European Colonization and Imperialism from 1400-2000

Christian AlbertiniAP Euro 2nd Period

1400-1600• 1402: The Spanish empire begins with the

invasion of the Canary Islands• 1415: The Portuguese empire begins with the

capture of Ceuta (Morocco)• 1419: The Portuguese discover Madeira• 1427: The Portuguese discover Azores• 1441: The first consignment of slaves is

brought to Lisbon (Portugal)• 1452: Papal Bull Dum diversas allows

enslavement of pagans

1400-1600• 1455: Papal Bull Romanus Pontifex grants a trade monopoly for newly discovered

countries in Africa and Asia to the Portuguese.• 1474: João Vaz Corte-Real, a Portuguese navigator, claims to have discovered

the New Land of the Codfish, an unidentified island of which there is some speculation that it might be Newfoundland, in present-day Canada.

• 1482: The Portuguese build the Elmina Castle as the first trading point in Ghana• 1488: Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope for the Portuguese king.• 1492: "Discovery" of the "New World" and symbolic date of the European Age of

Exploration; beginning of the colonization of the Americas and of the Columbian Exchange

• 1493: Papal Bull Inter caetera on May 4• 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the world outside of Europe in an exclusive

duopoly between the Spanish and the Portuguese empires along a north-south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa), roughly 46° 36' W. (This boundary was known as the Line of Demarcation.) The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain.

1400-1600• 1498: Vasco da Gama sets foot on Kozhikode, starting the

Portuguese presence in India• 1500: Pedro Álvares Cabral sails to Brazil for the Portuguese king• 1511: The Portuguese capture Malacca, in present day Malaysia• 1515: Spanish Leyes de Burgos on January 25• 1519: The Portuguese capture Ormus, in the Strait of Hormuz, in

the Persian Gulf• 1519-1522: Ferdinand Magellan makes his circumnavigation of the

Earth but doesn’t survive. • 1542: Spanish Leyes Nuevas ("New Laws")• 1542: Creation of the Viceroyalty of Peru• 1550-1552: Valladolid Controversy and publication of A Short

Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bishop of Chiapas Bartolomé de las Casas[1]

1600-1800• 1600: Queen Elizabeth I of England grants a Royal

charter to the English East India Company• 1602: Establishment of the Dutch East India Company• 1607: The first permanent English settlement in North

America at Jamestown, Virginia• 1612-1615: The Portuguese captured Gamru Port and a

few other places (like Hormuz Island ) in southern coast of Persia.

• 1615-1622: Abbas I, king of Persia, battled the Portuguese with the aid of the Royal Navy and the English East India Company and recaptured those lands.

• 1619: The first African slaves arrive in Jamestown, VA.

1600-1800• 1624: The English set foot in Surat• 1625: Charles I of England receives Oldman, king of

the Miskito Nation, who was taken to England by the Earl of Warwick.

• 1630: Puritans establish Massachusetts Bay Colony• 1717: Creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada• 1775-1783: American War of Independence• 1776: Creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata• 1776: The thirteen original colonies of the United

States declare independence from Britain

1600-1800

• 1784: Britain passes Pitt's India Act• 1791-1804: Haitian Revolution and abolition

of slavery by the French First Republic (reestablished by Napoleon in 1804)

• 1795: Britain invades the Cape region of present-day South Africa

• 1798: French Invasion of Egypt

1800-1900

• 1804-1813: Uprising in Serbia against the presence of the Ottoman Empire

• 1810-1820s: Spanish American wars of independence

• 1810-1821: Mexican War of Independence• 1815-1817: Serbian uprising leading

to Serbian autonomy• 1821-1823: Greek War of Independence• 1822: Independence of Brazil proclaimed by Dom

Pedro I

1800-1900• 1823: British abolish slavery in the West Indies• 1830: Start of the French conquest of Algeria• 1834: Beginning of the Boers' Great Trek• 1839-42: First Opium War and First Anglo-

Afghan War• 1846-1848: Mexican-American War, which

results in the Mexican Cession• 1848: Spring of Nations in Europe

1800-1900• 1848: Decree-law Victor Schoelcher which abolish

slavery (permanently) in the French colonial empire

• 1853-55: Publication of Gobineau's An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (one of the first, major formulation of racial theories [2])

