European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform · European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform “IMPLEMENTATION PLAN – Status 2006” IMPLEMENTATION PANEL March 2007 European

European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform

“IMPLEMENTATION PLAN – Status 2006”

IMPLEMENTATION PANEL

March 2007

European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform

“IMPLEMENTATION PLAN – Status 2006”

IMPLEMENTATION PANEL

March 2007

HFP Implementation Plan – Status 2006

2 www.HFPeurope.org

A message from the Implementation Panel Chairs

On January 10, 2007, the European Commission put forward key elements for a new Energy Policy, a common European response to the need for sustainable, secure and competitive energy. New technologies are a key ingredient of this Policy. It includes a Strategic Energy Technology Plan and calls for an increase of 50% in energy research spending to accelerate the shift towards a low-carbon, high efficiency energy system.

Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies can play a significant role in Europe’s new energy system. They can allow renewable energy to be applied to transport, facilitate distributed power generation, and help us cope with the intermittent character of renewables such as wind power. But if they are to make a significant market penetration in transport and power generation, there will need to be research, development and deployment strategies in which all the stakeholders are committed to common objectives. This was the ambition of the European Union when it created the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform.

The first aim for this Platform was to define the technological and market developments needed by 2020 to create a hydrogen-oriented energy system by 2050. These strategies led us to define a concrete Implementation Plan for a European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Programme from 2007 to 2015. This document sets out that plan.

The Implementation Panel believes that this Programme represents a practical approach to meeting the needs for developing and deploying Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies in Europe. It focuses on four main innovation and development actions:

• Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations, for sustainable mobility • Fuel Cells for heat and power generation, for efficient, distributed and diversified

energy production • Sustainable hydrogen supply, to prepare for the transition to clean energy carriers • Fuel Cells for early markets, to foster commercial use of both hydrogen and fuel cells

This Programme will deliver secure and sustainable energy and create a new, high value industry in Europe.

The required investment is high, at €7.4 billion between 2007 and 2015. But it is also consistent with current spending commitments from the public and private sectors. The unique feature of this Programme is that it represents the first broadly agreed, pan-European effort to develop a strong position in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.

This far-reaching Programme needs the right structure at the European level. The Joint Technology Initiative, an industry-led public-private partnership, appears to be the best candidate among the options.

More than 100 European stakeholders from across Europe and from all parts of society were involved in developing this Programme, as was the European Commission itself. Our work also benefited from extensive public consultation. We want to thank all stakeholders for their efforts so far. Now it is up to you to keep up the momentum and to make sure that this Programme succceeds.

François JACKOW

Air Liquide John LOUGHHEAD

UK Energy Research Centre


2 www.HFPeurope.org

A message from the Implementation Panel Chairs

On January 10, 2007, the European Commission put forward key elements for a new Energy Policy, a common European response to the need for sustainable, secure and competitive energy. New technologies are a key ingredient of this Policy. It includes a Strategic Energy Technology Plan and calls for an increase of 50% in energy research spending to accelerate the shift towards a low-carbon, high efficiency energy system.

Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies can play a significant role in Europe’s new energy system. They can allow renewable energy to be applied to transport, facilitate distributed power generation, and help us cope with the intermittent character of renewables such as wind power. But if they are to make a significant market penetration in transport and power generation, there will need to be research, development and deployment strategies in which all the stakeholders are committed to common objectives. This was the ambition of the European Union when it created the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform.

The first aim for this Platform was to define the technological and market developments needed by 2020 to create a hydrogen-oriented energy system by 2050. These strategies led us to define a concrete Implementation Plan for a European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Programme from 2007 to 2015. This document sets out that plan.

The Implementation Panel believes that this Programme represents a practical approach to meeting the needs for developing and deploying Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technologies in Europe. It focuses on four main innovation and development actions:

• Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations, for sustainable mobility • Fuel Cells for heat and power generation, for efficient, distributed and diversified

energy production • Sustainable hydrogen supply, to prepare for the transition to clean energy carriers • Fuel Cells for early markets, to foster commercial use of both hydrogen and fuel cells

This Programme will deliver secure and sustainable energy and create a new, high value industry in Europe.

The required investment is high, at €7.4 billion between 2007 and 2015. But it is also consistent with current spending commitments from the public and private sectors. The unique feature of this Programme is that it represents the first broadly agreed, pan-European effort to develop a strong position in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.

This far-reaching Programme needs the right structure at the European level. The Joint Technology Initiative, an industry-led public-private partnership, appears to be the best candidate among the options.

More than 100 European stakeholders from across Europe and from all parts of society were involved in developing this Programme, as was the European Commission itself. Our work also benefited from extensive public consultation. We want to thank all stakeholders for their efforts so far. Now it is up to you to keep up the momentum and to make sure that this Programme succceeds.

François JACKOW

Air Liquide John LOUGHHEAD

UK Energy Research Centre


3 www.HFPeurope.org

EExxeeccuuttiivvee SSuummmmaarryy The European Union and the world need affordable, secure and sustainable flows of increasing amounts of energy. They are a key element for the achievement of the Lisbon goals for European competitivness and prosperity. The link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness highlights the challenges that the EU faces and points out to the need for an integrated energy policy. Boosting the development and deployment of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies is a vital part of this policy. Hydrogen and fuel cell (FC) technologies have the potential to contribute significantly to it. Within the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP) an Implementation Panel (IP) was established in 2006 to take the HFP strategy for RTD and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells technologies, elaborated in its Strategic Research Agenda and Deployment Strategy, to the implementation stage. More than 100 European stakeholders were involved in the working groups of the Implementation Panel. They came from research institutes, industry, associations, governmental agencies, NGOs and the European Commission. Through their contributions and extensive public consultation, a European programme in this area has been defined. This programme is designed to facilitate and accelerate the development and deployment of cost-competitive, world class European hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. They would find use in transport, stationary and portable power in the next ten years. It is tailored to build upon Europe’s strengths. Drawing on current and previous initiatives and successes at EU, national, regional and local levels, it presents a comprehensive and coherent work programme to mobilise research and industry in integrated and joint activities. The programme comprises four Innovation and Development Actions (IDAs). They spell out the priorities for Europe and point to the technology which must be developed and acquired to foster hydrogen and fuel cell use in transport, stationary and portable applications by 2010-2015, and to achieve the “Snapshot 2020” targets of the HFP. For each IDA, a comprehensive set of actions that covers both technology development and market-enabling activities is proposed. These actions are necessary as a whole to fulfil the objectives for the proposed Programme in response to the EU’s policy drivers. They are further analysed by priority to ensure meeting the development goals assigned to the IDAs, and by the contribution needed from research and industry. High priority levels are assigned to critical elements for the realisation of “Snapshot 2020” and the onward “2050 vision”, especially those that help build up sustainable hydrogen infrastructure and competitive fuel cell supply chains across the EU and strengthen the European industry. It is therefore recommended that an integrated approach to these activities be adopted and that a critical mass be reached at the EU level.


3 www.HFPeurope.org

EExxeeccuuttiivvee SSuummmmaarryy The European Union and the world need affordable, secure and sustainable flows of increasing amounts of energy. They are a key element for the achievement of the Lisbon goals for European competitivness and prosperity. The link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness highlights the challenges that the EU faces and points out to the need for an integrated energy policy. Boosting the development and deployment of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies is a vital part of this policy. Hydrogen and fuel cell (FC) technologies have the potential to contribute significantly to it. Within the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP) an Implementation Panel (IP) was established in 2006 to take the HFP strategy for RTD and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells technologies, elaborated in its Strategic Research Agenda and Deployment Strategy, to the implementation stage. More than 100 European stakeholders were involved in the working groups of the Implementation Panel. They came from research institutes, industry, associations, governmental agencies, NGOs and the European Commission. Through their contributions and extensive public consultation, a European programme in this area has been defined. This programme is designed to facilitate and accelerate the development and deployment of cost-competitive, world class European hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. They would find use in transport, stationary and portable power in the next ten years. It is tailored to build upon Europe’s strengths. Drawing on current and previous initiatives and successes at EU, national, regional and local levels, it presents a comprehensive and coherent work programme to mobilise research and industry in integrated and joint activities. The programme comprises four Innovation and Development Actions (IDAs). They spell out the priorities for Europe and point to the technology which must be developed and acquired to foster hydrogen and fuel cell use in transport, stationary and portable applications by 2010-2015, and to achieve the “Snapshot 2020” targets of the HFP. For each IDA, a comprehensive set of actions that covers both technology development and market-enabling activities is proposed. These actions are necessary as a whole to fulfil the objectives for the proposed Programme in response to the EU’s policy drivers. They are further analysed by priority to ensure meeting the development goals assigned to the IDAs, and by the contribution needed from research and industry. High priority levels are assigned to critical elements for the realisation of “Snapshot 2020” and the onward “2050 vision”, especially those that help build up sustainable hydrogen infrastructure and competitive fuel cell supply chains across the EU and strengthen the European industry. It is therefore recommended that an integrated approach to these activities be adopted and that a critical mass be reached at the EU level.


4 www.HFPeurope.org

The four Innovation and Development Actions (IDA) of the Programme Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling stations IDA 1 addresses transport applications, emphasising road transport but also other transport applications, to meet EU goals on competitiveness and sustainable mobility. The top priority is the development of competitive hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles with an emphasis on component performance and reliability, aligned with the establishment of a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure and the supporting elements for market deployment and industry capacity build-up. Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply IDA 2 is key to enabling the programme’s contribution to the EU's environmental and security of energy supply goals. A high priority is low-temperature electrolysis, a modular technology that allows for the integration of renewable energy sources. With rising demand for hydrogen, biomass-to-hydrogen (BTH) and fossil-based technologies with carbon capture and storage (CCS) will take up a growing share of the hydrogen supply chain. They are allocated a medium or lower priority. The development of advanced hydrogen production pathways and of alternative hydrogen storage technologies are prioritised in the longer term, as key elements for implementing a sustainable supply infrastructure. The development of decision-making support tools that can assist an integrated analysis across the whole spectrum of the hydrogen value chain is of prime importance. Large investments will be necessary to implement a fully-fledged hydrogen economy and such analyses are considered as a high priority for the early days of the programme. Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation Reaching the planned distributed power generation capacity of 1 GW from fuel cells by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed. Although these three technologies are in different stages of maturity with MCFC being closer to commercialisation while SOFC is in its early stage of development, none of them have been fully qualified to be successfully deployed in competitive markets. This IDA suggests an integrated approach for the three FC technologies that includes basic, applied research and industrial capacity-oriented actions. The efforts dedicated to each technology are tailored to their respective states of maturity and their expected evolution during this programme. A strong focus is given to SOFC in line with its ability to be exploited in both residential and industrial markets and the perceived strength of the EU industrial base. Fuel Cells for Early markets Given the key importance of early markets in preparing for the “hydrogen economy” the programme focuses on several short term demonstrations, the development of fuel cell power modules and the creation of industrial capability. The sectors addressed are portable generators, specialty vehicles, by-product hydrogen power generation and micro fuel cells. This IDA calls for an integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration to gain operating experience which can feed back into technical development and manufacturing processes, and to demonstrate the technology to potential users.


4 www.HFPeurope.org

The four Innovation and Development Actions (IDA) of the Programme Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling stations IDA 1 addresses transport applications, emphasising road transport but also other transport applications, to meet EU goals on competitiveness and sustainable mobility. The top priority is the development of competitive hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles with an emphasis on component performance and reliability, aligned with the establishment of a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure and the supporting elements for market deployment and industry capacity build-up. Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply IDA 2 is key to enabling the programme’s contribution to the EU's environmental and security of energy supply goals. A high priority is low-temperature electrolysis, a modular technology that allows for the integration of renewable energy sources. With rising demand for hydrogen, biomass-to-hydrogen (BTH) and fossil-based technologies with carbon capture and storage (CCS) will take up a growing share of the hydrogen supply chain. They are allocated a medium or lower priority. The development of advanced hydrogen production pathways and of alternative hydrogen storage technologies are prioritised in the longer term, as key elements for implementing a sustainable supply infrastructure. The development of decision-making support tools that can assist an integrated analysis across the whole spectrum of the hydrogen value chain is of prime importance. Large investments will be necessary to implement a fully-fledged hydrogen economy and such analyses are considered as a high priority for the early days of the programme. Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation Reaching the planned distributed power generation capacity of 1 GW from fuel cells by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed. Although these three technologies are in different stages of maturity with MCFC being closer to commercialisation while SOFC is in its early stage of development, none of them have been fully qualified to be successfully deployed in competitive markets. This IDA suggests an integrated approach for the three FC technologies that includes basic, applied research and industrial capacity-oriented actions. The efforts dedicated to each technology are tailored to their respective states of maturity and their expected evolution during this programme. A strong focus is given to SOFC in line with its ability to be exploited in both residential and industrial markets and the perceived strength of the EU industrial base. Fuel Cells for Early markets Given the key importance of early markets in preparing for the “hydrogen economy” the programme focuses on several short term demonstrations, the development of fuel cell power modules and the creation of industrial capability. The sectors addressed are portable generators, specialty vehicles, by-product hydrogen power generation and micro fuel cells. This IDA calls for an integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration to gain operating experience which can feed back into technical development and manufacturing processes, and to demonstrate the technology to potential users.


5 www.HFPeurope.org

The main components and timelines of the programme are shown in the Figure below. Specific milestones have been included which show gradual and appropriately-timed increases in performance and capacities towards tangible market penetration by 2020. The programme’s emphasis on technology deployment includes efforts to foster SME development, provide relevant education and training, stimulate early demand through the identification and structuring of buyers’ pools and joint procurement schemes, and to ensure that local partnerships and regulatory measures are in place to sustain the deployment of early market products.


5 www.HFPeurope.org

The main components and timelines of the programme are shown in the Figure below. Specific milestones have been included which show gradual and appropriately-timed increases in performance and capacities towards tangible market penetration by 2020. The programme’s emphasis on technology deployment includes efforts to foster SME development, provide relevant education and training, stimulate early demand through the identification and structuring of buyers’ pools and joint procurement schemes, and to ensure that local partnerships and regulatory measures are in place to sustain the deployment of early market products.

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8 www.HFPeurope.org

The total public and private resource requirements for the proposed programme are €7.4 billion for 2007 – 2015. This is consistent with existing public and private investments in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and involves only an achievable increase over current or planned spending from public and from private sources. European funding has an especially important role to play but aligning the various sources of public funding is needed to achieve the Plan’s goals. Without major contributions from member states and regions it will not be possible to achieve the common goals of this Implementation Plan. However, this Plan is strongly market-driven. It envisages two-thirds of its resources being spent on demonstration activities. It also recognises the importance of research and development in achieving the widespread use of hydrogen and fuel cells by 2050. A third of the planned resources are for research and development and cross-cutting activities. To meet the technological challenges that exist for hydrogen and fuel cells during the course of the programme, this plan suggests devoting more resources to R&D in the early stages. The focus shifts increasingly to demonstration and pre-commercial deployment later on, to prepare for and kick-start market entry. This calls for a two-phase programme, with the first phase running until 2010. Sustained, albeit relatively smaller, efforts and resources are foreseen to be allocated to long-term technology development activities for sustainable H2 supply just before the end of the 2nd Phase of the programme; this is noted as Phase III taking place beyond 2015 in the planning. The suggested distribution of the resources of the programme is shown in the figures below. The proposed plan for resource allocation is by no means prescriptive, but does show how effort could be directed over the duration of the programme.


8 www.HFPeurope.org

The total public and private resource requirements for the proposed programme are €7.4 billion for 2007 – 2015. This is consistent with existing public and private investments in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and involves only an achievable increase over current or planned spending from public and from private sources. European funding has an especially important role to play but aligning the various sources of public funding is needed to achieve the Plan’s goals. Without major contributions from member states and regions it will not be possible to achieve the common goals of this Implementation Plan. However, this Plan is strongly market-driven. It envisages two-thirds of its resources being spent on demonstration activities. It also recognises the importance of research and development in achieving the widespread use of hydrogen and fuel cells by 2050. A third of the planned resources are for research and development and cross-cutting activities. To meet the technological challenges that exist for hydrogen and fuel cells during the course of the programme, this plan suggests devoting more resources to R&D in the early stages. The focus shifts increasingly to demonstration and pre-commercial deployment later on, to prepare for and kick-start market entry. This calls for a two-phase programme, with the first phase running until 2010. Sustained, albeit relatively smaller, efforts and resources are foreseen to be allocated to long-term technology development activities for sustainable H2 supply just before the end of the 2nd Phase of the programme; this is noted as Phase III taking place beyond 2015 in the planning. The suggested distribution of the resources of the programme is shown in the figures below. The proposed plan for resource allocation is by no means prescriptive, but does show how effort could be directed over the duration of the programme.


9 www.HFPeurope.org

Planning and Distribution of the proposed Programme's Resources

0

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n M

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R&D DEMONSTRATION SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

IDA 12661

IDA 2759

IDA 32853

IDA 41110

IDA 1 IDA 2 IDA 3 IDA 4(Resources in M€)

Finally, this report contains proposals for the full implementation of this programme. This will call for a strong, long-term, public-private partnership on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies with several aims:

• to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy economy and ensure Europe takes a leading role in global technology development

• to leverage efforts in a more efficient way and with better focus, to make sure the technology will progress rapidly

• to set the frame for coherent research and deployment activities with clear commercialisation targets, and to avoid fragmentation of this large investment


9 www.HFPeurope.org

Planning and Distribution of the proposed Programme's Resources

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000


Res

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es (i

n M

€)

R&D DEMONSTRATION SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

IDA 12661

IDA 2759

IDA 32853

IDA 41110

IDA 1 IDA 2 IDA 3 IDA 4(Resources in M€)

Finally, this report contains proposals for the full implementation of this programme. This will call for a strong, long-term, public-private partnership on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies with several aims:

• to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy economy and ensure Europe takes a leading role in global technology development

• to leverage efforts in a more efficient way and with better focus, to make sure the technology will progress rapidly

• to set the frame for coherent research and deployment activities with clear commercialisation targets, and to avoid fragmentation of this large investment


10 www.HFPeurope.org

The Joint Technology Initiative is expected to play a critical catalysing role. The activities carried out through the JTI will be generally market-driven and will focus on the 2015 – 2020 period market enetry targets. They will encompass applied R&D and demonstration, accompanied by market preparatory activities. It is recommended to concentrate on high and medium priority activities in the four IDAs described in the plan. The JTI should be the interface to national programmes on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in the Member States or European Regions, and to other international programmes. The goal should be to identify possibilities for mutual beneficial global cooperation. On behalf of the Implementation Panel, its Coordination Group:

Chairs J. Loughhead

F. Jackow

Vice-Chairs D. Stolten

K. Scheuerer

WG Lead Deputy

Transport K. Bonhoff G. Rovera

Stationary R. Rosenberg J. Lewis

H2 Production P. Mulard J. Reijerkerk

Portable, Early Markets

(A. Delfrate) E. Middelman

M. Diehl

Cross-cutting H. Wancura B. Mayo

For more information on the Implementation Plan contact could be made with the HFP Secretariat: Estathios D. Peteves E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +31 – 224 - 565245



The Joint Technology Initiative is expected to play a critical catalysing role. The activities carried out through the JTI will be generally market-driven and will focus on the 2015 – 2020 period market enetry targets. They will encompass applied R&D and demonstration, accompanied by market preparatory activities. It is recommended to concentrate on high and medium priority activities in the four IDAs described in the plan. The JTI should be the interface to national programmes on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in the Member States or European Regions, and to other international programmes. The goal should be to identify possibilities for mutual beneficial global cooperation. On behalf of the Implementation Panel, its Coordination Group:

Chairs J. Loughhead

F. Jackow

Vice-Chairs D. Stolten

K. Scheuerer

WG Lead Deputy

Transport K. Bonhoff G. Rovera

Stationary R. Rosenberg J. Lewis

H2 Production P. Mulard J. Reijerkerk

Portable, Early Markets

(A. Delfrate) E. Middelman

M. Diehl

Cross-cutting H. Wancura B. Mayo

For more information on the Implementation Plan contact could be made with the HFP Secretariat: Estathios D. Peteves E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +31 – 224 - 565245



