Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. This chapter will introduce you to Europe in Modern

Europe in Modern Times

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

This chapter will introduce you to Europe in Modern Times. You will learn all about the region’s geography, history, and culture.

Section 1: New Ways of Thinking

Section 2: Europe Expands

Section 3: An Age of Revolutions

Section 4: Wars and Hardship

Section 5: Rebuilding and New Challenges

Introduction

Chapter IntroductionChapter Introduction



How were the English and Spanish ships different?

How did the difference between the fleets give the English an advantage in battle?

myStory

The Battle of the Spanish ArmadaThe Battle of the Spanish Armada



Why was Elizabeth unusual for her time period?

What religious difference existed between the rulers of Spain and England?

myStory




What disadvantages did the Spanish have?

myStory




What was one strategy the English used against the Spanish?

What evidence do you think convinced the English that God was on their side?

myStory




What makes a nation?

New Ways of Thinking




What paintings and statues have you seen What paintings and statues have you seen in museums, public places, offices, or in museums, public places, offices, or

homes?homes?



• rapid adj. fast

A period of rapid change can make people feel

confused.

• doctrine n. teaching or principle

The pope explained the new doctrine in a letter to all

Catholics.


Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabulary



European Renaissance thinkers and artists took a new interest in humanity and the world around them.

Critical thinking in Renaissance Europe led to the Reformation.


Key IdeasKey Ideas



• Renaissance a time of a renewed interest in art and learning in Europe; “rebirth”

• humanism study of secular subjects like history or philosophy and emphasis on human achievement

• perspective a technique that allows artists to portray a three-dimensional space on a flat surface


Key TermsKey Terms



• Reformation a religious movement that began in the 1500s in which calls for reform of the Catholic Church led to the emergence of non-Catholic, or Protestant, churches

• Catholic Reformation changes made by the Catholic church to keep Catholicism strong; response to the Reformation


Key TermsKey Terms



• England

• Wittenberg

• Scotland

• Sweden

• Paris

• Spain

• Italy


What are some important places to know in What are some important places to know in Europe in modern times?Europe in modern times?




Europe in Modern Times: Outline MapEurope in Modern Times: Outline Map



Italian traders brought silk and spices back from Asia, which they traded in major Italian cities.

Italy was divided into city-states, often ruled by one dominant family.

These city-states fought frequently.


Trade Grows and Cities CompeteTrade Grows and Cities Compete



Trade brought Europeans into contact with the knowledge of Asia and the Muslim world.

During the Renaissance, European scholars took an interest in Ancient Greek and Roman ideas.

Renaissance masters such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci imitated the realism of classical art.


Old and New Ideas InspireOld and New Ideas Inspire




What cultures contributed to Renaissance What cultures contributed to Renaissance art and learning?art and learning?



Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe in several ways:

• Traders brought new ideas with them.

• Renaissance rulers invited scholars and artists to visit their courts.

• Northern nobles and wealthy members of the middle class traveled to Italy for their education.


The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance



New technologies such as the printing presshelped spread knowledge.

Renaissance ideas began to influence northernartists and writers.

Humanism influenced artists such as Pieter Bruegeland authors such as William Shakespeare.


Renaissance Ideas SpreadRenaissance Ideas Spread



Some Europeans began to believe that the Church did not uphold the Bible’s teachings.

People felt that the Church was corrupt.

The printing press helped spread the desire for change.


Criticisms of the ChurchCriticisms of the Church



In 1517, Martin Luther drafted his 95 Theses, a list of arguments against selling indulgences.

This led to the Reformation, which was a religious movement that called for reform of the Catholic Church.

As a result of the Reformation, many new Protestant, or non-Catholic, churches were formed.


Luther Calls for ReformLuther Calls for Reform



During this time, many European rulers forced their people to follow the ruler’s religion.

Religion played a major role in England’s politics.

Due to conflict with the pope, Henry VIII formed the Anglican Church, and declared himself its head.


The Reformation and GovernmentThe Reformation and Government



In 1545, Pope Paul III took action against the Reformation.

He called Church leaders to the Council of Trent, where they rejected several key Protestant beliefs.

Over time, the Catholic Church ended many of the abuses that Protestants had criticized.