• 1854-56: Crimean War• 1854- Convention of Kanagawa after Commodore

Perry's expedition to Japan• 1856-60: Second Opium War

1800-1900• 1857: Uprising in India against British occupation, which

leads to the creation of the British Raj• 1861-1867: French intervention in Mexico ordered

by Napoleon III• 1870: Franco-Prussian War• 1870-80s: Conquest of the Desert in Argentina, led by Julio

Argentino Roca• 1877-1878: War between Russia and the Ottoman

Empire and March 3, 1878 Treaty of San Stefano• 1878: Treaty of Berlin recognising the independence

of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria

1800-1900

• 1878-1881: Second Anglo-Afghan War• 1879: Anglo-Zulu War• 1880-81: First Boer War• 1881: Indigenous Code in Algeria• 1882: Triple Alliance between Italy and the

German-Austrian Dual Alliance

1800-1900

• 1883: Publication of The Story of an African Farm by Olive Schreiner

• 1884-85: Berlin Conference (UK, France, Germany) which sets the right of conquest for the scramble for Africa

• 1885: Foundation of the Indian National Congress

• 1885: Treaty of Simulambuco (between Portugal and the N'Goyo Kingdom).

• 1887: France creates the Indochinese Union

1800-1900• 1888: Lei Áurea ("Golden Law") on May 13 in Brazil which abolish

slavery• 1889: Foundation of the Republic of Brazil• 1889: British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes chartered by

the British government to seek treaties and administer territory between the Limpopo River and African Great Lakes.

• 1890: Cecil Rhodes sends the Pioneer Column into Mashonaland, starting the process of annexing the territory which became Southern Rhodesia

• 1891: The Stairs Expedition to Katanga kills its king, Msiri and obtains treaties from his successors for the territory to become the possession of Leopold II of Belgium

1800-1900• 1894: Franco-Russian Alliance, breaking France's isolation

by Bismarck• 1895: Treaty of

Shimonoseki between Japan and China and Triple Intervention

• 1895: Creation of French West Africa (AOF)• 1895-96: First Italo–Ethiopian War• 1896: Anglo-Zanzibar War (on August 27)• 1897: Punitive Expedition led by British Admiral Harry

Rawson against Benin, which brings to an end the highly sophisticated West African Kingdom of Benin

1800-1900• 1898: Fashoda Incident• 1898: On July 25, 1898 at the outbreak of the Spanish–

American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica. Following the outcome of the war, Spain was forced to cede Puerto Rico, along with Cuba, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States under the Treaty of Paris (1898)

• 1899: Publication of Rudyard Kipling's The White Man's Burden, as well as Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness [3]

• 1899-1902: Second Boer War• 1899-1913: Philippine-American War

1900-1950

• 1902: Anglo-Japanese Alliance: end of UK's Splendid isolation

• 1902: Italy puts a supplement to the Triple Alliance concerning France

• 1904: Entente Cordiale between France and the UK

• 1904-05: Russo-Japanese War• 1904-07: Herero Genocide• 1905: Partition of Bengal

1900-1950• 1905: First Moroccan Crisis after the March 31, 1905

visit of Kaiser Wilhelm to Tangiers• 1906: Algeciras Conference to mediate the Tangier

Crisis between France and Germany• 1907: Triple Entente between Russia, France and the

UK• 1910: Mexican Revolution and overthrow of Porfirio

Díaz's dictatorship• 1910: Creation of French Equatorial Africa (AEF)• 1911: Agadir Crisis

1900-1950• 1911: Chinese Revolution• 1912: France establish a full protectorate over Morocco• 1912-1913: Balkan Wars and Italo-Turkish

War (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica are transferred from the Ottoman Empire to Italy)

• 1914-1918: World War I• 1916: May 16 Sykes-Picot Agreement• 1916-1918: Arab Revolt initiated by Hussein bin

Ali and Emir Faisal

1900-1950• 1917: October Revolution• 1918: Woodrow Wilson's January 9 speech on the Fourteen Points• 1919: Foundation of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace

Conference and creation of the League of Nations Mandates (Iraq and Palestine — including Transjordan — are passed to Great Britain's control, Lebanon and Syria to France; the Cameroons and Togoland are split between the UK and France; Ruanda-Urundi goes to Belgium and Tanganyika to the UK; Nauru and New Guinea to Australia; the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and the South Pacific Mandate to Japan; Samoa to New Zealand and South West Africa to South Africa)

• 1919: Third Anglo-Afghan War• 1919: Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi

1900-1950• 1920: San Remo conference in April• 1920: Treaty of Sèvres on August 10 between the Triple

Entente (UK, France and Russia) and the Ottoman Empire; Mustafa Kemal leads the Turkish War of Independenceleading to the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne

• 1922: Creation of the Soviet Union• 1922: Britain receives League of Nations mandate for Palestine• 1923: Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey by Mustafa Kemal on

October 29• 1924: British Empire Exhibition• 1925: Foundation of the Algerian Star of North Africa by Messali

Hadj• 1921-1926: Rif War in Morocco, led by Abd el-Krim

1900-1950

• 1927: May 19 Treaty of Jeddah accords independence to Saudi Arabia led by King Abdul Aziz

• 1927-1928: Publication of André Gide's Travels to Congo.[4]

• 1931: Paris Colonial Exposition\• 1931: Gandhi leads Salt March• 1931: South Africa gains independence from Britain• 1932: Independence of Iraq• 1930: Portuguese Colonial Act

1900-1950• 1933: Publication of Gilberto Freyre's Casa-Grande &

Senzala ("The Great House and the Slave Quarters" - 1933 [5])

• 1934-1935: Long March by the Chinese Communist Army• 1935: Aimé Césaire coins the word Négritude• 1935: Government of India Act• 1936: Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence (never

ratified by France)• 1936-1939: Great Arab Revolt in the British Mandate of

Palestine

1900-1950• 1935-36: Second Italo-Abyssinian War• 1937-45: Second Sino-Japanese War• 1939-1945: World War II• 1945-1991: Cold War• 1946: Treaty of Manila• 1947: India and Pakistan are independent of Great

Britain• 1948: First apartheid legislation in South Africa• 1948: Partition of Palestine and First Arab-Israeli War

1950-2000• 1951-1980: European decolonization of Africa• 1952: King Farouk is overthrown in Egypt• 1956: Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal• 1956-1966: Decolonization of British African colonies• 1957: Ghana is first independent African nation• 1958: United Arab Republic is formed• 1960: Congo is granted independence from Belgium• 1962: Algeria gains independence from France• 1963: Organization for African Unity is formed• 1964: The Palestine Liberation Organization is formed.

1950-2000• 1964: Nelson Mandela sentenced to life in prison• 1967: The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is

founded by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines to encourage cooperation and economic prosperity.

• 1980: Canada gains full independence from the British parliament with the Canada Act.

• 1990: Mandela is released after 26 years in prison• 1991: End of Soviet Union• 1993: Eritrea, a former Italian colony declares independence and

is subsequently recognized.• 1994: Mandela becomes President of South Africa• 1997: The British dependent territory of Hong Kong is given

to People's Republic of China.

Sources• "The Bull Inter Caetera (Alexander VI), May 4, 1493." The Bull Inter Caetera. N.p., n.d.

Web. 22 Mar. 2014. <http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/indig-inter-caetera.html>.• "Chronology of Western Colonialism." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Mar. 2014.

Web. 22 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Western_colonialism>.

• "Decolonization." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization>.

• "Global Development: Timeline." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014.

• Koeller, David W. "Decolonization." World History Chronology. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. <http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/world/Decolonization.html>.

• "Welcome to the History of the Philippines." The History of the Philippines. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/>.

• White, Nicholas J. Decolonisation: The British Experience since 1945. London: Longman, 1999. Print.

Picture Sources• "History of Spain." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Mar. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain>.• "Douglas MacArthur." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur>.•

"The Daily Caller." The Daily Caller. Ed. Christopher Bedford. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://dailycaller.com/2012/11/17/the-whiskey-rebellion-november-2012/>.• "Attack on Pearl Harbor." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Mar. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor>.• "How Nelson Mandela Survived His Years in Isolated South African Jail." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/nelson-mandela-1/>.