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Etika Profesi Teknik
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PROFESSIONALISM AND ENGINEERING CODES OF
ETHICS
John W. Poston, Sr.Department of Nuclear Engineering
Texas A&M University
Readings and ReferencesC. E. Harris,Jr., M. S. Pritchard & M. R. Rabins,
Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, 2nd. Ed., Chapters 1 and 11.
C. B. Fleddermann, Engineering Ethics, Chapter 2.
P. A. Vesilind & A. S. Gunn, Engineering, Ethics and the Environment, Chapter 3.
TYPES OF EMPLOYMENTJOB – low-skill level requiredTRADE – manual skills, apprenticeships,
often unionizedSELF-EMPLOYED – non-professional or
professionalKNOWLEDGE WORKER – specifically
educated or trainedPROFESSIONAL – regulated knowledge
worker
PROFESSIONALSDoctors DentistsVeterinarians PharmacistsLawyers AccountantsArchitects TeachersEngineers JournalistsStock Brokers Athletes (?)
WHAT IS A PROFESSIONAL?
Originally, one who professed adherence to monastic vows of a religious order.* a free act of commitment to a specific way of life* allegiance to high moral standards* skill, knowledge, practice of an art
WHAT IS A PROFESSIONAL?
Today, it is one who is “duly qualified” in a specific field* special knowledge or education* appropriate experience* knowledge and skills vital to the well- being of a large potion of society* special sanction
MODELS OF PROFESSIONALISM
Business Model* professional status provides economic gain* monopoly provides for high pay* self-regulation avoids government
regulation
MODELS OF PROFESSIONALISM
Social Contract Model* professional are guardians of public trust* an implicit, unstated agreement
exists between professional and society
* society may subsidize training of professionals
THE IMPLICIT AGGREEMENTProfessionals agree to:
* provide a service- for the public well-being- promote public welfare, even at
own expense* self-regulation
- enforce competence- enforce ethical standards
THE IMPLICIT AGGREEMENTSociety agrees to:
* allow a certain autonomy- freedom of self-regulation- freedom to choose clients
* social status- respect from society, titles
* high remuneration- reward for services- attract competent individuals
ATTRIBUTES OF A PROFESSION
Requires sophisticated skills, use of judgment, and exercise of discretion
Requires extensive formal education not simply practical training
Public allows the control, admission, standards of conduct, and enforcement
Results in significant public good
PROFESSIONAL TRAITS
Extensive intellectual training (education)Specialized knowledge Skills vital to societyMonopoly on service providedAutonomy, self-regulatedPrivilege/prestigeGoverned by a code of ethics
IS ENGINEERING A PROFESSION?
Engineering meets all the definitions of a profession.
A commonly held view, is that engineering is a profession.
Engineers do not always hold the same status in society as that of lawyers or doctors.
ENGINEERINGA profession that put power and materials
to work for the benefit of mankind.In ancient times, there was no formal
engineering education.Engineers built structures by trial and
error.Engineering advances were made by
learning from mistakes
ENGINEERING - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Engineering is an very old activityEngineers provided ways to improve the
quality of lifeEngineers were responsible for much of
ancient constructionEngineers were responsible for many
“machines” of war
THE QUALITY OF LIFE
Examples:* power and energy sources* water supplies * cranes and hoists* ships and sea transport* land transport* ancient baths
ANCIENT CONSTRUCTIONExamples:
* Great wall of China* The pyramids in Egypt* The coliseum in Rome* Hadrian’s wall in the U.K.* The Pont du Gard in France* The dikes in the Netherlands
“MACHINES” OF WARExamples:
* bows and cross-bows* catapults* assault towers & battering rams* ships of war* rockets* Greek fire
WHY A CODE OF ETHICS?Define ideal behavior for the purpose of
enhancing the pubic image
Establish rules of conduct for policing its own members
Encourage value-laden decisions for the public good
CODES OF ETHICS: THEIR DEVELOPMENT
Not much known about early professional codes
Medieval guilds codified their rules of conduct
Underlying purpose of guild codes* enhance the power of the guild* provide job stability for members* provide wealth for members
Example: ASCE Code of Ethics
ASCE founded in 1852, some members interested in a code of ethics* considered a “matter of honor”
In 1893, proposed that a code of ethics be developed – again no action
In 1912, new efforts to develop a code In 1913, Board appointed a committee
Example: ASCE Code of Ethics
Code is representative of most codesOne of the earliest codesAdopted in 1914, based in spirit on the
Code of Hammurabi (about 1750 B.C.)* interactions between engineers and their clients* interactions among engineers
Example: ASCE Code of Ethics
Has been modified frequentlyIn 1963, modified to include statements
about the engineer’s responsibility to the public
No enforceable provision addressing the engineer’s responsibility toward the environment
Example: ASCE Code of Ethics
Has three parts:* The Fundamental Canons- there are 7 canons dating back to the original code* The Guidelines to Practice- first published in 1961- clarify and add detail to Canons* The Fundamental Principles- appeared in 1975 – politically motivated- verbatim from ABET Code of Ethics
Example: ASCE Code of Ethics
Fundamental Canon:“Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties”
Fundamental Principle:“Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by using their skill for the enhancement of human welfare.”
Example: ASCE Code of Ethics
About 2 million civil engineers in the U.S.About 100,000 members of the ASCE
* membership in the ASCE is not required to practice engineering* ASCE has no legal or moral significance to some engineers* many graduates do not become licensed or join the ASCE
MYRIAD SOCIAL ROLES• Professional• Parent• Responsible child• Responsible citizen• Member of religious organization• Member of civic organization• Member of a political organization
Professional Ethics vs. Personal Ethics
Overlap between professional and personal ethics
Professional ethics more restrictivePersonal ethics more restrictive
Professional Ethics
Personal EthicsPro Per
PROFESSIONAL CODES“Interaction Rules”
Indicate dedication to professional behaviorRecognition of professional responsibilitiesCreate ethical environmentGuide in specific circumstancesServe as an educational tool
Increasingly severe consequences
Courtesy/Etiquette Morals/Ethics Professional Codes Laws
COMAPRISON OF CODESNSPE AIChE IEEE ASCE ASME ABET
Uphold public welfare X X X X X XFaithful to employer & clients X X X X XConflicts of interest X X X X X XPractice only in areas of competence X X X X X XObjective and truthful X X X X X XDignity & integrity X X X X XBribes X X X XPromote and develop profession X X X X X XAccept responsibility X X X XAcknowledge contributions of others X X X X XRecruiting X XAdequate compensation X XPublic service X X XEnvironment X XDo not discriminate by race, gender, etc. XStikes & picket lines X
WHY SUPPORT THE CODES?
Implicit contract with societyArticulates engineer’s responsibilitiesFramework for proper behaviorIncrease responsibility of the professionGives weight to ethical decisionsCondition of membership
LIMITATIONS OF THE CODES
The codes are not a recipe for making decisions
The codes cannot be used as a substitute for good judgment
The codes do not cover every possible situation
The codes are not a legal document
ASSIGNMENTRead
“Auditory Visual Tracker” – (#3)“Borrowed Tools” – (#4)“Employment Opportunity” – (# 14)“Fire Detectors” – (#18)“Moral Beliefs in the Workplace” – (#31)“TV Antenna” – (#45)