }lttyke kopl yatjv tkn}vk {n nkal.pkvnl

kopvk kxdkttlt k ijepjt h{njojt/ Eknfvjo`l z{k j tldak`j`k bvkbj lftkvyj oj

}lepadj j }lttafaea`j`k `k lvbjoasjv j da`j`k kn }vle `l dlekpayl% Leaykavj

z{ktpaloj kn z{k nk`a`j }lttyke% hlck% dlota`kvjv z{k pl`jt jt jkt h{njojt

kodlopvkn% okdkttjvajnkopk% {n nkal pkvnl% tk ekyjvnlt kn dlopj jt

`aiad{e`j`kt vkejdalojat `l hlnkn dlopkn}lvokl z{k dleldjn yjelvkt kblpatpjt

ivkopk `jt `atd{ttkt }lepadjt (Afa`/% } 90!/

Kn Vl{ttkj{% l j{plv yja a`kopaiadjv l ilvpjekdankopl `k {n nl`kel

}vktdvapayl }jvj lvakopjv j k`{djl k j ilvnjl padj% c z{k plnj l hlnkn j

}jvpav `k {nj kttodaj {oaykvtje z{k `kyk tkv }vktkvyj`j }jvj l fkn% jpvjyt `k

{nj nl`kejbkn kxkvda`j }kej k`{djl3 l hlnkn `k fkn jf`adj `k }jvpk `k tk{

`ktkcl joanje kn }vle `l dlekpayl k j k`{djl% }jvj dlopvaf{av dln pje ian% `kyk

tkv nl`kej`lvj `l t{ckapl% ekyjo`l.l j jfvav nl `k `ktkclt ao`aya`{jat }jvj

dk`kv kt}jl jl fkn dlekpayl/ Leaykavj j}lopj {n bvj{ `k j{plvapjvatnl ol

nl`kel vl{ttkj{tpj% c z{k j eafkv`j`k `k }kotjnkopl ktp t{flv`aoj`j jl

kt}vapl dln{oapval% jttan }jvj z{k l dayatnl tkcj d{epayj`l kn tk{ njat jepl

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bvj{% }vkdatl z{k dj`j {n t vkdlohkj j }v}vaj a`kopa`j`k ol pl`l (Afa`/% }/

10!/ Dlopvj.}lopl jl }kotjnkopl `k Vl{ttkj{% Il{vakv `ko{odaj j ijvtj `l eayvk .

jvfpval c z{k j ktdlehj `lt hlnkot jdhj.tk eanapj`j }kej padj `k olt z{k

nl`kej l t{ckapl t olvnjt `j tldak`j`k k }vl}k% kn tk{ e{bjv% {nj vjsl

}ltapayj kn l}ltal vjsl l}vkttlvj (Afa`/% }/ ::6!/ Pje vjsl yatj

dln}jpafaeasjv ya`j k }vjskv% z{k tkvaj f{tdj epanj `l hlnkn/ Il{vakv ejoj

nl `k pl`l {n }vlckpl {p}adl (}lvz{jopl plpjeasjopk! }jvj j ilvnjl `lt

t{ckaplt vktbjpjo`l j vjsl tkotapayj k jt }jaxkt/

Kn {nj }kvt}kdpayj `atpjodaj`j% Leaykavj a`kopaiadj ojt {pl}ajt `k ]ejpl%

Jvatppkekt k Vl{ttkj{ {nj vkejl ` k njo`l.t{flv`aojl kopvk lt jt}kdplt

vjdalojat k }jttalojat `l tkv h{njol% lo`k j vjsl tk an}k }jvj `atda}eaojv j

knll/ Il{vakv% kn tk{ kopko`kv% yja c{tpjnkopk }lv kn xkz{k kttj oll jldleldjv z{k j ikeada`j`k `l hlnkn t }lttyke dln j dlejflvjl `jt ktikvjt

