Europe in 1812 Main Objectives eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done VReduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed

Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

Main ObjectivesMain ObjectivesMain ObjectivesMain Objectivese It’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had It’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had

donedone

V Reduce France to its old boundaries Reduce France to its old boundaries her her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.era.

e Supported the resolution: Supported the resolution: There is always an There is always an alternative to conflictalternative to conflict..

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had It’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had donedone

V Reduce France to its old boundaries Reduce France to its old boundaries her her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.era.

e Supported the resolution: Supported the resolution: There is always an There is always an alternative to conflictalternative to conflict..

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich

(Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

V France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.

V Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).

V Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories.

V A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.

V Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.

V The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.

Changes Made at Vienna (1)Changes Made at Vienna (1)

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Polish/Saxon QuestionPolish/Saxon Question

Barriers to future French aggression

Barriers to future French aggression

Changes Made at Vienna (2)Changes Made at Vienna (2)V Norway and Sweden were joined.V The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.V Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom.V Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa,

and various other colonies in Africa and Asia.V Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy,

and Genoa.V The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the

Two Sicilies.V The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie

Louise.V The slave trade was condemned (at British

urging).V Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for

many rivers.

Europe After the Congress of ViennaEurope After the Congress of Vienna

Holy Alliance

• Under Metternich’s leadership, Austria, Prussia and Russia (not England) embarked on a crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution. This crusade lasted until 1848. The first step was the Holy Alliance, formed by Austria, Prussia and Russia in September 1815. First proposed by Russia’s Czar Alexander I, the alliance soon became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements across Europe.

Congress System

Congress System

Congress of Aix La Chapelle1818

• PEAR countries removed their occupying forces from France. France was considered rehabilitated.

Congress of Troppau 1820

• Troppau Protocol• The PEAR countries stated they could

intervene in any country where the status quo was threatened by liberal or nationalistic revolution.

• Then Metternich System was very reactionary– Crush liberal or national revolutions– Carlsbad Decrees

Congress of VeronaOctober 1822

• PEAR came together and said that France should stop the revolution in Spain.

Congress of Laibach1821

• PEAR countries dealt with Italy (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)

• Revolutions of 1830

Belgian Independence, 1830

Belgian Independence, 18304 Its union with Holland after the Congress of Vienna had

not proved successful.

4 The first to follow the lead of France.

4 There had been very little popular agitation for Belgian nationalism before 1830 seldom had nationalism arisen so suddenly.

4 Wide cultural differences:

North Dutch Protestant seafarers and traders.

South French Catholic farmers and individual workers.

Belgian Revolution - 1830Belgian Revolution - 1830

A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830

A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 18304 The bloodiest struggle of the 1830 revolutions.

4 The Poles in and around Warsaw gain a special status by the Congress of Vienna within the Russian Empire.

Their own constitution.

Local autonomy granted in 1818.

4 After Tsar Alexander I dies, the Poles became restless under the tyrannical rule of Tsar Nicholas I.

4 Polish intellectuals were deeply influenced by Romanticism.

4 Rumors reached Poland that Nicholas I was planning to use Polish troops to put down the revolutions in France and Belgium.

4 Several Polish secret societies rebelled.

A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 18304 Had the Poles been united, this

revolt might have been successful.

But, the revolutionaries were split into moderates and radicals.

4 The Poles had hoped that Fr & Eng would come to their aid, but they didn’t.

4 Even so, it took the Russian army a year to suppress this rebellion.

4 The irony by drawing the Russian army to Warsaw for almost a year, the Poles may well have kept Nicholas I from answering Holland’s call for help in suppressing the Belgian Revolt.

France: The “Restoration” Era

(1815-1830)

France: The “Restoration” Era

(1815-1830)4 France emerged from the

chaos of its revolutionary period as the most liberal large state in Europe.

4 Louis XVIII governed France as a Constitutional monarch.

He agreed to observe the 1814 “Charter” or Constitution of the Restoration period.

• Limited royal power.

• Granted legislative power.

• Protected civil rights.

