EuropeChanges and Conflict

New Ways of ThinkingInventions

Thomas Edison: Light bulb and harnessing electricityAlexander Graham Bell: Human voice on electrical circuitHenry Ford, Karl Benz, Etienne Lenoir: CarsWilbur and Orville Wright: Airplane

New ThinkersCharles Darwin: Theory of Evolution. Those who survive have the best natural characteristics to survive.Gregor Mendel: Founded GeneticsEdward Jenner: small pox vaccine Louis Pasteur: Pasteurization….found out that bacteria cause illnessDmitry Mendeleyev: Classified ElementsAlbert Einstein: German Scientist (physics)

New Ways of ThinkingNew Thinkers cont..

Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud: PsychologyBeethoven: German ComposerJames Fennimore Cooper: American Writer

Sports Became organized and popular during the 1800s. Soccer and baseball were some of the earliest

Economic ChangesIndustrial Revolution

Rapid industrial development caused by available land and natural resources, available money to invest and available workers.

Mechanization: Automatic machines (silk spinning first)

Richard Arkwright: Use of water to power machine..started the first factory system.

Demand for cotton increased, England got most from the Southern United States (4 million to 100 million pounds per year)

Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney): machine that cleaned cotton, made it easier to mass produce it

Economic ChangesIndustrial Revolution

Water (river power) was unpredictable, tried to harness steam power (James Watt)Bessemer Process: Process to inject air into pure Iron to remove impurities. This made steel easier to use.Charles Goodyear: Vulcanization (made rubber less sticky)Robert Fulton: Steam Engine on boat..changed water travelSamuel Morse: Morse Code and TelegraphGreat Britain was the European leader in IndustrializationFactory System developed a wage system and Middle ClassWomen also began to work more

Econ ChangesSupply-Demand

Item is scarce and has high demand=high prices paid. When supply goes down, prices riseItem is not scarce and has low demand=lower prices paidSmith’s Theory: Manufacturers that compete with other companies must reduce prices to be competitive (but not too low or they will go out of business).System of Free Enterprise (no government control)

Conditions:Were bad for workersHumanitarians: People who tried to help (Charles Dickens)Strikes: effective way to protest working conditionsUnions: organizations created to protect the rights of workers

Econ ChangesCapitalism

Economic system where individuals or corporations control what and how much gets produced (not govts)Division of Labor: Economic principle that increased the rate of production….each person specialized in a certain job.Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts…machines that made things that were all alike…easier to fixMass Production: Producing large numbers of identical items. Business began to become corporations (people could buy stock in them)

Econ ChangesSocialism

Some people felt that the laissez-faire approach would not work (let it be)Felt they need to change who owned the means of productionMeans of Production: money and equipment used to produce and exchange goods (land, RR, mines, factories, stores, banks)Definition: government owns the means of production and operates them for the benefit of all people, not just the wealthy. Everyone should share in the profitsUtopian Socialists: People who believed that people could live peacefully together in small communities where everyone would work for the common good of all

Theories Karl Marx

Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848)Thought that capitalism created a conflict between workers and business owners. His thoughts were that a few owners made a ton of money off the hard work of the workers.Marx predicted that the workers would eventually unite and overthrow the capitalistic areas and create a socialist revolution.Believed that people would learn the benefits of working together and a classless society would emerge..pure communism

TheoriesCommunism

Government that owns the means of production and all economic planning (and all other aspects of daily life).

Democratic SocialismPeople retain partial control over economic planning through the election of government officials

Marx’s IdeasHad an important affect in parts of Northern and Western Europe. Huge impact in Russia

ConflictsWWI

Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary (made by Bismarck during the 1880s)Triple Entente: France, Russia, and GBSerbs wanted Bosnia (Controlled by Austria) to be part of a Slavic Empire Assassination of France Ferdinand (AH prince) by a Serbian nationalist set off the alliances. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman EmpireAllied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, and others

Conflicts WWI

U BoatsPropagandaTrench WarfareUS Involvement (Lusitania and Zimmerman Note)Eventually the Allies won due to American help and Austria/Hungary falling apart

Costs of WWI8.5-10 million dead, 21 million wounded, 300 Billion

14 ptsWilson’s attempt to make the world safe for democracyLeague of Nations: A world organization to maintain peace…what the UN would become. Not strong after WWITreaty of Versailles: Punished Germany for actions in WWI and caused WWII. (No resolution of problems, Germany poor)

ConflictGreat Depression

Black Tuesday: Oct 29, 1929, stock market crashMarket Speculation: Risky InvestmentsGreat Depression: 30 million unemployed by 1932Major effect in GB, France, and Germany (destroy govt)

Great Britain StrugglesStruggle to find people jobs during 1920s-1930sIrish nationals revolted in 1916 (Easter Rising)IRA: Irish Republic Army.Compromise: Catholic Southern Ireland (Republic of Ireland) would be independent, 6 Northern counties (Protestant) remained a part of the UK

