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Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers Barriers or Highways?

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Page 1: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 2: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 3: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Europe in 800Europe in 800Europe in 800Europe in 800

Page 4: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Europe in 1346Europe in 1346Europe in 1346Europe in 1346

Page 5: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

European Rivers European Rivers Barriers or Barriers or Highways?Highways?

European Rivers European Rivers Barriers or Barriers or Highways?Highways?

Page 6: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 7: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Page 8: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Page 9: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

FeudalismFeudalism• Relationships between lord and

vassal based on specific contractual obligations of loyalty and protection

• Peasants provided labor in return for security– Controlled through an intricate set of

obligations, fees, rituals and taxes

• Only the wealthy could engage in warfare, and society became divided– Those who fought (nobles and knights)– Those who prayed (the clergy)– Those who worked (peasants and

artisans)

Page 10: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Page 11: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalism

Page 12: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

National MonarchiesNational Monarchies• City-states lacked complexity of City-states lacked complexity of

modern nationsmodern nations• Rulers began to establish Rulers began to establish

hereditary claims to the throneshereditary claims to the thrones• Bureaucracy of modern nation-Bureaucracy of modern nation-

state can be seen in several state can be seen in several nationsnations

• Monarchs had to eMonarchs had to establish the power to tax subjects– Usually had to get support and

approval from other political bodies

Page 13: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Magna CartaMagna CartaMagna CartaMagna Carta

“Great Charter”

Signed in 1215

Monarchs were not above the law

Eventually led to the creation of Parliament

Other nation-states created councils and representative bodies to limit power of monarchs

Page 14: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The Hundred Years’ WarThe Hundred Years’ War1337 to 14531337 to 1453

• A series of wars fought by England and France over the French throne– Challenged ideas of medieval warfare

as English longbows and infantry destroyed French mounted knights

• 1429 – 1429 – Joan of ArcJoan of Arc helped the helped the French Army break the siege of French Army break the siege of OrleansOrleans– Her success threatened the French Her success threatened the French

Dauphin, so Joan was killedDauphin, so Joan was killed• By 1453, England held only the city By 1453, England held only the city

of Calaisof Calais

Page 15: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 16: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Schools and UniversitiesSchools and Universities• Growth of cities quickened Growth of cities quickened

intellectual life intellectual life • Universities taught a variety of Universities taught a variety of

subjects, without the separation subjects, without the separation of spiritual and material subjectsof spiritual and material subjects

• Theology was the “queen of the Theology was the “queen of the sciences” and liberally borrowed sciences” and liberally borrowed from other disciplines to from other disciplines to elaborate its truthselaborate its truths

• Led to the creation of Led to the creation of ScholasticismScholasticism

Page 17: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Page 18: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

ScholasticismScholasticismScholasticismScholasticism• Mid-13Mid-13thth Century: Aristotle’s philosophies Century: Aristotle’s philosophies

were rediscoveredwere rediscovered• Pagan ideas regarding logic and the Pagan ideas regarding logic and the

natural world were synthesized into natural world were synthesized into Christian dogma to explain divine truthsChristian dogma to explain divine truths

• This intellectual system came to This intellectual system came to dominate the universities until the 18dominate the universities until the 18thth centurycentury

• St. Thomas AquinasSt. Thomas Aquinas – Christian scholar – Christian scholar who embraced scholasticismwho embraced scholasticism– Note: much of the Renaissance was directed Note: much of the Renaissance was directed

against what was perceived as the against what was perceived as the Scholastics’ focus on stale logic and Scholastics’ focus on stale logic and impractical learningimpractical learning

Page 19: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 20: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The Medieval Catholic The Medieval Catholic ChurchChurch• At the height of its political, At the height of its political,

spiritual and cultural influencespiritual and cultural influence• Pope and Holy Roman Emperor Pope and Holy Roman Emperor

vied for power in Central Europe, vied for power in Central Europe, essentially checking each otheressentially checking each other– Growing criticisms of the behavior Growing criticisms of the behavior

of the clergy and the lack of of the clergy and the lack of regularity in church doctrine and regularity in church doctrine and practicepractice

• Led to the crisis of the Led to the crisis of the Babylonian Babylonian CaptivityCaptivity

Page 21: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The Babylonian Captivity The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schismand the Great Schism

• 1307 – Pope began exile in France1307 – Pope began exile in France• Not a captive of the French, but prestige Not a captive of the French, but prestige

of the pope decreased due to increased of the pope decreased due to increased bureaucratic apparatus necessary to run bureaucratic apparatus necessary to run the Church and increased material the Church and increased material wealthwealth

