Europe and the World

New Encounters, 1500-1800

Chapter 14

04/21/23 John 3:16 1

Introduction

Many Europeans were not satisfied with addressing domestic issues and began to take long voyages for discovery and adventure

Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan which took him from the Atlantic to the Pacific

04/21/23 John 3:16 2

Introduction (cont)

Magellan’s crew went through many hardships (not uncommon) before arriving at the Philippines

Magellan was killed by the natives but is still remembered as the first person to circumnavigate the globeOnly one of five ships he started with

returned to Spain

04/21/23 John 3:16 3

Introduction (cont)

Explorers like Magellan and their voyages marked the beginning of a new era Effected all peoples of the worldLed to radical changes in the political,

economic and cultural life of the entire world

04/21/23 John 3:16 4

Introduction (cont)

Between 1500 and 1800, European power engulfed the worldEuropeans established coloniesSpread laws, religion, and culturesIn island regions, they firmly established ruleIn Africa and Asia, they had large impact on

local peoples

04/21/23 John 3:16 5

Age of Expansion--Crucial

Transition from agrarian to commercial and industrial capitalistic system

Expansion also led to contacts with other peoples that brought about the history of the 16 century and beyond

04/21/23 John 3:16 6

Western Civilization expands with dynamic and ruthless energy. By the 16th century, Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic, England and France were raised to prominence. This was the age of expansion. It moved Europe from an agrarian to a commercial and industrial capitalistic system. European established new and long lasting contacts with other peoples

04/21/23 John 3:16 7

The Motives

Fantastic lands Economic Motives Religious Zeal

04/21/23 John 3:16 8

Fantastic Lands

Europeans were long attracted to discovery Much literature about different lands The idea of adventure and discovery of the

truth Curiosity about the mythology of other lands

04/21/23 John 3:16 9

Fantastic Lands

The Travels of John MandevilleSpoke of 30 foot giantsSpoke of man-eating peopleMysterious Christian kingdomsMandeville had never traveled there

04/21/23 John 3:16 10

Economic Motives

Expanding the economic themes of the Renaissance, merchants, adventurers, and government officials were interested in direct route to the East

-Spices

-Precious metals

-New areas of trade Arab Intermediaries were expensive

04/21/23 John 3:16 11

Economic Motives

Mongol conquests of the Muslims in the 13th century opened the door for Europeans to travel eastThe Polos of Venice: Niccolo, Maffeo, and

Niccolo’s son, MarcoTraveled to the court of Mongol leader,

Khubilia KhanMarco’s experiences in Travels

04/21/23 John 3:16 12

Economic Motives

The conquests of the Ottoman Turks and the breakdown of the Mongol Empire closed the door over land

Europeans now became interested in reaching eastern land by sea

Christopher Columbus has copy of Marco Polo’s Travels when his Atlantic vision of a voyage began

04/21/23 John 3:16 13

Economic Motives

One Spanish conquistador explained why he went to the new world, to “served God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in the darkness, and to grow rich, as all men desire to do.”

04/21/23 John 3:16 14

Religious Zeal

A crusading mentality, particularly with Spain and Portugal, to bring Christianity to the “heathens”

Prince Henry, the Navigator, said to be motivated by “his great desire to make increase in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ and bring him to all the souls that should be saved”

04/21/23 John 3:16 15

Religious Zeal

Hernan Cortez, conqueror of Mexico, saw it as his duty to instruct the natives in the “holy Catholic faith”

Spiritual and secular affairs both played a part in the desire to conquer new lands

Money, glory, intellectual curiosity, and spirit of adventure all played a role as well

04/21/23 John 3:16 16

The Means

Money Maps Ships and Sailing

04/21/23 John 3:16 17

Money Growth of central monarchies during

Renaissance increased authority and resources

Permitted nations to turn their energies beyond their borders

04/21/23 John 3:16 18

Three Major Countries France—invasion of

Italy Portugal—going

abroad Spain—both Europe

and beyond

Wealth and technology enables three countries to look beyond borders

04/21/23 John 3:16 19

Maps

Portolani (charts) of medieval navigators and mathematicians in 13th and 14th centuries were better than mapsMore details of coastal regions and distancesDrawn of flat scale—no consideration for earth’s