Table of Contents 1 Introduction – Background .................................................................................. 13

1.1 The need for a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Technology Development and Demonstration Programme ...................................................... 14

2 The basis for a European Programme ................................................................ 15

2.1 Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020” ........................................... 15

2.2 Programme Outline ....................................................................................... 16

3 Programme description ....................................................................................... 18

3.1 IDA 1 : Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations ................................... 18 3.1.1 IDA 1 Contents ......................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 24

3.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply ............................. 25 3.2.1 IDA 2 Contents ......................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 28 3.2.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 30

3.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation ...................................... 31 3.3.1 IDA 3 Contents ......................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 33 3.3.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 35

3.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets ............................................................. 36 3.4.1 IDA 4 Contents ......................................................................................... 36 3.4.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 40 3.4.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 42

3.5 Programme highlights .................................................................................. 43 3.5.1 Priority highlights ...................................................................................... 43 3.5.2 Overall resource requirements ................................................................. 44

3.6 Synergies ....................................................................................................... 46

3.7 Managerial aspects ....................................................................................... 49

4 Joint Technology Initiative .................................................................................. 51

5 FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 55

6 TABLES ................................................................................................................. 56

7 Annex 1: Innovation and Development Actions at a glance ............................. 57

7.1 IDA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations .................................... 57 7.1.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 58 7.1.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 60 7.1.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 62

7.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply ............................... 63 7.2.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 64 7.2.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 66 7.2.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 67



Table of Contents 1 Introduction – Background .................................................................................. 13

1.1 The need for a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Technology Development and Demonstration Programme ...................................................... 14

2 The basis for a European Programme ................................................................ 15

2.1 Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020” ........................................... 15

2.2 Programme Outline ....................................................................................... 16

3 Programme description ....................................................................................... 18

3.1 IDA 1 : Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations ................................... 18 3.1.1 IDA 1 Contents ......................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 24

3.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply ............................. 25 3.2.1 IDA 2 Contents ......................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 28 3.2.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 30

3.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation ...................................... 31 3.3.1 IDA 3 Contents ......................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 33 3.3.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 35

3.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets ............................................................. 36 3.4.1 IDA 4 Contents ......................................................................................... 36 3.4.2 Key priorities ............................................................................................ 40 3.4.3 Resource requirements ............................................................................ 42

3.5 Programme highlights .................................................................................. 43 3.5.1 Priority highlights ...................................................................................... 43 3.5.2 Overall resource requirements ................................................................. 44

3.6 Synergies ....................................................................................................... 46

3.7 Managerial aspects ....................................................................................... 49

4 Joint Technology Initiative .................................................................................. 51

5 FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 55

6 TABLES ................................................................................................................. 56

7 Annex 1: Innovation and Development Actions at a glance ............................. 57

7.1 IDA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations .................................... 57 7.1.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 58 7.1.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 60 7.1.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 62

7.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply ............................... 63 7.2.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 64 7.2.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 66 7.2.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 67



7.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation ....................................... 68 7.3.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 69 7.3.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 70 7.3.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 71

7.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets .............................................................. 72 7.4.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 73 7.4.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 74 7.4.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 76

8 Annex 2: List of the members of the IP .............................................................. 77



7.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation ....................................... 68 7.3.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 69 7.3.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 70 7.3.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 71

7.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets .............................................................. 72 7.4.1 Targets ..................................................................................................... 73 7.4.2 Portfolio of actions .................................................................................... 74 7.4.3 Timelines .................................................................................................. 76

8 Annex 2: List of the members of the IP .............................................................. 77



1 Introduction – Background

The European Union and the world need affordable, secure and sustainable flows of increasing amounts of energy. For the EU, energy is vital for the achievement of the Lisbon goals for Europe’s future economic prosperity and competitiveness. The link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness highlights the challenges that the EU faces. It also points to the need for an integrated energy policy. This will involve a range of strategic options ranging from improving energy efficiency and reducing energy demand, shifting to low-carbon energy and implementing abatement technologies such as carbon capture and storage. Boosting the development and deployment of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies is a crucial part of this policy. Within Europe’s future energy mix, hydrogen and fuel cell (FC) technologies have the potential to become a complementary energy carrier to electricity and the main energy conversion device of a sustainable energy system, whilst supporting and benefiting from other alternatives. The Implementation Panel is clear that the greatest benefits and results will only be delivered if a range of new technology pathways is implemented in a coordinated and synergetic way over time. In 2005 the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP) defined future Research and Deployment Strategies1 for this sector. These detail how technology leadership can be achieved through an integrated 10-year programme of research, technological development and demonstration as well as market preparation. This would position Europe to achieve the market penetration levels foreseen in “Snapshot 2020” and lead towards the “2050 Vision”2 of a hydrogen-oriented economy by the middle of the century. An Implementation Panel (IP) was established in 2006, under the direction of the Advisory Council (AC), and in consultation with the Member States Mirror Group (MG). Its aim was to take the strategy for research and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells technologies to the implementation stage. To do this, it is developing a programme of research and demonstration which is consistent with the strategic documents of the HFP, including the Action Plans of the Initiative Groups. It is designed to foster the use of hydrogen and fuel cells for transport, stationary and portable use by 2010-2015. It could form part of the 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7). It is also intended to provide recommendations for the core contents of a possible Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) in this field. The Implementation Plan described in the following sections summarises the findings of the IP Working Groups (IP-WG) and the ensuing discussions in the Coordination Group and the Plenary of the IP3. It also addresses the comments of the two public

1 HFP Strategic Research Agenda; July 2005; HFP Deployment Strategy; August 2005, & HFP Deployment Strategy Report 2005, October 2005, available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs 2 EUR 20719 EN – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells – A vision of our future, available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs 3 The IP Working Group reports are available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs



1 Introduction – Background

The European Union and the world need affordable, secure and sustainable flows of increasing amounts of energy. For the EU, energy is vital for the achievement of the Lisbon goals for Europe’s future economic prosperity and competitiveness. The link between energy security, sustainability and competitiveness highlights the challenges that the EU faces. It also points to the need for an integrated energy policy. This will involve a range of strategic options ranging from improving energy efficiency and reducing energy demand, shifting to low-carbon energy and implementing abatement technologies such as carbon capture and storage. Boosting the development and deployment of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies is a crucial part of this policy. Within Europe’s future energy mix, hydrogen and fuel cell (FC) technologies have the potential to become a complementary energy carrier to electricity and the main energy conversion device of a sustainable energy system, whilst supporting and benefiting from other alternatives. The Implementation Panel is clear that the greatest benefits and results will only be delivered if a range of new technology pathways is implemented in a coordinated and synergetic way over time. In 2005 the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP) defined future Research and Deployment Strategies1 for this sector. These detail how technology leadership can be achieved through an integrated 10-year programme of research, technological development and demonstration as well as market preparation. This would position Europe to achieve the market penetration levels foreseen in “Snapshot 2020” and lead towards the “2050 Vision”2 of a hydrogen-oriented economy by the middle of the century. An Implementation Panel (IP) was established in 2006, under the direction of the Advisory Council (AC), and in consultation with the Member States Mirror Group (MG). Its aim was to take the strategy for research and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells technologies to the implementation stage. To do this, it is developing a programme of research and demonstration which is consistent with the strategic documents of the HFP, including the Action Plans of the Initiative Groups. It is designed to foster the use of hydrogen and fuel cells for transport, stationary and portable use by 2010-2015. It could form part of the 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7). It is also intended to provide recommendations for the core contents of a possible Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) in this field. The Implementation Plan described in the following sections summarises the findings of the IP Working Groups (IP-WG) and the ensuing discussions in the Coordination Group and the Plenary of the IP3. It also addresses the comments of the two public

1 HFP Strategic Research Agenda; July 2005; HFP Deployment Strategy; August 2005, & HFP Deployment Strategy Report 2005, October 2005, available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs 2 EUR 20719 EN – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells – A vision of our future, available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs 3 The IP Working Group reports are available at https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/keydocs



consulations on its interim and draft reports4, the views and recommendations of the Advisory Council and the Mirror Group of the Member States on its ‘work in progress,’ supplemented by its own internal quality assurance process. 1.1 The need for a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Technology Development

and Demonstration Programme The strategic importance of hydrogen and fuel cells in the EU’s search for a long-term, sustainable and secure energy supply is confirmed in FP7. It is seen as a key technological priority requiring a European approach and a long-term public-private partnership in the form of a JTI. European Framework Programmes have already contributed to the development of these technologies since the 1980s. EU support for research and demonstration in this area has totalled more than €500 million, with €300 million in FP6 alone between 2002 and 2006. It is apparent that the next stage should be a European-level programme backed by the commitment of all stakeholders, including the Member States. The risks involved mean that market forces alone are not sufficient to ensure success in this field. But at the same time, public intervention may not be able to meet the required volume of effort and coordination to overcome the technical and other challenges. The volume of coordinated effort needed for “Snapshot 2020” cannot be achieved by a short-term initiative which is fragmented by technology or end use. A long-term programme is needed which aligns resources along the complete value chain from research to the final user. This approach will allow Europe to match the global competition and ensure that its sustainability goals are met. Such a programme will facilitate Member State coordination while strengthening the EU’s interests in the international arena of hydrogen and fuel cells. It will point to opportunities for mutually beneficial global cooperation and make the EU the partner of choice for developing and deploying these technologies.

4 The results of the two public consultations on the IP drafts are available at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/ip_consultation



consulations on its interim and draft reports4, the views and recommendations of the Advisory Council and the Mirror Group of the Member States on its ‘work in progress,’ supplemented by its own internal quality assurance process. 1.1 The need for a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Technology Development

and Demonstration Programme The strategic importance of hydrogen and fuel cells in the EU’s search for a long-term, sustainable and secure energy supply is confirmed in FP7. It is seen as a key technological priority requiring a European approach and a long-term public-private partnership in the form of a JTI. European Framework Programmes have already contributed to the development of these technologies since the 1980s. EU support for research and demonstration in this area has totalled more than €500 million, with €300 million in FP6 alone between 2002 and 2006. It is apparent that the next stage should be a European-level programme backed by the commitment of all stakeholders, including the Member States. The risks involved mean that market forces alone are not sufficient to ensure success in this field. But at the same time, public intervention may not be able to meet the required volume of effort and coordination to overcome the technical and other challenges. The volume of coordinated effort needed for “Snapshot 2020” cannot be achieved by a short-term initiative which is fragmented by technology or end use. A long-term programme is needed which aligns resources along the complete value chain from research to the final user. This approach will allow Europe to match the global competition and ensure that its sustainability goals are met. Such a programme will facilitate Member State coordination while strengthening the EU’s interests in the international arena of hydrogen and fuel cells. It will point to opportunities for mutually beneficial global cooperation and make the EU the partner of choice for developing and deploying these technologies.

4 The results of the two public consultations on the IP drafts are available at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/ip_consultation



2 The basis for a European Programme

2.1 Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020” The “Snapshot 2020” as depicted in the Deployment Strategy, Figure 1, has been accepted by the IP as a reference market scenario for the Implementation Plan. Figure 1: “Snapshot 2020”: Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for a

2020 Scenario

Portable FCs for handheld

electronic devices

Portable Generators & Early

Markets

Stationary FCs Combined Heat and Power

(CHP)

Road Transport

EU H2/ FC units sold per year projection 2020

~ 250 million ~ 100,000 per year

(~ 1 GWe)

100,000 to 200,000 per year

(2-4 GWe)

0.4 million to 1.8 million

EU cumulative sales projections until 2020

n.a. ~ 600,000

(~ 6 GWe)

400,000 to 800,000 (8-16 GWe)

1-5 million

EU Expected 2020 Market Status

Established Established Growth Mass market roll-out

Average power FC system

15 W 10 kW <100 kW (Micro HP) >100 kW (industrial

CHP)

80 kW

FC system cost target

1-2 €/ W 500 €/kW 2000 €/kW (Micro) 1.000-1.500 €/kW (industrial CHP)

< 100 €/kW (for 150.000

units per year) From this scenario, it is possible, with a number of assumptions, to roughly evaluate hydrogen demand in Europe by 2020. A preliminary estimate5 for a high and a low scenario has been undertaken by the IP for the Road Transport, Portable Generators and Portable micro-Fuel Cells and is shown in Table 2-1 below. The high scenario allows for higher market penetration in the transport sector by hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, for higher power for each micro fuel cell unit, and for longer operational times in applications using portable generators. It is anticipated that stationary fuel cells installed by 2020 will mostly rely on other sources of energy than hydrogen. 5 An in-depth analysis is required to give more elaborate demand profiles such as these developed in the EU project HYWAYS ( www.hyways.de )



2 The basis for a European Programme

2.1 Programme Underpinning – “Snapshot 2020” The “Snapshot 2020” as depicted in the Deployment Strategy, Figure 1, has been accepted by the IP as a reference market scenario for the Implementation Plan. Figure 1: “Snapshot 2020”: Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for a

2020 Scenario

Portable FCs for handheld

electronic devices

Portable Generators & Early

Markets

Stationary FCs Combined Heat and Power

(CHP)

Road Transport

EU H2/ FC units sold per year projection 2020

~ 250 million ~ 100,000 per year

(~ 1 GWe)

100,000 to 200,000 per year

(2-4 GWe)

0.4 million to 1.8 million

EU cumulative sales projections until 2020

n.a. ~ 600,000

(~ 6 GWe)

400,000 to 800,000 (8-16 GWe)

1-5 million

EU Expected 2020 Market Status

Established Established Growth Mass market roll-out

Average power FC system

15 W 10 kW <100 kW (Micro HP) >100 kW (industrial

CHP)

80 kW

FC system cost target

1-2 €/ W 500 €/kW 2000 €/kW (Micro) 1.000-1.500 €/kW (industrial CHP)

< 100 €/kW (for 150.000

units per year) From this scenario, it is possible, with a number of assumptions, to roughly evaluate hydrogen demand in Europe by 2020. A preliminary estimate5 for a high and a low scenario has been undertaken by the IP for the Road Transport, Portable Generators and Portable micro-Fuel Cells and is shown in Table 2-1 below. The high scenario allows for higher market penetration in the transport sector by hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, for higher power for each micro fuel cell unit, and for longer operational times in applications using portable generators. It is anticipated that stationary fuel cells installed by 2020 will mostly rely on other sources of energy than hydrogen. 5 An in-depth analysis is required to give more elaborate demand profiles such as these developed in the EU project HYWAYS ( www.hyways.de )



Table 2-1: Projected hydrogen demand as per Snapshot 2020 to meet the "Snapshot 2020" targets

Application Hydrogen demand (ton)6 Low Scenario High Scenario

Road transport 58,500 750,000

Portable Generators 720,000 1,150,000

Portable micro-Fuel Cells 82,000 620,000

Total 860,500 2,520,000 The challenging performance and cost targets detailed in the HFP Strategic documents, notably the Strategic Research Agenda, can be addressed and met by 2015, enabling the EU to realise “Snapshot 2020”, provided that strong public and private partnerships are established and adequate investments are made to support a highly focused, long-term RTD, demonstration and deployment programme. 2.2 Programme Outline In order to mobilise research and industry communities towards implementable joint objectives, the programme is structured according to four main Innovation and Development Actions (IDAs). They target hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations for transport applications, fuel cells for combined heat and power and power generation, sustainable hydrogen production and supply, and fuel cells for early markets, especially portable applications. These development pathways for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies are intended to achieve the “Snapshot 2020” reference scenario and pave the way for the realisation of the High Level Group (HLG) vision for Europe in 2050, as depicted in Figure 2. Important interfaces are expected between these programme clusters. They are considered synergistically in this programme, drawing mutual benefits from each other’s results. Figure 2. The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RTD & D programme

6 1 kg of hydrogen = 120 MJ = 33.33 kWh = 2.75 kg of gasoline

European H2 and FC RTD & D Programme

IDA 1: H2 Vehicles & RefuellingStations

IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation

IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets

Snapshot 2020

HLG

2050 Vision

IDA 2: Sustainable H2 Production& Supply





Snapshot 2020

HLG

2050 Vision




Table 2-1: Projected hydrogen demand as per Snapshot 2020 to meet the "Snapshot 2020" targets

Application Hydrogen demand (ton)6 Low Scenario High Scenario

Road transport 58,500 750,000

Portable Generators 720,000 1,150,000

Portable micro-Fuel Cells 82,000 620,000

Total 860,500 2,520,000 The challenging performance and cost targets detailed in the HFP Strategic documents, notably the Strategic Research Agenda, can be addressed and met by 2015, enabling the EU to realise “Snapshot 2020”, provided that strong public and private partnerships are established and adequate investments are made to support a highly focused, long-term RTD, demonstration and deployment programme. 2.2 Programme Outline In order to mobilise research and industry communities towards implementable joint objectives, the programme is structured according to four main Innovation and Development Actions (IDAs). They target hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations for transport applications, fuel cells for combined heat and power and power generation, sustainable hydrogen production and supply, and fuel cells for early markets, especially portable applications. These development pathways for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies are intended to achieve the “Snapshot 2020” reference scenario and pave the way for the realisation of the High Level Group (HLG) vision for Europe in 2050, as depicted in Figure 2. Important interfaces are expected between these programme clusters. They are considered synergistically in this programme, drawing mutual benefits from each other’s results. Figure 2. The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RTD & D programme

6 1 kg of hydrogen = 120 MJ = 33.33 kWh = 2.75 kg of gasoline





Snapshot 2020

HLG

2050 Vision






Snapshot 2020

HLG

2050 Vision




The following chapters present a comprehensive set of actions for each IDA. They cover technology developments and market enabling activities. The technology-related activities may be supported by long-term research, technology validation, small or large-scale demonstration, and deployment. These are all essential to fulfil the objectives set for the proposed Programme. The actions are further analysed in terms of their priority and of the contributions needed from the research and industrial communities if the development goals assigned to the IDAs are to be met. The required level of contributions is based on the stage of development of the targeted technologies, market enablers and the amount of action required such as R&D and technology demonstration. This is linked to the stakeholder's know-how, capabilities and potential interest in carrying out these activities. Note that this analysis only provides an indication that the Panel considers consistent with the contents of the JTI on hydrogen and fuel cells. It is clear that implementating the proposed plan will involve all stakeholders, from large companies, SMEs and the research community. High priority levels are granted to actions that are critical for the realisation of the “Snapshot 2020” and the onward “2050 vision” and are important to building up a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure and a competitive fuel cell supply chain across the EU, and for strengthening the EU's industry capacities. An integrated approach is needed to ensure a critical mass of activity at the EU level. Medium priority levels are allocated to actions that are needed to achieve and consolidate the transition and build-up of Europe’s hydrogen and fuel cell infrastructure and industry. This requires coordination of current and future activities taking place across Europe. Low priority levels are assigned to actions focused on components of the hydrogen and fuel cell value chain that already have a comparatively well established infrastructure, or are of limited scope for the long-term development of a sustainable hydrogen economy. These are activities which should continue but do not require additional effort. These priority levels have been designed to provide some preliminary recommendations on the implementation of the programme in chapter 4 at European, national and regional levels. A short summary of the content of each IDA, including resource distributions, preliminary timelines, and key technical and non-technical targets is also provided in Annex I at the action level.



