Chapter 15, Sect. 1

Technological Advances –• New advances in technology offered the hope of expansion.• Mapmaking –

• quality improved• mapmakers aware world was round

• Navigational Instruments –•Magnetic compass – directional navigation•Astrolabe – measured relative position of celestial bodies

•Helped determine a ship’s latitude•New Ships –

•galleys used previously, moved by oar power•Improved sailing vessels- different shape sails, rudders to rear•Able to sail (tack) against the wind

•The desire to explore other lands was initially to expand trade.•Personal glory and religious fervor quickly followed.

Chapter 15, Sect. 1

Economic Changes –

• Commercial Revolution (1400-1750)•Regular use of money as a medium of exchange•Standardized values of currency denominations•Extended use of banks & their services•Joint-stock Companies-

•raised money by selling stock•Stockholders became part owners, divide profits or losses

•Political Changes• Strong Monarchies• Rulers looked toward exploration to increase wealth• Rulers often financed explorers & colonists

Chapter 15, Sect. 1

Mercantilism – New economic theory

•Governments obligated to increase country’s wealth•Wealth measured by amount of gold & silver it possessed•World contained only a fixed amount of wealth•To increase own wealth, take from others •or mining metals at home

•Balance of trade• Selling more goods than they bought (favorable balance of trade)• Selling goods to others increased country’s gold & silver• Could impose tariffs (import tax) to reduce influx of foreign goods• Could make grants (subsidies) of $$ to businesses

•Colonies•Sources of gold & silver•Sources of raw materials•Markets for finished goods

Chapter 15, Sect. 1

Social Change –

•Population increases•Crowded urban areas•Some sort adventure & escape by exploring•Some looked for a new start, better economic opportunity•Some were simply treasure hunters•Some left for both political & religious freedom

Chapter 15, Sect. 2

Portugal & Prince Henry•Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

•Founded school of navigation & sailing,royal support to explorers•Claimed Azores, Explored coast of Africa •Traded slaves, gold & ivory

•Batholomeu Dias (1488) sailed around Cape of Good Hope (Africa)•Vasco da Gama (1497) sailed around Cape to India (1498)

•Traded for spices & jewelsChristopher Columbus•Genoan (Italy) navigator turned down by Portugal•Financed by Ferdinand & Isabella, monarchs of Spain•Claimed Caribbean Islands for Spain•Opened Columbian Exchange (movement of products, plants, animals, even diseases between Old & New Worlds)•Opened up Western Hemisphere to exploration & trade

Chapter 15, Sect. 2

Dividing the New Lands•Spain & Portugal

•Both countries often claimed same areas•1493 Pope Alexander VI edict with Line of Demarcation (pg 362)•Both signed Treaty of Tordesillas

•Pedro Cabral- heading to India is blown off course discovers Brazil•Amerigo Vespucci believes he has discovered new world •A German mapmaker names new land America after Vespucci•Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama sees Pacific Ocean (denotes separation from Asia)•Magellan leaves Spain with 5 ships to circumnavigate the world, he is killed enroute, only one ship completes the journey•Portuguese claim parts of Africa, Brazil, Azores, parts of India, & SE Asia

Chapter 15, Sect. 2

The Slave Trade

•Portugal needed slave labor to run their sugar plantations on islands of Principe & Sao Tome•Plantations soon also set up in New World where slaves needed•Other countries noted lucrative slave trade & began their own•Triangle Trade:

•Stage One – cotton goods, weapons & liquor to Africa from Europe in exchange for gold or slaves (purchased from African tribes)•Stage Two – Middle Passage, slaves shipped to Americas for sale•Stage Three – Plantations products sent to Europe to buy manufactured goods to be sold in the Americas or in Africa for more slaves

Chapter 15, Sect. 2

The Triangle Trade

Chapter 15, Sect. 2

Weaknesses of the Portuguese Empire

•Empire grew very quickly, Portugal’s government financially unsound

•Overextended- grew a large empire too quickly (logistically unsound)

•Portugal under-populated to maintain vast empire (losses in war, sea accidents)

•Spain annexed (took over) Portugal in 1580, neglected empire maintenance

Chapter 15, Sect. 3

Spain’s Colonial Empire

•Primarily the Americas & the Philippines•Americas offered tremendous natural resources•Colonization started in Caribbean & expeditions followed to other areas Explorers:•Ponce de Leon – Florida, 1513•Navarez – Florida, (de Vaca)SW portion of what is now US, 1528•Hernan Cortes – Central Mexico, conquered Aztecs 1519•Francisco Pizarro – West Coast- Andes, S. America. Conq. Incas, 1530Government & Society:•Centralized government run by Viceroy (Representative for King of Spain)•Reported to the Council of the Indies in Spain•Set up large farms & mining systems, native population forced to slavery•Native population decimated, disease from Spanish, not effective slaves•Africans brought to work on farms & plantations