curveGood for short journeys only

04/21/23 John 3:16 20

Maps When seafarers

began to venture away from coasts knowledge of the

world’s shape increased

By end of 15th century, maps were fairly accurate

Travel risks had to be taken before quality maps were available

04/21/23 John 3:16 21

Ptolemy

Astronomer from second century Showed world as sphere with three major

land masses -Europe-Asia-Africa

Underestimated circumference of earth and size of oceans

04/21/23 John 3:16 22

Ptolemy Ptolemy’s Geography

containing world map became available in 1477 Known to Arab

geographers by 8th century

Latin translation not made until 15th century

Oceans and landmasses smaller than actual size

04/21/23 John 3:16 23

Ships and Sailing

New seaworthy ships developed by Europeans

-Axial rudders—import from China

-Lateen sails

-Square rig

04/21/23 John 3:16 24

Ships and Sailing

Mobil for warfare Could sail against wind Carry heavy cannon Quadrant was useless below the equator—

depended on position of Pole Star Compass and astrolabe helped Wind patterns learned

04/21/23 John 3:16 25

Portuguese took the lead in European age of expansion

Began to explore the coast of Africa under sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator

Sought Christian kingdom to ally against the Muslims

Acquiring trade opportunities

Extending Christianity

04/21/23 John 3:16 26

The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Prince Henry

founded school for navigation in Portugal

Portuguese ships exploring west coast of Africa searching for gold

04/21/23 John 3:16 27

The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Portuguese ships

brought cargo of Africans sold as slaves

Within 3 years, an estimated 1000 slaves were brought into Lisbon

04/21/23 John 3:16 28

The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Portuguese gradually crept down the

African coast Found gold at “hump” of Africa on the

West Coast—henceforth known as the Gold Coast

To facilitate trade in gold, slaves, and ivory, Portuguese leased land

04/21/23 John 3:16 29

The Portuguese in India Sought route to India around Africa Bartholomeu Dias (1488) reached tip of

south Africa but returned fearing mutiny Vasco de Gama rounded cape and stopped

at several ports on east coast controlled by Muslims

De Gama crossed the Arabian Sea and reached Calcutta, India

04/21/23 John 3:16 30

The Portuguese in India

In India, de Gama said he was looking for “Christians and spices”No Christians, but his ships “holds” filled

with spices earned his investors great profit

Portugal tried to establish blockade at entrance to the Red Sea to block Muslim traders

04/21/23 John 3:16 31

The Portuguese in India

Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque set up port facilities in GoaBecame headquarters for Portuguese

operationsFrom here, conducted raids against Muslim

traders

04/21/23 John 3:16 32

In Search of Spices

Albuquerque seized the Muslim port of Malacca on the Malay peninsulaShort battleMassacred local Arab population

From Malacca, the Portuguese seized control of spice trade from Muslims

Established ports in India and China Portuguese empire remained small

04/21/23 John 3:16 33

In Search of Spices

Why were the Portuguese so successful? Good battle tacticsGood seamanshipHeavy gunsGood naval

technology

04/21/23 John 3:16 34

Voyages to the New World The Portuguese had sailed east for

discoveries The Spanish were attempting to sail

west for same discoveries The plentiful resources of Spain enabled

Spain to establish a larger empire than the Portuguese

04/21/23 John 3:16 35

The Voyages of Columbus Christopher

Columbus was Italian explorer

Sought East Indies by going west

Rejected by Portuguese

Supported by Queen Isabella of Spain

04/21/23 John 3:16 36

The Voyages of Columbus Columbus figured the earth smaller and Asia

larger than believed Three ships: Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta

Crew of 90Set sail August 3, 1492Reached Bahamas October 12Continued to explore Hispaniola, current day

Cuba and Dominican Republic

04/21/23 John 3:16 37

The Voyages of Columbus Columbus believed he had reached Asia

Persisted in called the natives “Indians”Reports to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand stated

he would find gold and convert the natives to Christianity

In four voyages, Columbus landed on all major Caribbean islands and Central America mainland but failed to find Asia