The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation




Why do you think the leaders of the Why do you think the leaders of the Catholic Catholic

Church rejected the new Protestant Church rejected the new Protestant beliefs?beliefs?




Europe Expands



Europe Expands

Have you ever played a game in which the Have you ever played a game in which the goal goal

was was ““Winner take allWinner take all””??



• finance v. to raise or provide fundsThe rich man agreed to finance the student director’s movie.

• convict v. to find or prove guiltyThe lawyer urged the jury to convict the accused murderer.

Europe Expands




Renaissance ideals, competition among rulers, and the expansion of trade led to an age of exploration.

Exploration and a search for wealth led European states to create colonial empires.

Europe Expands

Key IdeasKey Ideas



• cartography the science of making maps and globes

• caravel a small, light ship that performed well on long voyages

• plantation large commercial farm

Europe Expands

Key TermsKey Terms



• northwest passage sea route between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans along the northern coast of North America

• triangular trade three-stage pattern of trade that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

• absolutism centralized and unlimited government power

Europe Expands

Key TermsKey Terms



Portugal led the search for a sea route to Asia.

During the 1500s, the Portuguese established trading centers in Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and China.

This exploration enabled Portugal to end Italy’s control over trade with Asia.

Europe Expands

The Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration



Italian explorer Christopher Columbus promised Spanish monarchs he could reach Asia by sailing west.

Columbus did not reach Asia, but he did help Spain start an empire in the Americas.

Europe Expands

Reaching the AmericasReaching the Americas



The age of exploration was also the age of imperialism, or empire building.

Spain conquered lands in Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

On the Caribbean islands, the Spanish set up plantations, or large commercial farms.

Europe Expands

An Age of EmpiresAn Age of Empires



Explorers never found a northwest passage, the supposed route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

England and France claimed lands in eastern North America.

England and France also established colonies in India.

Europe Expands

Establishing New ColoniesEstablishing New Colonies



Plantations in the Caribbean and southeastern North America produced crops like sugar and tobacco.

These plantations required labor, so over time Europeans began bringing enslaved Africans to work on them.

A system known as triangular trade developed.

Europe Expands

Plantation AgriculturePlantation Agriculture



In early modern times, European nations grew in size and power to become nation-states.

A nation-state is a region that shares a government and is independent from other states.

Rulers believed in absolutism, a political system of centralized and unlimited government power.

Europe Expands

An Age of AbsolutismAn Age of Absolutism



Perhaps the most powerful monarch in Europe was Philip II of Spain.

Philip II was Catholic and he used his power to back Catholicism throughout Europe.

In 1588, however, Spain was weakened when the English defeated the Spanish Armada.

Europe Expands

Absolute Power in SpainAbsolute Power in Spain



Louis XIV was the center of the French government.

He centralized power around the throne and wanted to make France the most powerful nation in Europe.

France was constantly at war while Louis XIV was king.

Europe Expands

The Sun KingThe Sun King



Europe Expands

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Why did European nations want colonies?Why did European nations want colonies?



An Age of Revolutions

What is your favorite labor-saving device What is your favorite labor-saving device at home?at home?




Predict how Muslim mathematical advances Predict how Muslim mathematical advances and European travel to new lands affected and European travel to new lands affected

sciencescience



• greedy adj. having a strong desire for wealth and possessions Greedy people do not like to give money to others.

• consent n. agreement or approval Democratic governments rely on the

consent of their citizens.





The Scientific Revolution brought advances in knowledge and technology.

The Enlightenment applied reason to human affairs and led to political revolutions in England, France, and other European countries.

The Industrial Revolution transformed Europe’s economy and landscape.


Key IdeasKey Ideas



• Scientific Revolution a time of major advances in science during the 1500s and 1600s

• Enlightenment a period during the 1600s and 1700s when scholars studied culture and society by applying reason and natural laws

• English Bill of Rights an act passed in 1689 that limited the power of the English monarch and increased Parliament’s power


Key TermsKey Terms



• French Revolution a political uprising in France that began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille prison

• Industrial Revolution a time in which new technologies transformed manufacturing and changed society forever


Key TermsKey Terms



Medieval scientists believed that the sun, planets, and stars orbited, or circled, Earth.

In 1543 Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus argued that Earth orbited the sun.

