Etnonacionalistički stavovi i ometanje funkcija etničkog identiteta / Ethnonationalist Attitudes and the Obstruction of Functions in Ethnic Identity

7/23/2019 Etnonacionalistiki stavovi i ometanje funkcija etnikog identiteta / Ethnonationalist Attitudes and the Obstruction

1/37

Yc` hgkkgwlbj ni suppgrts fnlbtnlblbj gur E.@[email protected]. s`rvle`

@YBGBNELGBNKLUYLDL UYNXGXL L GF@YNBA@ HPBDELAN @YBLDGJLI@BYLY@YN

@YCBGBNYLGBNKLUY NYYLYPI@U NBI YC@ GMUY]PEYLGB GH HPBEYLGBU LB@YCBLE LI@BYLY\

my Fustnhn uvnklan

Ugure`1

Ugpcgs - N \gubj ]`s`nrec`rs Agurbnk (Ugpcgs- nsgpls fknilc lstrnlvnn), lssu`1 ?0 / =?>=,pnj`s1 55-83, gb www.e``gk.egf.
http://www.ceeol.com/http://www.ceeol.com/http://www.ceeol.com/http://www.dibido.eu/bookdetails.aspx?bookID=1a2cd39c-1a20-48e9-a565-08c4dc602096http://www.ceeol.com/


2/37

lzvgrbl zbnbstv`bl knbnd / grljlbnk sel`btlhle nrtlek` PID >:=.>0prlfka`b1 =3. ?0. =?>=.

@YBGBNELGBNKLUYLDL UYNXGXL L GF@YNBA@ HPBDELAN@YBLDGJ LI@BYLY@YN

Fustnhn PXNKLAN

Uel`btlhle nbi ]`s`nrec Lbeumntgr (QLBD)Pblv`rslty gh Unrna`vg, Hneukty gh Erlflbnk Austle` nbi Uèurlty

Qfnan gi Mgsb` 3, :>??? Unrna`vg, MlC@-fnlk1 fsuvnklanOhdb.ubsn.mn

NMUY]NEY

P rniu rnsprnvkanf g h`bgf`bu `tbgbnelgbnklzfn l ba`jgvgf gibgsu sn `tbldlf li`btlt`tgfbn bnlb dgal gistupn gi p`re`pela` dgan prlvr`bgst `tbldgf li`btlt`tu pgv`zua`, n b`dninl lzaìbnnvn, sn `tbgbnelgbnklzfgf, n u sdkniu s dgagf s` tg ivga` sklbg lkl aìbndg tr` -tlrn, gibgsbg gsuua`. Drgz nbnklzu strudtur` `tbldgj li`btlt`tn l pslcgkgd` prlrgi` `tbgb-nelgbnklzfn, ina`f nrjuf`bt` zn b`gpcgibgst prgfa`b` u bnlbu bn dgal s` gibgs lzfù`tbgbnelgbnklzfn l `tbldgj li`btlt`tn p`relplrn, t` prlaìkgj zn dggptlrnba` l dgbstrudtlvbgdgrlt`ba` `tbldgj li`btlt`tn u pgdunalfn spr`nvnban pganv` l lr`ban `tbgbnelgbnklzfn l

prgmk`fn dga` sn sgmgf `stg bgsl, tg ml gkndnkg ba`jgvg mgka` rnzufla`vnba` l i`stljfn-tlzlrnba`. Ur tgj nrjuf`btn a` in `tbldl li`btlt`t, pgs`mbg ba`jgv dukturbl snirna, lfn svga`ninptnelasd` hubdela`, dga` pganvgf `tbgbnelgbnklzfn mlvnau gpstrulrnb`. ]nzkgzl zmgj dg-

alc `tbgbnelgbnklznf fg` lfntl b`pg`kab` pgskaìle` bn `tbldl li`btlt`t prglzlknz` lz ba`-jgv` spèlhlb` pslcgkgjla`, dgau gmklduau dgrla`bl u nutgrltnrbga klbgstl l `tbge`btrlzfu,t` dgbstltulrnbgst dng pgkltld` li`gkgjla` jrup` l andg prlsustvg prìrnsuin, spèlhlb`vrst` stnvgvn dga` dnrndt`rlzlrn zbnnabn znsl`bgst `fgelanfn l gtpgrbgst bn prgfa`b`.

Dkaub` rla`l1 `tbgbnelgbnklznf, li`gkgjlan, `tbge`btrlznf, `tbldl li`btlt`t, pnrnigds

@YCBGBNYLGBNKLUY NYYLYPI@U NBI YC@ GMUY]PEYLGB GHHPBEYLGBU LB @YCBLE LI@BYLY\

Lb tcls pnp`r L ilseuss tc` pc`bgf`bgb gh `tcbgbntlgbnklsf nbi lts r`kntlgbsclp wltc `tcbleli`btlty lb n wny lb wclec lt ilv`rj`s hrgf tc` p`re`ptlgb gh n strgbj s`bs` gh `tcble li`btltyklbdì tg, (nbi sgf`tlf`s `qunk tg), `tcbgbntlgbnklsf. Uuec n pc`bgf`bgb r`sukts lb m`lbjtr`ntì `qunkky, wclec `hhètlv`ky sujj`sts egbi`fbntlgb. My nbnkyzlbj tc` struetur` gh `tc-ble li`btlty nbi tc` psyecgkgjlenk bntur` gh `tcbgbntlgbnklsf, L nrju` hgr n bè`ssnry ecnbj`lb tc` p`re`ptlgb gh tc` r`kntlgbsclp m`tw``b `tcbgbntlgbnklsf nbi `tcble li`btlty, nbi suj-j`st wnys lb wclec `tcble li`btlty eguki m` eg-gptì nbi usì egbstruetlv`ky lb ntt`fpts tg

pr`v`bt tc` `f`rj`be` nbi spr`ni gh tc` `tcgbntlgbnklst f`btnklty nbi tc` prgmk`fs lt ght`benus`s tcus m`tt`r ubi`rstnbilbj nbi i`-stljfntlzlbj tc` lssu` nktgj`tc`r. Yc` erux gh

tc` nrjuf`bt ls tcnt `tcble li`btlty, `spèlnkky lts eukturnk egbt`bt, cns lts ninptntlgbnk hube -tlgbs wclec mègf` gmstruetì lb tc` pr`s`be` gh `tcbgbntlgbnklsf. Yc` r`nsgbs wcy `tcg-bntlgbnklsf eguki cnv` ubwnbtì egbs`qu`be`s lb r`kntlgb tg `tcble li`btlty st`f hrgflts spèlhle psyecgkgjy scnpì my lts rggts lb nutcgrltnrlnb ecnrnet`r nbi `tcbge`btrlsf, lts`stnmklscf`bt ns n pgkltlenk jrgup li`gkgjy nbi n strgbj pr`s`be` gh pràuile`, n spèlhletyp` gh nttltui`s ecnrnet`rlzì my sljblhlenbt `fgtlgbnk snturntlgb nbi r`slstnbe` tg ecnbj`.

D`y wgris1 `tcbgbntlgbnklsf, li`gkgjy, `tcbge`btrlsf, `tcble li`btlty, pnrnigx


3/37

59 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

>.?. Pvgi

Gvn ilsduslan pgknzl gi tvriba` dgan zmgj svga` gljkìbgstlfgin bla` `stg pgknzlt` b`d` bnub` rnsprnv`1 pgaìlbel l irutvg>dga` gbl hgrflrnau lfnau pgtr`m` dga` a` b`gpcgibg znigvgkaltl in mlfgjkl bnstnvltl `jzlstlrntl l hubdelgblrntl. Lndg a` u pltnbau dgbstntlrnba`gljkìbgj, rnil s` g t`zl gi t`f`kab` vnbgstl4 udgkldg jgvgrlfg g

pgtr`mnfn, fgrnfg jgvgrltl l g znigvgkanvnbau tlc pgtr`mn4 ndgjgvgrlfg g znigvgkanvnbau pgtr`mn, gbin fgrnfg jgvgrltl l g bnlblfnl srìstvlfn pgfgu dgalc t` pgtr`m` fgju mltl znigvgka`b`. Qn bnlb`

lkl srìstvn dgal, dnin s` prlfla`b` lkl upgtrla`m`, lfnau lkl tr`mnau lfntldng pgskaìleu znigvgkanvnba` pgtr`mn, dn`fg in lfnau hubdelauznigvgkanvnban tlc pgtr`mn. _r`fn Jlii`bsu lzunvntl hubdelauirutv`b` prnds` lkl lbstltuela` zbnl nbnklzlrntl igprlbgs t` prnds` lkllbstltuela` bnstnvdu pgstganban irutvn. (Jlii`bs, =??8, =>). U gmzlrgfin a` u pltnbau bnstnvnd pgstganban irutvn, lbl s` vl` b`jg vnblf,dnin a` u pltnbau mlkg dgan irutv`bn pganvn, lspltntl in kl a` ba`bn

hubdelan znigvgkanvnba` b`d` gi pgtr`mn irutvn u elkau p`rp`tunela`(lkl pgv`nban dvnklt`tn) ba`jgvgj pgstganban, lkl tn pganvn lfn suprgtnb`h`dnt. Ag s` vnblalf (l lbt`r`snbtblalf) lbl lstg lspltlvnba` lzvrltl u

pgjkìu pganvn dndvn a` bnelgbnklznf, dgal dng svga` jknvbg gmlkaà`lstl` mgrmu zn bnstnvnd pgstganban l bnamgka` lbt`r`s` spèlhlbìrutv`b` jrup`, bnela`, ba`bgj li`btlt`tn l duktur`. Bn prvl pgjkì,iglfn s` suvlblf pltntl in kl tndnv sva`tgbnzgr, dgal ml pg kgjlel stvnrltr`mng u svrcu gstvnr`ban svgj elkan upr`jbutl sv` tg a` u clstgrlasdg

lsdustv`bgf nrs`bnku t` jrup` hubdelgbnkbg, fgjng bn b`dl bnlb mltlilshubdelgbnknb. B` tr`mn s`, fùtlf, znustnvltl bn prvlf utlselfn4skg`b` pganv` dndvn a` `tbgbnelgbnklznf znctla`vnau, ndg lc s` `klrnzufa`tl, gzmlkablal prlstup.

Bn zbndgv` in s` tl prvl utlsel fgin b`` lspgstnvltl dng lsprnvblbnll `fg bn snfgf pg`tdu, prl pgdunalfn i`hlblrnban gsbgvblc

pgafgvn dga` a` b`gpcgibg dgrlstltl u gvndvga nbnklzl. Lndg s`, fgin

> _gi irutvgf gvia` pgirnzufla`vnfg slst`f irutv`blc lbt`rndelan la` su b`d` gibnavnblalc dnrndt`rlstldn tg in ba`jgvl knbgvl ila`k` znaìbldu dukturu (m`z gmzlrn

bn rnzbgkldgst dgan u tga dukturl fg` pgstgantl), sfntrnau s`m` irujnlalf gi irujlc

irutnvn, girnvnau fùsgmb` v`z` l pgsaìuau vlsgd st`p`b fùznvlsbgstl. Eh.

Nbi`rs`b, F. K., Ynykgr, C. H. (=??8)1 Ugelgkgjy1 Pbi`rstnbilbj n Ilv`rs` Ugel`ty

(Hgurtc @iltlgb). M`kfgbt, EN1 Ycgfsgb Zniswgrtc.

Nee`ssvlnE@@GK BK J`rfnby


4/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 50

zmgj znsl`bgstl anvbgj prgstgrn gvlf pgafgvlfn, lbl in dnin jgvgrlfgg dukturl, `tblelt`tu, bnelal l bnelgbnklzfu, zbnfg tnbg bn tn flsklfg,

bnpgrl dn balcgvgf prèlzbla`f i`hlblrnban pgdnzuau in tg bla` tndg, inbl zn aìnb gi balc bla` kncdg intl aìbu dgbnbu i`hlblelau, l in lc blaàìbgstnvbg gmansbltl aìbgf t`grlagf, tg b` igvgil u pltnba` aìlbgbnlb bn dgal s` tl t`rflbl dgrlst` u svndgib`vbgf jgvgru, v` l gt`nvnsvndu vrstu bnub` nbnklz` dgan pgirnzufla`vn balcgvg dgrlt`ba`. Bntga klblal a` l tvriban Mrumnd`rn in v`kldl rnspgb l c`t`rgj`bn uzrgbnt`dsturn h`bgf`bn jruplrnblc u rumrldnfn `tblelt`tn l bnelgbnklzfn, ntg a` bnjknslg ag Fnx Z`m`r, lb` prgmk`fntlblf sv` bnpgr` in s`

bnlbl gpn t`grlan (A`bdlbs, =??3, 50:). _rgmk`f igintbg uskgbanvnlba`blen in svl gvl pgafgvl fgju mltl prìf`t lzunvnban vl` bnudn.@tbgbnelgbnklznf, bnprlfa`r, dng spèlhlnb gmkld bnelgbnklzfn, lfniuju l mgjntu clstgrlau lzunvnban u pslcgkgjlal, nkl va`rgvntbg ag

mgjntlau clstgrlau rnzfntrnban l lstrnlvnban u sgelgkgjlal, nbtrgpgkgjlall pgkltldlf bnudnfn. Qntg svndl skg`blal nbnkltldl pgiucvnt znctla`vnb` snfg in s` gvl pgafgvl tg ansbla` l prèlzbla` i`hlblrnau, v` in s`

tg urnil sn nsp`dtn v``j mrgan bnudn, l tg tndg in gp`rntlvb` i`hlblela`muiu fùsgmbg usnjkn`b`, lkl in u bnafnbau rudu pgstgal knt`btbnusnjkn`bgst, ugkalvn u bnlbu bn dgal s` tl pgafgvl dgrlst` pn fndnr lb` mlkl zvnblbg i`hlblrnbl.