vjdaloje k }jttaloje (Afa`/% }/ ::0!/

Kn l}ltal jlt }kotjnkoplt {p}adlt% Njiiktlea tap{j l hlnkn dlnl {n

tkv.}jvj.ta d{cj tldajea`j`k }kvnapk z{k yayj dln l{pvlt njt pjnfn% n{apjt

ykskt% dlopvj l{pvlt/ Kn t{j tldajea`j`k l hlnkn yayk tlf j nlvje z{k pjobk

vkbvjt `k djvpkv njat {oaykvtje% l{ {oaykvtjeasykat7 tko`l j padj {n djn}l `k

vkbvjt k olvnjt z{k pn jt djvjdpkvtpadjt `j }e{vjea`j`k h{njoj% }l`ko`l tkv

yea`jt }jvj bv{}lt `kpkvnaoj`lt l{ nktnl ijdkt z{k l }kotj`lv dlodkap{l{

dlnl pvaflt/ L pvafjeatnl `jt tldak`j`kt }t.nl`kvojt `ai{o`k `aykvtlt

d`ablt k yjelvkt% }kvpaokopkt j dj`j pvafl kt}kdiadj% k yaod{ej j tldajea`j`k `l

hlnkn j {nj padj `j ktppadj% l{ tkcj% {nj padj i{o`j`j ojt }jaxkt/ K tl

c{tpjnkopk jt }j axk t z{k dloilvnjn j ya`j }t.nl`kvoj j {nj kt}dak `k

}vktkopk kpkvol% lo`k ol h yjea`j`kt }jttj`jt l{ i{p{vjt% j}kojt dlpa`ajol

ank`ajpl pvjotilvnj`l kn kt}kpd{el lo`k jp{jn t{ckaplt z{k }jttjn j tkv

jplvkt/ oktpj tldak`j`k `l kt}kpd{el z{k tk `ktkoyleyk j vkejdalojea`j`k

h{njoj j}vataloj`j j {n }vktkopk ol z{je ol ijs njat tkopa`l l ktilvl `lt

hlnkot kn {n yav.j.tkv l{ kn {nj pvjotilvnjl `j tldak`j`k/ Kn t{j jopa.

{pl}aj ol h kt}jl }jvj dlotpv{l `l fkn dln{n (Af a`% }/ :6=.:68!/

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]lv ian% Leaykavj j}vktkopj jeb{njt jt vkiekxkt `k ]kvkenjo tlfvk j

z{ktpl padj/ Kopvk kejt `ktpjdl j joeatk tlfvk j oijtk `j`j jlt jvb{nkoplt

}vjbnpadlt0 z{k pn i{o`jnkopj`l lt `atd{vtlt padlt `j dlopkn}lvjoka`j`k/

Pjat jvb{nkoplt% jl vkdlvvkvkn t vkejkt `k dj{tj.kikapl okn tkn}vk `l dlopj

`jt z{ktpkt padjt (z{k ol ktpl t{fnkpa`jt j pje eaokjva`j`k!% }lvn% }lv t{j

lfckpaya`j`k {paeapvaj% dltp{njn tkv fkn jdkaplt }kel tkotl.dln{n/ J dlopvj.

}jvpa`j `j kxdkttayj {paeasjl `lt jvb{nkoplt }vjbnpadlt {n {paeapjvatnl

padl z{k vkt{epj oj ilvn{ejl `k }vaod}alt olvnjpaylt `aidkat `k jdkapjv

}ltpkvalvnkopk (Afa`/% }/:4;!% {nj yks z{k% okttj njpvaj% ol tk }l`k }vkykv

pl`jt jt dlotkzodajt }lttykat `k {n jpl% pjn}l{dl `kpkvnaojv jlt jplt

tkn}vk j nktnj dj{tj/ J Olyj Vkpvadj jl dleldjv j padj ol pkvvkol `jt

ykv`j`kt }vlyatvajt% tldaje k hatplvadjnkopk `kpkvnaoj`jt% ol }l`k j`napav}kot.ej dlnl dloc{opl `k olvnjt }vktdvapayjt% tkol dlnl kt}jl

jvb{nkopjpayl z{k tk dlotpap{a oj }v}vaj jvb{nkopjl k% `ktpk nl`l% tk

dloiab{vj j }jvpav `lt t{ckaplt k aopkveld{plvkt okej koyleya`lt/ Oktpk tkopa`l% l