• Great Schism (1378-1417)Great Schism (1378-1417) resulted from resulted from efforts by French and Italian cardinals to efforts by French and Italian cardinals to elect a popeelect a pope– Ended up with two popes, then threeEnded up with two popes, then three– Nations of Europe were forced to chose Nations of Europe were forced to chose

sidessides

Page 22: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Opposition to the Catholic Opposition to the Catholic ChurchChurch• Reformers used the Great Schism Reformers used the Great Schism

as an example of why the Church as an example of why the Church had to changehad to change

• John Wyclif (the Lollards)John Wyclif (the Lollards) – England – England• Jan Hus (the Hussites)Jan Hus (the Hussites) – Bohemia – Bohemia

– Attacked the institutional power and Attacked the institutional power and wealth of the church and began a call wealth of the church and began a call for a simpler Christianityfor a simpler Christianity

• Council of Constance ended the Council of Constance ended the Great Schism, but the foundation Great Schism, but the foundation was laid for the was laid for the Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation

Page 23: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 24: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

Page 25: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Gothic Architectural Gothic Architectural StyleStyle

Gothic Architectural Gothic Architectural StyleStyle

“Flying” Buttresses

• Pointed arches.• High, narrow

vaults.• Thinner walls.• Flying

buttresses.• Elaborate,

ornate, airier interiors.

• Stained-glass windows– Designed to

educate the illiterate population

Page 26: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Obsession Obsession with Death with Death and Dyingand Dying• Representations of Representations of

death became a death became a prominent theme prominent theme in European arts in European arts throughout the throughout the plague yearsplague years

• Apocalyptic images Apocalyptic images featuring the featuring the allegoric figure of allegoric figure of Death attempted Death attempted to explain the to explain the importance of the importance of the Black Death for Black Death for European societyEuropean society

Page 27: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The The “Danse Macabre”“Danse Macabre”

Page 28: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 29: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

CannonsCannons• Petrarch wrote "these instruments which Petrarch wrote "these instruments which

discharge balls of metal with most discharge balls of metal with most tremendous noise and flashes of fire...were tremendous noise and flashes of fire...were a few years ago very rare and were viewed a few years ago very rare and were viewed with greatest astonishment and admiration, with greatest astonishment and admiration, but now they are become as common and but now they are become as common and familiar as any other kinds of arms.“familiar as any other kinds of arms.“

• Beginning of the end for walled fortificationsBeginning of the end for walled fortifications

• Allowed New Monarchs to consolidate power Allowed New Monarchs to consolidate power by eliminating fortified towns and castles of by eliminating fortified towns and castles of nobilitynobility

Page 30: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

LongbowLongbow• HHigh rate of fire and igh rate of fire and

penetration powerpenetration power• CContributed to the ontributed to the

eventual demise of the eventual demise of the medieval knightmedieval knight

• Used particularly by the Used particularly by the English to great effect English to great effect against the French against the French cavalry during the cavalry during the Hundred Years' War Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). (1337-1453).

• Longbow helped New Longbow helped New Monarchs to create Monarchs to create cost-effective standing cost-effective standing armies, to maintain and armies, to maintain and expand powerexpand power

Page 31: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Printing PressPrinting Press• Developed in Developed in 1439 1439

by Johann Gutenbergby Johann Gutenberg• MMade possible ade possible thethe

dissemination of dissemination of knowledge to a knowledge to a wider populationwider population– LLead to ead to mmore ore

egalitarian societyegalitarian society• Laid the foundation Laid the foundation

for the Renaissance, for the Renaissance, Reformation and Reformation and EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Page 32: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 33: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Towns and CommerceTowns and Commerce

• Towns acted as magnets for Towns acted as magnets for skilled labor, ideas, and goodsskilled labor, ideas, and goods

• Typically lay outside of the feudal Typically lay outside of the feudal structurestructure

• Banded together in leagues to Banded together in leagues to protect independence and protect independence and promote commercepromote commerce– Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League – German trading – German trading

centers in the Baltic region, centers in the Baltic region, controlled the herring marketcontrolled the herring market

Page 34: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League

Page 35: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

Page 36: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild HallGuild HallGuild HallGuild Hall

Central institutions of most townsCentral institutions of most towns

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]

Controlled prices [No Free Market!][No Free Market!]

Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop

Page 37: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Agricultural Agricultural ImprovementsImprovements• Three-crop field rotationThree-crop field rotation

• Iron plowIron plow• WindmillsWindmills

• More land brought under More land brought under cultivationcultivation– Helped produce a food surplusHelped produce a food surplus– Increased trade networksIncreased trade networksBy 1300, population at an all-

time high of 75 million

Page 38: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 39: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Social OrderSocial Order• A new social order had evolved by 900 that A new social order had evolved by 900 that

was distinctively medieval.was distinctively medieval.– Alfred the Great of England: a kingdom Alfred the Great of England: a kingdom

needs “men of prayer, men of war, and needs “men of prayer, men of war, and men of work.”men of work.”