04/21/23 John 3:16 38

New Voyages John Cabot

Venetian seamanExplored New

England coastlineLicense from King

Henry VII of England

04/21/23 John 3:16 39

New Voyages Pedro Cabral

Portuguese sea captain

Accidentally discovered South America in 1500

Stayed in Brazil for 10 days and moved on

04/21/23 John 3:16 40

New Voyages

Amerigo VespucciFlorentineAccompanied several

voyagesWrote letters describing

voyages and world geography

Due to letters, people started to call the New World America

04/21/23 John 3:16 41

New Voyages Vasco Nunez de

BalboaSpanish explorerExpedition across

Isthmus of Panama and reached Pacific Ocean

04/21/23 John 3:16 42

New Voyages Ferdinand Magellan

Sailed through strait name for him

Across Pacific to Philippines

Killed by Philippine natives

Only 1 of 5 ships returned to Spain

First circumnavigation of the globe

04/21/23 John 3:16 43

New Voyages

Europeans saw opportunity in New WorldConquest and exploitation would follow

Treaty of Tordesillas Divided New World into spheres of influenceSpanish: most of South America and the route

across the AtlanticPortuguese: Cape of Good Hope and eastEastern hump of South America, both

04/21/23 John 3:16 44

The Spanish Empire in the New World Conquistadors were

privately financedSuperior weapons

and organizational skills

Benefitted from rivalries among native peoples

Coronado and others were Conquistadors

04/21/23 John 3:16 45

Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Mayan people

settled in Yucatan Peninsula

300 A.D.Highly sophisticatedSplendid temples and

pyramidsAccomplished artistsAccurate calendarAgrarian society

04/21/23 John 3:16 46

Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Mayans covered

much of covered much of Central America and southern Mexico

Disappeared around 800 A.D., reason unknown

04/21/23 John 3:16 47

Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Aztecs establish

capital in Tenochtitlan around 1200 A.D. after long migration

Location was on island in middle of Lake Texcoco

Current location of Mexico City

04/21/23 John 3:16 48

Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica Aztecs were

outstanding warriors and builders

By 1500, they had established their dominion over much of current Mexico, Atlantic to Pacific

04/21/23 John 3:16 49

Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Aztec kingdom was

not a centralized state but a collection of semi-independent territoriesLocal rulers confirmed

by Aztec rulerTerritories paid tribute

to Aztec ruler

04/21/23 John 3:16 50

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish expedition

under Hernan Cortez landed at Veracruz

Cortez journeyed to Tenochtitlan via other states like Tlaxcala

People had grown tired of Aztec rule

04/21/23 John 3:16 51

Aztec Life

04/21/23 John 3:16 52

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Cortez made allies

with some states Upon arriving in

Tenochtitlan, the Aztec leader, Moctezuma, mistook him for a god who had departed and had now returned

04/21/23 John 3:16 53

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Moctezuma received Cortez graciously

and heaped gifts of gold and other items on him—Moctezuma being filled with fear

Spaniards wore out their welcome and within a year the local natives attempted to expel them

Spaniards fled but Aztec people fell dead by the thousand from smallpox

04/21/23 John 3:16 54

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Aztec people had no natural immunity Cortez received fresh soldiers, 50,000

alone from Tlaxcala After 4 months, Cortez entered the city

and saw the devastation of the disease

04/21/23 John 3:16 55

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish committed great destruction

Leveled pyramids, temples, and palacesUsed stones to build government buildingsRivers and canals filled in

Between 1531-1550, Spanish controlled northern Mexico

04/21/23 John 3:16 56

The Inca The Inca were

located in the mountains of southern Peru

Their leader, Pachakuti, launched a campaign to control the region

04/21/23 John 3:16 57

The Inca Mud huts were

transformed to impressive stone buildings

Inca empire extended to Ecuador, central Chile, and the edge of the Amazon basin

Twelve million people

04/21/23 John 3:16 58

The Inca Pachakuti divided his realm into four quarters Quarters were divided into provinces The emperor was at the top, believed to be

related to the sun god The Inca were great builders

Their 28,800 miles of roads and accompanying bridges, etc., were marvels

04/21/23 John 3:16 59

Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro

landed on Pacific coast of South America December 1530

Had 180 men, steel weapons, gunpowder and horses, all unknown to Incas

04/21/23 John 3:16 60

Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire The Incans had

already been devastated by smallpox and were in the middle of a civil war

All good news for Pizarro

04/21/23 John 3:16 61

Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire Pizarro’s troops,

including many Incan allies, and technology overwhelmed the Inca

He executed the leader of the Inca

Pizarro established Lima as the capital of new colony

04/21/23 John 3:16 62

Administration of the Spanish Empire Spanish policy towards the Indians of

the New World was confusion, misguided paternalism, and cruel exploitationConquistadors made decisions based on

their own interestsQueen Isabella declared the natives subject

to encomienda—to be subjects of Castile, collecting tribute and using them as laborers