• Upheld the Napoleon Code.Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

The “Ultras”The “Ultras”4 France was divided by those

who had accepted the ideals of the Fr. Revolution and those who didn’t.

4 The Count of Artois was the leader of the “Ultra-Royalists”

4 1815 “White Terror”

Royalist mobs killed 1000s of former revolutionaries.

4 1816 elections

The Ultras were rejected in the Chamber of Deputies election in favor of a moderate royalist majority dependent on middle class support.

The Count of Artois,the future King Charles X

(r. 1824-1830)

France: Conservative Backlash

France: Conservative Backlash4 1820the Duke of Berri, son of Artois, was

murdered.

4 Royalists blamed the left.

4 Louis XVIII moved the govt. more to the right Changes in electoral laws narrowed the eligible

voters.

Censorship was imposed.

4 Liberals were driven out of legal political life and into illegal activities.

4 1823 triumph of reactionary forces!

Fr troops were authorized by the Concert of Europe to crush the Spanish Revolution and restore another Bourbon ruler, Ferdinand VII, to the throne there.

King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)

King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)4 His Program:

Attack the 1814 Charter.

4 His Goals: Lessen the influence of the middle

class.

Limit the right to vote.

Put the clergy back in charge of education.

Public money used to pay nobles for the loss of their lands during the Fr Revolution.

Control the press.

Dismiss the Chamber of Deputies when it turned against him.

Appointed an ultra-reactionary as his first minister.

4 1830 Election brought in another liberal majority.

4 July Ordinances He dissolved the entire parliament.

Strict censorship imposed.

Changed the voting laws so that the government in the future could be assured of a conservative victory.



To the Barracades Revolution, Again!!

To the Barracades Revolution, Again!!

Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!

Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”

Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”4 The Duke of Orleans.

4 Relative of the Bourbons, but had stayed clear of the Ultras.

4 Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life.

4 His Program:

Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters.

Press censorship abolished.

The King ruled by the will of the people, not by the will of God.

The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag.

4 The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class. (r. 1830-1848)

Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”

Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”4 His government ignored the

needs and demands of the workers in the cities.

They were seen as another nuisance and source of possible disorder.

4 July, 1832 an uprising in Paris was put down by force and 800 were killed or wounded.

4 1834 Silk workers strike in Lyon was crushed.

Seething underclass.

Was seen as a violation of the status quo set down at the Congress of Vienna.

A caricature ofLouis Philippe

Europe in 1830Europe in 1830

The Results of the 1820s-

1830 Revolutions?The Results of the 1820s-

1830 Revolutions?1. The Concert of Europe provided for a recovery of Europe after the long years of Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

2. The conservatives did NOT reverse ALL of the reforms put in place by the French Revolution.

3. Liberalism would challenge the conservative plan for European peace and law and order.

4. These revolutions were successful only in W. Europe:

Their success was in their popular support.

Middle class lead, aided by the urban lower classes.

5. The successful revolutions had benefited the middle class the workers, who had done so much of the rioting and fighting, were left with empty hands!

6. Therefore, these revolutions left much unfinished & a seething, unsatisfied working class.

French Utopian Socialism

Dual Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution which began in England around 1780.

• The French Revolution which rocked France in 1789.

Socialist Concerns

• Early French socialist thinkers were already aware that the political revolution in France, the rise of laissez faire economics and the emergence of modern industry in Britain were transforming society.

• They were disturbed because they saw these developments as promoting selfish individualism and splitting the community into isolated fragments.

• There was they believed, an urgent need for further reorganization of society to establish cooperation and a new sense of community.

Economic Planning

• Early French socialists believed in economic planning.

• Inspired by the emergency economic measures of 1793 and 1794 (the terror) in France.

• They argued that the government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job

• Socialists believed that private property should strictly regulated or that it should be abolished and replaced by state or community ownership.

Henri de Saint Simon 1760-1825

• The key to progress was proper social organization

• The parasites (the court, aristocracy, churchmen) should give way to the doers- the leading scientists, engineers and industrialists.

• The doers would carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking vast public works projects and establishing investment banks.