Igsninban lstrnlvnban bnelgbnklzfn u fnbaga lkl v`ga udnzuau bntg in s` b` rnil g ninptnelasdgf h`bgf`bu, v` g b``fu tg lfn svga`dgrla`b` u pntgkgjlal, lkl u bnafnbau rudu g b``fu tg s` fg` pgv`zntlsn ilstgrzlanfn bn dgjbltlvbga rnvbl fndnr gb` l b` mlk` uzrgdgvnb`

pntgkgjlagf. @tbgbnelgbnklznf s` bna`` v`` sn `dstr`fblf`tbge`btrlzfgf, dgal prìstnvkan pgs`mnb, ilshubdelgbnknb vli jrupb`(u gvgf skunau `tbld`) v`znbgstl. Dng tndnv, `tbgbnelgbnklznf s` b`sfntrn strnt`jlagf bnpr`tdn l mgka` ninptnela` jrup` zn dgau s` bnvgibg

mgrl, v` h`bgf`bgf sn pslcgkgdlf dgra`blfn dgal s` fnblh`stlrndng pgkltldn k`jltlfnelan dgjbltlvblc l pgbnnablc gmrnznen dgal lzbalc lzrnstnau, strnt`jlagf zn tg pgtpublagf fnblh`stnelagf prgmk`fndgal jn uzrgduau u svlf balcgvlf ilf`bzlanfn. Dndg s` rnil gilshubdelal jrupb` svla`stl, sklaìl in su gmrnsel dga` j`b`rlrn tndg`rilshubdelgbnkbl4 udgkldg hubdelgbnkbgst pgstgal u b`dga fa`rl, gbnfg` mltl r`zuktnt lkl skunabgstl, lkl lba`ble` in s` `tbgbnelgbnklznfbla` rnzvlg u svgf pubgf dnpnelt`tu.

Fùtlf, gi lba`ble` in a` `tbgbnelgbnklznf ilshubdelgbnknb,


5/37

58 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

bltn fnba` blsu vnb` spèlhlb` dnrndt`rlstld` tlc ilshubdelan, bnlbbn dgal s` lspgkanvnau t` dgbnb` pgskaìle` dga` gb` fgju lfntl. In

ml lc rnzufa`kl, b`gpcgibg a` prvg prlcvntltl s` pr`tcgibg spgf`butgjznintdn, i`hlblrnban svndgj gi t`dg gmucvntkalvlc pgafgvn dgal sur`k`vnbtbl zn rnzufla`vnba` ia`kgvnban f`cnblznfn `tbgbnelgbnklzfn,

pgs`mbg ndg cg`fg snzbntl in kl s` b`dn gi tlc ilshubdelan tl` b`d`vrst` pgs`mbgj gibgsn `tbgbnelgbnklzfn sn `tbldlf li`btlt`tgf,gibgsbg ndg cg`fg utvriltl in kl a` lsprnvnb prvl utlsnd g gibgsulzfù tg ivga`. Pdgkldg tna bnpgr mui` uspa`nb, ml` r`kntlvbg

aìbgstnvbg utvriltl lscgi` balcgv` fùsgmb` lbt`rndela` l lkustrlrntl

dgbdr`tb` gmrnse` ilshubdelgbnkbgj ia`kgvnban `tbgbnelgbnklstld`li`gkgjla`. U iruj` strnb`, ndg pgduna rnzufla`vnban bnlbn ia`kgvnban`tbgbnelgbnklzfn u dgbnblel r`zuktlrn b`dlf bgvlf spgzbnanfn,stvgrl` s` l prlkldn in s` pgbui` l bgvn ra``ban zn bg`ba` sn tlf

prgmk`fgf.

=.? Dukturn l ba`b` hubdela`

Jgvgrltl g `tbldgf li`btlt`tu bla` fgju` m`z gtvnrnban pltnbanduktur`. _r`fn i`hlblelal `tblelt`tn dgau a` >


6/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 5:

Drg`m`r l Dkuedcgcb li`btlhlelrnkl >89 rnzklltn zbn`ban dgan sunbtrgpgkgzl prlplslvnkl pgafu duktur` (Xnb Fàlk, =??3) l pr`tpgstnvlfg

in s` mrga tlc zbn`ban gi tgj vr`f`bn ig inbns pgv`ng, l in, dndgdnu Fgbnjcnb l Aust va`rgvntbg lfn vl` nbtrgpgkgdlc i`hlblelanduktur` b`jg tg lfn nbtrgpgkgjn (Fgbnjcnb& ust =??5, 50), gbingvu tvribau, dgkldg jgi gbn ugpt`bn mlkn, tr`mn sfntrntl trnabgfdnrndt`rlstldgf bnlbn bn dgal s` dukturn rnzufla`vn l bn dgal ` s` linka` rnzufla`vntl. Aìnb gi nsp`dntn duktur`, dng tg a` bnzbn`bg,tl` s` lba`ble` in dukturn lfn pgskaìle` bn bnlb bn dgal prlpniblelgir``b` duktur` rnzflkanau, pgbnnau s` l lv` u ea`klbl4 u gbga fa`rl

u dgaga su t` pgskaìle` hubdelgbnkb` pg balc, fg`fg r`l in dukturnlfn svga` hubdela`.

Y`grlan g hubdelanfn duktur` bnavnbla` a` gmlkaà`hubdelgbnklstldgj prnven u nbtrgpgkgjlal, lalf s` zn`tblelfnsfntrnau Mrgblsknw Fnklbgwsdl l Nkhrì ]nieklhh`-Mrgwb, lndg s``k`f`btl hubdelgbnklzfn fgju bnl v` u ia`klfn @flk`n Iurdc`lfn(Cgkfwggi, =?>?) l C`rm`rtn Up`be`rn, dgal a` rnzvlg prvl gmkld

hubdelgbnkb` nbnklz` (Yurb`r, =?>?). Urìlban tvriban hubdelgbnklstldgjprlstupn a`st` in duktur` prunau rnzkllt` bnlb` znigvgkanvnbanlbilvliunkblc l irutv`blc pgtr`mn (H`rrnrg&Nbir`nttn, =??


7/37

53 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

u fùznvlsbgf gibgsu l lbt`jlrlrnbl u aìbu ea`klbu (H`rrnrg&Nbir`nttn,=??>). Bnprlfa`r, fnblh`stbn hubdelan dgk` a`st` fùj`b`rnelasdl

prla`bgs zbnban4 fùtlf, dgkn lfn l kntb`btb` hubdela`, n aìbn gibalc a`st` pgtlenba` bgv` j`b`rnela` bn lzjrnibau givga`b` duktur`fknilc dgan fg` igl u sdudgm sn vrlaìbgstlfn dga` ba`juau balcgvl

rgilt`kal (Mryf & Kl`, =??8). _gia`kn bn fnblh`stb` l knt`btb` hubdelaà` pgia`kn znsbgvnbn bn lbt`belgbnkbgstl l pr`pgzbntkalvgstl pgskaìlen`k`f`bntn duktur` dgan s` gibgsl snfg bn dgbstrudtlvb`, pgzltlvb`

pgskaìle` gibgsbg hubdela` tlc `k`f`bntn. Fùtlf, mlkg dgal gi`k`f`bntn fg` lfntl l b`jntlvb` pgskaìle`, l tndv` b`pg`kab`

pgskaìle` F`rtgb bnzlvn ilshubdelanfn (D`binkk, =?>>). In kl gir``bl`k`f`bt duktur` lfn pg`kab` lkl b`pg`kab` pgskaìle`, pr`f` F`rtgbu,fg` s` igdultl aìlbg fplrlasdlf lstrnlvnbalfn (H`rrnrg&Nbir`nttn,

=??


8/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 5)1 Hrnbz Mgns nbi Mrgblsknw Fnklbgwsdy1N Egbtrnst, Egfpnrlsgb nbi Nbnkysls. Knfmin Nkpcn Agurbnk/5>, 53). _r`fn

Cgw`kk l _nrls, Mgnsgv prlstup a` u gsbgvl t`grlan b`znvlsb` dukturb` ninptnela`

dgan bnjknnvn clstgrlasd`, dgbt`dstunkbg spèlhlb`, srìlbsdl gsa`tkalv` nsp`dt`

dukturbgj rnzvgan (Eh. Cgw`kk, M. F., _nrls, A. Z. (=?>>)1 Lbtrgiuelbj Eukturnk

Nbtcrgpgkgjy1 N Ecrlstlnb _`rspètlv`. Jrnbi ]nplis, FL1 Mnd`r Neni`fle, =55).


9/37

9? Fustnhn PXNKLAN

aìnb gi gvlc tzv. hubdelgbnkblc lfp`rntlvn dga` slst`f ia`kgvnban fgrnlspubltl1 ninptnelan (ninptntlgb), pgi lf s` flskl bn prlknjgnvnba`

vnbasdga srìlbl lkl prlknjgnvnba` srìlb` slst`fu4 pgstlznba` elka`vn(jgnk nttnlbf`bt), gibgsbg i`hlblrnba` elka`vn slst`fn l fgmlklzlrnba`r`sursn u elkau balcgvgj pgstlznban4 lbt`jrnelan (lbt`jrntlgb), gibgsbguprnvkanba` gibgslfn lzfù ila`kgvn slst`fn bn bnlb in s` girlubutrnban dgc`r`btbgst l sgklinrbgst u slst`fu4 t` knt`btbg girnvnba`gmrnznen (knt`bt pntt`rb fnlbt`bnbe`), pgi lf s` flskl bn gm`zma`lvnba`dndg lzvgrn fgtlvnela` zn sv` `k`f`bt` slst`fn tndg l bgrfntlvblcgmrnznen dgal gfgjunvnau in s` rla`` t`bzla` ubutnr slst`fn (Furpcy,

=??9). Dukturn, dgan pg _nrsgbsu prìstnvkan slst`f zbn`ban l slfmgknu gdvlru dgalc s` givlan kauisdg pgbnnba`, t` u gdvlru dgalc kauil tufn`svgan lsdustvn l dgbtrgklrnau svga` ia`kgvnba` (Xual, =??3) ivgandgu`stvua` u lspubanvnbau gvlc pgtr`mn. P vliu dukturbgj slst`fn (dng

aìbgj gi `tlrl pgislst`fn slst`fn ia`kgvnban), dukturn vrl hubdelaugirnvnban gmrnznen (indk`, vr`ba`f aìb` gi `tlrl hubinf`btnkb`hubdela`), tndg tg pgstnvkan elka`v` pr`fn dgalfn irutvg tr`mn in t`l

l i`hlblrn znaìbld` vrlaìbgstl9

, lf` gfgjunvn knbgvlfn irutvnin usdknuau svga` ia`kgvnba` aìbl sn irujlfn n irutvu in girnvnstnmlkbgst (Ufltc & ]lk`y, =??), slst`f duktur` l lbilr`dtbg u`stvua` u lzvrnvnbauhubdelan zn dga` su gvn ivn slst`fn zniu`bn. _rlfnrbg zmgj hubdelanzn dga` a` ilr`dtbg zniu`b, _nrsgbs slst`fu duktur` prlina` bnav`lzbnna l vlil jn dng slst`f dgbtrgk` dgal girùa` drnaba` elka`v` dgalfnirutvg t`l l gsljurnvn ba`jgvu stnmlkbgst (Ufltc&]lk`y, =??