The following chapters present a comprehensive set of actions for each IDA. They cover technology developments and market enabling activities. The technology-related activities may be supported by long-term research, technology validation, small or large-scale demonstration, and deployment. These are all essential to fulfil the objectives set for the proposed Programme. The actions are further analysed in terms of their priority and of the contributions needed from the research and industrial communities if the development goals assigned to the IDAs are to be met. The required level of contributions is based on the stage of development of the targeted technologies, market enablers and the amount of action required such as R&D and technology demonstration. This is linked to the stakeholder's know-how, capabilities and potential interest in carrying out these activities. Note that this analysis only provides an indication that the Panel considers consistent with the contents of the JTI on hydrogen and fuel cells. It is clear that implementating the proposed plan will involve all stakeholders, from large companies, SMEs and the research community. High priority levels are granted to actions that are critical for the realisation of the “Snapshot 2020” and the onward “2050 vision” and are important to building up a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure and a competitive fuel cell supply chain across the EU, and for strengthening the EU's industry capacities. An integrated approach is needed to ensure a critical mass of activity at the EU level. Medium priority levels are allocated to actions that are needed to achieve and consolidate the transition and build-up of Europe’s hydrogen and fuel cell infrastructure and industry. This requires coordination of current and future activities taking place across Europe. Low priority levels are assigned to actions focused on components of the hydrogen and fuel cell value chain that already have a comparatively well established infrastructure, or are of limited scope for the long-term development of a sustainable hydrogen economy. These are activities which should continue but do not require additional effort. These priority levels have been designed to provide some preliminary recommendations on the implementation of the programme in chapter 4 at European, national and regional levels. A short summary of the content of each IDA, including resource distributions, preliminary timelines, and key technical and non-technical targets is also provided in Annex I at the action level.



3 Programme description

3.1 IDA 1 : Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations

Goal: Improve and validate hydrogen vehicle and refuelling technologies to the level required for commercialisation decisions by 2015 and a mass market-rollout

by 2020 3.1.1 IDA 1 Contents Energy efficient, very low polluting and greenhouse gas-neutral transport is one of the key objectives of European transport and energy policies. This IDA concentrates on preparing for the commercialisation of hydrogen powered vehicles7 in all transport modes (air, maritime, rail and road) with the goal of exceeding an annual production of 400 000 hydrogen vehicles, with Fuel Cell and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) drive trains, by 2020. An integrated approach across the whole hydrogen value chain, encompassing hydrogen delivery, refuelling and transport vehicle technologies and market enabling activities, is a prerequisite to meeting this mass-market objective. Hydrogen refuelling and transport technologies are the basis for this IDA. Technological actions within it aim at developing and improving hydrogen-fuelled vehicles and refuelling technologies. The objective is to kick-start the mass production of hydrogen vehicles by 2015 and permit their ensuing market deployment. This includes validating their performance, including safety and cost issues, under real and competitive market conditions. For this to happen on the hydrogen supply side, the objective is to develop and install distribution chains for hydrogen vehicles. This involves planning and developing the main components of hydrogen refuelling stations. It is essential to provide enough hydrogen fuel and storage capacity, and for it to meet requirements for quality, cost, ease of handling, and safety for refuelling road vehicles. Actions on hydrogen vehicles target developing and integrating the critical components of ICE and fuel cell-based propulsion technologies. The aim is to meet customer requirements by 2015. Efficient fuel cell-based auxiliary power units are also considered for a broad range of applications. APUs for uses such as power or emergency units for airplanes, power supply for ships of different sizes or for primary heavy road transport are also taken into account. Hydrogen-fuelled ICE vehicles is seen as instrumental for accelerating the build-up of the hydrogen infrastructure. The development of critical components will target a lead application, whose market requirements are the most technically and economically challenging and for which there is a European industry with the critical size to support and eventually benefit from the 7 The term “vehicle” applies loosely here to all modes of transport



3 Programme description

3.1 IDA 1 : Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations

Goal: Improve and validate hydrogen vehicle and refuelling technologies to the level required for commercialisation decisions by 2015 and a mass market-rollout

by 2020 3.1.1 IDA 1 Contents Energy efficient, very low polluting and greenhouse gas-neutral transport is one of the key objectives of European transport and energy policies. This IDA concentrates on preparing for the commercialisation of hydrogen powered vehicles7 in all transport modes (air, maritime, rail and road) with the goal of exceeding an annual production of 400 000 hydrogen vehicles, with Fuel Cell and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) drive trains, by 2020. An integrated approach across the whole hydrogen value chain, encompassing hydrogen delivery, refuelling and transport vehicle technologies and market enabling activities, is a prerequisite to meeting this mass-market objective. Hydrogen refuelling and transport technologies are the basis for this IDA. Technological actions within it aim at developing and improving hydrogen-fuelled vehicles and refuelling technologies. The objective is to kick-start the mass production of hydrogen vehicles by 2015 and permit their ensuing market deployment. This includes validating their performance, including safety and cost issues, under real and competitive market conditions. For this to happen on the hydrogen supply side, the objective is to develop and install distribution chains for hydrogen vehicles. This involves planning and developing the main components of hydrogen refuelling stations. It is essential to provide enough hydrogen fuel and storage capacity, and for it to meet requirements for quality, cost, ease of handling, and safety for refuelling road vehicles. Actions on hydrogen vehicles target developing and integrating the critical components of ICE and fuel cell-based propulsion technologies. The aim is to meet customer requirements by 2015. Efficient fuel cell-based auxiliary power units are also considered for a broad range of applications. APUs for uses such as power or emergency units for airplanes, power supply for ships of different sizes or for primary heavy road transport are also taken into account. Hydrogen-fuelled ICE vehicles is seen as instrumental for accelerating the build-up of the hydrogen infrastructure. The development of critical components will target a lead application, whose market requirements are the most technically and economically challenging and for which there is a European industry with the critical size to support and eventually benefit from the 7 The term “vehicle” applies loosely here to all modes of transport



marketing of these components. These lead applications will spin off benefits to other applications by reducing the effort of further development for the components in question. System integration activities and clearly defined industrial targets8 are needed to make sure every application fulfils its market needs. The development of PEMFC technology for the road vehicle drive chain, and perhaps for rail use, will be the first priority. This technology can probably also be utilised in other transport applications later. Captive fleets (such as busses) can play an important role in demonstration. Their intensive use provides maximum experience in minimum time as well as high public exposure. In other transport modes, on-board fuel processing developments including desulphurisation will be led by aviation. SOFC and MCFC technologies which fall within the scope of maritime applications will be developed in synergy with the third IDA. For some short distance or intermittent operation applications, PEMFC technology has also potential for maritime use and there are ongoing European projects in this field. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies can still be considered to be in their early stage of development for mass market requirements such as transport. Although steady progress has been made over the last decade to close the gap towards commercial standards for automotive applications, there is still a strong need to improve the performance, cost, and reliability of hydrogen production, storage, and use. Hydrogen storage materials and systems and high-temperature PEM fuel cells are critical fields where significant scientific and technical advances are both needed and anticipated. Long-term research leading to new ideas and concepts is key to overcoming these challenges. It is, therefore, an integral part of this programme. It is intended to address critical barriers that can hinder lead applications in the medium term, and to open up new pathways for technology and manufacturing in the long run. A sound long-term market framework is essential to fostering industry developments and investments. Actions are proposed to strengthen and expand the EU’s hydrogen and fuel cell supplier base, with a special focus on SMEs acting both as integral part of the supply chain of OEMs and as OEMs themselves for smaller production volumes and early markets. Human capital development is also targeted as a key element of industry capacity build-up. Regulations, codes and standards, as well as safety, recycling and public awareness, will be addressed within this IDA as critical factors for the marketability of new products. Synergies exist at different levels within and between IDAs, for example on materials, manufacturing and testing. Close synergies between IDA 1 and IDA 2 on sustainable hydrogen production and supply will be continously fostered in this plan to promote the uptake of sustainable hydrogen production technologies for validation and deployment. Strong links with the third IDA will be pursued to allow for the uptake of all fuel cell technology developments for transport APUs and propulsion systems. The fourth IDA will be instrumental in sharing the latest advances in fuel cell technology and manufacturing. Equally important are the benefits sought from the synergies between the air-rail-maritime and road transport APU applications. For example, air transport

8 Component and system targets for different markets and applications (drive train and APU) have been outlined by the WG-Transport



marketing of these components. These lead applications will spin off benefits to other applications by reducing the effort of further development for the components in question. System integration activities and clearly defined industrial targets8 are needed to make sure every application fulfils its market needs. The development of PEMFC technology for the road vehicle drive chain, and perhaps for rail use, will be the first priority. This technology can probably also be utilised in other transport applications later. Captive fleets (such as busses) can play an important role in demonstration. Their intensive use provides maximum experience in minimum time as well as high public exposure. In other transport modes, on-board fuel processing developments including desulphurisation will be led by aviation. SOFC and MCFC technologies which fall within the scope of maritime applications will be developed in synergy with the third IDA. For some short distance or intermittent operation applications, PEMFC technology has also potential for maritime use and there are ongoing European projects in this field. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies can still be considered to be in their early stage of development for mass market requirements such as transport. Although steady progress has been made over the last decade to close the gap towards commercial standards for automotive applications, there is still a strong need to improve the performance, cost, and reliability of hydrogen production, storage, and use. Hydrogen storage materials and systems and high-temperature PEM fuel cells are critical fields where significant scientific and technical advances are both needed and anticipated. Long-term research leading to new ideas and concepts is key to overcoming these challenges. It is, therefore, an integral part of this programme. It is intended to address critical barriers that can hinder lead applications in the medium term, and to open up new pathways for technology and manufacturing in the long run. A sound long-term market framework is essential to fostering industry developments and investments. Actions are proposed to strengthen and expand the EU’s hydrogen and fuel cell supplier base, with a special focus on SMEs acting both as integral part of the supply chain of OEMs and as OEMs themselves for smaller production volumes and early markets. Human capital development is also targeted as a key element of industry capacity build-up. Regulations, codes and standards, as well as safety, recycling and public awareness, will be addressed within this IDA as critical factors for the marketability of new products. Synergies exist at different levels within and between IDAs, for example on materials, manufacturing and testing. Close synergies between IDA 1 and IDA 2 on sustainable hydrogen production and supply will be continously fostered in this plan to promote the uptake of sustainable hydrogen production technologies for validation and deployment. Strong links with the third IDA will be pursued to allow for the uptake of all fuel cell technology developments for transport APUs and propulsion systems. The fourth IDA will be instrumental in sharing the latest advances in fuel cell technology and manufacturing. Equally important are the benefits sought from the synergies between the air-rail-maritime and road transport APU applications. For example, air transport

8 Component and system targets for different markets and applications (drive train and APU) have been outlined by the WG-Transport



applications pose the most stringent weight requirements for fuel cells, whereas these for rail are less demanding and could be considered as standing halfway between stationary and road transport applications. The demonstration of some key technologies in rail may be easier than in other transport modes. The portfolio of actions considered within this first IDA is presented in Table 3-1 below. In this Table, actions are grouped by thematic clusters. Reference numbers provide a link to action details outlined in Annex I. X symbols indicate the lead application for a given action as described above.



applications pose the most stringent weight requirements for fuel cells, whereas these for rail are less demanding and could be considered as standing halfway between stationary and road transport applications. The demonstration of some key technologies in rail may be easier than in other transport modes. The portfolio of actions considered within this first IDA is presented in Table 3-1 below. In this Table, actions are grouped by thematic clusters. Reference numbers provide a link to action details outlined in Annex I. X symbols indicate the lead application for a given action as described above.

HFP

Impl

emen

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Tabl

e 3-

1:

Act

ion

clus

ters

for I

DA

1

Actio

n ty

peAc

tion

num

ber

Actio

n fo

cus

H2 r

efue

lling

Te

chno

logi

esR

oad

Air

Mar

itim

eR

ail

Supp

ortin

g A

ctiv

ities

1R

oad

vehi

cles

- su

pply

in

frast

ruct

ure

Pas

seng

er c

ars

(ICE/

FC -

AP

Us)

; C

aptiv

e fle

ets

e.g.

bus

es (I

CE

/FC

- A

PU

s)X

Ref

uellin

g st

atio

nsX

2A

irE

mer

genc

y un

it (H

2/O

2 w

ith P

EM

), FC

Pow

er

Uni

t (P

EM

/SO

FC) w

ith re

form

er

X

3M

ariti

me

MC

FC/S

OFC

sys

tem

AP

U, P

ropu

lsio

n - P

hase

II,

(PE

MFC

opt

iona

l for

sho

rt ra

nge

oper

atio

n)X

4R

ail

PE

MFC

-bas

ed p

ropu

lsio

nX

BR

+AR

5 to

9X

AR10

to 1

6X

AR17

X

BR

+AR

18X

XX

BR

+AR

19 to

21

X

AR22

to 2

8X

XX

X

AR

+DE

29X

BR

+AR

30 to

31

X

32X

33X

34 to

39

X

40 to

41

X

42 to

44

X

Supp

ortin

g ac

tiviti

es

HR

S&

Com

pone

nts

(CG

H2 &

LH

2 ref

uelin

g te

chno

logi

es)

Off-

boa

rd H

2 Sto

rage

(CG

H2,

LH2)

PE

MFC

(bi-p

olar

pla

te, m

embr

ane,

cat

alys

t, tra

nspo

rt pr

oces

s, H

T m

embr

ane)

Per

iphe

ry (a

ir su

pply

, val

ves/

pip

ing,

e-d

rive,

HV

batte

ry, H

2 loo

p,

pow

er e

lect

roni

cs, c

oolin

g)H

2 IC

E

Fuel

pro

cess

ing

Bui

ldin

g th

e M

arke

t - S

timul

atin

g an

d M

eetin

g E

arly

Dem

and

(fina

ncin

g sc

hem

es fo

r bui

ldin

g th

e pr

oduc

tion

volu

mes

, pub

lic

awar

enes

s)R

ecyc

ling

(tech

nolo

gies

, reg

ulat

ory

fram

ewor

k)

From

rese

arch

to m

arke

t - D

evel

opin

g a

heal

thy

Eur

opea

n sc

ene

for

H2 a

nd F

uel C

ells

(sup

porti

ng a

nd fo

ster

ing

SM

E's

invo

lvem

ent)

Eng

inee

ring

the

exci

tem

ent -

sol

ving

the

peop

le c

apac

ity b

ottle

neck

fo

r gro

wth

( po

st g

radu

ate

and

prof

essi

onal

dev

elop

men

t tra

inin

g ne

eds)

RC

S (C

oord

inat

ed E

urop

ean

Stra

tegy

tow

ards

RC

S, S

uppo

rting

re

leva

nt d

irect

ive

initi

ativ

es, r

oad

vehi

cle

logi

stic

s, m

ariti

me,

rail,

ae

rosp

ace)

DE

R&

D H

2 Ref

uelli

ng te

chno

logi

es

R&

D T

rans

port

Sto

rage

(CG

H2,

LH2,

Alte

rnat

ives

)

Sys

tem

inte

grat

ion

(driv

e tra

in, A

PU

, com

pone

nt m

anuf

actu

ring,

co

mpo

nent

eva

luat

ion,

Air,

Rai

l, M

ariti

me)

Dem

onst

ratio

n tr

ansp

ort a

nd H

2 ref

uelli

ng te

chno

logi

es

(B

R: b

asic

rese

arch

, AR

: app

lied

rese

arch

, DE

: dem

onst

ratio

n)

HFP

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emen

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n Pl

an –

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tus 2

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Tabl

e 3-

1:

Act

ion

clus

ters

for I

DA

1

Actio

n ty

peAc

tion

num

ber

Actio

n fo

cus

H2 r

efue

lling

Te

chno

logi

esR

oad

Air

Mar

itim

eR

ail

Supp

ortin

g A

ctiv

ities

1R

oad

vehi

cles

- su

pply

in

frast

ruct

ure

Pas

seng

er c

ars

(ICE/

FC -

AP

Us)

; C

aptiv

e fle

ets

e.g.

bus

es (I

CE

/FC

- A

PU

s)X

Ref

uellin

g st

atio

nsX

2A

irE

mer

genc

y un

it (H

2/O

2 w

ith P

EM

), FC

Pow

er

Uni

t (P

EM

/SO

FC) w

ith re

form

er

X

3M

ariti

me

MC

FC/S

OFC

sys

tem

AP

U, P

ropu

lsio

n - P

hase

II,

(PE

MFC

opt

iona

l for

sho

rt ra

nge

oper

atio

n)X

4R

ail

PE

MFC

-bas

ed p

ropu

lsio

nX

BR

+AR

5 to

9X

AR10

to 1

6X

AR17

X

BR

+AR

18X

XX

BR

+AR

19 to

21

X

AR22

to 2

8X

XX

X

AR

+DE

29X

BR

+AR

30 to

31

X

32X

33X

34 to

39

X

40 to

41

X

42 to

44

X

Supp

ortin

g ac

tiviti

es

HR

S&

Com

pone

nts

(CG

H2 &

LH

2 ref

uelin

g te

chno

logi

es)

Off-

boa

rd H

2 Sto

rage

(CG

H2,

LH2)

PE

MFC

(bi-p

olar

pla

te, m

embr

ane,

cat

alys

t, tra

nspo

rt pr

oces

s, H

T m

embr

ane)

Per

iphe

ry (a

ir su

pply

, val

ves/

pip

ing,

e-d

rive,

HV

batte

ry, H

2 loo

p,

pow

er e

lect

roni

cs, c

oolin

g)H

2 IC

E

Fuel

pro

cess

ing

Bui

ldin

g th

e M

arke

t - S

timul

atin

g an

d M

eetin

g E

arly

Dem

and

(fina

ncin

g sc

hem

es fo

r bui

ldin

g th

e pr

oduc

tion

volu

mes

, pub

lic

awar

enes

s)R

ecyc

ling

(tech

nolo

gies

, reg

ulat

ory

fram

ewor

k)

From

rese

arch

to m

arke

t - D

evel

opin

g a

heal

thy

Eur

opea

n sc

ene

for

H2 a

nd F

uel C

ells

(sup

porti

ng a

nd fo

ster

ing

SM

E's

invo

lvem

ent)

Eng

inee

ring

the

exci

tem

ent -

sol

ving

the

peop

le c

apac

ity b

ottle

neck

fo

r gro

wth

( po

st g

radu

ate

and

prof

essi

onal

dev

elop

men

t tra

inin

g ne

eds)

RC

S (C

oord

inat

ed E

urop

ean

Stra

tegy

tow

ards

RC

S, S

uppo

rting

re

leva

nt d

irect

ive

initi

ativ

es, r

oad

vehi

cle

logi

stic

s, m

ariti

me,

rail,

ae

rosp

ace)

DE

R&

D H

2 Ref

uelli

ng te

chno

logi

es

R&

D T

rans

port

Sto

rage

(CG

H2,

LH2,

Alte

rnat

ives

)

Sys

tem

inte

grat

ion

(driv

e tra

in, A

PU

, com

pone

nt m

anuf

actu

ring,

co

mpo

nent

eva

luat

ion,

Air,

Rai

l, M

ariti

me)

Dem

onst

ratio

n tr

ansp

ort a

nd H

2 ref

uelli

ng te

chno

logi

es

(B

R: b

asic

rese

arch

, AR

: app

lied

rese

arch

, DE

: dem

onst

ratio

n)



3.1.2 Key priorities The prioritised portfolio of actions is presented in Figure 3 below. In this graph, blue circles relate to transport applications, pink colour circles to hydrogen supply and yellow colour to supporting activities. Gradients of colours show joint activities between the different sectors. Reference numbers provide a link to action details outlined in Annex I. The area allocated to high, medium and low prioritites in the graph (and those later in this report) may not be equal, purely for layout reasons.



3.1.2 Key priorities The prioritised portfolio of actions is presented in Figure 3 below. In this graph, blue circles relate to transport applications, pink colour circles to hydrogen supply and yellow colour to supporting activities. Gradients of colours show joint activities between the different sectors. Reference numbers provide a link to action details outlined in Annex I. The area allocated to high, medium and low prioritites in the graph (and those later in this report) may not be equal, purely for layout reasons.