}v}val `kfjpk dln}k {nj ilvnj padj k `knldvpadj `k ktpjfkekdankopl `k

yjelvkt yea`lt k i{o`j`lt oj }e{vjea`j`k `jt d{ep{vjt/ Ojt }jejyvjt `k Leaykavj3

J Olyj Vkpvadj kopko`k z{k jt dlopvlyvtajt ilvnjn j kt}aohj `lvtje

`j iaeltliaj `l }e{vjeatnl% j z{je ol }l`k ielvktdkv z{jo`l j vkejdalojea`j`k

kopvk lt hlnkot jnkjj`j }kel ilvpjekdankopl `jt pko`odajt ao`aya`{jeatpjt

(kblpatpjt! l{ z{jo`l ldlvvk j ha}kvpvliaj `j dlekpaya`j`k/ Tlf ktpj epanj% jebl

tknkehjopk j {nj ylopj`k bkvje `l pa}l vl{ttkj{tpj dltp{nj tkv aoyldj`l%

dlafao`l j eayvk kx}vkttl `jt l}aoakt `aykvbkopkt/ (L}/ Dap/% }/ :0=!/

Kn nk{ kopko`kv% h {nj an}lvpodaj olpvaj (k }lenadj! okttj

}kvt}kdpayj z{k c{tpjnkopk ktpjfkekdkv {n olyl tpjp{t dlopvlyvtaj `kopvl `l

kt}jl ktdlejv/ Tk% dlnl yanlt% oj ktdlej lt d{vvd{elt tk dlotlea`jn k tkilvpjekdkn jpvjyt `k t{j j}vlxanjl dln jt `atda}eaojt `k vkikvodaj%

plvojo`l.lt {n djn}l `k j}eadjl `k dlohkdankoplt `kiaoa`lt j }valva% l

0L jvb{nkopl }vjbnpadl jz{kek j}vkdaj l jpl l{ jdlopkdankopl nk`ajopk t{jt dlotkzodajt ijylvykat

l{ `ktijylvykat% }lvpjopl ijs.tk {t{jenkopk }vktkopk olt `atd{vtlt z{k yjelvasjn l pae% }vko`ko`l.tk jvkejkt k dj{tj.kikapl/

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kt}jl ktdlejv plvoj.tk olvnjenkopk {n eldje jlo`k pjat dlopvlyvtajt% `kfjpkt%

`ya`jt k }lenadjt `kykn tkv t{ftpap{`lt }lv vkt}ltpjt / Kttjt vkt}ltpjt pko`kn

j hlnlbkokasjv z{ktpkt dln}ekxjt `l dlohkdankopl z{k ol kodlopvjn

vkt}ltpjt t{iadakopknkopk jn}ejt z{k jt jpko`jn `k nl`l {oaykvtje/ Dlnl c

dleldl{ Leaykavj (di/ }/ :!% kttj jdjfj tko`l {nj `jt eanapjkt k aot{iadaodajt

dleldj`jt }jvj j z{ktpl `j padj% z{jo`l pvjpj`j j }jvpav `k {nj dlodk}l

}vktdvapayj z{k j vk`{s j {n yj`k nkd{n ekbatejpayl z{k vkb{ej j jl `lt

hlnkot/ c{tpjnkopk j }lttafaea`j`k `k pvjfjehjv dln l }e{vjeatnl iaeltiadl

z{k }l`k `jv dlopj `k }kotjvnlt djnaohlt }jvj j n{epa}eada`j`k d{ep{vje `j

tldak`j`k dlopkn}lvokj% dln tk{t kt}jlt k pvaflt ivjbnkopj`lt% tkn z{k tk

vkdlvvj {oailvnasjl `k yjelvkt k vkt}ltpjt% okn pl }l{dl j {n vkejpayatnl

kxpvknl jopk l z{je oj`j }l`k tkv ikapl% j}kojt yaya`l pje z{je kn t{j`ankotl `k kt}kpd{el dlpa`ajol/