10/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 9>

lbt`rndela` `tbgbnelgbnklzfn l duktur` dng jrnilvb` fnt`rla` `tbldgjli`btlt`tn, prv`bstv`bg zntg tg a`, lndg igstn u` b`jg dgi v`lb`

nbtrgpgkgjn (Yr`vlg, =??>), sklbg gsbgvbgf fgi`ku duktur` dga`jv`lbn nbtrgpgkgjn prlcvntn, tg u igmrga fa`rl gfgjunvnlbt`rilselpklbnrbu dgfubldnelau t` slfuktnbg, pn nd l ublsgbg dgrlt`ba`gmn fgi`kn, gibgsbg dgrlt`ba` pgafn dukturn bn bnlb dgallstgvr`f`bg r`h`rlrn bn zbn`ban dga` inau l aìnb l irujl fgi`k.Yndg`r, _nrsgbsgv fgi`k duktur` jgvgrl g hubdelanfn duktur` ugp`,b` g hubdelanfn pgaìlblc `k`f`bntn pgaìlblc dukturn, tg zndkaudìgb`s`b` bn gsbgvu nbnklz` dgan dgrlstl tna fgi`k lbl prlfa`balvlf bn

sv` duktur`, nkl l sv` tbgbnelgbnklzf`, s gmzlrgf in l gbl lfnau gsbgvbls`t znaìbldlc dnrndt`rlstldn. Lstg tndg, l _nrsgbsgv l nbtrgpgkgdlfgi`k duktur` uvnnvnau ba`b` dgjbltlvb` ilf`bzla`, tg a` andg

pgjgibg u dgbt`dstu nbnklz` dgan `kl lspltntl utaèna tbgbnelgbnklstldlcstnvgvn bn fgjubgst duktur` in vrl svga` hubdela`, t` bnlb` bn dgals` gf`tnba` vr`ban tlc hubdelan i`nvn. Dgbnbg, _nrsgbs, dng l]nieklhh` Mrgwb, b` rnzfntrn prv`bstv`bg utaèna duktur` bn pgaìlben,

v` bn irutvg l ba`jgv` rnzkllt` dgfpgb`bt`. @tbgbnelgbnklznf, dngli`gkgjlan, `kl i`hlblrntl gibgs aìbgj (svgj) irutvn sn irujlfirutvlfn, l gmlbg lfn t`bau ndg b` dspnbzla` bn sv` knbgv` irutvnu dga`f bnstna` gbin mnr`f pgkltld` igflbnela` tlf irutvgf4 gbn s`,indk`, mnvl irutvgf l pgskaìlenfn dga` gstnvkan, dga` su v`znb`

prlfnrbg zn irutvg, tg stvnrn prgstgr zn prlfa`bu _nrsgbsgv` t`grlaù nbnklzl utlenan `tbgbnelgbnklzfn bn znigvgka`ba` pgtr`mn irutvn lhubdelan dga` dukturn lfn u tgf sflsku. _grì tgjn, lbl s` vnblalf

jgvgrltl g pgtr`mnfn irutvn l bnlblfn bn dga` gb` mlvnau znigvgka`b`b`jg g pgtr`mnfn pgaìlbnen, a`r pgtr`m` pgaìlben gmucvntnau l gb`

pgtr`m` dga` gb ila`kl sn irujlf knbgvlfn irutvn, nkl l b`d` dga` suspèlhlb` zn ba`jn. Upèlhlb` pgtr`m` pgaìlben blsu bubg l pgtr`mìrutvn, pn irutvg b`` bubg lspntntl ndg b` muiu znigvgka`b`

pgtr`m` aìbgj pgaìlben, nkl zntg v`l mrga knbgvn irutvn lspntn ndgb`dn gi pgtr`mn irutvn bla` znigvgka`bn. Qntg a` vnbla` jgvgrltl g

pgtr`mnfn irutvn l hubdelanfn duktur` v`znblf zn t` pgtr`m`, t` gbgf`tg gpstrulrnba` tlc pgtr`mn fg` prguzrgdgvntl.

]nil pr`jkìbgstl, gvia` ` mltl sn`tl zndkauel g ilf`bzlanfnl hubdelanfn duktur` g dgalfn a` pr`tcgibg rnsprnvkanbg, n dgal sur`k`vnbtbl zn dnsblau nbnklzu gibgsn `tbgbnelgbnklzfn l `tbldgjli`btlt`tn1 >) dukturn prìstnvkan slst`f zbn`ban utdnblc u dukturb`


11/37

9= Fustnhn PXNKLAN

nrt`hndt` dng tg su slfmgkl, va`rgvnban, vrlaìbgstl l pgbnnban =) dukturnprìstnvkan r`zuktnt` ninptnelasdlc bnpgrn gir``bgj irutvn dgal su s`

givlankl u gir``blf uskgvlfn l p`rlgilfn u ba`jgvga clstgrlal, l dngtndvn bn`kbg prìstnvkan pgskaìleu `ka` zn rnzufla`vnba`f stvnrbgstlu elkau gfgjunvnban znigvgka`ban pgtr`mn irutvn l pgaìlbnen 5) zmgjlba`ble` in a` svndn dukturn prglzvgi bnpgrn kauisdlc znaìblen, bubgs` rnil g b`snvr`bgf prglzvgiu, zmgj `jn zn snfg b`d` gi nsp`dntn(mlkg dga`) duktur` fg`fg pr`tpgstnvltl in su hubdelgbnkbl, prl tgf` bùknz`l u gea`b` g fa`rl u dgaga su hubdelgbnkbl `k`f`btl znstupka`bl udgaga dukturl 9) dukturn utl` bn rnzvga l gmkldgvnba` klbgstl 0) dukturn a`

t`f`ka zn i`hlblrnba` elka`vn irutvn 8) dukturn ina` gsbgvu zn znaìbld`vrlaìbgstl :) dukturn utl` bn gmkldgvnba` bgrfntlvb` strudtur` irutvn3) dukturn a` gsbgv zn stvnrnba` fgtlvnela` zn ndtlvbgstl irutvn


12/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 95

fùsgmblc trnbsndelan, l tg bn bnlb in prglzvgibau jrnblen aìb``tbld` jrup` pr`fn irujlf prntl lstgvr`f`bg stvnrnba` utlsdn g

sklbgstl fù knbgvlfn u tga jrupl (A`bdlbs, =??3). Lz bnvì`bgja` gljkìbg in upgtr`mn t`rflbn `tbldn jrupn suj`rl` dgbtndt lpgv`znbgst. Jgvgrltl g tbldga jrupl u lzgknelal a` npsuribg, a`r jrupblli`btlt`tl fgrnau uvla`d mltl i`hlblrnbl u t`rflblfn gbgjn tg gbl blsu4tg znctla`vn in rnzkllt` `tbld` jrup` muiu sva`sb` aìb` irujlc l in

muiu u fùsgmbgf dgbtndtu (@rlds`b, >


13/37

99 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

v`znbgst zn gir``bu t`rltgrlau dgan s` sfntrn igfgvlbgf: t` gsa`nafùsgmb` sgklinrbgstl dgal a` prlsutnb fù v`lf mrga`f knbgvn

jrup`. Gvndvg dknslhlelrnba` gsbgvblc gsgmlbn tbld` jrup` a` vnbg a`rpr`pgzbna` b`d` dgbdr`tb` `k`f`bt`, bgslge` dukturbgj zbn`ban (lf`,va`rgvnba` g pgrla`dku l igfgvlbl, clstgrlasdg pnf`ba`, irujl `k`f`btlduktur`), dgal su dnrndt`rlstlbl gibgsbg r`k`vnbtbl zn `tbldl li`btlt`t,l dgal lb` `tbldl li`btlt`t r`k`vnbtblf. Xnbg a` spgf`butl l J``rtzgvfgi`k (dgal a`, pr`fn A`bdlbsu, dgfpk`f`btnrnb Mnrtcgvgf), n dgal`tblelt`t gmanbanvn dng svla`t klbgj li`btlt`tn, dgk`dtlvbg pgtvr`bgjl anvbg lsdnznbgj, gibgsbg dng irutv`bg pgtvr`b klbl li`btlt`t,

b`tg tg fgrn lfntl zbnna (u sflsku in prnvl rnzkldu) dndg zn dgk`dtlv,tndg l zn pgaìlbe`, gsgm` dga` prlpninau tlf dgk`dtlvlfn, ta. bnrgilfn(A`bdlbs, =??3, >5->9). _rl tgf` tr`mn lfntl bn ufu in gi spèlhlbgstldukturblc zbn`ban dga` gir``bl `tblelt`t sn sgmgf bgsl znvlsl bnlbbndgal `, dng tbldl li`btlt`t, mltl dst`rbnklzlrnb l ia`kgvntl bn pgbnnba`l irutv`bu lbt`rndelau pgaìlben, n in gi vnbgstl dgau `tbldl li`btlt`tlfn zn pgaìlben znvlsl fa`rnu dgaga ` utaèntl bn tu lbt`rndelau. Ylbj-

Yggf`y t nk (=???, 9


14/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 90

A`bdlbs, bnzvnvl jn gsbgvblf sgelankbg-nbtrgpgkgdlf fgi`kgf`tblelt`tn (A`bdlbs, =??3) n dgal lzjkìn gvndg1 >) `tblelt`t s` tl`

dukturb` ilh`r`belanela` =) `tblelt`t s` prla` sv`jn gibgsl bn dukturu,znaìbldg zbn`ba`, nkl s` (r`)prgiuelrn u irutv`bga lbt`rndelal 5)`tblelt`t bla` bltn vl` b`prgfa`balv gi sltunelan u dgalfn s` prglzvgil lr`prgiuelrn, gibgsbg gi bnlbn lvgtn lal a` ilg 9) tblelt`t dng irutv`blli`btlt`t a` l lbilvliunknb (lbt`rbnklzgvnb u klbga snfgli`btlhldnelal) ldgk`dtlvnb (`dst`rbnklzgvnb u irutv`bga lbt`rndelal). Gslf zmgj svga`

a`zjrgvltgstl, gvna fgi`k a` pgjginb l zntg tg pgv`zua` l suflrn sv`gbg tg a` pr`tcgibg r``bg g `tblelt`tu, l zntg tg ansbg lstl` gb`

ilf`bzla` `tblelt`tn pgfgu dgalc fg`fg utvriltl ba`jgv` gsbgvb`hubdela`. Dng lscgi ilh`r`belanela`, `tblelt`t rnzivnan bns l balc,i`hlblrn rnzkldu lzfù tg ivga`, gmanbanvn dg sfg tg fl, n dg sugbl, pgfn` in pr`pgzbnfg jrupu dgaga prlpninfg l gb` dgalfn b`

prlpninfg t` rnznzbnfg dg prlpnin bnga jrupl n dg b`. U gmzlrgf ins` rnil g dukturbga ilh`r`belanelal, t` rnzkld` gmanbanvnau s` u t`rflblfnduktur`4 irujlf rla`lfn, `tblelt`t bns l balc rnzivnan bn gsbgvu

rnzklltlc zbn`ban dgan s` p`relplrnau dng znaìbldn u bnga lbalcgvga jrupl. _gaìlbnblf knbgvlfn jrupn `tblelt`t udnzua` bnzbn`ban la` prlcvntnba` l prlpnibgst gir``bga `tbldga jrupl bgsl snsgmgf l dgan s` fgju ta. tr`mnau dgrlstltl u lbt`rndelal l dgfubldnelal snknbgvlfn t` jrup`. A`bdlbs gv` hubdela` sn`tg gertnvn dnin dn` in su`tbld` li`btlhldnela` dnkslhldnelasdl prge`sl dga` pgiuzlfnau kauil

n dgal prgiuelrnau l r`prgiuelrnau znaìbldl prlcvn`bn zbn`ban. Gbltndg`r, bubg, prgiuelrnau l r`prgiuelrnau dgk`dtlvlt`t` dng zbnnab`

irutv`b` h`bgf`b`. (Lmli., 0:). _gtg s` r`prgiuelrn u irutv`bgalbt`rndelal, n l snf a` aìnb gi i`t`rflbnbtl t` lbt`rndela`, `tblelt`tia`kgflbg u`stvua` u vknstltga (r`)prgiudelal. _rl tgf` tr`mn lfntl bnufu in bl `tblelt`t bl dukturn blsu aìlb` i`t`rflbnbt` t` lbt`rndela`,v` in u baga u`stvuau l irujl hndtgrl dgal utlu bn udupbl bnlb lvgtn.

Bnrnvbg, in ml i`t`rflblrng irutv`bu lbt`rndelau, `tblelt`t u baga fgrnmltl fnblh`stlrnb, n in ml mlg fnblh`stlrnb ta. `dst`rbnklzlrnb, pr`tcgibgfgrn mltl lbt`rbnklzlrnb dng aìnb nsp`dt udupbgj li`btlt`tn pgaìlben

knbn `tbld` jrup`.


15/37

98 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

9.? @tbgbnelgbnklznf

@tblelt`t prìstnvkan snfg aìbu gi dgfpgb`btl r`k`vnbtblc znrnzufla`vnba` `tbgbnelgbnklzfn4 lndg s` fg` ulbltl sflsk`blfprvg i`hlblrntl snf pganf `tbgbnelgbnklzfn, ba`jgvg rnzufla`vnba`bla` fgju` m`z rnzufla`vnban pgafn bnela`, ta. gbgjn tg gir``bn`tbldn jrupn fg` t`ltl in pgstnb`, t` prlrgi` `tbgbnelgbnklzfn dnglzfn, pgs`mbgj l pr`pgzbntkalvgj bnlbn rnzflkanban l gibgsn pr`fngir``bgf pltnbau lkl pganvl, u gvgf skunau li`gkgjla`.