• Tripartite view of societyTripartite view of society– The ClergyThe Clergy– The Landed Nobility (knights)The Landed Nobility (knights)– The Peasantry and Village ArtisansThe Peasantry and Village Artisans

• A fourth emerged after the 13A fourth emerged after the 13thth century: century: middlemiddle class merchants & townspeople– burgesses in English, bourgeoisie in

French, burghers in German

Page 40: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Gender RolesGender Roles• Women’s roles limited by legal and Women’s roles limited by legal and

economic prescriptionseconomic prescriptions• Many women did find ways to express Many women did find ways to express

autonomy, initiative, and talent within autonomy, initiative, and talent within these parametersthese parameters– Noblewomen often ran the manors in the Noblewomen often ran the manors in the

absence of their warrior husbandsabsence of their warrior husbands– Younger noblewomen joined conventsYounger noblewomen joined convents

• Allowed them to pursue intellectual and spiritual Allowed them to pursue intellectual and spiritual pursuits outside the control of menpursuits outside the control of men

– Ideal of courtly love and chivalry placed Ideal of courtly love and chivalry placed women at the center of an important women at the center of an important cultural traditioncultural tradition

Page 41: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior• Chivalry began as Chivalry began as

the code of the code of conduct for conduct for mounted warriors.mounted warriors.

• Chivalry highly Chivalry highly esteemed certain esteemed certain masculine, militant masculine, militant qualities. qualities. – Military prowessMilitary prowess– GenerosityGenerosity– Loyalty, the glue Loyalty, the glue

that held feudal that held feudal society together.society together.

Page 42: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Gender RolesGender Roles• Cities and towns relied upon the Cities and towns relied upon the

labor of women in the food labor of women in the food preparation, brewing and the preparation, brewing and the production of clothproduction of cloth

• Peasant and serf women labored Peasant and serf women labored alongside husbands in mowing alongside husbands in mowing hay, tending the vegetables, or hay, tending the vegetables, or harvestingharvesting– Domestic chores actually played a Domestic chores actually played a

minor role for most womenminor role for most women

Page 43: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor• A powerful lord controlling the lives of A powerful lord controlling the lives of

an often large number of dependents.an often large number of dependents.• He required payments and services He required payments and services

from them and regulated their from them and regulated their ordinary disputes.ordinary disputes.– The structure of individual manors, and The structure of individual manors, and

the dues owed by peasants, varied the dues owed by peasants, varied tremendously across Europe.tremendously across Europe.

– Parallel sets of vertical bonds of Parallel sets of vertical bonds of associations:associations:• Feudal lords and vassals entered into Feudal lords and vassals entered into

political bondspolitical bonds• Lords and peasants entered into Lords and peasants entered into

economic bonds.economic bonds.

Page 44: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Page 45: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

Page 46: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The Black Death: CausesThe Black Death: Causes• By 1300, the large population By 1300, the large population

explosion had outgrown the food explosion had outgrown the food supply.supply.– Progressively weakened by Progressively weakened by

malnutrition, Europe’s population malnutrition, Europe’s population was highly vulnerable to diseasewas highly vulnerable to disease

• Devastation resulted from the Devastation resulted from the Black Black Death (1348-1351)Death (1348-1351)– Killed about 40% of the European Killed about 40% of the European

populationpopulation– More important were the More important were the

psychological and social costs of the psychological and social costs of the disease disease

Page 47: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?
Page 48: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The Black DeathThe Black Death• Disease carried by fleas on rats, so Disease carried by fleas on rats, so

urban areas were devastatedurban areas were devastated• Many believed that this was God’s Many believed that this was God’s

punishment for living too wellpunishment for living too well– 60% of the60% of the

clergy diedclergy diedtreating thetreating thedisease, causingdisease, causingpeople topeople toquestion thequestion thepower of thepower of thechurchchurch

Page 49: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

The Black DeathThe Black Death• Led to persecutionLed to persecution

of Jews, who wereof Jews, who wereblamed forblamed forpoisoning the wellspoisoning the wells

• Caused a laborCaused a laborshortage that undermined the feudal shortage that undermined the feudal structurestructure– Allowed peasants to bargain for Allowed peasants to bargain for

improved labor conditions and paymentimproved labor conditions and payment– Note: Did not affect Eastern Europe Note: Did not affect Eastern Europe

as much as Western/Central as much as Western/Central Europe, which allowed the feudal Europe, which allowed the feudal system to last much longersystem to last much longer

Page 50: Europe in 800 Europe in 1346 European Rivers  Barriers or Highways?

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

Flagellants:Self-inflicted “penance” for our

sins!