04/21/23 John 3:16 63

Administration of the Spanish Empire However, the holders of encomienda

were to be good leaders and mentors to the native peoplesProtect themPay them wagesSupervise their spiritual needs

Settlers implemented the law different from intent—3000 miles from Spain

04/21/23 John 3:16 64

Administration of the Spanish Empire In practice, the encomienda produced

Forced labor, starvation, and disease○ Smallpox, measles, and typhus

Thirty to forty percent died

Columbus arrived at Hispaniola—100,000 people became 300

Central Mexico—11 million people became 2.5 million by 16th century

04/21/23 John 3:16 65

Administration of the Inca Empire Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas

championed the Indians and wrote publications drawing attention to the problem e.g., The Tears of the Indians

The Spanish administrative system for oversight was based on a system of viceroys over certain areas and reporting advisory/judicial groups called audiencias

04/21/23 John 3:16 66

Administration of the Spanish Empire The pope gave authority to the Catholic

monarchs of Spain to appoint all clergy, build churches, collect fees, supervise religious orders seeking to Christianize natives

04/21/23 John 3:16 67

Administration of the Spanish Empire Dominicans,

Franciscans, and Jesuits fanned out across the empire to convert and baptize

04/21/23 John 3:16 68

Administration of the Spanish Empire Institutional

structures of Catholicism were brought to the New World

The Inquisition was also brought to Peru in 1570 and Mexico

04/21/23 John 3:16 69

In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain had been the first Atlantic nations to take advantage of the Age of Exploration. In the 17th century, England, France, and the Dutch would move forward to replace the Portuguese and Spanish, impacting much of the rest of the world.

04/21/23 John 3:16 70

Africa: The Slave State Originally, explorers

were trying to sail around Africa, but soon discovered they could prosper by exploring Africa itself

The Portuguese had built trading forts along the west coast, to be seized later by Dutch

04/21/23 John 3:16 71

Africa: The Slave State

Dutch East India Trading Company established by government sponsorshipEstablished settlement at Cape of Good HopeRe-supply point for Dutch ships sailing to Spice

IslandsDeveloped into permanent colonyDutch farmers (Boers) settled outside Cape Town

04/21/23 John 3:16 72

Africa: The Slave Trade

Coastal colonies did not effect most of native African living inland

People living on or near the coast, however, were impacted

During the 16th thru the 18th centuries, millions of Africans were taken as slaves and moved to the New World

04/21/23 John 3:16 73

Origins of the Slave Trade Traffic in slaves was

nothing newHad been practiced in

Africa since ancient times

By the 15th century, it was continuing at a steady level

Primary market had been in Middle East

04/21/23 John 3:16 74

Origins of the Slave Trade Portuguese began

replacing European slaves with those from AfricaAbout 1000 slaves

per year delivered to Portugal

Most wound up as domestic servants to wealthy Europeans

04/21/23 John 3:16 75

Origins of the Slave Trade Two things that

changed the slave tradeDiscovery of

AmericasPlanting of sugar

cane in South America and the Caribbean

04/21/23 John 3:16 76

Origins of the Slave Trade Sugar caner introduced from Middle

East to Europeans during Crusades Portuguese established sugar

plantations off African coast Extended plantations to eastern Brazil

and the Caribbean Indian populations decimated by

disease

04/21/23 John 3:16 77

Origins of the Slave Trade Better climate in Brazil and Caribbean

for sugar cane than in AfricaAfrican slaves shipped to South America

and Caribbean First African slave shipments occured from

PortugalFirst African slave shipments directly from

Africa was via a Spanish ship

04/21/23 John 3:16 78

Growth of the Slave Trade Next two centuries saw triangular trade

connecting Europe, Africa, and American continentsEuropean ships carried manufactured goods

(guns, gin, cloth) to Africa in trade for slavesSlaves were shipped to Americas for farm

goods (tobacco, rum, coffee, cotton, etc)Ships returned to Europe with goods

04/21/23 John 3:16 79

Triangular Trade

04/21/23 John 3:16 80

Growth of the Slave TradeTime Frame Numbers of Slaves

16th Century 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century Note: About half

transported in British ships, the rest in French, Dutch, Portuguese, Danish, later, American