Galileo, an Italian astronomer, agreed with Copernicus.


A Scientific RevolutionA Scientific Revolution



Enlightenment thinkers believed that nothing was beyond the human mind.

Some philosophers studied the nature of reality.

Other philosophers studied society and government; their political views shaped modern democracy.


The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment



During the 1600s the English Parliament gradually took power from the monarch.

A Civil War began in England in 1642.

Conflict continued, and in 1689, Parliament gave the throne to William and Mary under the condition that they sign the English Bill of Rights.


Changes in EnglandChanges in England



On July 14, 1789, a mob stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison.

This marked the start of the French Revolution.

Enlightenment ideas inspired some people to demand a voice in the French government.


Revolution in FranceRevolution in France



French domination led to growing nationalism, or devotion to one’s country.

Many Europeans also wanted greater democracy.

In 1848, revolutions broke out across Europe.


Revolution SpreadsRevolution Spreads



The Industrial Revolution was a shift from hand tools driven by human or animal power to large-scale machinery powered by fuels or natural forces.

The textile industry was the first to change.

Transportation also changed.


The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution



Industrial towns grew quickly as workers moved there for jobs in factories.

These towns became crowded with workers, and living conditions soon grew more difficult.

Disease spread rapidly in the crowded, dirty conditions.


Industry Changes LandscapesIndustry Changes Landscapes



During the early Industrial Age, doctors and scientists made improvements in research and medicine.

Cities built sewer systems to dispose of waste and prevent disease.

Education also improved during this time.


Positive EffectsPositive Effects






What were the causes and effects of the What were the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution?Scientific Revolution?






What were the causes and effects of theWhat were the causes and effects of the French Revolution?French Revolution?





are needed to see this p icture.

What were the causes and effects of the What were the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?



Wars and Hardship

Why is it important to have a network of Why is it important to have a network of supporters when running for government?supporters when running for government?



Wars and Hardship

How might competition for colonies have How might competition for colonies have affected relationships between European affected relationships between European

countries?countries?



• humiliate v. to embarrass or to reduce a person’s feeling of self-worthJeannie was afraid that wearing the old coat would humiliate her.

• slump n. a marked declineWhen the economy went into a slump, many people lost jobs.

Wars and Hardship




World War I resulted in Europe’s multinational empires being carved up into separate nations.

The Great Depression brought hardship and political unrest to Europe.

World War II brought catastrophe for Jews and other Europeans and led to the defeat of Germany, Italy, and Japan by the Allied powers.

Wars and Hardship

Key IdeasKey Ideas



• World War I 1914–1918, sometimes called the Great War, the first conflict to use the weapons of modern warfare

• Great Depression worldwide economic slump during the 1930s

• communism political and economic system in which government owns all property and makes all economic decisions

Wars and Hardship

Key TermsKey Terms



• fascism a political system that stresses national strength, military might, and the belief that the state is more important than individuals

• World War II 1939 - 1945, major global military conflict

• Holocaust the killing of millions of Jews by the Nazis during World War II

Wars and Hardship

Key TermsKey Terms



• Nationalism: Sometimes led to hostility towards other nations

• Imperialism: Caused competition in expanding empires

• Militarism: Led to warlike attitudes and buildup of military power

• Alliances: Pulled nations into war

Wars and Hardship

Causes of World War ICauses of World War I



In June 1914, a Serbian nationalist killed the Austrian archduke.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

One by one, European powers entered the war to support their allies.

Wars and Hardship

War Breaks OutWar Breaks Out



The Allied Powers (France and Britain) and the United States, were victorious.

The Allies forced Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles.

The treaty humiliated Germany and carved Austria-Hungary into several new nations.

Wars and Hardship

Consequences of WarConsequences of War



In October 1929, the U.S. stock market collapsed.

Following this collapse came the Great Depression, a worldwide economic slump that lasted through the 1930s.

Europe suffered severely from the Great Depression.

Wars and Hardship

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression



The 1917 Russian Revolution led to the formation of the communist government of the Soviet Union.

In Italy, nationalist pride led to fascism under Benito Mussolini.

During the 1930s, fascists under Francisco Franco took control of Spain.