padl `atd{pavnlt padj/

Leaykavj tk dleldj kn l}ltal jl `ktkodjopjnkopl k vkejpayatnl kxpvknl

}t.nl`kvoatpj oj nk`a`j kn z{k aoyktpk oj }lttafaea`j`k `k n{`jojt tldajat k

oj dj}jda`j`k `k ktdlehjt k jkt `l t{ckapl% c z{k dlota`kvj z{k }vkdatl

}kotjv k ijskv `j hatpvaj l pkn}l ol z{je l hlnkn% koz{jopl tkv vkejdaloje%

ktdlehk }jvj njopkv l z{k kxatpk pje dlnl kxatpk l{ pkopjv pvjotilvn.el/ (Afa`/%

}/ :;6!/ Tk jttan ol ilttk% j ktdlej plvojv.tk.aj% kikpayjnkopk% dlnl }vl}t

Jeph{ttkv (:18=!% j}kojt {n J}jvkehl `k Vk}vl`{l A`klebadj `l Ktpj`l (k `k

{n ktpj`l `k dlatjt!% tkn okoh{nj dhjodk `k dlopvaf{av }jvj nkehlvajt oj ya`j

h{njoj dlekpayj/

@kttk nl`l% t{bkvk }kotjv l kt}jl }jvj j padj% oj k`{djl% dlnl {n

kt}jl jlo`k lt `kfjpkt jvb{nkopjpaylt }lttjn ldlvvkv }jvj z{k lt t{ckaplt%

je{olt k }vlikttlvkt% dlopvaf{jn dln j ilvn{ejl `k pktkt z{k i{o`jnkopkn

jkt padjt z{k aodlv}lvkn l }e{vjeatnl aokvkopk vaz{ksj `k d{ep{vjt }vktkopkt

oj ktdlej/ J }jvpav `j% j padj }l`k tkv yatpj dlnl nkal `k dlotpv{av jkt

h{njojt }j{pj`jt }kej plekvodaj% d{cl taboaiadj`l tk tap{j n{apl jen `j nkvj

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dlo`ktdko`odaj l{ vkt}kapl }jvj dln l `aikvkopk (Afa`/% }/:;0! % dlnl }l`k

ldlvvkv dln jt }vl}ltpjt hlnlbkokasj`lvjt z{k dleldjn vkbvjt }vktdvapayjt k

nl`kejvkt }jvj j k`{djl/

]lvn% }vkdatl jdkop{jv z{k kttk `kfjpk jvb{nkopjpayl ol tk fjtkaj kn

tan}ekt jdhatnlt% njt f{tdj j t{}kvjl `jt olkt dln{ot z{k pvjsknlt

jpvjyt `k {n kxkvddal vablvltl `l }kotjnkopl `ajepadl/ Jttan% j

jvb{nkopjl yja kxabav z{k olt `kpkohjnlt ojt vkbvjt `l clbl jvb{nkopjpayl3

z{k jt }vknattjt }jvj l `kfjpk tkcjn vjslykat k z{k vk}vktkopkn jt l}aoakt

bkvjenkopk jdkapjt% jz{kejt z{k pl`l n{o`l j`napk% l{ j njalvaj `jt }kttljt%

l{ lt iaetlilt kn l{pvjt }jejyvjt3 pl`lt% l{ j njalvaj% l{ lt njat knaokopkt

(Lt }kotj`lvkt3 Jvatppkekt% 480.466 J/D/ % :184% }/ ;!7 k% dlota`kvjo`l jt

}vknattjt dlnl jdlv`l dln{n k }lopl `k }jvpa`j kopvk jt }jvpkt z{kjvb{nkopjn% z{k l lfckpayl `l `kfjpk tkcj dhkbjv j {nj tle{l }lttyke% tkn