275,000 1,000,000 6,000,000 2,000,000

Note: About 5% were shipped to the United States

04/21/23 John 3:16 81

Growth of the Slave Trade Journey of slaves from Africa is known

as the Middle Passage The high death rate was one reason for

so many being shippedClosely packed, 300-450 per shipChained in holds without sanitary conditionsTrip lasted 100 days; 10% death rateDeath rates higher once at destination

04/21/23 John 3:16 82

Middle Passage

04/21/23 John 3:16 83

Growth of Slave Trade

Death rates lower for slaves born in New World—immunity from diseases

Slaves not encouraged to have children—buying slaves cheaper than raising them

Europeans first bought slaves at slave markets by trading gold, guns, textiles, etc.

04/21/23 John 3:16 84

Growth of Slave Trade

There have always been those who have stated their concerns about slaveryLetter from King of the Congo to King of Portugal,

“So great, sire, is the corruption and licentiousness that out country is being completely depopulated”

Europeans and Africans ignored protests—local African rulers saw slavery as income

04/21/23 John 3:16 85

Growth of Slave Trade African middle men

—merchants, local elites, or rulers—were active in the processOften able to dictate

price and number of slaves to Europeans

Payment to slave merchant was often made in textiles, furniture, and guns

04/21/23 John 3:16 86

Effects of the Slave Trade Tragic effects on

slaves and their families

Cheap manufactured from Europe undermined the local cottage industries, forcing people into poverty

African communities deprived of best young men and women

04/21/23 John 3:16 87

Effects of the Slave Trade African wars over

slaves Decline in the quality

and character of African states

Europeans continued to view blacks as inferior

04/21/23 John 3:16 88

Effects of the Slave Trade For a long time, the use of African slaves

was acceptable to Western society The Society of Friends (Quakers) began to

criticize slavery in 1770s Radical stage of French Revolution

abolished slavery in 1790s British followed the French in 1807 Slavery continued in the U.S. until 1860s

04/21/23 John 3:16 89

The West in Southwest Asia Portugal was to too small to continue to

dominate in the Asia region Spain, however, established itself with

the landing of Magellan (although killed there)

The Dutch, however, was able to dominate the English and the Portuguese in Asian trade

04/21/23 John 3:16 90

The West in Southeast Asia Dutch were able to bring most of

Indonesia archipelago under their control

In Vietnam, expansion had brought civil war and divided the nations into two states—north and southFrench missionaries attempted to remain

but were often blocked by rulers

04/21/23 John 3:16 91

The West and Southwest

Ultimately, the states of Burma, Vietnam, and Thailand were able to drive out the Europeans due to their cohesion as states

Indonesia was not able to remove the European because they lacked the cohesion and their spice produces were enormously profitable

04/21/23 John 3:16 92

The French and British in India In 1498, the arrival

of the Portuguese fleet saw an India divided into Hindu and Muslim kingdoms

Unity would be brought by a foreign dynasty called the Mughals

04/21/23 John 3:16 93

The Mughal Empire Babur was the

founder of the dynasty

Babur’s grandson brought Mughal rule to most of India

04/21/23 John 3:16 94

The Impact of the Western Powers First Europeans to India were Portuguese British and Dutch followed Dutch pulled out, emphasized spice trade French began to establish trading forts on

east coast but provided limited future investment

British consolidated control through under the genius of Sir Robert Clive

04/21/23 John 3:16 95

The Impact of the Western Powers Indian ruler had attacked British Fort William

and imprisoned the local British population in the “Black Hole of Calcutta”An underground prison—many died

In a major turning point of British authority, a British force defeated a much larger Mughal-led army at the Battle of Plassey

04/21/23 John 3:16 96

The Impact of the Western Powers As a result of the Battle of Plassey, the

British East India Company could collect taxes from surrounding area

During the Seven Year’s War (1756-1763), the British forced the French to withdraw completely from India

04/21/23 John 3:16 97

The Impact of the Western Powers The Battle of

Plassey marks the gradual transfer of India to the British East India Company and eventually to the British government as a colony

Robert Clive listens to terms

04/21/23 John 3:16 98

Battle of Plassey

04/21/23 John 3:16 99

China Portuguese drop

anchor at China 1514

First time since Marco Polo

China was most magnificent civilization on earth at that time

04/21/23 John 3:16 100

The Ming and Qing Dynasties Ming had conquered Mongolia and

extended into Vietnam Suffering of epidemic caused uprising

Revolt led by Li ZichengLast Ming ruler committed suicide

Manchus of Manchuria defeated LiCreated a new dynasty: Qing (pure)