Wars and Hardship

The Rise of Communism and FascismThe Rise of Communism and Fascism



Many Germans resented the Treaty of Versailles and blamed it for their hardships.

The Nazi party gained strength during the 1930s, and in 1933 Hitler became head of Germany’s government.

Once in power, Hitler ruled as a dictator.

Wars and Hardship

Nazis Take Power in GermanyNazis Take Power in Germany



Hitler wanted to build a mighty German empire across Europe.

By the end of 1940, Germany’s powerful armies had conquered much of Europe.

In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

Wars and Hardship

World War IIWorld War II



In late 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base in Hawaii.

The United States fought alongside the Allied Powers, including Great Britain and the Soviet Union.

On June 6, 1944, known as D-Day, more than 150,000 Allied troops invaded German-occupied France.

Wars and Hardship

America Enters the WarAmerica Enters the War



Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945.

Approximately 17 million European soldiers died during the war, along with millions of civilians.

The Nazis had murdered 6 millions Jews and another 5 million from other groups.

After the war, Europe’s cities, roads, and farms lay in ruins.

Wars and Hardship

Effects of the WarEffects of the War



Wars and Hardship



Rebuilding and New Challenges

What is it like when two friends argue and What is it like when two friends argue and refuse to speak to each other?refuse to speak to each other?




What kind of government do you think the What kind of government do you think the United States wanted Germany to have? What United States wanted Germany to have? What type did the Soviet Union want Germany to type did the Soviet Union want Germany to

have?have?



• symbolize v. to represent or express somethingTo many people, the bald eagle symbolizes the United States.

• transfer n. a carrying over of something from one situation to another Whenever a new president is elected, the government goes through a transfer of power.





After World War II, the Cold War divided Europe between the democratic West and the communist East.

Western European nations joined together in the late 1900s to promote free trade and peaceful interaction.


Key IdeasKey Ideas



When communism collapsed in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe adopted democracy and Germany reunified.


Key IdeasKey Ideas



• Cold War period following World War II, characterized by hostility between the United States and its allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its allies on the other side

• Marshall Plan an economic program initiated by the United States to help Europe recover from World War II


Key TermsKey Terms



• Berlin Wall a wall built by the East German government in 1961 to divide East and West Berlin; a symbol of Cold War divisions

• European Union (EU) economic and political partnership between member nations


Key TermsKey Terms



When World War II ended, the Soviet Union set up communist governments in Eastern Europe.

The U.S. and Britain wanted to stop the Soviet Union from spreading communism.

After the war, many countries formed the United Nations to safeguard world peace.


Cold War and DivisionCold War and Division



The Cold War divided Europe between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe.

Berlin, Germany’s capital, was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin by a wall.

This wall came to symbolize Cold War divisions.


The Berlin Wall Goes UpThe Berlin Wall Goes Up



With American aid, Western Europe’s economy recovered quickly.

In 1949, the United States and Western European countries formed a military alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union united under the Warsaw Pact.


The Democratic West UnitesThe Democratic West Unites



In 1957, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands formed the European Economic Community.

Six more countries had joined by 1986.

In 1992, a treaty created the European Union.


The European UnionThe European Union



By the 1980s, communism was failing.

In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev began to loosen government control within the Soviet Union.

He gave Eastern European countries more freedom to choose their way.


Democracy Spreads EastDemocracy Spreads East



Poland held free elections in 1988.

Czechoslovakia followed in 1989.

In Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria, communism fell in 1989.


A Democratic Revolution SpreadsA Democratic Revolution Spreads



During 1989, East Germans began protesting for democratic change.

The communist government was removed from power, and on October 3, 1990, the two halves of Germany were reunified.

In 1991, the Soviet Union fell and broke apart into 15 new nations.


Germany ReunifiesGermany Reunifies



After reunifying, Germany struggled economically.

After the collapse of communism, Europe worked to rebuild ties between East and West.

Communism had weakened economies, and people were not prepared for democracy.


Europe Faces ChallengesEurope Faces Challenges



Immigration became a major challenge in Europe, as thousands of Eastern Europeans moved to Western Europe for work.

Immigrants also came from Africa and Asia, and Europeans feared that immigrants would take jobs.


International IssuesInternational Issues








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Europe in Modern Times Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. This chapter will introduce you to Europe in Modern