HFP

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emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

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w.H

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Figu

re 3

: ID

A 1

- Po

rtfo

lio o

f Act

ions

Indu

stria

l

Res

earc

h C

omm

unity

1: R

oad/

HR

S de

mo

Hig

hLo

wM

ediu

m9: P

EM –

HT

Mem

bran

e

6: P

EM

–M

embr

ane

7: P

EM –

Cat

alys

t

5:P

EM –

Bi-p

olar

-pla

te

24 &

25:

C

ompo

nent

–M

anuf

actu

ring

& ev

alua

tion 8:

PEM

–Tr

ansp

ort

proc

ess

MC

FC/S

OFC

fo

r tra

nspo

rt (r

ail/m

ariti

me)

*

* syn

ergi

es w

ith s

tatio

nary

(see

SFC

1 to

5)

17: H

2-IC

E

19 &

30:

O

n/O

ff bo

ard

Stor

age-

CG

H2

20: O

n-bo

ard

Stor

age-

LH2

21: O

n-bo

ard

Stor

age-

alte

rnat

ives

18: F

uel

proc

essi

ng*

22: S

yste

m

inte

grat

ion

driv

e tra

in

23:

Sys

tem

in

tegr

atio

n AP

U

26-2

8 R

ail/M

ariti

me/

Air

Sys

. int

. rai

l

2-4:

R

ail/M

ariti

me/

Air

dem

o

Impo

rtan

ce fo

r ach

ievi

ng th

e EU

goa

l

Weight of contribution

31: O

ff-bo

ard

Stor

age-

LH2

29: C

GH

2&

LH

2re

fuel

ing

tech

nolo

gies

32: S

ME’

s34

-36:

R

CS

41: P

ublic

A

war

enes

s33

: Po

st-

grad

uate

Ed

ucat

ion

40: F

inan

cing

S

chem

es

42-4

4:

Rec

yclin

g

10-1

6:

Per

iphe

ry(2

)

37-3

9:

Non

R

oad

RC

S

Hyd

roge

n Ve

hicles

and

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uelling

Stat

ions

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

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006

23

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Figu

re 3

: ID

A 1

- Po

rtfo

lio o

f Act

ions

Indu

stria

l

Res

earc

h C

omm

unity

1: R

oad/

HR

S de

mo

Hig

hLo

wM

ediu

m9: P

EM –

HT

Mem

bran

e

6: P

EM

–M

embr

ane

7: P

EM –

Cat

alys

t

5:P

EM –

Bi-p

olar

-pla

te

24 &

25:

C

ompo

nent

–M

anuf

actu

ring

& ev

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tion 8:

PEM

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ess

MC

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OFC

fo

r tra

nspo

rt (r

ail/m

ariti

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*

* syn

ergi

es w

ith s

tatio

nary

(see

SFC

1 to

5)

17: H

2-IC

E

19 &

30:

O

n/O

ff bo

ard

Stor

age-

CG

H2

20: O

n-bo

ard

Stor

age-

LH2

21: O

n-bo

ard

Stor

age-

alte

rnat

ives

18: F

uel

proc

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ng*

22: S

yste

m

inte

grat

ion

driv

e tra

in

23:

Sys

tem

in

tegr

atio

n AP

U

26-2

8 R

ail/M

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Air

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2-4:

R

ail/M

ariti

me/

Air

dem

o

Impo

rtan

ce fo

r ach

ievi

ng th

e EU

goa

l


31: O

ff-bo

ard

Stor

age-

LH2

29: C

GH

2&

LH

2re

fuel

ing

tech

nolo

gies

32: S

ME’

s34

-36:

R

CS

41: P

ublic

A

war

enes

s33

: Po

st-

grad

uate

Ed

ucat

ion

40: F

inan

cing

S

chem

es

42-4

4:

Rec

yclin

g

10-1

6:

Per

iphe

ry(2

)

37-3

9:

Non

R

oad

RC

S

Hyd

roge

n Ve

hicles

and

Ref

uelling

Stat

ions



3.1.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for IDA 1 has been estimated at €2661 million. This includes €2195 million for transport activities, €290 million for hydrogen supply activities and €176 million to support technology deployment. A breakdown of these proposed activities is shown in Table 3-2 below. Table 3-2: Resource distribution for IDA 1

H2 refuelling technologies Road Air Maritime Rail Supporting activities Total

Resource in M€ (% within IDA 1)

290 (11%)

1500 (56%)

150 (6%)

300 (11%)

245 (9%)

176 (7%)

2661 (100%)

Of which

% R&D 44 33 33 33 14

% Demonstration 56 67 67 67 86 Within this IDA ,it is planned to spend roughly 30% of the resources on research and development and 60% on demonstration activities. This planning is based on the assumption that the technological challenges which still exist will be met during the course of the programme. The distribution of the resources within the two proposed phases of the programme is shown in Figure 4 below. Figure 4: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

PHASE I PHASE II

Res

ourc

es (i

n M

€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATION

R&D

It is anticipated that more resources will be spent on R&D and Supporting Activities in the first phase of the programme, which is assumed to end by 2010. The aim is to reduce the cost of the technology, improve system reliability and endurance and set the framework for deployment by tackling regulation and safety issues. Demonstration activities will focus on technology validation under real life conditions. For instance, a few demonstration sites integrating road transport fleets and refuelling stations are foreseen, as decribed in Annex 1. More resources will be dedicated to demonstrating the results of the R&D work in the second phase of the programme (from 2010 to 2015)



3.1.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for IDA 1 has been estimated at €2661 million. This includes €2195 million for transport activities, €290 million for hydrogen supply activities and €176 million to support technology deployment. A breakdown of these proposed activities is shown in Table 3-2 below. Table 3-2: Resource distribution for IDA 1

H2 refuelling technologies Road Air Maritime Rail Supporting activities Total


290 (11%)

1500 (56%)

150 (6%)

300 (11%)

245 (9%)

176 (7%)

2661 (100%)

Of which

% R&D 44 33 33 33 14

% Demonstration 56 67 67 67 86 Within this IDA ,it is planned to spend roughly 30% of the resources on research and development and 60% on demonstration activities. This planning is based on the assumption that the technological challenges which still exist will be met during the course of the programme. The distribution of the resources within the two proposed phases of the programme is shown in Figure 4 below. Figure 4: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

PHASE I PHASE II

Res

ourc

es (i

n M


R&D

It is anticipated that more resources will be spent on R&D and Supporting Activities in the first phase of the programme, which is assumed to end by 2010. The aim is to reduce the cost of the technology, improve system reliability and endurance and set the framework for deployment by tackling regulation and safety issues. Demonstration activities will focus on technology validation under real life conditions. For instance, a few demonstration sites integrating road transport fleets and refuelling stations are foreseen, as decribed in Annex 1. More resources will be dedicated to demonstrating the results of the R&D work in the second phase of the programme (from 2010 to 2015)



in conjunction with an expansion campaign of demonstration sites, paving the way for a broad infrastructure build-up. Existing sites will be expanded according to the best options, determined from Phase 1, which satisfy criteria of sustainability and commercial viability. New facilities will be built up to link “hydrogen clusters” in preparation for growing market coverage. 3.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply

Goal: 10-20% of the Hydrogen supplied for energy applications to be CO2 lean or

free by 2015 3.2.1 IDA 2 Contents The overall objective of this IDA is to develop a portfolio of sustainable hydrogen production, storage and distribution processes. Sustainability here encompasses cost-competitiveness, low well-to-tank carbon content, high energy efficiency and minimum dependence on fossil energy. A medium-term quantitative target for this programme is to supply 10-20% of the hydrogen energy demand with CO2 lean or CO2 free hydrogen by 2015. On this time horizon, the major hydrogen energy demand is expected to come from transport applications as well as early markets such as portable generators. Small-scale decentralised hydrogen production processes are expected to play a critical role early on, with bigger and more centralised hydrogen production facilities being developed alongside mass-market deployment of hydrogen-fuelled technologies. Several processes and feedstocks can be used to produce hydrogen. They have different degrees of maturity, production capacity and sustainability. By 2020, leading technologies for hydrogen production may include low-temperature electrolysis, biomass to hydrogen (BTH) conversion, and hydrocarbon reforming, including the reforming and partial oxidation of biofuels as well as technology for producing hydrogen by coal gasification. This process can be adapted to include carbon capture. Industrial by-product hydrogen can come from existing sources such as chlorine production plant. Some of this hydrogen is wasted today and is in effect a free energy source. These can be opportunistic sources of hydrogen for local stationary applications and possibly transport applications. PEMFCs running on by-product hydrogen are an early market for fuel cells and therefore, addressed in IDA4. Consideration is also given to the home refuelling concept within the scope of reforming technologies. Technological actions proposed in this IDA aim to bring these production processes to the level of performance and sustainability needed to supply 10-20% of the anticipated demand, with the rest to be supplied from the merchant market and from already mature production technologies. Specific attention should be paid to hydrogen purity and quality standards, where there is a trade-off between fuel cell vehicle longevity and the economics and availability of processing technologies on the supply side. Close synergies with the other IDAs will be promoted within this plan. The aim is to test sustainable hydrogen production under real market conditions as soon as possible. Essential for the fossil fuel-based hydrogen production pathways is the development and implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. CCS is a



in conjunction with an expansion campaign of demonstration sites, paving the way for a broad infrastructure build-up. Existing sites will be expanded according to the best options, determined from Phase 1, which satisfy criteria of sustainability and commercial viability. New facilities will be built up to link “hydrogen clusters” in preparation for growing market coverage. 3.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply

Goal: 10-20% of the Hydrogen supplied for energy applications to be CO2 lean or

free by 2015 3.2.1 IDA 2 Contents The overall objective of this IDA is to develop a portfolio of sustainable hydrogen production, storage and distribution processes. Sustainability here encompasses cost-competitiveness, low well-to-tank carbon content, high energy efficiency and minimum dependence on fossil energy. A medium-term quantitative target for this programme is to supply 10-20% of the hydrogen energy demand with CO2 lean or CO2 free hydrogen by 2015. On this time horizon, the major hydrogen energy demand is expected to come from transport applications as well as early markets such as portable generators. Small-scale decentralised hydrogen production processes are expected to play a critical role early on, with bigger and more centralised hydrogen production facilities being developed alongside mass-market deployment of hydrogen-fuelled technologies. Several processes and feedstocks can be used to produce hydrogen. They have different degrees of maturity, production capacity and sustainability. By 2020, leading technologies for hydrogen production may include low-temperature electrolysis, biomass to hydrogen (BTH) conversion, and hydrocarbon reforming, including the reforming and partial oxidation of biofuels as well as technology for producing hydrogen by coal gasification. This process can be adapted to include carbon capture. Industrial by-product hydrogen can come from existing sources such as chlorine production plant. Some of this hydrogen is wasted today and is in effect a free energy source. These can be opportunistic sources of hydrogen for local stationary applications and possibly transport applications. PEMFCs running on by-product hydrogen are an early market for fuel cells and therefore, addressed in IDA4. Consideration is also given to the home refuelling concept within the scope of reforming technologies. Technological actions proposed in this IDA aim to bring these production processes to the level of performance and sustainability needed to supply 10-20% of the anticipated demand, with the rest to be supplied from the merchant market and from already mature production technologies. Specific attention should be paid to hydrogen purity and quality standards, where there is a trade-off between fuel cell vehicle longevity and the economics and availability of processing technologies on the supply side. Close synergies with the other IDAs will be promoted within this plan. The aim is to test sustainable hydrogen production under real market conditions as soon as possible. Essential for the fossil fuel-based hydrogen production pathways is the development and implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. CCS is a



prerequisite if fossil fuels are to be used for producing hydrogen in the medium and long term. CCS is primarily addressed under the Zero Emission Fossil Power Generation Technology Platform (ZEP)9. The HFP should liaise with ZEP to make sure that appropriate actions are taken to promote CCS in connection with hydrogen production or its co-production with electricity and possibly other fuels. Links with other European technology platforms that address elements of hydrogen production pathways is also recommended. This includes coordination with the Biofuels Technology Platform (BIOFRAC)10 at the interface between biomass-to-hydrogen processes and Biofuels. Strategic planning, in-depth assessments of infrastructure build-up and comprehensive market analysis are of paramount importance in anticipating and assigning industrial and R&D investments. This calls for integrated socio-economic models and tools to support decision makers in industry and policy-making bodies. A fully-fledged hydrogen economy ranging from stationary applications to transport use is envisaged beyond 2020. So a second objective of this integrated priority is to develop the components of a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure beyond 2020-2030. A new generation of hydrogen production processes and delivery infrastructure will be necessary if the full benefits of hydrogen as the alternative energy carrier to electricity are to be realised as the foundation documents of the HFP anticipate. Technological actions for this long term objective target the development of advanced production pathways based on the thermal-electrical-chemical decomposition of water at high temperature, and the biological decomposition of water or biological feedstocks at low temperature. Pipeline transmission and distribution as well as solid-state hydrogen storage technologies are also an integral part of these longer term activities, as key elements of a mass delivery infrastructure. Action clusters considered within this second IDA are presented in Table 3-3 below. More specific details at the action level are given in Annex 1.

9 For more information about the Zero Emissions Plant Technology Platform please consult with: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_co/article_2268_en.htm ; http://www.zero-emissionplatform.eu/website/index.html 10 For more information about the European Biofuels technology platform please consult with: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_bm/article_4012_en.htm ; http://www.biofuelstp.eu/overview.html



prerequisite if fossil fuels are to be used for producing hydrogen in the medium and long term. CCS is primarily addressed under the Zero Emission Fossil Power Generation Technology Platform (ZEP)9. The HFP should liaise with ZEP to make sure that appropriate actions are taken to promote CCS in connection with hydrogen production or its co-production with electricity and possibly other fuels. Links with other European technology platforms that address elements of hydrogen production pathways is also recommended. This includes coordination with the Biofuels Technology Platform (BIOFRAC)10 at the interface between biomass-to-hydrogen processes and Biofuels. Strategic planning, in-depth assessments of infrastructure build-up and comprehensive market analysis are of paramount importance in anticipating and assigning industrial and R&D investments. This calls for integrated socio-economic models and tools to support decision makers in industry and policy-making bodies. A fully-fledged hydrogen economy ranging from stationary applications to transport use is envisaged beyond 2020. So a second objective of this integrated priority is to develop the components of a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure beyond 2020-2030. A new generation of hydrogen production processes and delivery infrastructure will be necessary if the full benefits of hydrogen as the alternative energy carrier to electricity are to be realised as the foundation documents of the HFP anticipate. Technological actions for this long term objective target the development of advanced production pathways based on the thermal-electrical-chemical decomposition of water at high temperature, and the biological decomposition of water or biological feedstocks at low temperature. Pipeline transmission and distribution as well as solid-state hydrogen storage technologies are also an integral part of these longer term activities, as key elements of a mass delivery infrastructure. Action clusters considered within this second IDA are presented in Table 3-3 below. More specific details at the action level are given in Annex 1.

9 For more information about the Zero Emissions Plant Technology Platform please consult with: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_co/article_2268_en.htm ; http://www.zero-emissionplatform.eu/website/index.html 10 For more information about the European Biofuels technology platform please consult with: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_bm/article_4012_en.htm ; http://www.biofuelstp.eu/overview.html

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

27

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Tabl

e 3-

3:

Act

ion

clus

ters

for I

DA

2

Actio

n ty

peAc

tion

num

ber

Med

ium

Ter

m

Tech

nolo

gies

Long

term

Te

chno

logi

esSu

ppor

ting

Activ

ities

AR

+ B

R1

to 2

X

BR

+AR

+DE

3X

BR

+AR

4 to

6X

AR

+DE

7 to

8X

AR

+DE

9X

BR

+AR

10X

BR

+AR

+DE

11 to

14

X

BR

+AR

15X

AR

+DE

16 to

17

X

18 to

23

X

Pip

elin

es (F

ield

Tes

t Fac

ility,

Ris

k &

Saf

ety

Ana

lysi

s)

Adv

ance

d Te

chno

logi

es (D

ecom

posi

tion

of w

ater

thro

ugh

ther

mo-

elec

trica

l-che

mic

al p

roce

sses

with

sol

ar/n

ucle

ar h

eat

sour

ces,

low

tem

pera

ture

pro

cess

es: p

hoto

elec

troly

sis

and

phot

obio

logi

cal /

ferm

enta

tion,

Pho

todr

iven

bio

-hyd

roge

n,

Hyd

roge

n by

dar

k fe

rmen

tatio

n)

Get

ting

the

num

bers

righ

t - s

ocio

-eco

nom

ics

mod

ellin

g an

d to

ols

(Inte

grat

ed d

atab

ase,

mar

ket a

naly

sis,

pla

nnin

g to

ols,

re

gula

tion

anal

ysis

, rol

e of

hyd

roge

n in

sus

tain

able

ene

rgy

syst

em)

HR

S&

Com

pone

nts

(Und

ergr

ound

H2 s

tora

ge a

nd/o

r pr

oduc

tion,

H2 o

doriz

atio

n)H

2Li

quef

actio

n

Actio

n fo

cus

Supp

ortin

g ac

tiviti

es

Sust

aina

ble

H2 s

uppl

y

Bio

mas

s to

Hyd

roge

n (R

&D

on

adva

nced

tech

nolo

gies

for

BTH

, Dem

o S

tand

alon

e py

rolis

is/g

asifi

catio

n un

its, D

emo

co-

gasi

ficat

ions

)

Ref

orm

ing/

PO

x/C

TH (F

uel P

roce

ssin

g C

atal

yst,

Gas

P

urifi

catio

n)Lo

w te

mpe

ratu

re e

lect

roly

sis

(Dev

elop

men

t of l

ow

cost

/effi

cien

t low

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

r)

Hig

h te

mpe

ratu

re e

lect

roly

sis

(Dev

elop

men

t of a

new

ge

nera

tion

of H

igh

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

r)

Sol

id-s

tate

Off-

boar

d H

2 Sto

rage

(BR

: bas

ic re

sear

ch, A

R: a

pplie

d re

sear

ch, D

E: d

emon

stra

tion)

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

27

ww

w.H

FPeu

rope

.org

Tabl

e 3-

3:

Act

ion

clus

ters

for I

DA

2

Actio

n ty

peAc

tion

num

ber

Med

ium

Ter

m

Tech

nolo

gies

Long

term

Te

chno

logi

esSu

ppor

ting

Activ

ities

AR

+ B

R1

to 2

X

BR

+AR

+DE

3X

BR

+AR

4 to

6X

AR

+DE

7 to

8X

AR

+DE

9X

BR

+AR

10X

BR

+AR

+DE

11 to

14

X

BR

+AR

15X

AR

+DE

16 to

17

X

18 to

23

X

Pip

elin

es (F

ield

Tes

t Fac

ility,

Ris

k &

Saf

ety

Ana

lysi

s)

Adv

ance

d Te

chno

logi

es (D

ecom

posi

tion

of w

ater

thro

ugh

ther

mo-

elec

trica

l-che

mic

al p

roce

sses

with

sol

ar/n

ucle

ar h

eat

sour

ces,

low

tem

pera

ture

pro

cess

es: p

hoto

elec

troly

sis

and

phot

obio

logi

cal /

ferm

enta

tion,

Pho

todr

iven

bio

-hyd

roge

n,

Hyd

roge

n by

dar

k fe

rmen

tatio

n)

Get

ting

the

num

bers

righ

t - s

ocio

-eco

nom

ics

mod

ellin

g an

d to

ols

(Inte

grat

ed d

atab

ase,

mar

ket a

naly

sis,

pla

nnin

g to

ols,

re

gula

tion

anal

ysis

, rol

e of

hyd

roge

n in

sus

tain

able

ene

rgy

syst

em)

HR

S&

Com

pone

nts

(Und

ergr

ound

H2 s

tora

ge a

nd/o

r pr

oduc

tion,

H2 o

doriz

atio

n)H

2Li

quef

actio

n

Actio

n fo

cus

Supp

ortin

g ac

tiviti

es

Sust

aina

ble

H2 s

uppl

y

Bio

mas

s to

Hyd

roge

n (R

&D

on

adva

nced

tech

nolo

gies

for

BTH

, Dem

o S

tand

alon

e py

rolis

is/g

asifi

catio

n un

its, D

emo

co-

gasi

ficat

ions

)

Ref

orm

ing/

PO

x/C

TH (F

uel P

roce

ssin

g C

atal

yst,

Gas

P

urifi

catio

n)Lo

w te

mpe

ratu

re e

lect

roly

sis

(Dev

elop

men

t of l

ow

cost

/effi

cien

t low

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

r)

Hig

h te

mpe

ratu

re e

lect

roly

sis

(Dev

elop

men

t of a

new

ge

nera

tion

of H

igh

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

r)

Sol

id-s

tate

Off-

boar

d H

2 Sto

rage

(BR

: bas

ic re

sear

ch, A

R: a

pplie

d re

sear

ch, D

E: d

emon

stra

tion)



3.2.2 Key priorities The portfolio of actions is shown in Figure 5 below. Double line circles relate to medium- term targets, single line circles to longer-term activities, and yellow to supporting activities. Reference numbers provide a link to action details in Annex I.