z{k okoh{n `lt koyleya`lt f{tz{k kobjojv lt `knjat/ (]KOPKJ@L% 6==1% }/

2!/ J jvb{nkopjl% }lvpjopl% pkv dlnl }lopl `k }jvpa`j jz{ael z{k jdhjnlt

tlfvk jebl% njt djnaohjv }jvj j t{}kvjl `kttjt pktkt aoadajt jpvjyt `l

knfjpk `jt `aikvkopkt pktkt kyldj`jt% jp z{k tk ktpjfkekjn olylt jdlv`lt tlfvk

j z{ktpl% tkn}vk yatjo`l l fkn dln{n/

Njt% tk j padj l kt}jl `k `atd{ttl tlfvk l padl attl an}eadj jeb{nj

vkyatl `k olttjt }vpadjt dlpa`ajojt ktdlejvkt% n{apjt ykskt olvnjpayjt k

}vktdvapayjt3 tk l }vlikttlv ol kopvjv kn tjej }jvj kotaojv {n dlohkdankopl

z{k pvjs `k jopknl% z{k pa}l `k ilvnjl kek `kyk pkv< L }vlikttlv }jttjv%

kopl% j tkv njat {n je{ol% `atd{pao`l dln }jvkt< Ol ol kopko`ankopl `k

Leaykavj z{k% j}ktjv `k dlota`kvjv z{k jt }vktdv akt kobkttjn jt vkejkt

h{njojt jl `kiaoav dejvjnkopk lt }j}at `lt t{ckaplt `j }vpadj }k`jbbadj

(6===% }/ :91!% dhjnj j jpkol% ol nktnl jvpabl% }jvj j `aikvkoj olt oykat `k

ilvnjl `k }vlikttlvkt k je{olt l z{k dloikvk jl }vlikttlv {n kt pjp{pl pjnfn

`aikvkodaj`l/ ]lvn% dlnl dleldj l iaetlil% jl `kfjpkv% l }vlikttlv ol {paeasjv

tk{t dlohkdankoplt }jvj nle`jv tk{t je{olt% l{ }jvj an}lv t{jt ykv`j`kt% njt

lt j}vktkopjv dlnl pktkt }jvj z{k lt ktp{`jopkt }lttjn j}vkdajv% c{ebjv% j`kvav%

l{ ol/ Djfk% oj jvb{nkopjl% }kvt{j`av l l{pvl k ol tk an}lv% jttan plvoj.tk

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}lttyke `atd{pav dln l k`{djo`l l djvpkv hatpvadl .tldaje `jt ykv`j`kt

(}lepadjt% padjt% dakopiadjt% kpd/! k dloivlop.el dln jt dlodk}kt z{k jt

c{ebjn jftle{pjt l{ kpkvojt (Afa`/% }/ :24!/

Bltpjvaj% `k naohj }jvpk% `k jn}eajv l nxanl }lttyke j vkj `k j}eadjl

`l }vldkttl jvb{nkopjpayl }vl}ltpl }lv Leaykavj/ Pkohl aoyktpabj`l j

}lttafaea`j`k `k }kotjvnlt }vpadjt dlpa`ajojt ktdlejvkt z{k }lttjn tkv

jvb{nkopj`jt ol j}kojt olt djn}lt kt}kdiadlt `l dlohkdankopl `atda}eaojv (jt

`atda}eaojt k t{jt }vkpkotjt ykv`j`kt jftle{pjt z{k }l`kn tkv z{ktpaloj`jt k

jvb{nkopj`jt!% njt kn vkejl ktpv{p{vj lvbjoasjdaloje k vkb{ej`lvj `j ktdlej%

kn bkvje/ Kn vkdkopk }ktz{atj (]KOPKJ@L% 6==1! aoyktpab{ka j yajfaea`j`k `k

aode{avnlt lt je{olt olt `kfjpkt z{k olvpkajn j ilvn{ejl `lt d{vvd{elt `jt

`atda}eaojt dln l lfckpayl `k plvo.elt njat taboaiadjpaylt k `knldvpadlt% jlaoyt `k ktpa}{ejvnlt jopkda}j`jnkopk l z{k z{k `kyk tkv ktp{`j`l }kelt

je{olt% }jvpao`l `j }vkt{ol `k z{k tjfknlt l z{k nkehlv }jvj kekt/ L

vkt{epj`l `kttj aoyktpabjl% z{k jojeatj `avkpjnkopk j ijej `lt j e{olt j vkt}kapl