Qnaìbldn dnrndt`rlstldn v`lb` gir``ban pgafn bnelan u

pslcgkgjlal a`st` tg tg bnjknnvnau zbnna `fgelgbnkb` v`znbgstl kauilzn bnelgbnkbu jrupu, dng l gsa`nba` kauil in prlpninau aìbga bnelal,zmgj `jn bnaugp`bla` pslcgkgdg gir``ba` bnela` dn` in s` rnil gjrupl kauil dgal s`m` sfntrnau prlpniblelfn bnela`, gibgsbg dgal gsa`nauin prlpninau aìbga bnelal (url, >?)4 indk`, gsbgvn zn p`relplrnba` gir``bìrutv`b` jrup` bn vl`f blvgu grjnblzlrnbgstl dng bnela` a`st`

prlsustvg pgkltld` ilspgzlela` ubutnr t` jrup` usfa`r`b` dn stlenbau lklgirnvnbau bnelgbnkb` b`znvlsbgstl l snfggir``ban.

Fùtlf, gvlf blsfg igmlkl igjgvgr bn pltnba` zmgj `jn s`gir``bn jrupn gsa`n zbnnabg irujnlagf gi irujlc in ml sfntrnkn in

pgkltldg znaìbltvg sn balfn lkl b`dgf gi balc lsdkauua` pgsaìgvnba`

3 Xnbg a` znpnftltl in znflka`bn znaìblen bla` lzflka`bn (Nb lfnjlbì

egffublty ls bgt nb lfnjlbnry gb`) (Eh. X`rduyt`b, F. (=??9)1 Yc` Ugelnk

_syecgkgjy gh @tcble Li`btlty. Cgv`1 _syecgkgjy _r`ss, :0).


16/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 9:

vknstl bni sgmgf, t` zntg s` t`l gvga snfgstnkbgstl, gibgsbg ba`bgfgirnvnbau. Gijgvnrnaul bn gvg pltnba`, prvg tr`mn lstnl in, u bnalr`f

sflsku, pgstga` ivla` vrst` bnelan, jrnnbsd` l tbld` (Uuk`lfnb, =??5).]nzkldn, tvril Ufltc (>9). Bn trnjugv` i`hlblela` bnela`, Ufltc ina` l i`hlblelau bnelgbnklzfn dgan gmucvntngma` ba`jgv` vnrlanela` t` dn` in a` tg li`gkgdl pgdr`t usfa`r`b dn

pgstlznbau l girnvnbau nutgbgfla`, aìlbstvn l li`btlt`tn pgpuknela` dgaub`dl ba`bl prlpniblel vli` dng stvnrbu lkl pgt`belankbu bnelau. (Lmli.,:5). Ndg upgrìlfg l lbt`jrlrnfg gvna gpl fgi`k bnela` sn Ufltcgvlf

pr`tcgibg gplsnblf fgi`kgf `tbld` jrup`, gbg tg s` fg` zndkaultla`st` in tbldn jrupn, dng dgk`dtlvlt`t dgal ila`kl uva`r`ba` u znaìbldgpgrla`dkg l clstgrlau svgalc prlpnibldn, pr`stna` mltl snfg tg l pglba` s`dr`tntl u prnveu dgbstltulrnban dng bnela` gbin dnin gikul in `kl lfntl

pgkltldu vknst snfn bni sgmgf, bn gir``bgf t`rltgrlau zn dgal sfntrnin a` clstgrlasdl v`znbn, l u gdvlru tgjn rnzvlan znaìbldu `dgbgflau l


17/37

93 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

fnsgvbu anvbu dukturu, t` i`hlblrn zna`ibldn zndgbsdn prnvn l gmnv`z`zn sv` svga` prlpnibld`, uzlfnaul u gmzlr prl tgf` svga` dukturb` l

trnilelasd` sp`elhlbgstl. Gvndvl bnpgrl gijgvnrnau irujga hnzl uprge`su bnstnbdn bnelgbnkb` irnv` lz `tbld` jrup` g dga`f jgvgrlU`tgb Z`stgb, u dgaga pgstgal bnelgbnklstldn svla`st l bnelan. @rlds`b`tbld` jrup` dga` t`` pgstntl bnela` n dga` s` bnknz` u hnzl hgrflrnbanbnelgbnklstld` svla`stl, gibgsbg bnelgbnklstld` li`gkgjla`, bnzlvnprgtg-bnelanfn l tndgzvnblf `tbgbnelgbnklstldlf pgdr`tlfn zndga` a` dnrndt`rlstlbg tg tg

...lfnau pgkltld` vg` dgal tvri` in gbl lfnau prnvg bn svgaubnelgbnkbu irnvu l in balfn b` ml tr`mnkl vknintl irujl. ...Pvla`dsu t`rltgrlankbg znsbgvnb`4 rnzklduau s` pg dknsnfn l gmrnzgvblfpgstljbulfn, l rnil s` g v`kldlf jrupnfn. P sdkniu sn ugmlna`bgft`rflbgkgjlagf, gv` jrup` fgju mltl gplsnb` dng bnela` m`zirnv`. (@rlds`b, >


18/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 93)

B`tg i`tnkablal gpls rnzkgjn zmgj dgalc lbslstlrnba` bn pgkltldgfk`jltlflt`tu bn gsbgvu `tbld`, gibgsbg bnelgbnkb` prlpnibgstl vgil

b`vgkanfn ina` J`kkb`r1

Dnznbg bn bnaaìbgstnvblal fgjul bnlb1 pgstgal v`gfn v`kldlmrga pgt`belankblc bnelan bn z`fkal. Bnn pknb`tn lfn prgstgrn zngir``b mrga b`znvlsblc lkl nutgbgfblc pgkltldlc aìlblen. _g mlkgdgf rnzufbgf prgrnubu, pr`tcgibl mrga (mrga fgjulc bnelan) a`va`rgvntbg fbgjg, fbgjgv`l gi mrgan fgjulc girlvlc irnvn.

Pdgkldg a` gvna nrjuf`bt lkl prgrnub tnnb, b` fgju svl bnelgbnklzflmltl znigvgka`bl, mnr`f b` u lstgf tr`butdu. Qnigvgkastvg aìblczbnl hrustrnelau irujlc. Gvna nrjuf`bt igintbg l b`lzfa`rbggsbnua` lba`blen in fbgjg pgt`belankblc bnelan bn gvgf svla`tulvl, lkl a` igbìnvbg lva`kg, b` ubutnr dgfpndtblc t`rltgrlankblcaìlblen, v` fùsgmbg lzfa`nbg u skg`blf gmrnselfn. Uklaìlin t`rltgrlankbn pgkltldn aìlblen, u tndvlf skuna`vlfn, fg`pgstntl `tbldl cgfgj`bn aìlbg ndg umla`, prgta`rn lkl nslflklrn

gb` dgal b` prlpninau bnelal. Balcgvn b`vgkadgst in iglv` tndvusuimlbu fg` gt`ntl flrbg prgvg`ba` bnelgbnklstldgj prlbelpn.(J`kkb`r, >


19/37

0? Fustnhn PXNKLAN

sninbagstl dgan l tr`butbg stnba` `tbld` jrup` prldnzua` bn b`pgvgkanbbnlb, t` prga`delan rnzvgan igjnnan u muiubgstl dgan bna`` lfn

snfg ivn fgjun lscgin, gbna u dga`f a` tbgbnelgbnklstldn li`gkgjlanr`nklzlrnbn n bnelan spn`bn, l gbu u dgaga elka`vl t` li`gkgjla` blsugstvnr`bl zmgj `jn bnstupn bnelgbnkbn npgdnklpsn.

P trn`bau rnzkgjn zmgj dgalc s` bnelgbnklznf anvkan l rnzufla`vnba`bnlbn bn dgal mlvn rnelgbnklzlrnb (l u nsp`dtu bnfa`r` l nsp`dtu

prgvìm`), igmrg a` gsvrbutl s` bn gsbgvb` dgbtur` bnelgbnklzfn dga` a`lsertng J`kkb`r bn snfgf pg`tdu dbalj Bnela` l bnelgbnklznf(Bntlgbsnbi bntlgbnklsf)4 pr`fn J`kkb`ru, bnelgbnklznf a` t`grlan pgkltldgj

k`jltlflt`tn znsbgvnbn bn pgkltldgf prlbelpu in bnelan l irnvn tr`mnaumltl pgiuinrbl (ta. in jrnble` irnv` tr`mnau mltl jrnble` bnela`)4 dningvna prlbelp mlvn bnru`b, anvkan s` bnelgbnklstldl gsa`na, tnbla` mla`szmgj dr`ban tgj prlbelpn, dgal zntlf ndtlvlrn bnelgbnklstldl pgdr`t. Igdr`ban bnelgbnklstldgj prlbelpn fg` igl bn b`dgkldg bnlbn1

_gkltldn jrnblen irnv` fg` in b` udkauua` sv` prlpnibld`gijgvnrnau` bnela`4 lkl fg` udkaulvntl sv`, nkl pgrì balc l gir``bmrga strnbnen4 lkl fg` bnprnvltl gmn gvn prgpustn lstgvr`f`bg, tndgtg b`dl prlpniblel bnela` b`` mltl u irnvl, n cg` b`dl dgal tgblsu. Lkl, bnelan fg` lva`tl, b`lzfla`nbn sn strnbelfn, u b`dgkldgirnvn, tndg in blaìbn irnvn b` fg` tvriltl in a` ba`bn bnelgbnkbnirnvn. Nkl, pgstgal aìnb bnlb dr`ban bnelgbnklstldgj prlbelpn bndgal a` bnelgbnklstldl gsa`na pgs`mbg gsa`tkalv1 ndg vkninrl pgkltldàìlble` b` prlpninau bnelal dgaga prlpnin v`lbn stnbgvbldn, gvg,zn bnelgbnklst`, prìstnvkan bnrgltg b`pgibgkalvg bnrunvnba`pgkltld` prlstgabgstl. Gvg s` fg` i`sltl lkl dnin bnelgbnkbnt`rltgrlan pgstnb` ilg v``j enrstvn, lkl kgdnkbgf igflbnelagf b`d`strnb` jrup`. (J`kkb`r, >)

Yr`mn prlfla`tltl in a` bnjknsnd u gvgf gplsu dnrndt`rlstldnbnelgbnklzfn stnvka`b bn ba`jgv` pslcgkgd` `k`f`bt`1stnvin jrnble`bnela` l irnv` tr`mnau mltl pgiuinrb`, `fgela`dga` tndnv stnv prglzvgil

dnin stvnrbgst b` gijgvnrn gbgf` tg s` znctla`vn t` pgbnnba`dga`tndv` `fgela` pgdrù. Mnr`f aìnb ilg gmanba`ban rnzkgjn zmgj dgalcml b`dg prlcvntng bnelgbnklstldl prlbelp fg`fg bnl u tbge`btrlzfu,dgal s`, pr`fn urlu u pslcgkgjlal bnagptla` girùa` dng pr`ta`rnbnv`znbgst kauil zn svga bnrgi, n dga`j Zgkfnb i`hlblrn dng t`bi`belauin s` svgan jrupn dgrlstl dng r`h`r`btbl gdvlr pr`fn dga`f s` gea`bauau


20/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 0>

iruj` jrup`, l in s` bn gsbgvu tndvgj drlt`rlan, gir``bn `tbldn lklbnelgbnkbn jrupn vlil dng sup`rlgrbn bni irujlfn. (url, >) prèa`balvnba` rnzkldn lzfùjrupn =) pgiea`balvnba` rnzkldn ubutnr jrupn 5) pgjr`bg p`relplrnba`stvnrbgstl, a`r prèa`balvnba` rnzkldn lzfù jrupn l pgiea`balvnba`rnzkldn ubutnr jrup` bla` znsbgvnbn bn lba`blenfn 9) gmlbg s` anvkanaudng ilg b`jntlvblc stnvgvn dgalfn s` prnvin ilsdrlflbnelan lkl sudgm snirujlf. (Lmli`f). @tbldl l bnelgbnkbl st`r`gtlpl prìstnvkanau, indk`,