04/21/23 John 3:16 101

The Ming and Qing Dynasties Qing blessed with

good rulersGood economyRestored peaceTwo monarchs:

Kangxi and Qianlong ○ Responsible for

greatness of Manchu China

04/21/23 John 3:16 102

Western Inroads

By 1750s, China was showing strains of military campaigns and population pressure for land

Meanwhile, European nations were growing strong and putting pressure on China

Russia and China had trade agreement for furs and skins

04/21/23 John 3:16 103

Western Inroads

England was replacing Portugal as the main European country trading with China

England operated through the East India Company, establishing its first trading post at Canton in 1699

Qing limited contact with the British, keeping them outside city limits and limiting timeframe for trade

04/21/23 John 3:16 104

Western Inroads

By the 18th century, the British wanted more access

The British were rejected by the Chinese and China would later pay for its protectionist policy

04/21/23 John 3:16 105

Japan After being near

anarchy in the 15th century, the 16th century saw Japan achieve unificationUnder shogun

general Tokugawa Ieyasu

Most powerful and longest lasting

04/21/23 John 3:16 106

Opening to the West Portuguese first

European to land at Japanese ports in 1543

Francis Xavier converted some Japanese to Christianity

04/21/23 John 3:16 107

Opening to the West Initially, visitors were

welcome—the Japanese being curious about European goods and using weapons and firearms to defeat enemies and unify islands

04/21/23 John 3:16 108

Opening the West

When missionaries interfered with local politics, Tokugawa expelled them

European traders were also expelled except for a small contingent of Dutch

04/21/23 John 3:16 109

The Americas

In the 16th century, Spain and Portugal had established colonies in the Americas

By the 17th century, the British, French, and Dutch also sought colonial empires in the New World

04/21/23 John 3:16 110

West Indies British and French

empires in the New World include large part of the West Indies

04/21/23 John 3:16 111

West IndiesBritish French

Barbados Jamaica Bermuda

Note: Both developed plantation economies, worked African slaves, produced tobacco, cotton, coffee, and sugar

Saint Dominique Martinique Guadeloupe

04/21/23 John 3:16 112

West Indies Sugar factories were highly prominent last

two decades of 18th centuryBritain’s Jamaica

○ 50,000 tons/year/200,000 blacksFrench’s Saint Domingue

○ 100,000 tons/year/500,000 blacks○ 3000 plantations○ High death rate○ First successful uprising of slaves

04/21/23 John 3:16 113

British North America

Nations ignored Spain’s claim to North AmericaThe British argued, “prescription without

possession availeth nothing”

Dutch among first to establish settlementsHenry Hudson discovered Hudson RiverEstablished mainland colony of New Netherlands

(New York)

04/21/23 John 3:16 114

British North America Present-day names like Staten Island and

Harlem tell us Dutch originally settled the Hudson River Valley

Competition from British and French and the ensuing wars led to Dutch decline

English seized New Netherlands from Dutch and renamed it New York

Dutch East India Company went bankrupt

04/21/23 John 3:16 115


English began to establish colonies in North America

First settlement was JamestownBarely survivedEconomic interests strongReligious freedom strong

Massachusetts Bay Colony had 4000 settlers in early years and 40,000 by 1660

04/21/23 John 3:16 116


British North America came to consist of 13 coloniesThickly populatedProsperousPresumably run by: British Board of Trade,

the Royals Council, and ParliamentHad legislatures that acted independentlyPort city merchants resented and resisted

regulation from the British government

04/21/23 John 3:16 117


Mercantilist theory was assigned to both the North American and West India coloniesMercantilism focuses on the role of the state

to influence tradeFor the most part, the government of the

exporting country took measures to ensure there was more exporting than importing

04/21/23 John 3:16 118

French North America

French established a colonial empire in North AmericaBy 1534, Jacques Cartier discovered the

Saint Lawrence RiverCartier claimed Canada as French

possessionSamuel de Champlain establishes

settlement in Quebec and France claims Canada as its property and governs it like a French province

04/21/23 John 3:16 119


The French failed to populate their new found lands—trouble convincing French people to move to Canada