`j `atda}eaoj `k jvpk kn t{jt ktdlejt% nk }jvkdk{ fjtpjopk }ltapayl oj nk`a`j kn

z{k }lttyke }kvdkfkv ojt vkt}ltpjt `lt ktp{`jopkt {n aopkvkttk bko{ol kn

}jvpada}jv `kttj ilvn{ejl k pvjskv dlopvaf{akt }jvj l d{vvd{el `j `atda}eaoj

aoyktpabj`j% l z{k `ktdjvjdpkvasj dkvpj pko`odaj z{k lftkvyl olt jvb{nkoplt `k

dlekbjt z{k ol dlota`kvjn kttj }vl}ltpj yea`j k z{k tk }j{pjn oj }vknattj `k

z{k l je{ol% jl tkv dhjnj`l }jvj }jvpada}jv% avaj% tan}ektnkopk% `kiko`kv {nj

kt}dak `k jojvz{aj % jl aoyt`jt vkbvjt dleldj`jt }kej ktdlej (Af a`/% }/ :86!/

J }jvpav `kttj kx}kvaodaj pkohl dlota`kvj`l z{k padl oj ktdlej tkvaj

`atd{pav ol tlnkopk j }v}vaj padj dln lt je{olt% njt pl`jt jt olvnjt k

vkb{ejkt `j aotpap{al ktdlejv% t z{jat% jiaoje% }vlikttlvkt k ktp{`jopkt tl

t{fnkpa`lt/

yea`l eknfvjvnlt z{k pl`j olvnj ojtdk `k {nj kt}kdaiada`j`k hatpvadj

k d{ep{vje dln l lfckpayl `k vkb{ejnkopjv jt }vpadjt k l dloyyal `lt t{ckaplt%

njt dln l }jttjv `l pkn}l pjat olvnjt pko`kn j }kv`kv t{j vkikvodaj `k lvabkn

k ojp{vjeasjn.tk% }jttjo`l `l tpjp{t `k olvnje jl tpjp{t `k ojp{vje/ Jttan jt

olvnjt olt j}jvkdkn dlnl bvjo`ksjt% dlnl tk ilttkn ekat ojp{vjat% tkn z{k

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`kaxkn `k tkv% kopvkpjopl% j}kojt olvnjt z{k }l`kn tkv vktaboaiadj`jt k

`atd{pa`jt ol nfapl `k dj`j vkjea`j`k tldaje/ Jl tkvkn pvjpj`jt dlnl ekat

jftle{pjt jt olvnjt plvojn.tk }kpakt `k }vaod}al }lat olt }jvkdkn ijplt (

ijpl z{k l je{ol ol }l`k tk jpvjtjv% ol }l`k tjav ol nkal `j j{ej% ol }l`k

l{yav a.}l`% ejodhjv l{ fkfkv oj tjej `k j{ej% kpd/! tlfvk lt z{jat ol h

dlopvlyvtajt (]KVKENJO ) LEFVKDHPT.PQPKDJ% 6==6% }/ 29!/ Olpl%

}lvn% z{k n{apjt `jt vkbvjt z{k ktpa}{ejnlt }jvj l fln i{odalojnkopl ktdlejv

ol tl fkn yao`jt }kelt ktp{`jopkt% kopl dlopvj.jvb{nkopjnlt j }jvpav `k

yjelvkt z{k pn }vkpkotkt {oaykvtjat `k tkvkn yea`lt kn z{jatz{kv ktdlejt k

d{ep{vjt% njt tk }jvttknlt }jvj `atd{pav kn dj`j ktdlej l{ kn dj`j bv{}l tldaje

j yjea`j`k `k pjat vkbvjt% ivkopk t tap{jkt dlodvkpjt `lt nepa}elt dlpa`ajolt%

tkvaj vjslyke anjbaojv z{k% ojt dlopvlyvtajt t{vba`jt% pjat olvnjt tkvajn`atd{pykat% j }jvpav `k yjelvkt }jvpad{ejvkt% tkn z{k attl kn oj`j `ktjflojttk j

}v}vaj okdktta`j`k `k tk vkb{ejnkopjv l kt}jl k lt pkn}lt ktdlejvkt/ Pjnfn

ol kodlopvl jvb{nkopl z{k yjea`k% j }valva% j pktk `k z{k lt je{olt% {nj yks

}jvpada}jo`l `jt `atd{ttkt z{k yatjn vkb{ejv j d{ep{vj `jt ktdlejt% l ijvajn `k

n i/ ]jvkdk.nk z{k tkvaj% jopkt% okdkttval% kx}kvankopjvnlt kttj

}lttafaea`j`k }jvj kopl }l`kvnlt jykvab{jv t{j yajfaeasjl% l{ ol/

]lv ian% jl }kotjv l djn}l `j padj oj k`{djl dlota`kvl z{k padl tkvaj

z{k lt je{olt }{`kttkn }jvpada}jv `lt `kfjpkt z{k `kiaokn jt olvnjt `lt

kt}jlt k pkn}lt ktdlejvkt% jen% ktp dejvl% `j }jvpada}jl olt `kfjpkt z{k pn

j }v}vaj padj dlnl lfckpl/ L z{k ol nk }jvkdk padl z{k ojt tldak`j`kt }t .