Charles Fourier 1772-1837

• Saw a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self sufficient communities made up of 1620 people.

• Fourier called for the abolition of marriage.

Louis Blanc 1811-1882

• Urged workers to organize for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully.

• Blanc believed that the state should set up government sponsored workshops and factories to guarantee full employment.

Joseph Proudhon 1809-1865

• What is Property?

• Nothing but theft.

• Property was profit that was stolen from the worker.

• The worker was the source of all wealth.

Karl Marx 1818-1883

• 1848 Marx co-authored the communist manifesto with Friedrich Engels

• Engels had previously written the condition of the working class in England in 1844.

• Marx argued that the interests of the middle class and the industrial working class were inevitably opposed to each other.

• History of all previously existing society is the history of class struggle.

• With the coming of modern industry, society was split more clearly than ever before; between the middle class (bourgeoisie) and the modern working class (Proletariat)

Bourgeoisie vs. workers

• Just as the middle class had triumphed over the feudal aristocracy, Marx predicted that the proletariat would conquer the bourgeoisie through a violent revolution.

3 Streams leading to Marxism

• French Revolution– Abrupt, total revolution– Success of Bourgeoisie

• British Industrial Revolution– Position of labor– “condition of Working Class” Engels

• German Philosophy of Hegel

Philosophy of Hegel

• Dialectics– Thesis vs. Antithesis=synthesis

• Historic change comes through the clash of antagonistic elements.

• History is a process of development through time, logical and deterministic, everything happens in sequence by cause.

• Hegel saw primacy of ideas that cause change, Marx focused on economic reality.

Marxian view of Historical Development

• Material conditions give rise to economic classes.

• Each class develops ideology suited to its needs.– Prevailing religion, government, law, morals

reflect the outlook of these classes

Class antagonism

• Agrarian Conditions produce landholding class

• Changes in trade routes, money, productive techniques, leads to rise of Bourgeoisie

• Eventually Bourgeoisie and landholding class clash– England 1642– France 1789

Development of Proletariat

• As the Bourgeoisie develops there is a corresponding development in the proletariat.

• According to Marx the Bourg. Is defined as those who own capital

• Proletariat does not own capital• Under competitive conditions the Bourg. Devour

themselves• The Proletariat then overthrows the Bourg. In a

revolution.

Results of Proletariat revolution

• Abolish private property/private ownership of capital

• Classless society results

• State withers

• Religion disappears

Marxist ideas

• Labor theory of value– Value of any man-made object depended on the

amount of labor put into it. Capital is the stored up labor of past times.

• Surplus value theory– The worker is paid less than the value of his labor

(e.g. product sells for $10 and the total worker wage is $3, according to Marx the worker has had $7 stolen from him)

– Capital therefore is accumulated surplus value that the prevailing system (gov’t, religion, law, education, etc.) has allowed the owner to steal from the worker.

Marxist ideas, cont.

• Workers must remain angry.• Union gains of higher wages were just more

crumbs from the owners table. Even if the worker is paid $5 (referring to the previous example) he is still being robbed of $5.– No Unions, No gov’t legislation (could the worker

make real gains through a gov’t committed to protecting the ruling classes interests?)

Ideas from Communist Manifesto

• The worker is deprived of the wealth he himself has created

• The state is a committee of the bourgeoisie for the exploitation of the worker

• Religion is a drug to keep the workingman quietly dreaming of his heavenly reward. “Opiate of the Masses”

• The working family has been prostituted and brutalized by the bourgeoisie

• The proletariat have no country

Who would have written this?

• That the various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every part of the kingdom, whether dwelling in separate houses, in rural villages, in small towns, in the larger towns--as they have been found to prevail in the lowest districts of the metropolis.

Chadwick

Whose study would have included this?

• The primary and most important measures, and at the same time the most practicable, and within the recognized province of public administration, are drainage, the removal of all refuse of habitations, streets, and roads, and the improvement of the supplies of water.

Chadwick

Who said this?

• The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society, has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.

Karl Marx or Friederich Engels

Where would one read this?

• The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!

Communist Manifesto

This describes the actions of which group?