Continental wars took precedence over their conquest of the North American continent

Under the Treaty of Utrecht, France had to cede some American possessions to the British

04/21/23 John 3:16 120


British and French both were rivalries for trade in South America

Decline of Spain and Portugal fostered entry of France and Britain into the lucrative South American market

04/21/23 John 3:16 121

French North America British approval for

entry into Spanish areas given when they were given privilege, known as asiento, of transporting 4500 slaves per year into Spanish Latin America

04/21/23 John 3:16 122

Europe’s discovery of the world outside in the 15th century led to a huge burst of commercial

activity and the beginning of a world market

04/21/23 John 3:16 123

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Inflation became a major economic

problem in the16th centuryRelatively modest (for today) 2-3% per yearPeople used to a stable price indexImpact on wheat felt

Wage earners and agricultural workers saw their standard of living drop

Commercial and industrial entrepreneurs saw growth

04/21/23 John 3:16 124

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Some historians saw

stimulus to investment and growth of capitalism fostering economic expansion and prosperity in the 16th century

04/21/23 John 3:16 125

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Governments were

impacted by inflation as they borrowed money and increased taxes, stirring discontent

04/21/23 John 3:16 126

Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Many historians now

believe the increase in population played important role in inflation

Growing population increased the need for land and food and drove up prices for both

04/21/23 John 3:16 127

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Commercial capitalism grew for several

reasons, chief among are:Improved navigation and discovery of water

routes linking commercial sourcesImproved investment systems including

joint-stock companiesCompanies improving technology and

banking cooperationImproved banking institutions

04/21/23 John 3:16 128

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Improved transportation through

waterwaysThe expansion of overseas trade was

fostered by the link of water routes involving the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Baltic, and other water routes

Made Europe a more integrated marketPeople became more vulnerable to price

spikes

04/21/23 John 3:16 129

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism New forms of commercial organizations

and investment companiesJoint-Stock companies managed the

purchased of shares in companies and providing returns (dividends)

First ten years of investment returned 30% on some companies

Easier to raise large amounts of money in a hurry

04/21/23 John 3:16 130

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Technological

innovations in mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding, etc., fostered close relationships between entrepreneurs, governments ,and banks

Huge profits could made but businesses involved in such huge sums can be precarious

04/21/23 John 3:16 131

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Family banks could

no longer supply the numerous banking services needed

City of Amsterdam set up the Bank of Amsterdam

04/21/23 John 3:16 132

The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Despite the growth

of capitalism, at least 80% of the people still worked the land

Most were free of serfdom

Peasants saw little improvements to their lives—higher rents, taxes, etc.

04/21/23 John 3:16 133

Mercantilism

Mercantilism focused on the nation-state having great influence on its trading policies

Government would ensure that exports are greater than imports, roads are constructed to foster trade, and subsidies are granted to create trade companies

04/21/23 John 3:16 134

Mercantilism Mercantilists believed that prosperity of

a nation was contingent on the amount of gold and silver on hand

A positive balance of trade would result in more gold or silver in the country

High tariffs would keep competitors out of the nation establishing them

Colonies were also deemed valuable as suppliers of raw materials

04/21/23 John 3:16 135

Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement toward Globalization European nations

embarked on international commerce in the 17th century

The volume increased but more important, the value of the goods increased

04/21/23 John 3:16 136

Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement toward Globalization Goods were of

interest to all classes of people

Pepper, spices, sugar, coffee, tea, etc.

Trade within Europe remained strong but outside Europe trade boomed

04/21/23 John 3:16 137

Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement toward Globalization The expanse and

volume of trade among continents, nations, regions, etc., led historians to proclaim a global economy in the 18th century

Interlocked Europe, Africa, the East, and the Americas

04/21/23 John 3:16 138

The Atlantic nations of “Europe moved to all parts of the world between 1500 and 1800. As

Spain and Portugal declined in world prominence followed by the Dutch, it soon

became evident that Great Britain would become the dominant world imperial power.

04/21/23 John 3:16 139

The Conquered Native American civilizations, so unique

and sophisticated in their way, were virtually destroyed where Europeans dominated.