3.2.2 Key priorities The portfolio of actions is shown in Figure 5 below. Double line circles relate to medium- term targets, single line circles to longer-term activities, and yellow to supporting activities. Reference numbers provide a link to action details in Annex I.

HFP

Impl

emen

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n Pl

an –

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tus 2

006

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Figu

re 5

: ID

A 2

– P

ortfo

lio o

f Act

ions

Indu

stria

l

Res

earc

h C

omm

unity

Hig

hLo

wM

ediu

mIm

port

ance

for a

chie

ving

the

EU g

oal


3: L

T el

ectro

lyse

r

18-2

3: S

ocio

-ec

onom

ic,

deci

sion

, pl

anni

ng to

ols

& M

odel

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15: S

olid

sta

te

off-b

oard

H2S

tora

ge-

10: H

T el

ectro

lyse

r

11: T

herm

al-

elec

trica

l-che

mic

al

deco

mpo

sitio

n of

w

ater

with

so

lar/n

ucle

ar h

eat

sour

ces

13: P

hoto

-dr

iven

bio

H2

14: D

ark-

ferm

enta

tion

16: H

2 pi

pelin

e te

st

faci

lity

17: H

2 pi

pelin

e R

isk

& S

afet

y An

alys

is

1:

Ref

orm

ing/

POX

Fuel

pr

oces

sing

ca

taly

st

5: B

TH-D

emo

Sta

nd-a

lone

py

rolis

is/g

asifi

catio

n un

its

4: R

&D

Bio

mas

s to

H

2

2: R

efor

min

g/PO

X/

Coa

l to

H2

Gas

pu

rific

atio

n

6: B

TH-D

emo

co-g

asifi

catio

n un

its

12: P

hoto

-el

ectro

lysi

s-ph

otob

iolo

gica

l/ fe

rmen

tatio

n

7:

Und

ergr

ound

H

2 st

orag

e

8:

H2

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3.2.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for this IDA has been estimated at €759 million, of which €380 million is assigned to the mid-term portfolio of actions, €331 million to the long-term one and €48 million to supporting activities. A breakdown of the proposed resources between these categories is presented in Table 3-4 below. Table 3-4: Resource distribution for IDA 2

Medium term technologies

Long term technologies

Supporting Activities Total


380 (50%)

331 (44%)

48 (6%)

759 (100%)

Of which %R&D 32 91

%Demonstration 68 9

Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 56% of the resources on R&D and 38% on demonstration activities. Significant research and development work is proposed on critical technological barriers whose removal will allow the sustainability of the hydrogen production to be enhanced in the medium term, and to exploring new production avenues for large scale hydrogen supply and distribution in the longer term. The planned distribution of the resources for medium and long-term technology development in IDA 2 is shown in Figure 6, on the same basis as for IDA 1 above. Figure 6: Scenario for the distribution of resources for the medium term technology portfolio

in IDA 2

0

50

100

150

200

250

Med

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Tech

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Long

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Term

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Long

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Long

term

Tech

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Res

ourc

es (i

n M

€)

SUPPORTING ACTIVITIESDEMONSTRATIONR&D

During the first phase of the programme (ending around 2010) a resource distribution balanced between R&D on materials, key components etc. and process developments is proposed. The latter would involve pilot production for all the hydrogen production processes in the medium term technology portfolio. In the second phase (ending around



3.2.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for this IDA has been estimated at €759 million, of which €380 million is assigned to the mid-term portfolio of actions, €331 million to the long-term one and €48 million to supporting activities. A breakdown of the proposed resources between these categories is presented in Table 3-4 below. Table 3-4: Resource distribution for IDA 2

Medium term technologies

Long term technologies

Supporting Activities Total


380 (50%)

331 (44%)

48 (6%)

759 (100%)

Of which %R&D 32 91

%Demonstration 68 9

Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 56% of the resources on R&D and 38% on demonstration activities. Significant research and development work is proposed on critical technological barriers whose removal will allow the sustainability of the hydrogen production to be enhanced in the medium term, and to exploring new production avenues for large scale hydrogen supply and distribution in the longer term. The planned distribution of the resources for medium and long-term technology development in IDA 2 is shown in Figure 6, on the same basis as for IDA 1 above. Figure 6: Scenario for the distribution of resources for the medium term technology portfolio

in IDA 2

0

50

100

150

200

250

Med

ium

Term

Tech

nolo

gy

Long

term

Tech

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Med

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Term

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Long

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Long

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PHASE I PHASE II PHASE IIIR

esou

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(in

M€)


During the first phase of the programme (ending around 2010) a resource distribution balanced between R&D on materials, key components etc. and process developments is proposed. The latter would involve pilot production for all the hydrogen production processes in the medium term technology portfolio. In the second phase (ending around



2015), technology assessment and process integration will be pursued in medium size demonstration prototypes. This work would be carried out in parallel with R&D to address the remaining challenges. The long term technology portfolio is designed to focus R&D effort onto the fundamental scientific and technical challenges for the next generation of hydrogen production, storage and delivery. It is crucial to sustain a continuous research and development effort during these two phases to support the long term technology portfolio whilst building up experimental facilities and early prototype units to be explored during the next phase, phase III. Because of the need for long-term research on these technologies, a third phase of research is proposed, running from 2015 to approximately 2025. 3.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation

Goal: Commercially competitive Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation; > 1 GW capacity in operation by 2015

3.3.1 IDA 3 Contents The power sector is leaning towards more and more decentralised modes of power generation, which fuel cells are well suited to support. Combined heat and power or power generation systems using fuel cells offer high electrical efficiency with either natural gas or renewable fuels. This means that they can play an important role in achieving early CO2 savings, while providing mass market opportunities for fuel cell technologies. This third integrated priority area pursues the overall objective of bringing stationary fuel cells to a commercial stage by 2010. As a medium-term quantitative target - on the way to the “Snapshot 2020” targets - this IDA involves installing more than 1 GW of capacity by 2015. This total would be reached by the deployment of MCFC, SOFC and PEMFC technologies. It is made up of 80,000 1-10kW units in residential use, 2,600 10kw-1MW units in industrial use and a further 50 units of 1MW or more also in industrial use. These units would make use of existing forms of fuel supply to begin with, mainly natural gas. Biogas, biodiesel, and syngas would have a growing role. However, hydrogen is anticipated to play a crucial role in applications such as peak-shaving for electricity from renewable energy sources and in industrial power generation using by-product hydrogen, a joint area of development with the second and fourth IDAs. The residential units will use PEMFC11 and SOFC technologies, perhaps in roughly equal proportions depending on future improvements in the two technologies. For larger units of 10 kW to 1 MW, MCFC and SOFC technologies are likely to be preferred and the more advanced status of MCFC technology means that it will account for most of the installed units in the early years of this programme. However, the expected development of SOFC technology will ensure that a greater proportion of the total units will be based on SOFC technology in the latter half of this programme. Similarly, units of more than 1 MW will primarily use MCFC, but SOFC units could play a greater part 11 In this document, both PEFC - low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (80°C) - and PEMFC (high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (120-200°C) - are accounted for in the wording PEMFC.



2015), technology assessment and process integration will be pursued in medium size demonstration prototypes. This work would be carried out in parallel with R&D to address the remaining challenges. The long term technology portfolio is designed to focus R&D effort onto the fundamental scientific and technical challenges for the next generation of hydrogen production, storage and delivery. It is crucial to sustain a continuous research and development effort during these two phases to support the long term technology portfolio whilst building up experimental facilities and early prototype units to be explored during the next phase, phase III. Because of the need for long-term research on these technologies, a third phase of research is proposed, running from 2015 to approximately 2025. 3.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation

Goal: Commercially competitive Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation; > 1 GW capacity in operation by 2015

3.3.1 IDA 3 Contents The power sector is leaning towards more and more decentralised modes of power generation, which fuel cells are well suited to support. Combined heat and power or power generation systems using fuel cells offer high electrical efficiency with either natural gas or renewable fuels. This means that they can play an important role in achieving early CO2 savings, while providing mass market opportunities for fuel cell technologies. This third integrated priority area pursues the overall objective of bringing stationary fuel cells to a commercial stage by 2010. As a medium-term quantitative target - on the way to the “Snapshot 2020” targets - this IDA involves installing more than 1 GW of capacity by 2015. This total would be reached by the deployment of MCFC, SOFC and PEMFC technologies. It is made up of 80,000 1-10kW units in residential use, 2,600 10kw-1MW units in industrial use and a further 50 units of 1MW or more also in industrial use. These units would make use of existing forms of fuel supply to begin with, mainly natural gas. Biogas, biodiesel, and syngas would have a growing role. However, hydrogen is anticipated to play a crucial role in applications such as peak-shaving for electricity from renewable energy sources and in industrial power generation using by-product hydrogen, a joint area of development with the second and fourth IDAs. The residential units will use PEMFC11 and SOFC technologies, perhaps in roughly equal proportions depending on future improvements in the two technologies. For larger units of 10 kW to 1 MW, MCFC and SOFC technologies are likely to be preferred and the more advanced status of MCFC technology means that it will account for most of the installed units in the early years of this programme. However, the expected development of SOFC technology will ensure that a greater proportion of the total units will be based on SOFC technology in the latter half of this programme. Similarly, units of more than 1 MW will primarily use MCFC, but SOFC units could play a greater part 11 In this document, both PEFC - low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (80°C) - and PEMFC (high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (120-200°C) - are accounted for in the wording PEMFC.



closer to 2015. The message is that all three technologies require development if the cumulative deployement goal of 1 GW is to be reached. However, the three approaches are in different stages of maturity, and require differing amounts of research and development, as illustrated in Figure 7 in the next section. The proposed portfolio of technological actions is aimed at improving cell and stack technology to the level required by the stationary market and bridging the gap between lab prototypes and pre-commercial systems. This includes developing fuel cell products at an industrial scale, comprising “balance of plant" components as well as the scale up of manufacturing capacities. At the same time there would be test campaigns for product validation under real market conditions, and preparations for the start-up of fuel cell installation, operation and maintenance services. Regulations, codes and standards for indoor use and grid interconnection are a pre-requisite for deploying fuel cell systems in the stationary energy markets. Financing schemes will also be necessary to support and stimulate the use of these emerging technologies in well established markets. All these critical elements are an integral part of this third IDA. Close synergies with the first and fourth IDAs will also be promoted within this plan, to share advances in fuel cell technology. It is expected that developments in MCFC and SOFC from this area will contribute to the work on transport APUs and on non-transport systems, while stationary systems will take advantage of the developments on PEM technology from the first IDA. IDA 4 is also closely linked, as an early testbed for stationary fuel cell products and manufacturing capacities. Action clusters within this third IDA are presented in Table 3-5 below.



closer to 2015. The message is that all three technologies require development if the cumulative deployement goal of 1 GW is to be reached. However, the three approaches are in different stages of maturity, and require differing amounts of research and development, as illustrated in Figure 7 in the next section. The proposed portfolio of technological actions is aimed at improving cell and stack technology to the level required by the stationary market and bridging the gap between lab prototypes and pre-commercial systems. This includes developing fuel cell products at an industrial scale, comprising “balance of plant" components as well as the scale up of manufacturing capacities. At the same time there would be test campaigns for product validation under real market conditions, and preparations for the start-up of fuel cell installation, operation and maintenance services. Regulations, codes and standards for indoor use and grid interconnection are a pre-requisite for deploying fuel cell systems in the stationary energy markets. Financing schemes will also be necessary to support and stimulate the use of these emerging technologies in well established markets. All these critical elements are an integral part of this third IDA. Close synergies with the first and fourth IDAs will also be promoted within this plan, to share advances in fuel cell technology. It is expected that developments in MCFC and SOFC from this area will contribute to the work on transport APUs and on non-transport systems, while stationary systems will take advantage of the developments on PEM technology from the first IDA. IDA 4 is also closely linked, as an early testbed for stationary fuel cell products and manufacturing capacities. Action clusters within this third IDA are presented in Table 3-5 below.



Table 3-5: Action clusters for IDA 3

Action type Action number

Action focus SOFC PEMFC MCFC

BR 1 Generic Fuel Cell Technology X X XBR 2 Analysis and Modelling X X XAR 3 Industrially relevant cell and stack X X XAR 4 System component development X X X

DE 5 Scaling-up of Manufacturing X X X

DE 6 Technology validation -Residential applications

X X

Technology validation - Industrial applications

X X

DE 7 Market entry - Residential applications X X

Market entry - Industrial applications X X

8Creating Peace of Mind - Developing and Implementaing Harmonised RCS (Grid-Interconnect RCS)

X X X

9

Building the Market - Stimulating and Meeting Early Demand (Develop schemes for public procurement and degressive incentivised product price for the output)

X X X

Supporting activities

R&D

Demonstration

(BR: basic research, AR: applied research, DE: demonstration)

3.3.2 Key priorities The prioritised portfolio of actions is presented in Figure 7 below. Three-colour pie charts show the resource distributions for the SOFC (green), PEMFC (grey) and MCFC (red) actions; yellow indicates supporting activities.



Table 3-5: Action clusters for IDA 3

Action type Action number

Action focus SOFC PEMFC MCFC

BR 1 Generic Fuel Cell Technology X X XBR 2 Analysis and Modelling X X XAR 3 Industrially relevant cell and stack X X XAR 4 System component development X X X

DE 5 Scaling-up of Manufacturing X X X

DE 6 Technology validation -Residential applications

X X

Technology validation - Industrial applications

X X

DE 7 Market entry - Residential applications X X

Market entry - Industrial applications X X

8Creating Peace of Mind - Developing and Implementaing Harmonised RCS (Grid-Interconnect RCS)

X X X

9

Building the Market - Stimulating and Meeting Early Demand (Develop schemes for public procurement and degressive incentivised product price for the output)

X X X

Supporting activities

R&D

Demonstration

(BR: basic research, AR: applied research, DE: demonstration)

3.3.2 Key priorities The prioritised portfolio of actions is presented in Figure 7 below. Three-colour pie charts show the resource distributions for the SOFC (green), PEMFC (grey) and MCFC (red) actions; yellow indicates supporting activities.

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3.3.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for IDA 3 has been estimated at €2853 million, of which €1394 million is for SOFC, €706 million for PEMFC, €728 million for MCFC and €25 million for supporting activities. A breakdown of the proposed spending on each type of fuel cell is presented in Table 3-6 below. Table 3-6: Resource distribution for IDA 3

SOFC PEMFC MCFC Supporting

Activities Total


1394 (49%)

706 (25%)

728 (25%)

25 (1%)

2853 (100%)

Of which %R&D 25 30 21

%Demonstration 75 70 79

Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 25% of the resources on research and development and 74% on demonstration activities. Following the same approach as for the previous IDAs, a scenario for the distribution of these resources is presented in Figure 8. Figure 8: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 3

0

400

800

1200

1600

PHASE I PHASE II

Res

ourc

es (i

n M

€)


Reaching 1 GW capacity in operation by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed, which in turn calls for an integrated approach for all these technologies. Its elements include basic, applied research on materials, cells and stacks, balance of plant, components and stack manufacturing, and demonstration activities targeting technology validation, the scale-up of manufacturing facilities and market entry. The latter will be more predominant in the second phase, which encompasses technology improvement, investment in volume production, infrastructure build-up and commercial readiness.



3.3.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for IDA 3 has been estimated at €2853 million, of which €1394 million is for SOFC, €706 million for PEMFC, €728 million for MCFC and €25 million for supporting activities. A breakdown of the proposed spending on each type of fuel cell is presented in Table 3-6 below. Table 3-6: Resource distribution for IDA 3

SOFC PEMFC MCFC Supporting

Activities Total


1394 (49%)

706 (25%)

728 (25%)

25 (1%)

2853 (100%)

Of which %R&D 25 30 21

%Demonstration 75 70 79

Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 25% of the resources on research and development and 74% on demonstration activities. Following the same approach as for the previous IDAs, a scenario for the distribution of these resources is presented in Figure 8. Figure 8: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 3

0

400

800

1200

1600

PHASE I PHASE II

Res

ourc

es (i

n M

€)


Reaching 1 GW capacity in operation by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed, which in turn calls for an integrated approach for all these technologies. Its elements include basic, applied research on materials, cells and stacks, balance of plant, components and stack manufacturing, and demonstration activities targeting technology validation, the scale-up of manufacturing facilities and market entry. The latter will be more predominant in the second phase, which encompasses technology improvement, investment in volume production, infrastructure build-up and commercial readiness.



The proposed resources for R&D and demonstration projects for each of the three techologies are shown in Figure 9. They are tailored to the maturity of each technology and its expected development during the timeframe of this programme. Both research and development and process engineering are needed for all three technologies if we are to achieve the EU's ambitious goal for this programme. There is a strong focus on SOFC in line with its potential in both residential and industrial markets and the perceived strength of the EU industrial base for this technology. Figure 9: Scenario for the distribution of resources per fuel cell technology in IDA 3

0

300

600

900

1200

SOFC

PEM

FC

MC

FC

SOFC

PEM

FC

MC

FC

PHASE I PHASE II

Res

ourc

es (i

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€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMO - Market Entry

DEMO - TechnologyvalidationDEMO - Scale-up ofmanufacturingR&D

3.4 IDA 4: Fuel Cells for Early Markets

Goal: X000 commercial early market FC products in the market by 2010 3.4.1 IDA 4 Contents The goals of this fourth IDA are: • to develop a range of products and services that can be cost-competitively released

in the market within the next 3 to 4 years • to initiate and sustain the build-up of a manufacturing and supply base for fuel cell

systems (including balance-of-plant), components and materials, enabling industry to invest in technical development, people and production facilities

• to ensure that all necessary structural conditions are in place for the deployment of fuel cell technologies

The target for this IDA, on the way to reaching the “Snapshot 2020” milestone, is to achieve cumulative production of 200MW (circa 20,000 units) not later than 2012.



The proposed resources for R&D and demonstration projects for each of the three techologies are shown in Figure 9. They are tailored to the maturity of each technology and its expected development during the timeframe of this programme. Both research and development and process engineering are needed for all three technologies if we are to achieve the EU's ambitious goal for this programme. There is a strong focus on SOFC in line with its potential in both residential and industrial markets and the perceived strength of the EU industrial base for this technology. Figure 9: Scenario for the distribution of resources per fuel cell technology in IDA 3

0

300

600

900

1200

SOFC

PEM

FC

MC

FC

SOFC

PEM

FC

MC

FC

PHASE I PHASE II

Res

ourc

es (i

n M

€) SUPPORTINGACTIVITIESDEMO - Market Entry

DEMO - TechnologyvalidationDEMO - Scale-up ofmanufacturingR&D


Goal: X000 commercial early market FC products in the market by 2010 3.4.1 IDA 4 Contents The goals of this fourth IDA are: • to develop a range of products and services that can be cost-competitively released

in the market within the next 3 to 4 years • to initiate and sustain the build-up of a manufacturing and supply base for fuel cell

systems (including balance-of-plant), components and materials, enabling industry to invest in technical development, people and production facilities

• to ensure that all necessary structural conditions are in place for the deployment of fuel cell technologies

The target for this IDA, on the way to reaching the “Snapshot 2020” milestone, is to achieve cumulative production of 200MW (circa 20,000 units) not later than 2012.