• Workers, upset by wage reductions and the use of unapprenticed workmen, began to break into factories at night to destroy the new machines that the employers were using. In a three-week period over two hundred stocking frames were destroyed.

Luddites

Which commission would this be true of?

• The immediate effect of the investigation and the report was the passage of the Act of 1833 limiting hours of employment for women and children in textile work.

Sadler commission

http://65.107.211.206/victorian/history/hist8.html

In which report would one have read the following testimony?

• I'm a trapper in the Gawber pit. It does not tire me, but I have to trap without a light and I'm scared. I go at four and sometimes half past three in the morning, and come out at five and half past. I never go to sleep. Sometimes I sing when I've light, but not in the dark; I dare not sing then. I don't like being in the pit.

Ashley commission

What is depicted in the cartoon to the left?

Peterloo massacre 1819

The guys outside

look mad, they might

hurt the machinewho are

they?

Luddites

This party would have opposed the reform bill of 1832.

• The Tory party

Which classes would have been most hurt by the corn laws?

• Industrial middle class

• Workers

This political party would have supported the repeal of

the corn laws.• Whigs

This movement presented the parliament with over 3

signatures on a petition.

• Chartist movement

Which English social group would have most supported

the Chartist movement?• Workers

List 3 demands of the Chartist movement

• Any of the following:– Annual elections to parliament– Universal male suffrage– Equal electoral districts– Secret ballots– No property qualifications for HOC – Pay the members of the HOC

Ironically, which party was in power when the corn laws

were repealed?• Tory

Who was the leader of the Tory party when the corn

laws were repealed?• Robert Peel

What was the most significant change in the English

Government caused by the reform Bill of 1832?

• The reallocation of Boroughs from southern England to the middle of England.

Name 3 Industrial cities from the middle of England.

• Leeds

• Manchester

• Liverpool

• Sheffield

• Birmingham

Did the Peterloo massacre happen before or after the

reform Bill of 1832?• Before, in 1819

Revolutions of 1848

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review

• Who painted Liberty Leading the people?• Delacroix


• Liberty Leading the people was painted after which revolution?

• French Revolution of 1830


• With whom did the Greeks fight against to win their independence in the Greek Revolution?

• Ottoman Turks


Who painted this?

Delacroix

What is it called?

Massacre at Chios


• Why did many Europeans support the Greeks?

• Saw it as home of democracy, were in love with classical Greek culture, birthplace of democracy, Russians – stirred by piety of their Orthodox brethren


• What Romantic poet fought and died in the Greek Revolution?

• Lord Byron


• What six points did the Chartists demand from parliament?

1.Annual elections held for the House of Commons2.Universal male suffrage3.Equal electoral districts4.Secret ballots5.Abolition of property qualifications for

membership to the House of Commons6.Pay members of the House of Commons a salary

so poor people can serve


• Was the Chartist movement successful?

• No.


• What was the right of legitimacy?

• Restoration of pre-revolutionary absolutist monarchies

• The principles of legitimacy and compensation were part of the Congress of Vienna

louis XVIII


• Who crushed the June Days Revolt?

• Cavaignac

• What was his nickname?

• The Butcher

• Which French Revolution

had the June Days?

1848


• Which countries made up the holy alliance?

• Russia, Austria, Prussia


• After 1815, what happened to Poland?

• It was annexed by Russia.


• Who was an influential French Utopian Socialist?

• Count de Saint Simon


• What were Charles X’s 4 ordinances?1. Chamber of Deputies was disbanded2. Press was censored3. The amount of people who could vote was reduced4. An election was to be held for the new Chamber of Deputies

What followed the issuance of the 4 Ordinances?The French Rev of 1830


• Who was Louis Blanc, what did he want and was he successful?

• He was an utopian socialist that wanted social workshops in the new French government. He failed.


• Who headed the “Second Republic in France”?

• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte


• In which 3 countries were the major revolutions of 1848?

• Austria, France, Prussia

Austrian Revolution

French Revolution

Riots in Berlin


• Who started the Revolution in Austria?