Chapter 15, Sect. 3

Spain’s Colonial Rivals

•French, Dutch, & English•Rivals attacked shipping (gold,etc.)•Colonized mostly N.America

Charles V:•Part of Habsburg family, Born in Flanders, Holy Roman Emperor•Spoke 5 different languages•Halted Ottoman Turks from invading Europe•Religious wars drained Spanish resources•lack of industries=financial problems•Abdicated Spanish throne to son Phillip II •Abdicated Holy Roman Emperor throne to brother Ferdinand I

Chapter 15, Sect. 3

Phillip II

•Dedicated to his country, worked long hours•Consolidated power in monarchy, caused problems in operation of gov’t.•Viewed himself leader of Counter-Reformation, intensified inquisition•Drained Spain’s Treasury fighting religious wars•Resulting high taxes caused inflation•Borrowed heavily from foreign banks•Defeated Turks in Mediterranean, Lost to England (Spanish Armada)•Unsuccessfully intervened in other European countries•Lost the Netherlands•Broke Spain’s military power •lost Spain’s role as world leader forever

Chapter 15, Sect. 3

Rise of the Dutch

•Fiercely independent people, sought self-rule•Taxed heavily to support Spain’s religious wars•Upset by religious persecution by the Spanish•Revolted against Spanish rule, lead by William the Silent•Developed guerilla warfare•Opened the dikes, flooding inhibiting Spanish armies •Northern provinces won independence 1648, became Holland•Southern provinces remained Catholic, modern day BelgiumDutch Society:•Reclaimed country from sea (dike systems)•Great traders & seafarers•Amsterdam world center for shipbuilding, manufacturing, trade & banking •Lively cultural center (Descartes, Rembrandt, etc.)

Chapter 15, Sect. 3

Dutch Colonial Empire

•Dutch East India Company•Combination of several merchant trading companies•Monopoly granted by Dutch Government•Includes Africa & East Indies

•Took over many of the old Portuguese colonies•Expanded form trading ports to true colonies

•Made trading contacts with Japan•Purchased Manhattan Island from Native Americans (New Amsterdam)•Did not attempt to convert colonies to Christianity•Ran colonies like a business

Chapter 15, Sect. 3

Decline of the Spanish Empire

•Dutch revolt marks beginning of the end•Increase costs of operation (increased population – food, clothes, etc.)•Inflation resulted due to increased money supply (colonial gold & silver)•Decline of industry due to inflation –(couldn’t compete with foreign markets)

•Expelled Jews & Moors who had business skills•Other groups emigrated for better opportunities elsewhere

•Was Gold & Silver taken from the colonies actually good or bad for the

Spanish Economy?

Chapter 15, Sect. 4

Henry IV

•Gave up being Huguenot took throne as a Catholic “Paris is well worth a mass”

•Passed special order, “Edict of Nantes,” to protect Huguenots•Guaranteed freedom of worship•Guaranteed political rights

•Rebuilt army & infrastructure of country•Appointed finance minister, Duke of Sully, to revise tax system

•revised right to collect taxes by private individuals (tax farming)•Abolished unnecessary public offices•Develop a treasury surplus

•Stabbed to Death in 1610 by fanatical monk

Chapter 15, Sect. 4

Louis XIII

•8 years old became king•Marie de Medici, mother, became Regent

•Served as ruler of France until 1617•Served 3yrs after Louis came of age, due to his poor health

•Chose Cardinal Richelieu as chief advisor•Cardinal Richelieu

•Wanted monarchy supreme (weaken nobles)•Wanted France supreme in Europe•Saw Huguenots’ fortified towns as political threat- attacked & defeated

•Appointed strong regional administrators called intendants•Intendants had strong powers & reported directly to king

Chapter 15, Sect. 4

Louis XIIIThirty Years War•Stretches of fighting interrupted by intervals of peace

•Began in Prague, 1618 (current day Czech Republic)

•Holy Roman Emperor VS German & Dane Princes•Most battles took place in Germany, devastated countryside•France eventually joined against Holy Roman Emperor•Settled by Treaty of Westphalia, 1648•War weakened Habsburgs, Strengthened France