nl`kvojt% z{k aoyktpabjn k aoyktpkn oj dlodk}l `k z{k jt ykv`j`kt tl

ojvvjpayjt dlotpap{payjt k dlotpap{aopkt `jt vkjea`j`kt% ktpjfkekdko`l.tk

}vlyatlvajnkopk j }jvpav `k dlodvkp{`kt d{ep{vjat k hatpvadjt% jao`j }lttjnlt

dlbapjv an}lv olvnjt `k dlo`{pj }jvj olttlt je{olt% jdvk`apjo`l z{k tlnlt

`kpkoplvkt `l dlohkdankopl `jz{ael z{k nkehlv }jvj kekt k z{k tkcj }lttyke

ij ejv kn padj% koz{jopl an}lnlt vkbvjt% tkn l d{a`j`l padl `k okblda.ejt/

Kopl dlota`kvl z{k h {n yjtpl djn}l }jvj }ktz{atj lo`k }l`knlt aoyktpabjv

lt nl`lt `k pvjskvnlt lt je{olt }jvj `kopvl `lt `kfjpkt z{k yatjn lvbjoasjv lt

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lfckpaylt k }vpadjt `j ktdlej }jvj z{k ktpj tkcj kn ta nktnj {n e{bjv lo`k

jp{jnlt dln padj/

Fafealbvjiaj

Jeph{ttkv% El{at/ A`klelbaj k J}jvkehlt A`klebadlt `k Ktpj`l / Eatflj3]vktkoj% :18=/

@[VGHKAN% naeek/ K`{djl k Tldalelbaj/ Tl ]j{el3 Nkehlvjnkoplt% t,`/

ILVZ[AO% Ckjo.Dej{`k/ Tjfkvkt ktdlejvkt% an}kvjpaylt `a`padlt k `aonadjttldajat/ Pklvaj ) K`{djl3 @atd{vtl }k`jbbadl% d{ep{vj k }l`kv% ]lvpl Jekbvk%]jooloadj K`aplvj% o ;% }/ 68.01% :116/

BLL@TLO% Aylv I/ D{vvd{el3 pklvaj k hatpvaj/ Dlekl Daodajt tldajat `jk`{djl/ ]kpv}leat% VC3 Ylskt% :11;% 2 k`al/

LEAYKAVJ% Vkojpl Clt / padj k ilvnjl `k }vlikttlvkt3 jeb{njt }atpjt}jvj j vkiekxl/ Ao DJO@J[% Ykvj Njvaj (lvb!/ Kotaojv k j}vko`kv3 t{ckaplt%tjfkvkt k }ktz{atj, Kodlopvl ojdaloje `k @a`padj k ]vpadj `k Kotaol (KO@A]K!/ Val `k Cjokavl3 @])J% 6===% }/ :94.:20/

/ [pl}aj k Vjsl3 }kotjo`l j ilvnjl padl.}lepadj `l hlnkndlopkn}lvokl/ Val `k Cjokavl3 K`[KVC% :118/

Lt }kotj`lvkt3 Jvatppkekt% 480.466 J/D/ P}adlt3 @lt jvb{nkoplt Tlitpadlt/ Tl ]j{el3Jfvae D{ep{vje% :184/

]KOPKJ@L% J/ N/ L jvb{nkopl `l j{`apval3 l z{k `askn lt je{olt tlfvk l kotaol`k jvpkt kn t{jt ktdlejt/ Pktk `k @l{plvj`l kn &K`{djl&/ Val `k Cjokavl3 [IVC%6==1/

]KVKENJO% Dhjn ) LEFVKDHPT.PQPKDJ% E{dak/ Pvjpj`l `jJvb{nkopjl3 J Olyj Vkpvadj/ Tl ]j{el3 Njvpaot Ilopkt% 6==6/