• Louis Kossuth

• He was from Hungary


• Who was Lamartine?

• A political republican in France who opposed Louis Blanc

• Which Revolution was he a part of?

• France 1848

Revolutions of 1830 Review

• Who replaced Charles X?• Louis Phillippe• In which revolution did

This happen? 1830

Right:

Charles X

Left: Louis Phillippe

Revolutions of 1848

• Who was overthrown in France in 1848?

• Louis Phillippe


• Which revolution of 1830 was not successful?

• Poland

• Who crushed it?

• Nicholas I of Russia


• Guizot was the foreign minister of which French King

• Louis Phillipe

• He was associated

Louis Philippe and

The Revolution of 1848


• The Provisional French government of 1848 was made up of these two types of Republicans

• Political, Social


• This Event was to take place in Paris on February 22, 1848.

• Banquet • What also happened that day?• Barricades went up• Why did this happen?• The government refused to consider

electoral reform.


• Karl Marx co-authored Communist Manifesto with him:

• Engels


• The word to describe what Marx called the working class

• Proletariat

• Whose ideas were Marx’s theory of historical evolution based on?

• Georg Hegel


• The meeting of German liberals to discuss a future United German State

• Frankfurt Assembly


• Who repealed the Corn Laws in 1846?

• Robert Peel

• What party did he belong to?

• Tory


• He became the Emperor of Austria in 1848 at the age of 18.

• Franz Joseph


• Who did Franz Joseph replace?

• Emperor Ferdinand I


• Who was in the conspiracy to overthrow Emperor Ferdinand I?

• Archduchess Sophia, the church, powerful nobles


• What countries formed the Quadruple Alliance?

• Austria, Russia, Prussia, England

• What was the Quadruple Alliance’s new spirit of cooperation and consultation called?

• The Concert of Europe


• The Final outcome of the Congress of Vienna is known as the:

• Metternich System

MetternicMetternichh


• The Participants of the Congress of Vienna almost came to war as a result of this “question”

• Polish-Saxon Question


• What territory created by the Congress of Vienna replaced the Confederation of the Rhine

• Germanic Confederation


• What newly created Kingdom was created as a buffer against France?

• Kingdom of the Netherlands


• I represented Prussia at the Congress of Vienna.

• Hardenburg


• I represented England at the Congress of Vienna

• Castlereagh


• Which congress arranged for the withdrawal of the allied army from France and allowed France to join the concert of Europe?

• Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)


• Which congress authorized Austria to end revolutionary changes in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilys?

• Congress of Laibach (1821)


• Which congress was called because of the continuing Spanish revolution and the outbreak of the Greek Revolution?

• Congress of Verona (1822)

• Which country withdrew from the Concert of Europe because of it?

• England


• Who replaced Castlereagh?

• George Canning

• What American doctrine did he support?

• Monroe Doctrine


• Why did Canning support the Monroe Doctrine?

• Because he feared Metternich would attempt to restore Spanish colonies

• What did the Monroe Doctrine state?

• Prohibited any further colonization and intervention by European powers in the Western Hemisphere


• This country stopped the revolution in Poland in 1831.

• Russia


• This law reallocated electorate seats to the urban north of England

• Reform Bill of 1832


• Which prime minister was in office when The Reform Bill of 1832 was passed?

• Lord Earl Grey

• What king was in power?

• William IV


• How did Earl Grey get the House of Lords to vote for the Reform Bill of 1832?

• He threatened to introduce a large number of Whigs into the House of Lords.


• These laws placed a high tariff on the imports of grain into England.

• Corn Laws 1815

• What groups supported these laws?

• Large agricultural producers (Tories)

• What groups opposed them?

• Workers, Industrialists


• The July revolution in France (1830) followed the issuance of this.

• The four Ordinances

• Who issued these?

• Charles X


• This event in England in 1819 demonstrated the division between the government and the working class.

• Peterloo massacre


• What acts were issued in response to the Peterloo Massacre?