To achieve this target the programme calls for an integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration to gain 'real-world' operating experience, providing feedback into technical development and manufacturing processes, and to demonstrate the technology to potential users. This process comprises the following steps: • Pilot, test and characterise the existing state of the art; define RTD needs and set

product targets • System development including applied RTD, system modelling, reduction of system

complexity, and improvement of performance • Demonstrate prototypes to confirm targets through extensive field testing, and

identify RTD requirements for pre commercial units • Large-scale demonstration of second-generation pre-commercial products. This

should confirm system specifications, lifecycle costs and training needs for product installation and use, and show public acceptance once they are in place

In addition, transfer from research to the market should be accelerated and consolidated by supporting Start-ups and SMEs, which are expected to make a significant contribution in this area. The current partial subsidies system fails to help the smaller companies that are now developing innovative components but lack the funds to match the grants and loans they receive. It is vital to supply equity and grants to small firms which need them, and to develop a culture of seed-financing and early-stage financing with appropriate instruments to deliver them. A specific involvement and qualification programme for SMEs is suggested, to make the benefits of engagement in the hydrogen and fuel cell industry apparent to SME owners and managers. Early market successes will be of paramount importance, as they will act as role models to encourage others to invest. They are likely to be seen in a series of specific niches where this technology has a natural advantage. It is critical that such niches not be seen in isolation, but can be bundled together, perhaps via buyer pools or coordinated public procurement, to make the total size of the market apparent. Regions, industrial clusters and public/private partnerships can all help to create the necessary structural conditions for early investment in this technology. Due to their modularity and high efficiency, fuel cell-based systems can provide benefits over existing energy technologies in many niche and premium applications. Building on the existing development of power modules with common components and architecture, it is possible to develop a variety of mobile, stationary and backup applications. Today component standardisation for these applications is developing rapidly. For example, the power module used in backup system can be used in specialty vehicles with only minor modifications. This supports component standardisation and leads to lower costs. In this IDA, four main classes of applications will be investigated. They are portable generators, UPS and Back-up power systems; specialist vehicles; industrial power generation using by-product hydrogen fuel cells (of a few MWs capacity); and micro fuel cells for specialist products such as power tools. They are considered to be financially attractive in the short term for an emerging European hydrogen and fuel cell industry. They are also technically representative of the power ranges and applications that are anticipated for other early uses of fuel cells. The programme will be flexible enough to ensure that the requirements of possible early markets can be addressed, and can benefit from the development of the four reference applications.



To achieve this target the programme calls for an integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration to gain 'real-world' operating experience, providing feedback into technical development and manufacturing processes, and to demonstrate the technology to potential users. This process comprises the following steps: • Pilot, test and characterise the existing state of the art; define RTD needs and set

product targets • System development including applied RTD, system modelling, reduction of system

complexity, and improvement of performance • Demonstrate prototypes to confirm targets through extensive field testing, and

identify RTD requirements for pre commercial units • Large-scale demonstration of second-generation pre-commercial products. This

should confirm system specifications, lifecycle costs and training needs for product installation and use, and show public acceptance once they are in place

In addition, transfer from research to the market should be accelerated and consolidated by supporting Start-ups and SMEs, which are expected to make a significant contribution in this area. The current partial subsidies system fails to help the smaller companies that are now developing innovative components but lack the funds to match the grants and loans they receive. It is vital to supply equity and grants to small firms which need them, and to develop a culture of seed-financing and early-stage financing with appropriate instruments to deliver them. A specific involvement and qualification programme for SMEs is suggested, to make the benefits of engagement in the hydrogen and fuel cell industry apparent to SME owners and managers. Early market successes will be of paramount importance, as they will act as role models to encourage others to invest. They are likely to be seen in a series of specific niches where this technology has a natural advantage. It is critical that such niches not be seen in isolation, but can be bundled together, perhaps via buyer pools or coordinated public procurement, to make the total size of the market apparent. Regions, industrial clusters and public/private partnerships can all help to create the necessary structural conditions for early investment in this technology. Due to their modularity and high efficiency, fuel cell-based systems can provide benefits over existing energy technologies in many niche and premium applications. Building on the existing development of power modules with common components and architecture, it is possible to develop a variety of mobile, stationary and backup applications. Today component standardisation for these applications is developing rapidly. For example, the power module used in backup system can be used in specialty vehicles with only minor modifications. This supports component standardisation and leads to lower costs. In this IDA, four main classes of applications will be investigated. They are portable generators, UPS and Back-up power systems; specialist vehicles; industrial power generation using by-product hydrogen fuel cells (of a few MWs capacity); and micro fuel cells for specialist products such as power tools. They are considered to be financially attractive in the short term for an emerging European hydrogen and fuel cell industry. They are also technically representative of the power ranges and applications that are anticipated for other early uses of fuel cells. The programme will be flexible enough to ensure that the requirements of possible early markets can be addressed, and can benefit from the development of the four reference applications.



No major technical breakthroughs are necessary for these markets to be opened up. There are real commercial customers for portable and premium systems in the period 2007-2013. But the area still needs RTD support because customers’ requirements cannot yet be fulfilled at all or in full. As with any relatively immature commercial product in a competitive environment, continuous and rapid improvement in performance is needed to gain and consolidate market share. The main development effort for early market products will concentrate on improving stack performance, system integration and simplification, and on field testing different generations of products, from prototypes to pre-commercial systems. Strong links and synergies with the other IDAs will be promoted throughout the programme. The basic R&D on key components, directed primarily at stationary and transport applications, should be integrated into the programmes directed at premium applications. Because of the early field introduction of these applications, high quality technology feedback is expected to contribute positively to the development of the other applications. It must also be recognised that the cost of producing these fuel cell systems will be higher than the market clearing price until high-volume production is achieved. Public support will be required to help close the gap. Subsidies or capital grants to the user of between €500 - 1000 per kW were recommended in the Deployment Strategy. This is consistent with the direct financial support currently provided to purchasers of renewable technologies and, in the past, of condensing boilers.



No major technical breakthroughs are necessary for these markets to be opened up. There are real commercial customers for portable and premium systems in the period 2007-2013. But the area still needs RTD support because customers’ requirements cannot yet be fulfilled at all or in full. As with any relatively immature commercial product in a competitive environment, continuous and rapid improvement in performance is needed to gain and consolidate market share. The main development effort for early market products will concentrate on improving stack performance, system integration and simplification, and on field testing different generations of products, from prototypes to pre-commercial systems. Strong links and synergies with the other IDAs will be promoted throughout the programme. The basic R&D on key components, directed primarily at stationary and transport applications, should be integrated into the programmes directed at premium applications. Because of the early field introduction of these applications, high quality technology feedback is expected to contribute positively to the development of the other applications. It must also be recognised that the cost of producing these fuel cell systems will be higher than the market clearing price until high-volume production is achieved. Public support will be required to help close the gap. Subsidies or capital grants to the user of between €500 - 1000 per kW were recommended in the Deployment Strategy. This is consistent with the direct financial support currently provided to purchasers of renewable technologies and, in the past, of condensing boilers.

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

39

ww

w.H

FPeu

rope

.org

Tabl

e 3-

7:

Act

ion

clus

ters

for I

DA

4

Act

ion

type

Act

ion

num

ber

Mic

ro F

Cs

Port

able

ge

nera

tors

Spec

ialis

t Ve

hicl

esB

y-pr

oduc

t H2

Supp

ortin

g ac

tiviti

es

AR

+DE

1X

BR

+ A

R2

to 8

X

DE

9 to

10

X

AR

+DE

11X

BR

+ A

R12

to 1

8X

DE

19 to

20

X

AR

+ D

E21

Sta

te o

f the

art

tech

nolo

gyX

AR

22 to

26

X

DE

27 to

28

X

AR

+ D

E30

X

AR

31 to

35

X

DE

36 to

38

X

39 to

41

X

42 to

43

X

44X

45X

Actio

n fo

cus

Sta

te o

f the

art

tech

nolo

gy

Dem

onst

ratio

n (A

lpha

test

ing,

pre

-com

mer

cial

pro

duct

dev

elop

men

t &

dem

onst

ratio

n )

Port

able

Mic

ro-F

Cs

Cre

atin

g P

eace

of M

ind

- Dev

elop

ing

and

Impl

emen

tain

g H

arm

onis

ed

Reg

ulat

ions

, Cod

es a

nd S

tand

ards

(in-

door

use

of H

2 an

d Fu

el C

ell

Dev

ices

)

Sta

te o

f the

art

tech

nolo

gy

From

rese

arch

to m

arke

t - D

evel

opin

g a

heal

thy

Eur

opea

n sc

ene

for

H2 a

nd F

uel C

ells

(fin

anci

ng o

ptio

ns fo

r sta

rt-up

& S

ME

s,

SM

Es'

prom

otio

n ac

tiviti

es, R

esea

rch

& A

cade

mia

spi

n-of

f)

Bui

ldin

g th

e M

arke

t - S

timul

atin

g an

d M

eetin

g E

arly

Dem

and

(Sup

port

Buy

ers’

Poo

ls, c

reat

e th

e ne

cess

ary

stru

ctur

al c

ondi

tions

- re

gion

s,

indu

stria

l clu

ster

s an

d pu

blic

-priv

ate

partn

ersh

ips)

Sys

tem

dev

elop

men

t (A

pplie

d R

&D

sta

ck s

yste

ms,

dia

gnos

tic to

ols,

sy

stem

mod

ellin

g, re

duct

ion

of s

yste

m c

ompl

exity

, im

prov

emen

t of

perfo

rman

ces)

Dem

onst

ratio

n (P

ilot,

Alp

ha te

stin

g, p

re-c

omm

erci

al p

rodu

ct

deve

lopm

ent &

dem

onst

ratio

n)

Supp

ortin

g Ac

tiviti

es

Spec

ialis

t veh

icle

s

Get

ting

the

num

bers

righ

t - s

ocio

-eco

nom

ics

mod

ellin

g an

d to

ols

(initi

atin

g th

e E

U H

2 & F

C B

usin

ess

Obs

erva

tory

(“E

HFO

”))

Sys

tem

dev

elop

men

ts (B

asic

& a

pplie

d R

&D

sta

ck s

yste

ms,

di

agno

stic

tool

s, s

yste

m m

odel

ling,

redu

ctio

n of

sys

tem

com

plex

ity,

refo

rmer

, im

prov

emen

t of p

erfo

rman

ces)

Dem

onst

ratio

n (A

lpha

test

ing,

pre

-com

mer

cial

pro

duct

dev

elop

men

t &

dem

osnt

ratio

n)

Sta

te o

f the

art

tech

nolo

gyS

yste

m d

evel

opm

ents

(Bas

ic &

app

lied

R&

D s

tack

sys

tem

s,

diag

nost

ic to

ols,

sys

tem

mod

ellin

g, re

duct

ion

of s

yste

m c

ompl

exity

, re

form

er, i

mpr

ovem

ent o

f per

form

ance

s)D

emon

stra

tion

(Alp

ha te

stin

g, p

re-c

omm

erci

al p

rodu

ct d

evel

opm

ent &

Sys

tem

dev

elop

men

ts (A

pplie

d R

&D

sta

ck s

yste

ms,

dia

gnos

tic to

ols,

sy

stem

mod

ellin

g, re

duct

ion

of s

yste

m c

ompl

exity

, im

prov

emen

t of

perfo

rman

ces)

By-

prod

uct H

2Po

wer

Gen

erat

ion

Port

able

gen

erat

ors,

Bac

k-up

pow

er, U

PS

(BR

: bas

ic re

sear

ch, A

R: a

pplie

d re

sear

ch, D

E: d

emon

stra

tion)

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

39

ww

w.H

FPeu

rope

.org

Tabl

e 3-

7:

Act

ion

clus

ters

for I

DA

4

Act

ion

type

Act

ion

num

ber

Mic

ro F

Cs

Port

able

ge

nera

tors

Spec

ialis

t Ve

hicl

esB

y-pr

oduc

t H2

Supp

ortin

g ac

tiviti

es

AR

+DE

1X

BR

+ A

R2

to 8

X

DE

9 to

10

X

AR

+DE

11X

BR

+ A

R12

to 1

8X

DE

19 to

20

X

AR

+ D

E21

Sta

te o

f the

art

tech

nolo

gyX

AR

22 to

26

X

DE

27 to

28

X

AR

+ D

E30

X

AR

31 to

35

X

DE

36 to

38

X

39 to

41

X

42 to

43

X

44X

45X

Actio

n fo

cus

Sta

te o

f the

art

tech

nolo

gy

Dem

onst

ratio

n (A

lpha

test

ing,

pre

-com

mer

cial

pro

duct

dev

elop

men

t &

dem

onst

ratio

n )

Port

able

Mic

ro-F

Cs

Cre

atin

g P

eace

of M

ind

- Dev

elop

ing

and

Impl

emen

tain

g H

arm

onis

ed

Reg

ulat

ions

, Cod

es a

nd S

tand

ards

(in-

door

use

of H

2 an

d Fu

el C

ell

Dev

ices

)

Sta

te o

f the

art

tech

nolo

gy

From

rese

arch

to m

arke

t - D

evel

opin

g a

heal

thy

Eur

opea

n sc

ene

for

H2 a

nd F

uel C

ells

(fin

anci

ng o

ptio

ns fo

r sta

rt-up

& S

ME

s,

SM

Es'

prom

otio

n ac

tiviti

es, R

esea

rch

& A

cade

mia

spi

n-of

f)

Bui

ldin

g th

e M

arke

t - S

timul

atin

g an

d M

eetin

g E

arly

Dem

and

(Sup

port

Buy

ers’

Poo

ls, c

reat

e th

e ne

cess

ary

stru

ctur

al c

ondi

tions

- re

gion

s,

indu

stria

l clu

ster

s an

d pu

blic

-priv

ate

partn

ersh

ips)

Sys

tem

dev

elop

men

t (A

pplie

d R

&D

sta

ck s

yste

ms,

dia

gnos

tic to

ols,

sy

stem

mod

ellin

g, re

duct

ion

of s

yste

m c

ompl

exity

, im

prov

emen

t of

perfo

rman

ces)

Dem

onst

ratio

n (P

ilot,

Alp

ha te

stin

g, p

re-c

omm

erci

al p

rodu

ct

deve

lopm

ent &

dem

onst

ratio

n)

Supp

ortin

g Ac

tiviti

es

Spec

ialis

t veh

icle

s

Get

ting

the

num

bers

righ

t - s

ocio

-eco

nom

ics

mod

ellin

g an

d to

ols

(initi

atin

g th

e E

U H

2 & F

C B

usin

ess

Obs

erva

tory

(“E

HFO

”))

Sys

tem

dev

elop

men

ts (B

asic

& a

pplie

d R

&D

sta

ck s

yste

ms,

di

agno

stic

tool

s, s

yste

m m

odel

ling,

redu

ctio

n of

sys

tem

com

plex

ity,

refo

rmer

, im

prov

emen

t of p

erfo

rman

ces)

Dem

onst

ratio

n (A

lpha

test

ing,

pre

-com

mer

cial

pro

duct

dev

elop

men

t &

dem

osnt

ratio

n)

Sta

te o

f the

art

tech

nolo

gyS

yste

m d

evel

opm

ents

(Bas

ic &

app

lied

R&

D s

tack

sys

tem

s,

diag

nost

ic to

ols,

sys

tem

mod

ellin

g, re

duct

ion

of s

yste

m c

ompl

exity

, re

form

er, i

mpr

ovem

ent o

f per

form

ance

s)D

emon

stra

tion

(Alp

ha te

stin

g, p

re-c

omm

erci

al p

rodu

ct d

evel

opm

ent &

Sys

tem

dev

elop

men

ts (A

pplie

d R

&D

sta

ck s

yste

ms,

dia

gnos

tic to

ols,

sy

stem

mod

ellin

g, re

duct

ion

of s

yste

m c

ompl

exity

, im

prov

emen

t of

perfo

rman

ces)

By-

prod

uct H

2Po

wer

Gen

erat

ion

Port

able

gen

erat

ors,

Bac

k-up

pow

er, U

PS

(BR

: bas

ic re

sear

ch, A

R: a

pplie

d re

sear

ch, D

E: d

emon

stra

tion)



3.4.2 Key priorities The portfolio of actions is shown in Figure 10. The areas are colour-coded. Red circles relate to portable generators, UPS and back-up power, blue to specialist vehicles, yellow to supporting activities, green to by-product hydrogen power generation and grey to micro-fuel cells.



3.4.2 Key priorities The portfolio of actions is shown in Figure 10. The areas are colour-coded. Red circles relate to portable generators, UPS and back-up power, blue to specialist vehicles, yellow to supporting activities, green to by-product hydrogen power generation and grey to micro-fuel cells.

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

41

ww

w.H

FPeu

rope

.org

Figu

re 1

0:

IDA

4 -

Port

folio

of A

ctio

ns

36:P

ilot

dem

onst

ratio

n

44: R

CS

42-4

3: S

timul

atin

g an

d m

eetin

g ea

rly

mar

ket d

eman

d39-4

1: S

MEs

su

ppor

t45

: Soc

io-

econ

omic

s to

ols

Indu

stria

l

Res

earc

h C

omm

unity

Hig

hLo

wM

ediu

mIm

port

ance

for a

chie

ving

the

EU g

oal


By-

prod

uct H

2po

wer

gen

erat

ion

Por

tabl

e ge

nera

tors

Spe

cial

ist v

ehic

les

Mic

ro-fu

el c

ells

Sup

porti

ngA

ctiv

ities

2111 1

30

Stat

e of

the

art

tech

nolo

gy p

roto

type

s

2213 3

312213 3

31

Gen

eral

R&D

2314 4

322314 4

32

Dia

gnos

tic to

ols

2618 8

352618 8

35

Perfo

rman

ces

impr

ovem

ents

2516 6

342516 6

34

Red

uctio

n of

sys

tem

co

mpl

exity

2719 9

372719 9

37

Alp

ha p

rodu

ct te

stin

g

Pre-

Prod

uct d

evel

opm

ent &

dem

onst

ratio

n

Sys

tem

mod

ellin

gBa

sic

R&D2

122

12

717

717

Ref

orm

er

2415 5

332415 5

33

2820 10

382820 10

38

Fuel C

ells f

or E

arly M

arke

ts

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

41

ww

w.H

FPeu

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.org

Figu

re 1

0:

IDA

4 -

Port

folio

of A

ctio

ns

36:P

ilot

dem

onst

ratio

n

44: R

CS

42-4

3: S

timul

atin

g an

d m

eetin

g ea

rly

mar

ket d

eman

d39-4

1: S

MEs

su

ppor

t45

: Soc

io-

econ

omic

s to

ols

Indu

stria

l

Res

earc

h C

omm

unity

Hig

hLo

wM

ediu

mIm

port

ance

for a

chie

ving

the

EU g

oal


By-

prod

uct H

2po

wer

gen

erat

ion

Por

tabl

e ge

nera

tors

Spe

cial

ist v

ehic

les

Mic

ro-fu

el c

ells

Sup

porti

ngA

ctiv

ities

2111 1

30

Stat

e of

the

art

tech

nolo

gy p

roto

type

s

2213 3

312213 3

31

Gen

eral

R&D

2314 4

322314 4

32

Dia

gnos

tic to

ols

2618 8

352618 8

35

Perfo

rman

ces

impr

ovem

ents

2516 6

342516 6

34

Red

uctio

n of

sys

tem

co

mpl

exity

2719 9

372719 9

37

Alp

ha p

rodu

ct te

stin

g

Pre-

Prod

uct d

evel

opm

ent &

dem

onst

ratio

n

Sys

tem

mod

ellin

gBa

sic

R&D2

122

12

717

717

Ref

orm

er

2415 5

332415 5

33

2820 10

382820 10

38

Fuel C

ells f

or E

arly M

arke

ts



3.4.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for this IDA has been estimated at €1110 million. This consists of €234 million for each application - portable fuel cell, micro-fuel cell and specialist vehicle - €244 million for by-product hydrogen power generation and €163 million for supporting activities. A breakdown is presented in Table 3-8. Table 3-8: Resource distribution for IDA 4

Total for specific applications (Portable FCs, Micro FCs,

Specialist vehicles, By-product hydrogen power generation )

Supporting activities Total


947 (85%)

163 (15%)

1110

Of which %R&D 15

%Demonstration 85 Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 13% of the resources on R&D and 87% on demonstration and supporting activities. Following the approach for IDA 1, a scenario for the distribution of these resources is given in Figure 11. Note that the breakdown of resource distribution for R&D and Demonstration activities only applies to portable generators, UPS and Back-up power systems, specialist vehicles, and industrial power generation using fuel cells fed by by-product hydrogen. Figure 11: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 412

-50

100150200250300350400450

2007 - 2009 2009 - 2012 2010 - 2013

a Early fieldtesting

Demonstration& market

Demonstration& Deployment

Res

ourc

es (i

n M


R&D

The integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration described in the introduction to this IDA is embedded in the proposed resource distribution between R&D 12 Please note that the amount of resources – € 234 M - allocated to micro fuel cells is not included in this breakdown. This is because the European industry has not decided yet on its preferred business model for micro – FCs, i.e. whether to concentrate on suppliers to global OEMs or OEMs themselves.