The Fronde•Series of rebellions (1648-1652) name means “sling”

•Rebels wanted to curb power of monarchy•Supported by peasants•Mercilessly crushed

Chapter 15, Sect. 4

Louis XIV, Sun King

Versailles•Enormous palace outside Paris built as center of government•Extravagant & expensive•Emphasized Louis’ belief in Divine Right of Kings•Moved important nobles to Versailles to serve him

Policies•Advisor- Jean-Baptiste Colbert- from middle class, expert financier•Used government subsidies to build industries•Encouraged colonization of North America•Used high tariffs to protect local merchants•Discouraged wasteful policies, corrupt taxation

Chapter 15, Sect. 4

Louis XIV, Sun KingPolicies•Concerned over religious disunity, believed Huguenots disturbed unity•Revoked “Edict of Nantes,” 1685, more than 200,000 fled France

Wars of Louis XIV•Secretary of State for War- Marquis de Louvois, military genius•Appointed training officer- Jean Martinet- very strict discipline•Built army of over 400,000, which caused other countries to forms

alliances to maintain balance of power•Fought four wars to extend and strengthen boundaries of France•Final war- War of the Spanish Succession, Treaty of Utrecht (1613)•Provided Thrones of France & Spain could not be united•Gave British lands if N.America that had been French

Chapter 15, Sect. 4

Louis XIV, Sun King

French Colonial Empire

•Much of Canada, Mississippi Valley, & Caribbean Islands •Used French East India Company to control parts of India

Legacy of Louis XIV•Made France one of Leading powers in Europe•Developed as cultural center of Europe•Strong Colonial power (although eventually lost most colonies)

Chapter 15, Sect. 5

Russian Isolation

•Russia becomes independent 1480. •Leaders in Moscow expand power to control Russia

Factors that separate Russia from Western Europe•Asian influence from Mongol Rule•Eastern Orthodox Christianity•Use of Cyrillic alphabet, instead of Roman• Landlocked nation . . . No outlets to major oceans for commerce

& cultural diffusion

Chapter 15, Sect. 5

New Dynasty

•1613 - Michael Romanov elected CZAR by National Assembly. •Romanovs’ strengthened Monarchy, weakened popular rule•Re-established serfdom•Peter the Great 1682-1725•Over 6 1/2/ feet tall, rugged, & swarthy• Traveled to western Europe w/Russian delegation to negotiate allies• slipped away in disguise worked as carpenter in shipyard• Sought to learn western skills & customs first hand• Returned home, began westernizing country

Chapter 15, Sect. 5

Westernization

•Re-organized army, equipped w/better weapons •Engaged in war w/Sweden to gain Baltic port•Built St. Petersburg on conquered land (swampy . . .)•Moved capitol to St. Petersburg• Cultural Changes:

• Women took greater role in community life• Men forced to adopt western style dress• Men forced to shave off beards

• Economic Changes:• Heavier taxes to support military, & building projects• encouraged foreign trade & manufacturing

Chapter 15, Sect. 5

Nobility

•Peter created new “service” class

nobility •Rank dependent on amount of

government service, instead of

heredity•Peter granted large estates

w/thousands of serfs to reward

service• Strengthened serf system while

Europe was eliminating elsewhere

Chapter 15, Sect. 5

Catherine the Great

•Princess from small German state•Married Peter the Great’s grandson•She supported Arts, Sciences, etc.• Continued expansionist policies• Continued to westernize nobility• Beat the Turks, won warm water

ports on Black Sea• With Prussia & Austria divided

(partitioned) Poland, which ceased

to exist until 1919• Sent Cossacks East to overcome

Mongol Horde

Chapter 15, Sect. 5

Habsburg Austria

• Lost much territory in 30 yrs war, but won new lands from Turks, Poles• Charles VI dies 1740, Maria Theresa inherits Empire (pragmatic sanction)• She could only be Empress, when Husband Francis was elected Emperor.• Greatest rival – Brandenburg-Prussia

Hohenzollerns-• Ruled several scattered territories including Prussia• Frederick William, the Great Elector: built strong army, improve tax

collection, encourages farming, industry & transportation• Frederick I: consolidates territories into one Prussia, 1st King of Prussia•Frederick William I: eliminated luxury, doubled Prussian army, efficient gov’t.•Frederick the Great: 1st 23 yrs at war, 2nd 23yrs spent reforming Prussia, left

large prosperous nation