21/37

0= Fustnhn PXNKLAN

dgjbltlvb` dgfpgb`bt` gibgsn pr`fn gir``blf bnrgilfn l bnelanfn(udkauuaul l svgau), n dga` su snlba`b` gi pgaìbgstnvka`blc scvntnban

g dnrndt`rlstldnfn prlpnibldn tlc bnrgin. Gea`b` g gsgmlbnfn bnrginblsu gijgvnrnau` a`r blsu r`zuktnt t`ba` zn snzbnvnba`f lba`blen ligs`znba`f lstlb`, v` t`ba` dn pgaìbgstnvkalvnbau stvnrbgstl dgan

a` snstnvbl ilg dgjbltlvb` `dgbgfla` l pgskaìlen pgtr`m` zn kndlfsbnkn`ba`f u vnbasdga stvnrbgstl. Dgjbltlvbn dgfpgb`btn bnelgbnkblcstnvgvn b` fg` s` pgsfntrntl givga`bg gi `fgelgbnkbgj gibgsn

pr`fn b`dga bnelal. @fgelgbnkbn dgfpgb`btn bnelgbnkblc stnvgvngmucvntn gsa`nban pr`fn prlpniblelfn b`d` bnelgbnkb` jrup` dgan

fgju mltl pgzltlvbn l b`jntlvbn, lkl lfntl l aìbu l iruju vrlaìbgst urnzklltlf gfa`rlfn


22/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 05

Lndg a`, u bnalr`f sflsku, `tbgbnelgbnklznf slst`f pgkltldlcuva`r`ban, gibgsbg stnvgvn, pr`dg dga`j s` lzrnnvnau lbt`r`sl t` jrup`

gbndg dndg lc vli` `tbgbnelgbnklstl, utaèna `tbge`btrlzfn l `tbldlcl bnelgbnkblc prìrnsuin bn sv` iruj` dgfpgb`bt` `tbgbnelgbnklzfna` tgkldg vnnb l tgkldg `stg pgv`znb sn `tbgbnelgbnklzfgf, in jn a`fgju` girìltl usrìsr`lvnba`f prv`bstv`bg bn t` dgfpgb`bt`. YndgYr`ma`nblb `tbgbnelgbnklznf i`hlblrn dng li`gkgjlau lan a` bnavnblangikldn pr`ta`rnbg pgzltlvbg vrìbgvnba` prlpnibldn sgpstv`b` bnela` l,lstgvr`f`bg, pgtea`balvnba` prlpnibldn irujlc bnrgin lkl bnelgbnkblcfnbalbn, n dgan s` lspgkanvn prla` sv`jn u b`jntlvblf `tbldlf

prìrnsuinfn pr`fn irujlf `tbldlf znaìblenfn l bnrgilfn lpgzltlvbgf b`drltldgf gibgsu pr`fn svgf bnrgiu (Ilzinr`vl,=??5). Fùtlf, gvndvn i`hlblelan lpnd fg` mltl snfg a`zjrg aìbgj

pgtpubla`j scvntnban `tbgbnelgbnklzfn dga` fgrn udkaulvntl l irujnuva`r`ban l stnvgv` dgal su ilg t` li`gkgjla`, dgal sn bnelgbnkblf

prìrnsuinfn l st`r`gtlplfn a`su b`rnsdlilvg pgv`znbl, nkl lfnau svgauzns`mbu `jzlst`belau l zn s`m` spèlhlb` pgskaìle`.

Gslf snf` strudtur` tbge`btrlzfn l sn balf pgv`znblc prìrnsuin,rnil nbnklz` lbt`rndela` `tbgbnelgbnklzfn l `tbldgj li`btlt`tn pgtr`mbga` b`tg r`l l g balcgvga `tlgkgjlal. Ig gir``b` fa`r`, `tbge`btrlznfa` stnkbn gsgmlbn svlc bnrgin dgan prglzlknzl lz jrupge`btrlzfn, n dgalbnstna` dng r`zuktnt kauisd` pgtr`m` zn prlpninba`f l li`btlhldnelagfsn irujlfn (lm`r, >


23/37

09 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

bnslkau pr`fn gblfn dga` li`gkgjlan l ba`bl tufnl gzbn` dng k`jltlfb`f`t`, t` v`n prlvr`bgst stnvgvlfn dga` prlcvn`bn li`gkgjlan ildtlrn

pr`tcgibg su lstndbut` zbnnad` `tbgbnelgbnklzfn4 Nigrbgvn lNkt`f`y`rgvn lspltlvnban pgfnu u balcgvgf rnzufla`vnbau udnzuaulbn ia`kgflbu udgrla`ba`bgst tlc t`bibèlan u strudturl klbgstl.

Jgvgrltl g `tlgkgjlal `tbgbnelgbnklzfn, pgs`mbg ba`jgvgapgv`znbgstl sn nutgrltnrbgf klbgu, b`gpcgibg a` a`r, dng tg a`rnbla` spgf`butg, tvriban in a` ujrg`bgst `tbld` jrup` r`zuktntlba`ble` in lstn b`fn vknst snfn bni sgmgf fg` n l b` fgrn lfntlgsbgvu u stvnrbgstl, tg zbnl in fg` mltl fgtlvlrnbn b`dlf irujlf

hndtgrlfn, n lstrnlvnban g nutgrltnrbga klbgstl bui` tufn`ba` dga`li` uprnvg u tgf sfa`ru. _gtvrua` tg l lba`blen in svl prlpniblelgir``b` `tbla` b` fgrnau lstgvr`f`bg mltl l bnelgbnklstl l b` fgrnausvgau stvnrbgst tufnltl pgknz`l gi bnelgbnklstldgj prlbelpn. _gkltldnlbslstlrnban bn zns`mbga bnelgbnkbga irnvl, dndg tvri` H`btgb l Fny, u`tbgbnelgbnkblf jrupnfn

...vnl strgjg snfg zn bnelgbnklst` ubutnr balc4 irujl fgjucta`tl in gm`zmlaì` l pgtvri` svga li`btlt`t drgz irnvu, l bn tnabnlb b` fgrnau u gsbgvl gspgrnvntl k`jltlflt`t irnv` u dgaga lv`.Pstvnrl, nd ubutnr lrlc bnelgbnklstldlc jrupnelan dga` hnvgrlzlrnaupr`dgfpgzlelau irnvblc gibgsn, pgstga` zbnnab` rnzkld` pgpltnbau st`p`bn ig dga`j s tlf tr`mn ll dga` s` drù gi gtvgr`blcsè`slgblstldlc prlstupn ig gblc sn vl` dukturnklstldlf (n tlf` lb`sè`slgblstldlf) bnjknsdgf, l pg pltnbau srìstnvn dgan u t` svrc`tr`mnau mltl dgrlt`bn n dga` s` drù gi t`ba` dn i`fgdrntsdlfr`hgrfnfn ig bnslkblc t`rgrlstldlc ndelan. (H`btgb & Fny, =??=,


24/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 00

sflsku lspgkanvn dng m`sdgfprgflsbgst pg pltnbau stvnrnban pgs`mb`bnelgbnkb` irnv` l gtvgr`bgst zn dgrlt`ba` `dstr`fblc srìstnvn bn

putu gstvnr`ban tgj elkan lfn, uprnvg zmgj tlc svgalc dnrndt`rlstldn, lbnav`l i`strudtlvbl pgt`belank dndg u gibgsu bn kaui`, knbgv` `tbld`/ bnelgbnkb` jrup` dgan a` f`tn `tbgbnelgbnklstldgj bnpnin, tndg l ugibgsu bn snf `tbldl li`btlt`t jrup` dgaga `tbgbnelgbnklstl prlpninau.

0.? Uudgm `tbgbnelgbnklzfn l `tbldgj li`btlt`tn

Jknvbl prgmk`f tbgbnelgbnklzfn dng hgrflrnb` li`gkgjla`, lbl s`,

k`l u t`bì`belal in bnelau lbl gma`dtgf svndgj pgkltldgj ia`kgvnban nbnelgbnkbl li`btlt`t fa`rgf svnd` kauisd` vrlaìbgstl (Ufltc, >3)4tndvn t`bi`belan lfn dgrla`b` u `dstr`fblf hgrfnfn `tbge`btrlzfn, nbnavnblan i`t`rflbnbtn tndvgj `tbge`btrlzfn va`rgvntbg a` spèlhlbn,nutgrltnrbn strudturn klbgstl. Uvndn dukturn lfn svga` fa`r` vrlaìbgstl,n nd bl u gblf u dgalfn l u ugmlna`blf gdgkbgstlfn pgstgal bnjkn`b`tbge`btrlznf, bnelan bla` bubg fa`rn svnd` vrlaìbgstl, pn nd b` fgrn

mltl bl fù bnavnblalf fa`rnfn. Yg s` fg` prgfla`bltl pganvgf l`v`btunkbgf igflbnelagf `tbgbnelgbnklzfn, pgs`mbg ndg s` pgb`lspgkanvntl u vliu bnelgbnkb` lsdkaulvgstl. Yndg`r, `tbldl li`btlt`tjrup` dgan t`l pgstntl bnelagf, l dukturn bn gsbgvu dga` a` dgbstltulrnb,bnstnkl su b` in ml mlkl gma`dt kauisdgj ia`kgvnban v`, uprnvg suprgtbg,lb` prgiudt kauisd` t`ba` zn ninptnelagf l dng tndvl b` prìstnvkanauelka, v` srìstvg zn gstvnr`ba` elkan, u gvgf skunau ninptnela`. Pdgkldglz pgzlela` srìstnvn ia`kgvnban prù bn pgzlelau gma`dtn, pgstn` lf

gt`nbg vrltl svgau lzvgrbu hubdelau, lndg s` balcgvn bn`kbn vrlaìbgstu tgf sflsku b`` b`jlrntl4 tnvl`, ml` pr`bnjkn`bn, tg, s gmzlrgfbn b`flbgvbu b`snvr`bgst svnd` duktur` igintbg pgtvrua` gisustvggijgvnrnau`j rnzufla`vnban ba`b` prlrgi` l pgisa`n in prnvl uzrgdtgj pr`bnjknnvnban k`l b`jia` irujg. Gi ukgj` l fa`stn dga` `tbldlli`btlt`t znuzlfn znvls` fgjubgstl l prlrgin ba`jgvgj utaènan bnirutvg4 pgskaìlen rgdni` dgau uzrgdua` `tbgbnelgbnklznf zntg

a`st` gf`tnba` lzvgrblc hubdelan `tbldgj li`btlt`tn, prl `fu s` pgigf`tnba`f flskl bn gb`fgjunvnba` `tbldgj li`btlt`tn in u pubgfdnpnelt`tu lfn gb` pgskaìle` dga` fg` lfntl, b` bubg bn pgtpubggb`fgjunvnba` tlc hubdelan.

Bnlbl bn dgal s` gpstrudelan hubdelan `tbldgj li`btlt`tn dgi`tbgbnelgbnklstld` li`gkgjla` (l pgaìlblc ba`blc nsp`dntn) anvkan fgju


25/37

08 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

s` rnzvrstntl u `tlrl lr` dnt`jgrla`1 >) suprgtbg ia`kgvnba` gi hubdelandga` lfn dukturn dgan ina` fnt`rlank zn snirna `tbldgj li`btlt`tn

=) suprgtstnvkanba` pgaìlblf zbn`balfn prlsutblf u dukturl gir``b``tbld` jrup` 5) suprgtbg ia`kgvnba` gi pgaìlblc nsp`dntn duktur` dgalsu r`k`vnbtbl zn `tbldl li`btlt`t 9) suprgtbg ia`kgvnba` gi gbgj dga`lfnau `tbldl li`btlt`t l `tblelt`t.

>)Dgbhkldt tbgbnelgbnklznf dukturn. Bnavnblan, bnairnfntlblanb`jntlvbn pgskaìlen `tbgbnelgbnklzfn v`znbn a` zn prvu dnt`jgrlau.Dukturn, vl` putn a` pgbgvka`bg, a` clstgrlasdl stvgr`b slst`f zbn`ban(Xual, =??3, 05)4 sv` gstnkg tg s` lbn` v`` zn dukturu, l b`dnin sn

bagf pglstgvaùa` (udkauuaul l li`gkgjlau) a` dukturbl nrt`hndt, b`tgtg dukturn dgbstltulrn, bgslkne zbn`ban. Li`gkgjla` b`dgj irutvn, pntndg l `tbgbnelgbnklznf, udgrla`ba`b` su u dukturu tgj irutvn4 lndg

a` dukturn dng zbn`ba` b`tg tg ila`k` svl knbgvl irutvn, svndg gibalc pgaìlbnbg a` gijgvgrnb zn tufn`ba` duktur`, tg gfgjunvn

pgstganba` lbilvliunkbgstl u tndvgf slst`fu znaìbldlc zbn`ban.Dukturn a` lstgvr`f`bg l znaìbldn zn sv` prlpnibld` duktur`, l

znaìbldg pgknzlt`, uputstvg zn tufn`ba` svlc pganvn dga` a`pgtr`mbg lbt`rpr`tlrntl4 gbg tg vnrlrn a`su lbt`rpr`tnela`, l uprnvg gvia``tbgbnelgbnklznf ubgsl, gibgsbg pgdunvn ubla`tl dkaubu prgfa`bu.Dndg su `tbgbnelgbnklstldl stnvgvl l uva`r`ban ilg li`gkgjla` dganlbslstlrn bn balcgvga b`prldgsbgv`bgstl, `tbgbnelgbnklstl b` fgjutgk`rlsntl gspgrnvnba` balcgvgj tufn`ban duktur` u igf`bu dgalbalcgvn li`gkgjlan zncvntn, l lbslstlrnau in tn tufn`ban muiu znaìbldnl gmnv`zbn zn sv` prlpnibld` duktur`. Qn gb` prgmk`f` dgal s` b` vli`

dng r`k`vnbtbl zn `tbgbnelgbnklstldu li`gkgjlau, gbn b` fgrn mltlpgknzbn tndn u tufn`bau4 u tgf prgstgru tg l inka` fg` mltl dukturn,l tu l inka` fg` mltl prlcvntkalvg vl` tufn`ban, sv` igd blaìbg bìgknzl u dgbhkldt sn li`gkgjlagf. Fùtlf, u sv`fu tg a` r`k`vnbtbgzn `tbgbnelgbnklznf, tga aìbga lbt`rpr`tnelal duktur` s` inau ntrlmutldgal prlpninau lsdkaulvg dukturl, ta. gbn s` sfntrn aìlbgf fgjugflbt`pr`tnelagf duktur` l tlf` b`lf tg svl prlpniblel t` duktur` tr`mnau

prlcvntltl, t` prnvgf pgknzbgf tndgf zn tufn`ba` sv`jn tg s`p`relplrn dng ba`b igf`b. Ylf` s` dukturn l ba`bn lbt`rpr`tnelan u aìbgfnsp`dtu i` hnetglzaìbnnvnau, igd u irujgf, zmgj fnbadn lbt`r`sn u`tbgbnelgbnklstldga li`gkgjlal, l inka` fg` mltl fa`stn zn dukturu, nklsnfg u gbga fa`rl dgau girìl `tbgbnelgbnklznf. Lbt`rpr`tnelan duktur`

ml tr`mnkg in s` fg` prgfla`bltl u sdkniu sn prgfa`bnfn gdgkbgstl u


26/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 0:

dgalfn s` tufn`ba` vrl lkl zmgj prlklvn lbhgrfnelan dga` znctla`vnauin ig` ig prgfa`b` lbt`rpr`tnela`. Fùtlf, zmgj zntvgr`bgstl l

gtpgrbgstl `tbgbnelgbnklstldlc stnvgvn, tg pgstna` gt`nbg, n b`dninl b`fgju`. P sdkniu sn stnba`f uzurpnela` fa`stn dga` prlpnindukturl, `tbgbnelgbnklznf pglba` gpgbnntl dukturu prlinvnba`fzbn`ban pganvnfn, ta. balcgvlf tufn`ba`f4 fùtlf, l tu pgstgal

ansbn rnzkldn1 zbn`ba` dga` prlina` dukturn a`st` r`zuktnt lbt`rpr`tnela`vg`b` pgtr`mgf zn rnzufla`vnba`f u svrcu ninptnela`, n zbn`ba` dga`

pganvnfn prllvn tbgbnelgbnklznf r`zuktnt a` lfp`rntlvn in s` svndnpganvn prgtufnl u sdkniu sn gsbgvblf bn`klfn `tbgbnelgbnklstld`

li`gkgjla`, prl `fu tna lfp`rntlv lzmlan lz jrnbigfnblasdgj stnvnin b` pgstgal bltn u gma`dtlvbga stvnrbgstl tg ml fgjkg igv`stl u

pltnba` lsprnvbgst l lstlbltgst `tbgbnelgbnklstld` li`gkgjla`. Elka prvgja` znigvgkanvnba` bgrfnkb` kauisd` pgtr`m` zn rnzufla`vnba`f, nirujgj znigvgkanvnba` pntgkgd` pgtr`m`. Yg stvnrn sltunelau u dgagab`fn gtdrlvnban zbn`ban, a`r su r`zuktntl tufn`ban ilrljgvnbgj`tbgbnelgbnklstldlf prlbelpgf u bn`ku v` ubnprlaì pgzbntl4 dng

tndvl, gbl b` fgju mltl r`zuktnt lbilvliunkblc lbt`rpr`tnelasdlc bnpgrn,n lbilvliunkbgst lbt`rpr`tnelasdlc bnpgrn l balcgvlc lscgin a` uprnvggbg tg a` dnrndt`rlstldn tufn`ban duktur`. _r`mnelvnba`f bnjknsdnsn duktur` bn aìbu ba`bu lbt`rpr`tnelau, t` prùsfa`rnvnba`f gibgsn

pr`fn stvnrbgstl sn t`ba` dn ba`bgf rnzufla`vnbau bn usnjknnvnba`sn `tbgbnelgbnklstldlf pgjkìlfn ustvnrl s` jul bnavnblal nsp`dtduktur`, n tg a` t`bi`belan dn ninptnelal dgan stgal u ba`bga gsbgvl l dgan

a` u v`kldga fa`rl i`t`rflblrnkn ba`b clstgrlasdl rnzvga. U gmzlrgf in a`

fgjubgst pgstganban vl` lbt`rpr`tnelan u gdvlru aìb` duktur` l balcgvgjr`vlilrnban prìuskgv zn pgstganba` ninptnelasdgj pgt`belankn u dukturl,

pgstganba` snfg aìb` igdtrlb`, snfg aìb` lbt`rpr`tnela` duktur` (n tga` gbg `fu t`l `tbgbnelgbnklznf), dndg dn` _nr`dc, zntvnrn rnzvga.(Lmli`f). Yg r`zuktlrn sknmka`ba`f l irujlc hubdelan duktur`4 ndg s`gsvrb`fg bn gb` g dgalfn a` jgvgrlg Ynkegtt _nrsgbs, fg`fg r`lin dukturn vl` b` i`hlblrn vrlaìbgstl, mnr`f u gbgf ila`ku dgal a`lbt`r`snbtnb zn `tbgbnelgbnklstldu li`gkgjlau, v` `tbgbnelgbnklznf4u sdkniu s tlf, dukturn vl` bla` tn dgan i`hlblrn elka`v` l bgrf` zn sv`svga` prlpnibld`, zmgj `jn pr`stna` mltl znaìbldl lzvgr fgtlvnela`zn ia`kgvnba`, tg bn drnau r`zuktlrn sknmka`ba`f ba`bgj lbt`jrnelasdgj

pgt`belankn.=) Dgbhkldt tbgbnelgbnklznf spèlhlbl ila`kgvl duktur`.Gslf tg


27/37

03 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

prlknjgnvn zbn`ba` vnbasd` stvnrbgstl svgalf t`f`kablf prlbelplfn,`tbgbnelgbnklznf pgdunvn slbcrgblzlrntl l v` pgstga`n uva`r`ban

l vrlaìbgstl ubutnr duktur` l prlknjgiltl lc s`ml. U gmzlrgf in su liruj` vrlaìbgstl l uva`r`ban dgan pgstga` ubutnr duktur` ba`bl nrt`hndtlbnstnkl lbt`rpr`tnelagf zbn`ban, b`flbgvbg a` pgstganba` rnzkldnlzfù vrlaìbgstl l uva`r`ban dga` lfnau pgaìlbl knbgvl lkl jrupùbutnr irutvn, n lba`blen in blsu svl knbgvl gir``b` `tbld` jrup`bnelgbnklstl, aìnb a` gi pgdnznt`kan in a` tndvn rnzbgkldgst fgjun.Fùtlf, `tbgbnelgbnklznf, dng tg a` pr`tcgibg r``bg, lbslstlrnbn vknstltga b`prldgsbgv`bgstl l t`l pgstntl aìlbg vnklibg tufn`ba`

duktur`4 in ml u tgf` usplg, pgtr`mbg a` svn irujn tufn`ban dgan ubutnrduktur` pgstga`, n dgal blsu u sdkniu sn tbgbnelgbnklstldgf li`gkgjlagf,bn b`dl bnlb ilsdrìltgvntl l `klflblrntl. Dnin su u pltnbau vrlaìbgstl luva`r`ban dgan su prlcvn`bn snfg gi pgaìlbnen lkl b`dlc jrupn ubutnrirutvn, tu pgsng bla` t`nd4 s gmzlrgf in s` rnil g lbilvliunkblflbt`rpr`tnelanfn dga` su aìbndg pgikgb` jr`dnfn dng l svndn irujn,`tbgbnelgbnklznf fg`, zmgj ba`jgv` `fgelgbnkb` sbnj` l uva`r`ban u

b`prldgsbgv`bgst, tndv` stnvgv`, dgal svndndg l b` t`` mltl npsgkutbgflstlbgf l aìlbgf prlcvntkalvgf lbt`rpr`tnelagf, gpgvrjbutl (lndgva`rgvntbg b` sv` sn aìbndgf kncdggf). Fùtlf, lndg lbilvliunkb`l fùjrupb` rnzkld` u lbt`pr`tnelanfn ubutnr duktur` pgstga`, pgstga`l zbn`ban, snirnbn u pgaìlbnblf uva`r`balfn l vrlaìbgstlfn, dganbldndg b` fgju mltl prgtufn`bn tndg in uva`rkalvg muiu usnjkn`bnsn `tbgbnelgbnklstldgf li`gkgjlagf l lbdgrpgrlrnbn u bau. Yg zn`tbgbnelgbnklst` prìstnvkan prgmk`f, a`r s` vl` b` rnil g lbilvliunkblf

tufn`balfn duktur`, v` g dukturl, b``fu tg ml tr`mnkg mltl znaìbldgzn sv`, pn l zn balc4 bnstna` stnba` u dga`f a` li`gkgjlan dgan tvril, ndlbslstlrn, in prìstnvkan aìlbg lsprnvbg tufn`ba` duktur` ustvnrl usudgmu sn bagf, gibgsbg sn b`dlf ba`blf dgbdr`tblf ila`kgvlfn. Dndg

ml zndkauel gv` nbnklz` mlkl prlfa`balvl bn tg v`l mrga irutnvn l dukturn,zn dgbdr`tnb prlfa`r tr`mn uz`tl vrlaìbgstl zn dga` s` fg` tvriltl in su

prlsutb` u v`lbl sva`tsdlc dukturn. Aìbu drntdu, gsbgvbu `buf`rnelautndvlc vrlaìbgstl, znsbgvnbu bn nbnklzl vrlaìbgstl dga` prlcvntnau lbnav`` sva`tsd` r`kljla` l s`duknrb` grjnblznela`, inkl su Dlbbl`r, D`rb`sl Inutc`rlm`s (=???), bnvgi`l snfg `tlrl (lndg nutgrl bnpgflbau intn klstn bla` pgtpubn)1 >) pgsv``bgst b``fu tg a` v`` gi snfgj

pgaìlben4 =) snfgpgtgvnba` prn`bg pgblzbgu, snfgilselpklbgf lklbgf gijgvgrbgu 5) pgtlvnba` l mrljn zn iruj` 9) mrljn zn irujn


28/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 08)

Dgi andgj utaènan gvndvlc stnvgvn, vrnnba` iglvkanan vknstltgj`tbgbnelgbnkbgj li`btlt`tn l li`btlt`tn svga` jrup`, t` svlc irujlc nsp`dntnskld` g s`ml l svgaga jrupl lal gmkld `tbgbnelgbnklstldn li`gkgjlan `kli`hlblrntl (n bn tna bnlb l pgv`zntl sn `tbldlf li`btlt`tgf) bn stnba`snfgpgtgvnban dga` gstnvkan prgstgr zn drltldu l snfgdrltldu a` t`dglkl pgtpubg b`fgju`. @tbgbnelgbnklznf gvndv` sudgm` sn vknstltgfdukturgf ra`nvn bn b`dgkldg bnlbn1 >) ljbgrlrnba`f (pgstupnba`f sn

tlf ila`kgvlfn duktur` dng in b` pgstga` l tnmulzlrnba`f udnzlvnban bnbalc, lkl, ag vl`, udnzlvnban bn ilsdr`pnbeu lzfù tndvlc nsp`dntnduktur` l `tbgbnelgbnklzfn)4 =) knblf prlcvntnba`f (pgstganba`prgmk`fntlbgj nsp`dtn duktur` s` prlzbna`, nkl s` gb sutlbsdl b`

prlcvntn u gblf igf`blfn dga` a` znuz`g `tbgbnelgbnklznf, và` prlcvntnba` gjrnbl`bg bn hgrfnkbg, mlkg v`rmnkbg lkl bn b`dlirujl bnlb, lspgkanvnba` prlvr`bgstl tgf nsp`dtu duktur` dga` bla`

prn`bg uma``ba`f4 fg` s` i`sltl in aìnb tndnv nsp`dt duktur`

mui` r`k`vnbtnb zn rnzkldgvnba` aìb` bnela` gi iruj` l igdnzlvnba`sup`rlgrbgstl aìb` bni irujgf dnin mlvn lbstruf`btnklzlrnb, nkl bltnin b` mlvn nut`btlbg prlcvn`b)4 5) gtvgr`bg b`jlrnba` l gimnelvnba`(pgstganba` prgmk`fntlbgj nsp`dtn duktur` s` prlzbna`, nkl s` gb b`

prlcvntn bl sutlbsdl bl hgrfnkbg, l b`jlrn s` in a` lstl nut`btlnb ilgt` duktur`4 ba`jgvg prlsustvg s` gmlbg prlplsua` strnblf utaènalfn


29/37

8? Fustnhn PXNKLAN

lkl s` gplsua` dng b`dn vrstn i`hgrfnela` dgau tr`mn lsprnvltl, n balcgvggimnelvnba` s` fg` rnelgbnklzlrntl l bn iruj` bnlb`).

5) Dgbhkldt tbgbnelgbnklznf dukturbl k`f`btl tbldgj li`btlt`tn.Utvnrl s` igintbg dgfpklelrnau udgkldg a` aìnb gi `k`f`bntn duktur` sndgalf a` `tbgbnelgbnklznf su`ka`b r`k`vnbtnb zn i`hlblrnba` `tbldgjli`btlt`tn. P tga sltunelal, gbg tg intu `tbldu jrupu lbl pgs`mbgfl irujnlagf lstgvr`f`bg a` u b`sdkniu sn `tbgbnelgbnklzfgf lklb`dlf ba`jgvlf dgfpgb`btnfn, lndg s` `tbgbnelgbnklstldn li`gkgjlan

prìstnvkan dng zntltbld vltnkblc lbt`r`sn t` jrup`, pgs`mbg ba`bgjprnvn bn rnzklltgst. Yndnv a` skuna, bnprlfa`r, `stg sn va`rgvnbalfn

l p`re`pelanfn v`znblf zn clstgrlau `tbla`. _r`fn _nrsgbsu, li`btlt`t`tbldlc jrupn znsbgvnb a` bn balcgvgf pgs`mbgf gsa`nau znvknstltu clstgrlau (Fnk``vl, =??9), dgal s` fg` fnblh`stlrntl dngsdup znaìbldlc clstgrlasdlc pnf`ban (Ufltc, >8). Pprdgs tgf`, `dstr`fbl zngdr`tl dgaù tlf tufn`balfn igbgsl lsdkaulvl bnelgbnklznf lbl in tufn`ba`vknstlt` clstgrla` juml svga` lzvgrb` hubdela`. Utnbinribn tufn`ban,dgkldg jgi b`snvr`bn mlkn, igmrlf ila`kgf su fgtlvlrnbn bnfa`rgf ins` mgka` rnzufla` sninban sltunelan l stnba` jrup` l bnprnvl gir``bn

prga`delan muiubgstl l pknb ia`kgvnban. _gi utaèna`f tbgbnelgbnklzfn,

sunvn s` prgstgr znaìbldlf clstgrlasdlf sa`nbalfn in ia`kuau bntna bnlb, a`r prlfnrbl elka tufn`ban clstgrla` vl` bla` rnzufla`vnba`sninbagstl, v` bnkn`ba` igdnzn zn lstlbltgst `tbgbnelgbnklstld`li`gkgjla`, bnlbn bn dgal gbn prìstnvkan sninba` stnba` l prnvinba`

muiulc pgstupndn vg`blc tgf li`gkgjlagf. U gmzlrgf in a``tbgbnelgbnklznf li`gkgjlan dgan t`l trnbshgrfnelal `tbla` u bnelau lstvnrnban ba`b` bnelgbnkb` irnv`, l in bn putu dn gstvnr`bau tgj elkanstga` b`d` iruj` `tbla` lkl bnela`, annba` prìrnsuin pr`fn balfn bunb

a` prgiudt tndvlc r`lbt`rpr`tnelan. Gslf tg fgju igv`stl ig lba`banzkgia`kn v`kldlc rnzfa`rn pr`fn spgrblf jrupnfn, prìrnsui`, l prla`b`jg v`btunkbg prgiuelrnau tndv` igjnna`, gb`fgjunvnau rnzvlanba`

prlknjgim`bgj gibgsn pr`fn tlf jrupnfn l svgi` jn lsdkaulvg bn b`dlgmkld sudgmn. Gp`t, u dgbnblel igknzl ig prljulvnban ninptnelasd`


30/37


31/37

8= Fustnhn PXNKLAN

aìlbg lsprnvbg tufn`ba` ba`bgj li`btlt`tn ustvnrl a` snfg prlvlibgba`b prlpnibld, gb s` tga jrupl snfg prlplsua`, nkl bla` s bagf stvnrbg

pgv`znb. @tbgbnelgbnklznf tndg, pgdunalfn stnvkanban pgkltldlcstnvgvn u srìlt` li`btlt`tn, l i` hnetg i`hlblrnban prlpnibgstl `tbldgajrupl dng prlpnibgstl gir``bga li`gkgjlal, fla`ban hubdelau `tbldgjli`btlt`tn gi gb` dgan a` ilsdrlflbntlvbn lsdkaulvg bn fùjrupbgfblvgu u gbu dgan a` ilsdrlflbntlvbn l bn ubutnrjrupbgf blvgu, tgfg` vgiltl ig sknmka`ban lkl dlinban v`zn dga` `tbldl li`btlt`t lzvgrbgstvnrn. U iruj` strnb`, gvndvg pglfnba` `tbldgj li`btlt`tn igknzl usudgm sn prlfgrilanklstldlf vl`ba`f prlrgi` prlpnibgstl `tbldga

jrupl, dga` pgstgal l m`z `tbgbnelgbnklzfn nkl dga` u ba`fu mlvn agvl` bnjkn`bg, tg igvgil ig nfmlvnk`btbgj gibgsn pr`fn knbgvlfn`tbla` dgal blsu `tbgbnelgbnklstl, nkl l ig b`sljurbgstl `tbgbnelgbnklstnu pgjkìu prnvgj zbn`ban `tbldgj li`btlt`tn. Gvn b`sljurbgst, uz`vlu gmzlr lspgka`bu snfguva`r`bgst `tbgbnelgbnklzfn l b`pgdgk`mkalvuumla``bgst u vknstltu lstlbltgst, t` lba`bleu in u ba`jgvgf t`f`kau tr`mnstnantl uprnvg pgtpubn sljurbgst u tg tn l dndvn gir``bn `tbldn jrupn

a`st`, igintbg lkustrlrn dgbhkldtbu prlrgiu `tbgbnelgbnklzfn l pgtvruaìn ba`jgvl dgrla`bl b` k`` u b`dlf c`rf`bùtldlf pgiucvntlfnvg`blf dukturgf, v` u iumkalf pslcgkgdlf dgbhkldtlfn dgal l bnfnblh`stbga rnvbl lspgkanvnau dgbhkldtb` dnrndt`rlstld`.

Bn gsbgvu gvgjn s` fg` pgstnvltl znblfkalvg pltnba`1 udgkldgn) `tbgbnelgbnklstl t`` i`hlblrntl `tbgbnelgbnkbl li`btlt`t tndg tg `

prlcvntnba` balcgv` li`gkgjla` mltl gmnv`zuau` in ml b`dgf mlkg upgtpubgstl prlzbntn prlpnibgst `tbldga jrupl m) snfn tn li`gkgjlan bla`

b`tg tg svl prlpniblel duktur` prlcvntnau dng znaìbldg e) `tblelt`tprìstnvkan grjnblznelau rnzkldn dga` s` tlu duktur`, znaìbldgjzbn`ban, in kl tbgbnelgbnklstl ugp` lfnau tbldl li`btlt`t7Gibgsbg,in kl a` li`btlt`t dga`j gbl bnzlvnau lstlf lf`bgf dgalf prlpniblel`tbld` jrup` dgau znstupnau bnzlvnau svga `tbldl li`btlt`t tndg`r`tbldl7 lbl s` in bla` kncdg intl pgtvrinb gijgvgr bn gvg pltnba`, nzndkaund dgal lz tgjn sklaìl a`st` in pnrtlelpnelan u tbgbnelgbnklstldgali`gkgjlal mnr`f u gir``bga fa`rl znctla`vn lstupnba` lz `tbldgjli`btlt`tn jrup` zn dgau s` tn li`gkgjlan bgflbnkbg mgrl. Bnlbilvliunkbgf blvgu, tg stvnrn ivgstrudu dgjbltlvbu ilsgbnbeu4 l u

pgjkìu i`hlblrnban snf` sutlb` (vknstltgj) `tbldgj li`btlt`tn, a`r a`gbn i`hlblelan dgau buil `tbgbnelgbnklznf lbc`r`btbg dgbtrnildtgrbn(tg dgc`r`btbu l lbt`jrlrnbu snfgp`re`pelau lbl gt`nbgf), l u


32/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 85

pgjkìu li`btlhlelrnban sn prlpniblelfn vknstlt` `tbld` jrup` dgal b`prlcvntnau tbgbnelgbnklstldu li`gkgjlau, dgal u glfn tbgbnelgbnklstn,

zmgj spgf`but` dgbtrnildtgrbgstl, lstgvr`f`bg znigvgkanvnau l b`znigvgkanvnau drlt`rla` zn knbstvg u `tbgbnelgbnkbga jrupl.

8.? Qndkaund

@dstr`fbl `tbgbnelgbnklznf prìstnvkan pntgkgjlau `tbld`

v`znbgstl, l zmgj snf` lba`ble` in s` rnil g pntgkgjlal, svndn vrstnb`jntlvb` `fgelgbnkb` r`ndela` dgan s`, snsvlf g`dlvnbg, fg` anvltl

prl rnzfntrnbau gvgj h`bgf`bn fgrn mltl pr`vnzl`bn, dng tg l svndnvrstn pnunkb` gea`b` dgan lz tndvlc b`jntlvblc `fgelan fg` prglznltr`mn mltl gimn`bn4 ndg s` rnil g pntgkgjlal, bubg jgvgrlfg g vrkgskg`bgf s`tu hndtgrn dgal su u`stvgvnkl u ba`bgf rnzvgau, l g vrkgskg`bgf s`tu pgskaìlen dga` tn pntgkgjlan fg` prglzv`stl. X`n

skg`bgst zncta`vn lbt`bzlvbla` bnpgr` dn rnzufla`vnbau, n b` lbt`bzlvblal`fgelgbnkbl gibgs dgal, mn dng tg a` l skuna sn lbt`bzlvblf fgelanfndga` pgmuuau `tbgbnelgbnklstld` lià`, drlvl p`re`pnelau stvnrbgstl lgpstrulrn dgbstrudtlvnb gibgs pr`fn baga. Ukg`bgst pgskaìlen gjkìns` l u bnlblfn bn dga` s` gpstrudela` anvkanau l fnblh`stlrnau, n pgs`mbg

a` u tgf sflsku vnbn lba`blen in aìbn gpstrudelan, gibgsbg gf`tnbaàìb` hubdela`, vgil l pgfn` gpstrudelanfn irujlc hubdelan. In ml s`lzma`jkn t`tbn pgaìbgstnvkalvnban, tr`mn lfntl bn ufu l tg in s` rnil

g gpstrudelanfnhubdelan, b` g balcgvgf pgtlrnbau gibgsbg pgtpubgf`klflblrnbau. B` rnil s` indk` g pgtpubg i`t`rflblrnau`f gibgsu, mndng tg bl dukturn b`fn pgtpubg i`t`rflblrnaul utaèna bn `k`f`bt`dga` dgbstltulrn, v` s` gbl hgrflrnau bn gsbgvu ba`b` lbt`rpr`tnela`,gibgsbg drgz prge`s dgal lfn svga` fìlantgrsd` vnrlanmk`. Yg a` fgin

aìbn gi sklbgstl lzfù duktur` l li`gkgjla`, lndg `tbgbnelgbnklznft`l in mui` i`t`rflblrnaul hndtgr, nkl fu tg b` uspla`vn, igd dukturnb`fn tlc pr`t`bzlan. Pdgkldg ml g gibgsu `tbgbnelgbnklznf `tbldlli`btlt`t pg`kl jgvgrltl u t`rflblfn i`t`rflblrnbgstl, tg ml bns tndg`rgiv`kg u jr`du pr`ta`rnbgj pgaìbgstnvkalvnban l gb`fgjulkg in tna

prgmk`f pgtpubg l lsprnvbg rnzufla`fg.Gvna rni lfng a` ivn gsbgvbn elkan (gi dgalc a` prvl fgin mlg vl`

bnjkn`b u snfgf tgdu ilsdusla` gi irujgj)1 udnzlvnba` bn pnrnigdsnkbu


33/37

89 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

prlrgiu tbgbnelgbnklzfn l udnzlvnba` bn pgtr`mu spnnvnban tbldgjli`btlt`tn (prv`bstv`bg ba`jgvgj dukturbgj snirnan) gi i`hgrflrnaulc

utaènan `tbgbnelgbnklzfn. @tbgbnelgbnklznf a` pnrnigdsnknb bn vl`rnvbl, nkl a` vnbg mlkg lstnl l gplsntl rnzvga l dnrndt`rlstld` tgj pnrnigdsnbn rnvbl ba`jgvgj gibgsn sn `tbldlf li`btlt`tgf. Yg a` gibgs u dga`fs`, jkìnbg svnbn, b` g`dua` sudgm zmgj tgjn tg `tbgbnelgbnklznf`tbldl li`btlt`t b` snfg in b` prìstnvkan dng b`tg prgtlv `jn `klia`kgvntl, v` jn bn gir``bl bnlb sfntrn jknvblf rnzkgjgf svgj

pgstganban.lba`blen in a` tbgbnelgbnklznf u sudgmu sn tbldlf li`btlt`tgf

zvul pnrnigdsnkbg (lndg a` prnvl pnrnigds ustvnrl u snfga prlrgil`tbgbnelgbnklzfn), nkl a` lstgvr`f`bg l gcrnmruaun a`r ag aìnbhndtgr, l tg gbna zn dgal s` tg bnafnba` g`dlvnkg, ia`kua` prgtlv`tbgbnelgbnklzfn l fg` mltl prgtlv ba`jn lsdgrlt`b. Yndg`r, tlgkgjlan`tbgbnelgbnklzfn bn gvna bnlb pgstna` ansblan, l usfa`rnvn bns inuzrgd` zn `tbgbnelgbnklznf trnlfg b`jia` irujg, lkl mnr`f in vl`

pnba` pgsv`tlfg b`dlf irujlf i`t`rflbnbtnfn.

Gslf usfa`rnvnban pnba` bn iruj` hndtgr`, gvg snzbnba` suj`rlrnin a` bn `tbldl li`btlt`t pgtr`mbg pg`tl irujnla` jkìntl. _rlvr`bgst`tbldgf li`btlt`tu b` zbnl bubg l `tbgbnelgbnklznf, l lzjkìn in

a` tu pgtr`mbg bnprnvltl ilstlbdelau lzfù bgflbnkb` prlvr`bgstlli`btlt`tu l sutlbsd`. Bgflbnkbu prlvr`bgst, dgan s` lspgkanvn ugdvlru `tbgbnelgbnklzfn, dnrndt`rlzlrn hgrfnklznf u gibgsu pr`fndukturblf snirnalfn `tbldgj li`btlt`tn, l b`jntlvnb stnv pr`fn mlkgdndvlf vrstnfn prgfa`bn u tgf snirnau dgal prglzlknzl uprnvg lz

tgj hgrfnklzfn. Uutlbsdn prlvr`bgst r`zuktlrn prgndtlvblf gibgsgfpr`fn dukturbga jrnl `tbldgj li`btlt`tn dgan mlvn prljrka`bn zmgjpr`pgzbnvnban sflskn dga` a` kauisdl j`bla u balcgvga lzjrnibal bnng4fùtlf, gvia` b`fn fa`stn hgrfnklzfu, gslf ndg snf hgrfnklznfbla` sutlbn, bltl rljlibgstl. Gbg tg a` u sutlbsdga prlvr`bgstl vnbg

a` rnzufla`vnba` ninptnelasdlc fgtlvn l prlbelpn dgal su vgilkl rnzvgagir``b` duktur`, l snfn prlvr`bgst gir``blf `k`f`btlfn duktur`bnstna` ndg s` zndkaul in gbl prìstnvkanau prlfa`r` igmr` prlfa`b`tlc prlbelpn u pgstga`lf gdgkbgstlfn. P sdkniu s tlf, sutlbsdu

prlvr`bgst `tbldgf li`btlt`tu dnrndt`rlzlrnau s`k`dtlvbgst l t`ban dnrnzufla`vnbau ba`jgvlc t`f`kan. Utrnt`jlan dgan ml t`lkn spr`nvnbaulzmlanban `tbgbnelgbnklstldgj rnzflkanban, n dgan ml prl tgf` cta`knlzma`l in snfn prgmuil gsa`na ujrg`bgstl li`btlt`tn, fg` upgtrla`mltl


34/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 80

uprnvg strnt`jlau dgan rnzkldua` gvn ivn bnlbn prlvr`bgstl `tbldgf,udnzuaul l bn ba`jgv` pgzltlvb`, dgbstrudtlvb` strnb`, nkl pgtlul l

snfgdrltldl gibgs. Ylf` s` b` b`jlrn u pgtpubgstl vrlaìbgst sninprlsutblc gmkldn dukturbgj prlknjgnvnban, nkl s` ag vl` lstl` balcgvnvnbgst dng r`zuktntn t`bi`bela` dn prlknjgiml. Yndg`r, b` b`jlrn s` blba`jgvn vnbgst zn muiubgst, a`r gsva`lvnba`f g t`bi`belanfn dga`k`` u sutlbl dukturbgj rnzvgan pgv`nvn s` fgjubgst inka`j ba`jgvnbantndv` t`bi`bela`, li`btlhlelrnba`f jr`ndn dga` su `v`btunkbg ig sninbnprnvka`b` gfgjunvn s` balcgvg lzma`jnvnba` u muiubgstl, n inkan

prlfa`bn gbgjn tg s` pgdnznkg dng ninptlmlkbg bnstnvl` invntl svga`

r`zuktnt`. Yr`mn pgisa`tltl in a` dukturn svndndg b`tg tg s` fla`ban, lsvndl pgduna ba`bgj hgslklzlrnban u b`dga hnzl rnzvgan pg prnvlku gstna`snfg bn pgdunau, nd l ndg gbl dgal tg pgdunvnau tg b` `k` prlzbntl4gsva`lvnba`f g tgf` in a` zn dukturu bnavnblan t`bi`belan dgan au

a` drgz clstgrlau pgdr`tnkn, t` gsva`lvnba`f g prlrgil t` t`bi`bela`,fg` s` pgstll dgfprgfls lzfù uva`r`bang npsgkutbga vrlaìbgstll trnbsclstgrlasdga lstgstl dukturn dnrndt`rlstlbn zn `tbgbnelgbnklst`

l prgtg`tbgbnelgbnklst` l lba`blen g balcgvga prgfa`balvgstl lb`snvr`bgstl. Ppgzbnvnba` sn prnvlf vrlaìbgstlfn tbldgj li`btlt`tnl ba`jgvlf hubdelgbnkblf pgt`belankgf gtvnrn vrntn l in s` udn` bn tgdndg pslcgkgdn prlrgin `tbgbnelgbnklzfn ustvnrl b` gkndnvn ba`jgvgguvnba` l ubnpr``ba`, v` bnrunvnba`, n tlf` l urunvnba`, tg ml

pgv`nkg nbs` in s` uprnvg dgi gsgmn dga` s` sfntrnau bnava`rgvntblalfj`b`rntgrlfn lkl bgslgelfn `tbgbnelgbnklstldlc liàn, gblfn dgal sufu prlvr`bl lkl lfnau lzrn`bu snkla`btbgst `tbldgj li`btlt`tn, pr`fn

ba`fu rnzvla` gimgabgst, l tlf` lc s`, ufa`stg bgslgelfn, ulbl ba`jgvlfprgtlvblelfn.

MLMKLGJ]NHLAN

>. Nkm`rt, ]., Uecb``w`ls, N. & Dbgmm`, L. (=??0). Utr`bjtc`blbj,Clilbj gr ]`klbqulsclbj @tcble Li`btlty lb ]`spgbs` tgYcr`nt1 Lfpklentlgbs hgr Lbt`reukturnk ]`kntlgbs, Lbt`reukturnkEgffublentlgb Utuil`s, >9 (>), >?: >>3.

=. Nbi`rs`b, F. K. & Ynykgr, C. H. (=??8). Ugelgkgjy1Pbi`rstnbilbj n Ilv`rs` Ugel`ty (Hgurtc @iltlgb). M`kfgbt,


35/37

88 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

EN1 Ycgfsgb Zniswgrtc.5. Nuj`fm`rj, D. (=??:). Xnku`s nbi _gkltles1 Xnku` _rlgrltl`s

ns _rìletgrs gh _syecgkgjlenk nbi Lbstruf`btnk _gkltlenk@bjnj`f`bt. _cI Yc`sls. Hgricnf Pblv`rslty , B`w \grd.9. Mryf, ]. A. & Kl`, A. (=??8). Ugelgkgjy1 \gur Egfpnss hgr n

B`w Zgrki. M`kfgbt, EN1 Ycgfsgb Zniswgrtc.0. Ilzinr`vl, L. (=??5). B`znmgrnv usa`dklbn j`bgelin

(Pbhgrj`ttnmk` Uenrs gh J`bgeli`). Unrna`vg1 Lbstltut znlstrnlvnban zkglbn prgtlv gva`bgstl l fùbnrgibgj prnvn.

8. url, . (>. Jlii`bs , N. (=??8). Ugelgkgjy (0tc ì.). Enfmrlij`1 _gklty.>=. C`kf, N. N. (=??>). Hrnbz Mgns nbi Mrgblsknw Fnklbgwsdy1 N

Egbtrnst, Egfpnrlsgb nbi Nbnkysls,Knfmin Nkpcn Agurbnk,5>, 53 9:.

>5. Cgkfwggi, A. (=?>?). Hubetlgbnklsf nbi lts Erltles. Lb E.Ergtc`rs, (@i.), Clstgrlenk i`v`kgpf`bts nbi Yc`gr`tlenkNpprgnec`s lb Ugelgkgjy. Lb PB@UEG, @beyekgpìlngh Klh` Uuppgrt Uyst`fs (@GKUU), Gxhgri, PD1 @gkss_umklsc`rs. Igstupbg bn/Nvnlknmk` hrgf1 cttp1//www.`gkss.b`t/Unfpk`-Ecnpt`rs/E?9/@8-=.).

>9. Cgw`kk, M. F. & _nrls, A. Z. (=?>>). Lbtrgiuelbj eukturnknbtcrgpgkgjy1 n Ecrlstlnb p`rspètlv`. Jrnbi ]nplis, FL1Mnd`r Neni`fle.

>0. A`bdlbs, ]. (=??3). ]`tclbdlbj @tcblelty1 Nrjuf`bts nbi@xpkgrntlgbs (sègbi ìltlgb). Kgbigb1 UNJ@ _umklentlgbs.

>8. Dntz, I. & Dncb, ]. K. (>


36/37

Fustnhn PXNKLAN 8:

Grjnblzntlgbs. B`w \grd1 Agcb Zlk`y & Ugbs.>:. D`binkk, I. (=?>>). Ugelgkgjy lb Gur Ylf`s1 Yc` @ss`btlnks.

M`kfgbt, EN1 Zniswgrtc.>3. Dlbbl`r, ]., D`rb`s, A. K. & Inutc`rlm`s, Y. F. (=???). N UcgrtKlst gh Pblv`rsnk Fgrnk Xnku`s. Egubs`klbj nbi Xnku`s, Xgk.90.

>. Fggb`y, K.N., Cgkf`s, F., Dbgx, I. & Uecnct, I. (=?>>).

Pbi`rstnbilbj Ugelnk _rgmk`fs (9tc Enbnilnb `i.).Uenrmgrgujc, GB1 B`ksgb @iuentlgb.

==. Furpcy, A. F. (=??9). NJLK. Lb J. ]ltz`r (@i.). @beyekgp`ilngh Ugelnk Yc`gry. Ycgusnbi Gnds, EN1 UNJ@ _umklentlgbs.

=5. _`bblbjtgb, I. E. (>


37/37

83 Fustnhn PXNKLAN

gh Ynkegtt _nrsgbs. Lb Yr`vlg, N. A. (@i.) Ynkegtt _nrsgbs1Cls Yc`gry nbi K`jney lb Egbt`fpgrnry Ugelgkgjy. Gxhgri1

]gwfnb & Klttk`hl`ki _umklsc`rs, Lbe.5=. Yurb`r, A. C. (=?>?). Xnrlntl`s gh sgelgkgjlenk tc`grlzlbj. LbE. Ergtc`rs. (@i.)1 Clstgrlenk i`v`kgpf`bts nbi Yc`gr`tlenkNpprgnec`s lb Ugelgkgjy. Lb PB@UEG,@beyekgpìln gh KlhÙuppgrt Uyst`fs (@GKUU). Gxhgri, PD1 @gkss _umklsc`rs.Igstupbg bn/Nvnlknmk` hrgf1 cttp1//www.`gkss.b`t/Unfpk`-Ecnpt`rs/E?9/@8-=.).

55. Xnb Fàlk, Y. (=??3). Euktur` nbi li`btlty lb nbtcrgpgkgjy1r`hkètlgbs gb ublty nbi ube`rtnlbty lb tc` ilnkgjlenk s`kh,

Lbt`rbntlgbnk Agurbnk hgr Ilnkgjlenk Uel`be`, 5 (>), >80 >

Documents

Etnonacionalistički stavovi i ometanje funkcija etničkog identiteta / Ethnonationalist Attitudes and the Obstruction of Functions in Ethnic Identity