• Six Acts of Parliament• What did they attempt to?• Repressive measures that attempted to

remove the instruments of agitation from the hands of radical leaders and to provide authorities with new powers


• This law limited the hours anyone could work and restricted children from working in industry.

• Factory act, mines act, 10 hours act


• Which came first, the great English reform bill or the repeal of the corn laws.

• Reform Bill of 1832


• He refused the “crown from the gutter”

• Frederick William IV


• He called for a Holy Alliance of European nations

• Czar Alexander I


• List the rulers of France in order from Napoleon I to Napoleon III.

• Louis XVIII

• Charles X

• Louis Phillipe

• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Romanticism: Cultural movement of the early 18th century

White horse, Constable

Romanticism; basics

• Revolt against classicism and the enlightenment• Classicism: too many rules, structure• Enlightenment: Too much emphasis on the

rational approach to truth• Primarily concerned with expressing new forms

of feeling and thought• Influence of Rousseau and the French Revolution

– Brought into question all traditional beliefs and institutions. The youth of the early 19th century felt it had to build something new or perish. This urge was the essence of the romantic temperament.

Romantic basics, cont.

• Characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance• Unrestrained imagination and spontaneity• Tremendous emotional intensity• Suicides, duels to the death• Bohemian lifestyle-long, unwashed hair, no visible

means of support• Driven by a sense of the unlimited universe and by a

yearning for the unattained, the unknown, the unknowable.

• Nature was portrayed as awesome and uncontrolled-not pristine as classics saw it.

Romantics, basics, cont.

• Idealized the middle ages

• Idealized untouched and exotic lands.– Untouched example-the Lake District in

England– Exotic lands example-Morocco

• Romanticism can be seen in the literature, art and music of the early 19th century

Romantic Literature- English poets

• William Wordsworth 1770-1850– Ode: Intimations of immortality from the

recollections of early childhood– Daffodils

• George Gordon, Lord Byron 1788-1824– Don Juan

• John Keats– Ode on a Grecian Urn

William Wordsworth 1770-1850

• WW sought inspiration from the Lake District of England

• Defied classical rules• Abandoned flowery poetic conventions for the

language of ordinary speech• Wrote of love of nature in very democratic form

which could be appreciated by everyone.• Poetry was the “spontaneous overflow of

powerful feeling recollected in tranquility”

Daffodils, Wordsworth

I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze……And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.

Ode: Intimations of immortality from recollections of early childhood-WW

–“There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, The Earth, and every common sight, To me did seem Apparell’d in celestial light, The glory and freshness of a dream”

Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822

• Shelley expressed the desire of many English romantics for art itself to become more “natural”

Ode to a skylarkHail to thee, blythe spirit!Bird thou never wert-That from heaven or near it Pourest thy full heartIn profuse strains of premeditated art.

George Gordon, Lord Byron 1788-1824

• In Don Juan, Byron exhibited another side of the romantic temperament: the restless and aimless hero

• Through Byron the romantic’s continued the loss of faith in old ideas, the boredom with conventional civilization into a flirtation with life and death.

• The concept of the Byronic hero. • “On this day I complete my 36th year”• “Prometheus unbound”• “she walks in beauty”

Form: irregularly rhyming

Composition Date: July 1816

1. The Prometheus Bound of Aeschylus, in which Prometheus, chained to the Caucasian mountains and fed on by a vulture, suffers for his gift of fire to man and his defiance of Zeus, was one of Byron's favourite books. Titan. The Titans belonged to the faction of Saturn, whom his son Zeus replaced as chief of the gods. Defeated but unsubmissive, the Titans (and Prometheus in particular) were popular in the nineteenth century as symbols of revolution or resistance to tyranny

Thy Godlike crime was to be kind,36 To render with thy precepts less37 The sum of human wretchedness,38 And strengthen Man with his own mind;39 But baffled as thou wert from high,40 Still in thy patient energy,41 In the endurance, and repulse42 Of thine impenetrable Spirit,43 Which Earth and Heaven could not convulse,44 A mighty lesson we inherit:45 Thou art a symbol and a sign46 To Mortals of their fate and force;47 Like thee, Man is in part divine,48 A troubled stream from a pure source;49 And Man in portions can foresee50 His own funereal destiny;51 His wretchedness, and his resistance,52 And his sad unallied existence:53 To which his Spirit may oppose54 Itself--and equal to all woes,55 And a firm will, and a deep sense,56 Which even in torture can descry57 Its own concenter'd recompense,58 Triumphant where it dares defy,