ProblemsEastern Europe

Most of Eastern European Countries were very weak

Austria, Poland, Hungary, etc

Italian FascismBenito Mussolini: Leader of fascist ItalyFascism: Totalitarian dictatorship, opposed to democracies and communism (very much nationalistic)Communism appealed to the workers, Fascism appealed to the middle/upper class because they were guaranteed to keep their power. Protect private property and middle class Black Shirts: Mussolini’s military branch that eliminated all things socialist or democratic

ConflictsGermany

Nazis: Extreme Nationalism, anti-semitic (Jew) and anti-communist. Began around 1920Hitler’s views began to shape Nazi Party. Through elections the Nazi’s were able to take gain a majority in the Reichstag (Parliament). Hitler became the emergency dictator when the Reichstag burnt down in 1933.After that Hitler began to used the SS to round up Jews, forcing them to ghettos, work camps, and eventually concentration camps.Hitler believed in the Third Reich (3rd Empire)Began to rebuild the Army (illegal) and made a secret alliance with Italy

New ProblemsWWII:

Began with Hitler's AggressionAustria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Scandinavia and Low Countries, USSR, France

Hitler was not able to fully capture USSR and never invaded Great Britain.Allies: GB, France, USSR, USAAxis: Germany, Italy, JapanHitler’s attack on the Soviet Union was similar to Napoleon’s failed attempt. Too big and cold. Hitler began to kill the Jews in 1941. Famous concentration camps like Auschwitz were builtD-Day: Allied Invasion of France….would mark the end for Hitler and the German Army

World After WWIIUnited Nations

Created to keep peace throughout the world, don’t make the same mistakes that happened post WWI

Yalta ConferenceDivided up Germany into 4 states (3 controlled by the West and 1 controlled by the USSR)

Cold WarBegan after WWII. The Soviet Army never really left the lands that they had conquered between Germany and USSR. Marshall Plan: US gave over 13 billion dollars to 17 Western European countries to prevent communism from spreadingTruman Doctrine: USA would support any country in their fight against communism (Greece and Turkey were first)

World After WWIIBerlin Airlift

City of Berlin (in east Berlin) was divided by East and West. The Soviets shut off access to outside worldUS and GB dropped food and supplies into West BerlinEventually the Berlin was created to prevent people moving from East to West.

NATOMilitary Alliance of European countries..Warsaw Pact was the same thing except involving Soviets and the countries they controlled

Great BritainPrime Ministers

Neville ChamberlainWinston Churchill (during WWII)

EconomicsStruggled between welfare state and non welfare stateOne of the least industrialized countries by 1960Major problems from the destruction of WWII

FranceProblems

Destroyed, much like Great Britain from fighting in WWIIHad trouble holding on to foreign possessions like Algeria and French Indochina (Vietnam)

Charles De GaulleFrench President after WWII.Let go of possessions, believed in NATO, etcEconomy never got better and he resigned

Other European Countries

Denmark, Norway, SwedenAll had solid democracies in placeAll prospered in the times after WWIIVery little rebuilding occurred

Greece, Portugal, SpainTurned to free-enterprise systems of economyPortugal and Spain remained Authoritarian Govts

Modern TimesGreat Britain

Margaret Thatcher: Became the first female Prime Minister in Britain’s HistoryReduced government funding of many social programs (like Republicanism) Poll Tax: Replaced income tax, charged everyone the same…led to problems…she resigned in 1990John Major: More moderate, had many scandalsTony Blair: Elected in 1997

Northern Ireland (Protestant aligned with GB)Battles between the Catholics (IRA) and ProtestantsWanted to drive the Protestants out of Ireland (unite)Still an issue today

Modern TimesFrance

Many different leaders (Pompidou, d’Estaing, Mitterand, Chirac)Continued to struggle with economic problems and foreign relations.

GermanyWest Germany became a major economic power while East Germany struggledHelmut Kohl: Conservative (Reagan and Thatcher) kept close times with GB and USAUSSR collapsed and Germany was re-united as one country in 1992.

Modern TimesNATO

United most of Western Europe (small countries)Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland all were either supportive of Western ideas or neutral

ItalyDivided between political parties and industrial/wealthy Northern Italy vs poor/rural Southern ItalySituation improved during the 1990s

SpainJuan Carlos: King in 1975Troubles with economy during the 1970s and 80sBy 2000, Spain was in much better shape

Modern TimesEuropean Cooperation

Helsinki Accords: 35 European Nations (and USA/USSR) met to discuss security and cooperation among countriesCalled on all nations to respect basic human rights, such as speech and worship…helped usher in democracy of the 1980’sNATO: started to include Eastern European countries (Czech, Poland, Hungary) in 1997European Economic Community: Economic cooperation between countries to include common taxation, trade and currencyEuropean Union: 1993, ended trade barriers between countries. Where the Euro came from (common currency)