3.4.3 Resource requirements The overall resource requirement for this IDA has been estimated at €1110 million. This consists of €234 million for each application - portable fuel cell, micro-fuel cell and specialist vehicle - €244 million for by-product hydrogen power generation and €163 million for supporting activities. A breakdown is presented in Table 3-8. Table 3-8: Resource distribution for IDA 4

Total for specific applications (Portable FCs, Micro FCs,

Specialist vehicles, By-product hydrogen power generation )

Supporting activities Total


947 (85%)

163 (15%)

1110

Of which %R&D 15

%Demonstration 85 Within this IDA it is planned to spend roughly 13% of the resources on R&D and 87% on demonstration and supporting activities. Following the approach for IDA 1, a scenario for the distribution of these resources is given in Figure 11. Note that the breakdown of resource distribution for R&D and Demonstration activities only applies to portable generators, UPS and Back-up power systems, specialist vehicles, and industrial power generation using fuel cells fed by by-product hydrogen. Figure 11: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 412

-50

100150200250300350400450

2007 - 2009 2009 - 2012 2010 - 2013

a Early fieldtesting

Demonstration& market

Demonstration& Deployment

Res

ourc

es (i

n M


R&D

The integrated and iterative process of development and demonstration described in the introduction to this IDA is embedded in the proposed resource distribution between R&D 12 Please note that the amount of resources – € 234 M - allocated to micro fuel cells is not included in this breakdown. This is because the European industry has not decided yet on its preferred business model for micro – FCs, i.e. whether to concentrate on suppliers to global OEMs or OEMs themselves.



and demonstration activities, with resources growing over time as market deployment is approached. Recognising the importance of these early markets in strengthening and developing the EU industry base, it is proposed from the beginning of this programme to launch a set of actions to support and foster the involvement of SMEs in this field, and to develop innovative financial options with a special focus on their equity dilemma. 3.5 Programme highlights

3.5.1 Priority highlights Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations IDA 1 addresses transport applications, emphasising road transport, as well as other transport applications, to meet EU goals on competitiveness and sustainable mobility. The top priority is the development of competitive hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles with an emphasis on vehicle component performance and reliability, plus the establishment and testing of a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, and the full range of supporting elements for market deployment and increasing industry capacity. A second priority level is given to efficient fuel cell-based APUs. Critical actions are also foreseen – on regulations, codes and standards, manufacturing and supply chain development – to support the industrialisation phase and mass market roll-out. Sustainable hydrogen production and supply IDA 2 is vital for meeting the programme’s contribution to the EU's environmental and security of energy supply goals. A high priority is given in this plan to low temperature electrolysis, a modular technology that allows for the integration of renewable energy sources. At a later stage, with rising demand in hydrogen, biomass-to-hydrogen and fossil-based technologies with capture and carbon sequestration will take up a growing share in the hydrogen supply chain. These are therefore allocated a medium or lower priority level. The development of advanced hydrogen production pathways and of alternative hydrogen storage technologies is prioritised in the longer term, as key elements for implementing a sustainable supply infrastructure. The development of techno-socio-economic tools that can provide integrated analysis of the whole hydrogen value chain is of prime importance. Large investments in infrastructure will be necessary to implement a fully-fledged hydrogen economy. Such analyses are considered as a high priority within the early days of the programme. Fuel cells for CHP and power generation As indicated, the target of 1 GW capacity of fuel cells in operation by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed. Although these three technologies are in different stages of maturity with MCFC being closer to commercialisation while SOFC is in its early stage of development, none has been fully qualified to be successfully deployed in competitive markets. It is therefore an aim of this IDA to follow an integrated approach for all these technologies that includes basic, applied research-oriented and industry-related actions. The amount of effort dedicated to each technology for research and development and demonstration projects will be matched to their developing maturity as they evolve during the timeframe of this programme. As a result, a strong focus is given on SOFC in line with its ability to be



and demonstration activities, with resources growing over time as market deployment is approached. Recognising the importance of these early markets in strengthening and developing the EU industry base, it is proposed from the beginning of this programme to launch a set of actions to support and foster the involvement of SMEs in this field, and to develop innovative financial options with a special focus on their equity dilemma. 3.5 Programme highlights

3.5.1 Priority highlights Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling stations IDA 1 addresses transport applications, emphasising road transport, as well as other transport applications, to meet EU goals on competitiveness and sustainable mobility. The top priority is the development of competitive hydrogen-fuel cell vehicles with an emphasis on vehicle component performance and reliability, plus the establishment and testing of a hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, and the full range of supporting elements for market deployment and increasing industry capacity. A second priority level is given to efficient fuel cell-based APUs. Critical actions are also foreseen – on regulations, codes and standards, manufacturing and supply chain development – to support the industrialisation phase and mass market roll-out. Sustainable hydrogen production and supply IDA 2 is vital for meeting the programme’s contribution to the EU's environmental and security of energy supply goals. A high priority is given in this plan to low temperature electrolysis, a modular technology that allows for the integration of renewable energy sources. At a later stage, with rising demand in hydrogen, biomass-to-hydrogen and fossil-based technologies with capture and carbon sequestration will take up a growing share in the hydrogen supply chain. These are therefore allocated a medium or lower priority level. The development of advanced hydrogen production pathways and of alternative hydrogen storage technologies is prioritised in the longer term, as key elements for implementing a sustainable supply infrastructure. The development of techno-socio-economic tools that can provide integrated analysis of the whole hydrogen value chain is of prime importance. Large investments in infrastructure will be necessary to implement a fully-fledged hydrogen economy. Such analyses are considered as a high priority within the early days of the programme. Fuel cells for CHP and power generation As indicated, the target of 1 GW capacity of fuel cells in operation by 2015 requires all three technologies, PEMFC, SOFC and MCFC, to be deployed. Although these three technologies are in different stages of maturity with MCFC being closer to commercialisation while SOFC is in its early stage of development, none has been fully qualified to be successfully deployed in competitive markets. It is therefore an aim of this IDA to follow an integrated approach for all these technologies that includes basic, applied research-oriented and industry-related actions. The amount of effort dedicated to each technology for research and development and demonstration projects will be matched to their developing maturity as they evolve during the timeframe of this programme. As a result, a strong focus is given on SOFC in line with its ability to be



exploited in both residential and industrial markets and the strength of the EU industrial base. Fuel cells for Early markets Given the key importance of early markets in preparing for the hydrogen economy, the programme focuses on several short term demonstrations, the development of fuel cell power modules and the creation of industrial capability. Top priorities are to foster SME development, to stimulate early demand through buyers’ pools and joint procurement schemes, and to ensure that local partnerships and regulatory measures are in place to sustain the deployment of early market fuel cell products. On the technology front, a high priority is given to applied research on fuel cell stacks and components, to improve their performances and lower their costs through materials and manufacturing R&D while achieving overall simplification of these systems. A high priority is also given to volume manufacturing processes, system compactness, power electronics and control, and the use of alternative fuels. Strategic Support Services The implementation of this programme will require coordination with other initiatives on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, with other technology platforms, and with regulations, codes and standards bodies at the national, regional, European and international levels. Support for regulatory activities (for example via ISO, IEC and UN/ECE) will be required to achieve EU-wide and global harmonisation of this emerging technology. Such strategic activities span all four IDAs and may require close coordination at EU level. Because of their generic nature, they have not been allocated to specific IDAs. They could come under the responsibility of the JTI Programme Office or be managed through an inter-IDA organisation. This may also apply to safety and risk management, to harmonising procedures across the EU and globally, and to facilitating the design and consent for demonstration activities under this programme. Research in support of these activities, for example demonstrating that hydrogen bears no more risks than conventional fuels, will be addressed by the respective IDAs, with activities at both component and system levels. A long-term investment in education and training in this area will be made at the EU level and activities on this front have been recommended 13. Other strategic activities include public awareness and establishing and maintaining harmonised databases of techno-socio-economic data. 3.5.2 Overall resource requirements The overall resources, presented in Table 3-9, required to achieve the goals specified in the Innovation and Development Actions of this programme amount to €7383 million for the next seven years.

13 Preliminary estimate of the resources identified by the IP for education related actions is € 18M.



exploited in both residential and industrial markets and the strength of the EU industrial base. Fuel cells for Early markets Given the key importance of early markets in preparing for the hydrogen economy, the programme focuses on several short term demonstrations, the development of fuel cell power modules and the creation of industrial capability. Top priorities are to foster SME development, to stimulate early demand through buyers’ pools and joint procurement schemes, and to ensure that local partnerships and regulatory measures are in place to sustain the deployment of early market fuel cell products. On the technology front, a high priority is given to applied research on fuel cell stacks and components, to improve their performances and lower their costs through materials and manufacturing R&D while achieving overall simplification of these systems. A high priority is also given to volume manufacturing processes, system compactness, power electronics and control, and the use of alternative fuels. Strategic Support Services The implementation of this programme will require coordination with other initiatives on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, with other technology platforms, and with regulations, codes and standards bodies at the national, regional, European and international levels. Support for regulatory activities (for example via ISO, IEC and UN/ECE) will be required to achieve EU-wide and global harmonisation of this emerging technology. Such strategic activities span all four IDAs and may require close coordination at EU level. Because of their generic nature, they have not been allocated to specific IDAs. They could come under the responsibility of the JTI Programme Office or be managed through an inter-IDA organisation. This may also apply to safety and risk management, to harmonising procedures across the EU and globally, and to facilitating the design and consent for demonstration activities under this programme. Research in support of these activities, for example demonstrating that hydrogen bears no more risks than conventional fuels, will be addressed by the respective IDAs, with activities at both component and system levels. A long-term investment in education and training in this area will be made at the EU level and activities on this front have been recommended 13. Other strategic activities include public awareness and establishing and maintaining harmonised databases of techno-socio-economic data. 3.5.2 Overall resource requirements The overall resources, presented in Table 3-9, required to achieve the goals specified in the Innovation and Development Actions of this programme amount to €7383 million for the next seven years.

13 Preliminary estimate of the resources identified by the IP for education related actions is € 18M.



This total includes public and private contributions to activities that are carried out under joint public-private funding schemes at EU, national, regional and local levels such as the European 7th Framework Programme and a possible future JTI. It does not include activities carried out by private stakeholders without any public contribution. Funding of research organisations carrying out basic research is only included where it complements public funding. During the 6th Framework Programme, the European Commission spent €300 million on hydrogen and fuel cell RTD & D activities, an average of €75 million per year. The overall budget for the 7th Framework Programme is substantially larger than for FP6. For example the indicative breakdown amount for Energy in the Cooperation theme is €2350 milllion, 40% more than in FP6. This increase is expected to translate into higher budgets for hydrogen and fuel cells as part of FP7 over the duration of the programme. National budgets for this technology across Europe have been estimated by the HY-CO ERA-Net to amount to around €200 million per year, plus additional funds through recently announced Member States programmes such as that of Germany, which amounts to some €50 million per year for the coming 10 years. Regional funding in some Member states is significant, but is difficult to quantify because of differences in reporting from country to country. It is estimated that public funding in this area may amount to €320-350 million per year across Europe. If this were to continue for the coming years, it would provide about €2.2 - 2.5 billion over the duration of the proposed programme. Complemented by the higher share of private budgets required for demonstrations and outlined below, this would imply that the proposed programme is a realisable proposition. But this “business as usual” scenario will not be able to meet the resources required to fully implement the proposed Programme. It is often noted that the global automotive industry alone spends a large proportion of this figure (about €5 billion) per year on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, whereas the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) cites global public funded RTD at $1 billion per year, about €770 million at February 2007 exchange rates. In addition, major European industries said in their joint declaration during the 3rd General Assembly of the HFP in October 2006 that industry is set to invest over €5 billion in the next 10 years in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, including publicly funded projects14. The signatories to that declaration anticipate the level of industry investment to continue and probably increase well beyond 2016. Two conclusions can be drawn from these estimates: ● The resources necessary to undertake the proposed programme for achieving the

consensus goals of “Snapshot 2020” for Europe represent an achievable increase over current or already planned spending, from both public and private sources

● Funding at the European level has an important role to play in focusing the various sources of public funding on the joint acheivement of common goals. Without major contributions from Member states and regions it will not be possible to achieve the common goals set by this Implementation Plan

In terms of the resource distribution between the different applications targeted within this programme, a roughly equal share for transport and stationary applications is

14 The declaration of the industrial stakeholders can be found at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/ga06-press-releases



This total includes public and private contributions to activities that are carried out under joint public-private funding schemes at EU, national, regional and local levels such as the European 7th Framework Programme and a possible future JTI. It does not include activities carried out by private stakeholders without any public contribution. Funding of research organisations carrying out basic research is only included where it complements public funding. During the 6th Framework Programme, the European Commission spent €300 million on hydrogen and fuel cell RTD & D activities, an average of €75 million per year. The overall budget for the 7th Framework Programme is substantially larger than for FP6. For example the indicative breakdown amount for Energy in the Cooperation theme is €2350 milllion, 40% more than in FP6. This increase is expected to translate into higher budgets for hydrogen and fuel cells as part of FP7 over the duration of the programme. National budgets for this technology across Europe have been estimated by the HY-CO ERA-Net to amount to around €200 million per year, plus additional funds through recently announced Member States programmes such as that of Germany, which amounts to some €50 million per year for the coming 10 years. Regional funding in some Member states is significant, but is difficult to quantify because of differences in reporting from country to country. It is estimated that public funding in this area may amount to €320-350 million per year across Europe. If this were to continue for the coming years, it would provide about €2.2 - 2.5 billion over the duration of the proposed programme. Complemented by the higher share of private budgets required for demonstrations and outlined below, this would imply that the proposed programme is a realisable proposition. But this “business as usual” scenario will not be able to meet the resources required to fully implement the proposed Programme. It is often noted that the global automotive industry alone spends a large proportion of this figure (about €5 billion) per year on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, whereas the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) cites global public funded RTD at $1 billion per year, about €770 million at February 2007 exchange rates. In addition, major European industries said in their joint declaration during the 3rd General Assembly of the HFP in October 2006 that industry is set to invest over €5 billion in the next 10 years in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, including publicly funded projects14. The signatories to that declaration anticipate the level of industry investment to continue and probably increase well beyond 2016. Two conclusions can be drawn from these estimates: ● The resources necessary to undertake the proposed programme for achieving the

consensus goals of “Snapshot 2020” for Europe represent an achievable increase over current or already planned spending, from both public and private sources

● Funding at the European level has an important role to play in focusing the various sources of public funding on the joint acheivement of common goals. Without major contributions from Member states and regions it will not be possible to achieve the common goals set by this Implementation Plan

In terms of the resource distribution between the different applications targeted within this programme, a roughly equal share for transport and stationary applications is

14 The declaration of the industrial stakeholders can be found at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/ga06-press-releases



proposed, with 36% and 39% of the resources respectively. These recommendations draw upon the recommendations of the DS Report 2005. These were: for road transport €1.5 billion, for industrial stationary fuel cells €1.56 billion and for residential fuel cells €740 million. Recognising the role of early and premium markets for deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and for building up industrial capacity, is recommended to allocate 15% of the resources to foster SME development and boost technological development in four main promising early and premium markets. The second IDA accounts for 10% of the overall programme resources. Significant resources are dedicated to upstream and downstream research and development work to solving critical technological challenges. Their removal would raise the sustainability of hydrogen production pathways in the medium term and open up new production avenues for long term production and hydrogen transport. It should be noted that hydrogen refuelling infrastructure is an integral part of the first IDA. The outcomes of this second IDA are designed to be taken up within the large-scale demonstration activities proposed in other IDAs. Table 3-9: Breakdown of the programme resources at the IDA level

IDA 1 IDA 2 IDA 3 IDA 4 Total

Programme resources in M€

(% within the programme)

2661 (36%)

759 (10%)

2853 (39%)

1110 (15%)

7383

Of which % R&D 30% 56% 25% 13% 28%

% Demonstration 63% 38% 74% 72% 66%

% Supporting

Activities 7% 6% 1% 15% 6% This market-driven programme, with a focus on delivering “Snapshot 2020,” proposes that 66% of its resources support demonstration activities with two main goals - validating technologies under real market conditions and preparing for mass market deployment. Such a high share of funding for demonstration activities may be a novel use of Community budgets but it could be met through increased investments from other public sources and the private sector. Technology validation activities will be more predominant in the first half of this programme, while commercialisation preparation activities will grow in importance in the later phase of this programme. In line with these deployment efforts, support activities have a high profile with roughly 6% of the total resources. The importance of the remaining challenges facing fuel cell and hydrogen technologies is recognised by their 28% share for research and development activities. 3.6 Synergies This programme addresses the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for different markets and time horizons. An integrated and comprehensive approach has been adopted in the design of the programme to fulfill the needs of each IDA while capitalizing on the work performed on similar areas in other IDAs. These synergies are crucial to • speeding up the learning process in different sectors, and ensure the interoperability



proposed, with 36% and 39% of the resources respectively. These recommendations draw upon the recommendations of the DS Report 2005. These were: for road transport €1.5 billion, for industrial stationary fuel cells €1.56 billion and for residential fuel cells €740 million. Recognising the role of early and premium markets for deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and for building up industrial capacity, is recommended to allocate 15% of the resources to foster SME development and boost technological development in four main promising early and premium markets. The second IDA accounts for 10% of the overall programme resources. Significant resources are dedicated to upstream and downstream research and development work to solving critical technological challenges. Their removal would raise the sustainability of hydrogen production pathways in the medium term and open up new production avenues for long term production and hydrogen transport. It should be noted that hydrogen refuelling infrastructure is an integral part of the first IDA. The outcomes of this second IDA are designed to be taken up within the large-scale demonstration activities proposed in other IDAs. Table 3-9: Breakdown of the programme resources at the IDA level

IDA 1 IDA 2 IDA 3 IDA 4 Total

Programme resources in M€

(% within the programme)

2661 (36%)

759 (10%)

2853 (39%)

1110 (15%)