European institutions, religions, language, and culture replaced native features where Europeans dominated

Domination was more intense on the coastal regions

04/21/23 John 3:16 140

The Conquered For example, the

slave trade devastated coastal Africa, but had little effect inland

Portuguese trading posts had little impact on Asian culture

The Dutch did control the Indonesia archipelago

04/21/23 John 3:16 141

The Conquered

In Central and South America, new civilizations rose—we now call them Latin America

Multiracial society—Latin AmericaSpanish rulers authorized intermarriages

with native peoplesOver three centuries, eight million slaves

brought to Latin America

04/21/23 John 3:16 142

The Conquest Mulattoes: offspring

of Africans and whites

Mestizos: descendents of whites, Africans, and native Indians

04/21/23 John 3:16 143

The Conquered

Europeans changed ecologyBrought horses and cattle to AmericasSouth America became exporter of beefEuropeans brought new crops such as

wheat and sugar cane

Europeans introduced sweet potatoes and maize (Indian corn) to Africa in 16th century

04/21/23 John 3:16 144

Catholic Missionaries The Catholics were far more active than

Protestants in attempting to spread ChristianityDominicans, Franciscans, and JesuitsSpanish and PortugueseEnhanced church power

Missionaries created missions (villages) for enhanced control of natives—also serving as military barriers

04/21/23 John 3:16 145

Catholic Missionaries

Catholic Church positive deedsConstructed hospitals, orphanages, and

schoolsTaught reading, writing, and arithmeticNunneries were places of prayerSor Juana Ines de la Cruz—famous literary

figure of 17th century--urged women to be educated

04/21/23 John 3:16 146

Catholic Missionaries Missionaries made long voyages to the

Far East In China, missionaries used items like

clocks to impress the Chinese Jesuits taught similarity of their religion

Christianity and Confucian morality Through personal example and subtle

teaching, there were many Chinese converts

04/21/23 John 3:16 147

Catholic Missionaries Several hundred Chinese officials and

about 300,000 Chinese citizens converted in the 18th century

Jesuits permitted converts to still practice some of their ancestor worship

Jealous Dominicans and Franciscans became jealous and wrote the pope who condemned the practice

China began to suppress Christianity

04/21/23 John 3:16 148

Catholic Missionaries

Jesuits had some success in Japan in 16th century

Jesuits had practice of destroying idols and Franciscans followed suit

As missionaries interfered with local politics, they were expelled

Christians were persecuted thereafter

04/21/23 John 3:16 149

The Conquerors

For some Europeans, expansion brought hope of land, riches, and social advancement

Many “poor young men” left Spain to find their future…become “gentlemen”

Some women found opportunities to marry men of landed estates and ended up owning those lands

04/21/23 John 3:16 150

The Conquerors—The Columbian Exchange Europeans sought

gold and silver in the New WorldDeposits found in

Mexico and PeruValue of precious

metals increased with precious metal imports

04/21/23 John 3:16 151

The Conquerors Crops from/native to

the Americas exported to Europe—potatoes most importantLong life/population

increaseEasily storedVery nutritious

Plants/animals exported to Americas

04/21/23 John 3:16 152

The Conquerors European lifestyles

changedNew foods and drinks

○ Chocolate, coffee, tea

First coffee houses, 1650s

Chinese furniture and porcelain

04/21/23 John 3:16 153

The Conquerors European expansion

led to rivalriesConflicts over

cargoesRivalries led to state-

sponsored piracyThe Anglo-Dutch

trade warsBritish and French

warfare over North America and India

04/21/23 John 3:16 154

The Conquerors

Expansion led to new world viewsMore accurate maps gave more realistic

world viewMercator projection by Gerardus Mercator

○ Shapes of land masses more important than size of land mass

04/21/23 John 3:16 155

The Conquerors

Europeans had mixed views of new peoplesSub-humanRefreshingly naturalNatives should be converted

04/21/23 John 3:16 156

Conclusion

End of 15th century, Portuguese began sailing all directions

Then came Columbus, da Gama, and others

By the end of the 18th century, a global trade network was dominated by Western ships and Western power

04/21/23 John 3:16 157

Conclusion

In 300 years, the European Age of Exploration changed the shape of the worldDestruction of some indigenous civilizationsLeft civilizations intact but had strong impact

04/21/23 John 3:16 158

Conclusion At the time, exploration seen as positive

Introduce “heathens” to ChristExpanded tradeCrop exchanges

The best with the worstGreedy plunderingRepressionSlavery

Europeans saw their culture as worthy of exportation throughout the world

04/21/23 John 3:16 159

Documents

Europe and the World