59 And making Death a Victory.

1 She walks in beauty, like the night 2 Of cloudless climes and starry skies;3 And all that's best of dark and bright4 Meet in her aspect and her eyes:5 Thus mellow'd to that tender light6 Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

7 One shade the more, one ray the less,8 Had half impair'd the nameless grace9 Which waves in every raven tress,10 Or softly lightens o'er her face;11 Where thoughts serenely sweet express12 How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.

13 And on that cheek, and o'er that brow,14 So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,15 The smiles that win, the tints that glow,16 But tell of days in goodness spent,17 A mind at peace with all below,18 A heart whose love is innocent!

Composition Date:

June 1814

1.

"She" is Byron's cousin, Mrs. Wilmot, whom he met at a party in a mourning dress of spangled black

John Keats 1795-1821

• Represented romantic belief that truth could best be discovered through intuition and that aesthetic truth was the highest kind of truth

• Keats believed in spirit as the source of poetic inspiration and identified it with the spontaneous creative power of language

• Ode on a Grecian UrnBeauty is truth, and truth beauty,-that is all ye

know on earth, and all ye need to know

William Blake 1757-1827

• The chimney sweeper

A critique of industrial England

When my mother died I was very young

And my father sold me while yet my tongue

Could scarcely cry “weep, weep, weep”

So your Chimneys I sweep, and in soot I sleep

Victor Hugo- French 1802-1885

• The Hunchback of Notre Dame

• Exemplified romantic fascination with fantastic characters, strange settings and human emotions

Romantic literature potpourri

• The love of the grotesque

• Victor Hugo-Hunchback of Notre Dame

• Mary Shelley- Frankenstein

Romantic Art- French

• Delacroix 1798-1863– Massacre at Chios– Liberty leading the people– Death of Sardanapalus

• Delacroix was fascinated with remote and exotic subjects; lion hunts, Sultans harem

• Gericault – Raft of the Medusa

Delacroix

“Liberty leading the People”

The Raft of the Medusa 1819 Gericault

• In 1816, a French naval vessal (La Meduse) sank en route to West Africa. The captain and senior officers took the life boats and left a makeshift raft for the 150 passengers and crew. During 13 days adrift in the Atlantic, all but 15 people died.

• Man vs. Nature

Gerricault

“Raft of the Medusa”

Delacroix

“Massacre at Chios”

Francisco Goya Third of May 1808

Romantic Art-English

• Joseph M.W. Turner 1775-1851– Depicted natures power and terror

• John Constable 1776-1837– Painted Wordsworthian landscapes

Turner “Snowstorm”

John Constable “White Horse”

John Constable, “Rainstorm”

Joseph M.W. Turner “Rain, Steam, Speed”

Romantic Music• Medium in which romanticism was most fully

realized• Classical music had held to structures • Mozart• Romantics used range of forms-broke rules• Berlioz-The creator of Romantic music• Frederick Chopin- 1810-1849 “Revolutionary etude”• Franz Liszt- 1811-1880 Great Pianist• Beethoven- Bridge between classical and romantic

music.

Romantic music

• Music built around themes

• Played up nature

• Interest in death

• Interest in the supernatural


• What were radical student organizations that were dedicated to the creation of a unified Germany governed by constitutional principles called?

• Burschenschafts• At what festival did the Burschenschafts burn

various symbols of authority?• Wartbug Festival (1817)


• After what revolution did Metternich flee Austria?

• Revolution of 1848 in Austria

• What groups led that revolution?

• Students and workers


• What happened in 1846, 1848, and 1851 that brought much trouble to Ireland?

• Potato crops failed – “The Great Famine”

Documents

Europe in 1812 Main Objectives eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done VReduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed