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Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah
Institute for Public Policy Research
November 2007
Migration into Britain
London’s place in the wider picture
2
Lots of immigrationTotal migration to and from the UK, 1966-2005
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
Mig
ran
ts (
tho
us
an
ds
)
Inflow Outflow Balance
Source: International Passenger Survey and Total International Migration, Office of National Statistics
3
Number Per cent
Worker Registration Scheme 194,953 48.6%
Work permits 86,191 21.5%
EU15 and EFTA 35,200 8.8%
Working Holiday Makers Scheme 20,135 5.0%
Highly Skilled Migrant Programme 17,631 4.4%
Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme 15,455 3.9%
Domestic servants 10,100 2.5%
UK ancestry 8,260 2.1%
Sectors Based Scheme 7,401 1.8%
Au pairs 2,360 0.6%
Science and Engineering Graduates Scheme 2,699 0.7%
Ministers of religion 530 0.1%
Total 400,915 100.0%
Foreign labour inflows by route of entry, 2005
Source: Salt and Millar 2006
4
London is home to 41% of immigrants
non British Isles 01
172 - 1000
1001 - 2000
2001 - 3000
3001 - 4000
4001 - 5000
5001 - 7500
7501 - 10000
10001 - 15000
15001 - 20000
20001 - 32128
West
Yorkshire
Manchester
Birmingham
London
Total non British Isles: 4,301,280
Born outside British Isles, 2001
5
London’s immigrant population up 44%non British Isles 91-01
-4445 - -1
0 - 250
251 - 500
501 - 1000
1001 - 2000
2001 - 3000
3001 - 4000
4001 - 6000
6001 - 8000
8001 - 15081
West
Yorkshire
Manchester
Birmingham
London
Net change: 1,147,905
Change in non-British-Isles, 1991-2001
6
But London is not always the magnet
Worker Registration Scheme (WRS) applications,
May 2004-June 2006
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Q2
2004
Q3
2004
Q4
2004
Q1
2005
Q2
2005
Q3
2005
Q4
2005
Q1
2006
Q2
2006
nu
mb
er
of
regis
trati
on
s
London Outside London
7
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Nort
h E
ast
Nort
h W
est
York
shir
e &
Hu
mbe
rsid
e
West
Mid
lands
Ea
st
Mid
lands
East of
Engla
nd
Inner
London
Oute
r London
South
Ea
st
South
West
Wale
s
Scotland
N.Ire
land
British Isles born 'Settled' foreign born 'New' foreign born
Proportion earning < ½ UK median earnings, 2000-4
8
% of people earning above £750 a week
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Nort
h E
ast
Nort
h W
est
York
shire
Hum
bers
ide
West
Mid
lands
East
Mid
lands
East of
Engla
nd
Inner
London
Oute
r
London
South
East
South
West
Wale
s
Scotland
Nort
hern
Irela
nd
British Isles born 'Settled' foreign born 'New ' foreign born
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
£1-99 £100-199 £200-299 £300-399 £400-499 £500-599 £600-699 £700-799 £800-899 £900-999 £1000+
Per
cen
tag
e b
y p
op
ula
tio
n c
ateg
ory
British Isles born 'Settled' foreign born 'New' foreign born
Source: Labour Force Survey
Gross weekly earnings from main job, 2003-04
10
The Chelsea phenomenon
• London doing well in attracting highly-skilled, highly-mobile‘gold-collar’ workers.
• Key to success of some sectors and services
• Generally fuelling employment growth
• Making important contributions to the public purse
• Clustering in certain areas, e.g. 45% of Kensington & Chelsea residents were foreign-born; 18% of London’s Americans live in K & C
• Causing some resentment amongst locals
• May well move on with changing economic fortunes
11
The East Ham phenomenon
• London doing well in finding the migrant workers to do dirty,
difficult and dangerous jobs (one recent study found that 90% of
341 low-paid workers surveyed were migrants; many are
actually skilled almost half of above sample had acquired
tertiary level qualifications before moving to the UK).
• Key to success of some sectors and services
• Generally fuelling employment growth (directly and indirectly)
• Making important contributions to the public purse
• Clustering in certain areas, e.g. 38% of Newham residents were
foreign-born; 15% of London’s Pakistanis live in Newham
• Causing some resentment amongst locals
• May well move on with changing economic fortunes
12
Challenges ahead• Counting migrants and funding the services they use
• Responding to high mobility: e.g. schools, integration,
community cohesion
• Responding to super diversity: 1 x 15 vs. 15 x 1?
• Olympic hurdles: meeting labour needs while dealing
with irregular migrants
• Segregation, ghettos and ‘white flight’?
• Dealing with new tensions
• Convincing the rest of the country that diversity works