7383

Of which % R&D 30% 56% 25% 13% 28%

% Demonstration 63% 38% 74% 72% 66%

% Supporting

Activities 7% 6% 1% 15% 6% This market-driven programme, with a focus on delivering “Snapshot 2020,” proposes that 66% of its resources support demonstration activities with two main goals - validating technologies under real market conditions and preparing for mass market deployment. Such a high share of funding for demonstration activities may be a novel use of Community budgets but it could be met through increased investments from other public sources and the private sector. Technology validation activities will be more predominant in the first half of this programme, while commercialisation preparation activities will grow in importance in the later phase of this programme. In line with these deployment efforts, support activities have a high profile with roughly 6% of the total resources. The importance of the remaining challenges facing fuel cell and hydrogen technologies is recognised by their 28% share for research and development activities. 3.6 Synergies This programme addresses the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for different markets and time horizons. An integrated and comprehensive approach has been adopted in the design of the programme to fulfill the needs of each IDA while capitalizing on the work performed on similar areas in other IDAs. These synergies are crucial to • speeding up the learning process in different sectors, and ensure the interoperability



of industrial and energy infrastructure across the applications • ensuring the development of a regulatory framework, support schemes and human

capacity across all sectors • fostering the exchange of industrial best practice and know-how, while creating

opportunities and bolstering cooperation between stakeholders from all sectors • streamlining the use of finite resources A number of synergies have already been highlighted in the description of the different IDAs. These are summarised in this section and are categorised as technical and non-technical, or market enablers. Synergies between market enablers are of particular importance in establishing a framework for the deployment of the technologies and for the development of the EU industry. This plan therefore suggests actions on cross-cutting issues such as strengthening and expanding the supplier base, with a special focus on SMEs, human capital build-up, the development of socio-economic strategic analyses modelling and decision-making tools, regulations codes and standards, public awareness, safety and recycling issues. These are included into the IDAs and referred to as supporting activities. Some elements of these though may be best organised and executed centrally, perhaps via the JTI programme office. Topics have been assigned to a specific IDA by a lead application analogue approach. Thus the IDA that either had the highest level of existing know-how in the area (IDA 1 for recycling due to the End of Live Directive for Automobiles, for example) or the most pressing need (e.g IDA 4 for public procurement and buyer pools or SME financing) became the owner of the relevant action and its planned expenditure. But these actions are important for all IDAs. Safety is of key importance not only for transport but also for stationary applications and hydrogen refuelling. Table 3-10 summarises the main cross-cutting issues dealt with in this plan. Table 3-10: Summary of cross-cutting issues

Action focus

Details Action number

Solving the people capacity bottleneck for growth

post-graduate and professional development training, development of an EU network of graduate courses, EU wide national curriculum integration programme for H2 & FC

IDA1: 33, Strategic Support Services

Developing and Implementing Harmonised RCS

development of a coordinated EU Strategy towards RCS, sectoral RCS developments

IDA1: 34-39, IDA3 - 8, IDA4 – 44

Socio-economic modelling and tools

harmonised and integrated database, market analysis, Planning tools, initiating the European H2 & FC Business Observatory

IDA2: 18-23, IDA4 – 45

Stimulating and Meeting Early Demand

financial schemes for building production volumes, public awareness, support buyers’ pools, role of regions and public private partnerships, public procurement and incitivised product price

IDA1: 40-41, IDA4: 42-43, IDA3 - 9

Developing a healthy European scene for Hydrogen and Fuel

Cells

financial options for start-ups, SMEs, SMEs promotion, research and Academia primed for spin-off, outreach and involvement programme for SMEs

IDA4: 39-41. IDA1 - 32

Recycling develop recycling technologies, regulatory framework, demonstration recycling plant IDA1: 42-44



of industrial and energy infrastructure across the applications • ensuring the development of a regulatory framework, support schemes and human

capacity across all sectors • fostering the exchange of industrial best practice and know-how, while creating

opportunities and bolstering cooperation between stakeholders from all sectors • streamlining the use of finite resources A number of synergies have already been highlighted in the description of the different IDAs. These are summarised in this section and are categorised as technical and non-technical, or market enablers. Synergies between market enablers are of particular importance in establishing a framework for the deployment of the technologies and for the development of the EU industry. This plan therefore suggests actions on cross-cutting issues such as strengthening and expanding the supplier base, with a special focus on SMEs, human capital build-up, the development of socio-economic strategic analyses modelling and decision-making tools, regulations codes and standards, public awareness, safety and recycling issues. These are included into the IDAs and referred to as supporting activities. Some elements of these though may be best organised and executed centrally, perhaps via the JTI programme office. Topics have been assigned to a specific IDA by a lead application analogue approach. Thus the IDA that either had the highest level of existing know-how in the area (IDA 1 for recycling due to the End of Live Directive for Automobiles, for example) or the most pressing need (e.g IDA 4 for public procurement and buyer pools or SME financing) became the owner of the relevant action and its planned expenditure. But these actions are important for all IDAs. Safety is of key importance not only for transport but also for stationary applications and hydrogen refuelling. Table 3-10 summarises the main cross-cutting issues dealt with in this plan. Table 3-10: Summary of cross-cutting issues

Action focus

Details Action number

Solving the people capacity bottleneck for growth

post-graduate and professional development training, development of an EU network of graduate courses, EU wide national curriculum integration programme for H2 & FC

IDA1: 33, Strategic Support Services

Developing and Implementing Harmonised RCS

development of a coordinated EU Strategy towards RCS, sectoral RCS developments

IDA1: 34-39, IDA3 - 8, IDA4 – 44

Socio-economic modelling and tools

harmonised and integrated database, market analysis, Planning tools, initiating the European H2 & FC Business Observatory

IDA2: 18-23, IDA4 – 45

Stimulating and Meeting Early Demand

financial schemes for building production volumes, public awareness, support buyers’ pools, role of regions and public private partnerships, public procurement and incitivised product price

IDA1: 40-41, IDA4: 42-43, IDA3 - 9

Developing a healthy European scene for Hydrogen and Fuel

Cells

financial options for start-ups, SMEs, SMEs promotion, research and Academia primed for spin-off, outreach and involvement programme for SMEs

IDA4: 39-41. IDA1 - 32

Recycling develop recycling technologies, regulatory framework, demonstration recycling plant IDA1: 42-44



Advancing hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to the market will require important developments in materials, manufacturing techniques, components, energy and industrial infrastructures. Although the requirements can differ from one technology to another or one application to another, integrated research, development and demonstration can be of great value and effectiveness. Synergies between IDA 3 as the lead application for SOFC and MCFC developments and IDA 1 and 4 show how outcomes from actions on stationary fuel cells will feed into system integration on APU for all transport modes, and support early-market portable generators, UPS and backup power application developments. Actions on PEM and fuel cell component development in IDA 1, such as those targeting road applications, and cross-technology research and development actions in IDA 3, are another example of this approach. Table 3-11 summarises the potential synergies between different IDAs. Table 3-11: Fields of potential technological synergies between IDAs

IDA 4

• SOFC, • PEMFC,• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments

IDA 3

• H2 by product• SOFC, HT Electrolysers

IDA 2


• SOFC• PEMFC• MCFC• Manufacturing• Fuel processing• System and components developments

•Off/on board hydrogen storage•Fuel processing•Refuelling stations/ fleet vehicles

IDA 1

IDA 4IDA 3IDA 2IDA 1

IDA 4


IDA 3


IDA 2




IDA 1


In recent years, a number of European technology platforms (ETPs) have been established in various industrial fields. Several have a direct link or influence on the hydrogen and fuel cell programmes. It is chosen to draw on the work of these platforms, rather than competing for scarce investment resources. For instance, Carbon Capture and Storage is expected to be addressed within other programmes to be proposed by the Zero Emission Fossil Fuels Power Plants Technology Platform (ZEP). ZEP and HF are obvious potential partners on developing and deploying CCS technologies for hydrogen production. Possible engagements with other technology platforms include work with BIOFRAC for synergies between BTH and Biofuels pathways, SUSCHEM (sustainable chemistry) for material developments and MANUFUTURE on manufacturing and process engineering issues15. 15http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms/home_en.html



Advancing hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to the market will require important developments in materials, manufacturing techniques, components, energy and industrial infrastructures. Although the requirements can differ from one technology to another or one application to another, integrated research, development and demonstration can be of great value and effectiveness. Synergies between IDA 3 as the lead application for SOFC and MCFC developments and IDA 1 and 4 show how outcomes from actions on stationary fuel cells will feed into system integration on APU for all transport modes, and support early-market portable generators, UPS and backup power application developments. Actions on PEM and fuel cell component development in IDA 1, such as those targeting road applications, and cross-technology research and development actions in IDA 3, are another example of this approach. Table 3-11 summarises the potential synergies between different IDAs. Table 3-11: Fields of potential technological synergies between IDAs

IDA 4


IDA 3


IDA 2




IDA 1


IDA 4


IDA 3


IDA 2




IDA 1


In recent years, a number of European technology platforms (ETPs) have been established in various industrial fields. Several have a direct link or influence on the hydrogen and fuel cell programmes. It is chosen to draw on the work of these platforms, rather than competing for scarce investment resources. For instance, Carbon Capture and Storage is expected to be addressed within other programmes to be proposed by the Zero Emission Fossil Fuels Power Plants Technology Platform (ZEP). ZEP and HF are obvious potential partners on developing and deploying CCS technologies for hydrogen production. Possible engagements with other technology platforms include work with BIOFRAC for synergies between BTH and Biofuels pathways, SUSCHEM (sustainable chemistry) for material developments and MANUFUTURE on manufacturing and process engineering issues15. 15http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms/home_en.html



Following the same approach, a number of “transition technologies” towards hydrogen and fuel cells have been identified, such as hybrid electric cars and combustion engines for stationary applications. They can help support early market introduction of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. There are no specific actions related to these in the programme but due to their importance it is recommended that they be addressed by other RD&D programmes. Finally, this technology could have both civil and defense applications. There are possibilities for cooperation and joint development activities including developments led by defence applications. Procurement opportunities should be explored and encouraged with other European entities, such as the European Defense Agency. 3.7 Managerial aspects It is recommended that the planning of this programme should be flexible enough to allow for technological breakthroughs and other changes in the overall environment as they arise along the 7-10 years of the programme’s lifespan. As noted before this programme is structured around two phases, the earlier dedicated primarily to R&D and early markets, and the later focused mainly on validating and demonstrating the results of the R&D work. The outcomes of the technology validation and demonstration will feed into a new phase of R&D that will address the remaining critical challenges for commercialisation and pursue new pathways for breakthroughs. Therefore, after the first phase of the programme, the approach to overcoming the technological obstacles has to be critically reviewed for each IDA. In particular, a review of the outcomes from the research, demonstration and development carried out during the first phase of the programme is recommended. It may lead to adjustments to the balance of effort currently proposed for the second phase, affecting whether more R&D or more demonstration is needed to ensure the commercialisation of these technologies. It should be noted that the distinction between RTD and demonstration is neither strict nor clear-cut. The more applied a research activity is, the more it can be regarded as a demonstration. Indeed, one goal of demonstration projects is to show the viability of a technology at an appropriate scale. This might begin with first generation prototypes or single pilot validation testing and move on to light-house projects, to satisfy independent evaluation and potential end-users prior to commercialisation. Given that the programme is driven by the market principle, it is unavoidable that its details may change as circumstances change. To ensure this, the portfolio of RTD and demonstration activities within each action should be managed in the context of the market targets. There should be continuous feedback between RTD and demonstration, as depicted in Figure 12 below. R&D milestones will measure progress towards the demonstration phase, which in turn may lead to decisions on commercialisation. A variety of approaches will be developed by the stakeholders to overcome technological challenges, and a diverse range of products will be designed in line with different companies’ corporate strategies. Detailed interim milestones at the project level should be defined as part of the management of the programme. This level of management will also allow the synergies described in section 3.6 to be best dealt with. Table 3-11 may serve as a management tool in this respect.



Following the same approach, a number of “transition technologies” towards hydrogen and fuel cells have been identified, such as hybrid electric cars and combustion engines for stationary applications. They can help support early market introduction of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. There are no specific actions related to these in the programme but due to their importance it is recommended that they be addressed by other RD&D programmes. Finally, this technology could have both civil and defense applications. There are possibilities for cooperation and joint development activities including developments led by defence applications. Procurement opportunities should be explored and encouraged with other European entities, such as the European Defense Agency. 3.7 Managerial aspects It is recommended that the planning of this programme should be flexible enough to allow for technological breakthroughs and other changes in the overall environment as they arise along the 7-10 years of the programme’s lifespan. As noted before this programme is structured around two phases, the earlier dedicated primarily to R&D and early markets, and the later focused mainly on validating and demonstrating the results of the R&D work. The outcomes of the technology validation and demonstration will feed into a new phase of R&D that will address the remaining critical challenges for commercialisation and pursue new pathways for breakthroughs. Therefore, after the first phase of the programme, the approach to overcoming the technological obstacles has to be critically reviewed for each IDA. In particular, a review of the outcomes from the research, demonstration and development carried out during the first phase of the programme is recommended. It may lead to adjustments to the balance of effort currently proposed for the second phase, affecting whether more R&D or more demonstration is needed to ensure the commercialisation of these technologies. It should be noted that the distinction between RTD and demonstration is neither strict nor clear-cut. The more applied a research activity is, the more it can be regarded as a demonstration. Indeed, one goal of demonstration projects is to show the viability of a technology at an appropriate scale. This might begin with first generation prototypes or single pilot validation testing and move on to light-house projects, to satisfy independent evaluation and potential end-users prior to commercialisation. Given that the programme is driven by the market principle, it is unavoidable that its details may change as circumstances change. To ensure this, the portfolio of RTD and demonstration activities within each action should be managed in the context of the market targets. There should be continuous feedback between RTD and demonstration, as depicted in Figure 12 below. R&D milestones will measure progress towards the demonstration phase, which in turn may lead to decisions on commercialisation. A variety of approaches will be developed by the stakeholders to overcome technological challenges, and a diverse range of products will be designed in line with different companies’ corporate strategies. Detailed interim milestones at the project level should be defined as part of the management of the programme. This level of management will also allow the synergies described in section 3.6 to be best dealt with. Table 3-11 may serve as a management tool in this respect.



MARKET

DeploymentMarket Growth

Validation

Feedback,Lessons learned

Applications,Targets, Needs, Requirements

Kno

wle

dge

Bas

e

DEMONSTRATIONRTD

Common Assessment Framework

Figure 12. Schematic of programme interactions between RTD, Demonstration and Market.

Finally, special attention should be paid to SMEs as critical players in the EU fuel cell supply chain. It is crucial to ensure their participation in demonstration activities as well as to support them in finding access to national, regional and EU funding. Specific schemes should be devised to account for these issues, such as simplified procedures backed up by training initiatives, and collaborative mechanisms for participation. Innovative financial instruments, such as the European Investment Bank's Risk Sharing Finance Facility (RSFF), and similar product developments currently under way, are also expected to play a role in building up the European hydrogen and fuel cell industry.



MARKET

DeploymentMarket Growth

Validation

Feedback,Lessons learned

Applications,Targets, Needs, Requirements

Kno

wle

dge

Bas

e

DEMONSTRATIONRTD

Common Assessment Framework

Figure 12. Schematic of programme interactions between RTD, Demonstration and Market.

Finally, special attention should be paid to SMEs as critical players in the EU fuel cell supply chain. It is crucial to ensure their participation in demonstration activities as well as to support them in finding access to national, regional and EU funding. Specific schemes should be devised to account for these issues, such as simplified procedures backed up by training initiatives, and collaborative mechanisms for participation. Innovative financial instruments, such as the European Investment Bank's Risk Sharing Finance Facility (RSFF), and similar product developments currently under way, are also expected to play a role in building up the European hydrogen and fuel cell industry.



4 Joint Technology Initiative

A strongly rooted and long-term public private partnership on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies is needed:

• to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy economy and ensure Europe will take a leading role in global energy technology development

• to leverage efforts to make sure technology will progress rapidly • to set the framework for coherent research and deployment activities with clear

commercialisation targets, and avoid fragmentation of investment A Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) is foreseen as an industrially led RTD & Demonstration programme carried out by a public-private partnership to address these needs. Its scope is to deliver robust hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to the point of commercial takeoff in 2010 for early market applications, in 2015 for stationary applications, and mass market roll-out by 2020 for transport applications. This will significantly enhance Europe's competitiveness and in the longer term address Europe’s energy policy drivers. Priorities within the JTI activities should reflect these collective public benefits. The formal aspects of a JTI such as its legal structure and governance are under consideration among the stakeholders of the HFP. The task of this Implementation Plan is to recommend the portfolio of integrated RTD & D actions and market enabling activities that are needed at European level to realise “Snapshot 2020.” This includes the core contents of the proposed JTI as well as upstream research needs as appropriate. It is broadly understood that the overall programme described in this Implementation Plan should be structured into JTI activities focused on market and product-specific needs, and on research which can provide new ideas and concepts to improve hydrogen and fuel cell technology in parallel to its deployment and commercialisation. In general, the activities carried out through the JTI will be market-driven with a time focus on 2015 - 2020, encompassing applied R&D and demonstration, accompanied by market preparatory activities. They should be focused on the basis of the four IDAs described in the document. It will be crucial to build upon synergies between these areas and to implement appropriate processes to realise them. Figure 13 will be utilised to elaborate a possible scenario for including actions from IDA 1 in the JTI. It is based on meeting the EU’s goals, on possible contributions by the different stakeholder groups as discussed in section 2.2, on the availability of resources, and on the public and or private interest in pursuing specific goals.



4 Joint Technology Initiative

A strongly rooted and long-term public private partnership on hydrogen and fuel cell technologies is needed:

• to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy economy and ensure Europe will take a leading role in global energy technology development

• to leverage efforts to make sure technology will progress rapidly • to set the framework for coherent research and deployment activities with clear

commercialisation targets, and avoid fragmentation of investment A Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) is foreseen as an industrially led RTD & Demonstration programme carried out by a public-private partnership to address these needs. Its scope is to deliver robust hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to the point of commercial takeoff in 2010 for early market applications, in 2015 for stationary applications, and mass market roll-out by 2020 for transport applications. This will significantly enhance Europe's competitiveness and in the longer term address Europe’s energy policy drivers. Priorities within the JTI activities should reflect these collective public benefits. The formal aspects of a JTI such as its legal structure and governance are under consideration among the stakeholders of the HFP. The task of this Implementation Plan is to recommend the portfolio of integrated RTD & D actions and market enabling activities that are needed at European level to realise “Snapshot 2020.” This includes the core contents of the proposed JTI as well as upstream research needs as appropriate. It is broadly understood that the overall programme described in this Implementation Plan should be structured into JTI activities focused on market and product-specific needs, and on research which can provide new ideas and concepts to improve hydrogen and fuel cell technology in parallel to its deployment and commercialisation. In general, the activities carried out through the JTI will be market-driven with a time focus on 2015 - 2020, encompassing applied R&D and demonstration, accompanied by market preparatory activities. They should be focused on the basis of the four IDAs described in the document. It will be crucial to build upon synergies between these areas and to implement appropriate processes to realise them. Figure 13 will be utilised to elaborate a possible scenario for including actions from IDA 1 in the JTI. It is based on meeting the EU’s goals, on possible contributions by the different stakeholder groups as discussed in section 2.2, on the availability of resources, and on the public and or private interest in pursuing specific goals.

52www.HFPeurope.org

As noted in section 2.2, there is a crucial need to implement the high-priority actions by an integrated activity at the EU level. These actions are prime candidates for JTI activities. A strong alignment of national and regional programmes with the JTI portfolio is also important in resource allocation for this activity. The required integration can take several forms. It is proposed to concentrate the core content of the JTI on these actions if 55% of the necessary resources for undertaking IDA 1 become available. As the availability of resources increases, say to 85%, upstream research activities of medium priority could be considered for the JTI, as noted in Figure 13. Then the JTI could act as a vehicle for enhancing cooperation at the EU level, linking to projects under the Framework programme and other initiatives. This would ensure an interface between hydrogen and fuel cell programmes within and beyond the remit of the JTI in the Member States and European Regions.

The resources available to the JTI will depend on the partnership between industry and the research community and their respective will and commitment to carry forward the proposed actions and to pursue specific applications. Hence, the JTI’s portfolio of actions, delimited by the available resources waves, is very likely to deviate from the symmetrical shape depicted for illustrative purposes in Figure 13.


Figure 13: Available resources on the JTI programme against the IDA 1 prioritised actions

52www.HFPeurope.org

As noted in section 2.2, there is a crucial need to implement the high-priority actions by an integrated activity at the EU level. These actions are prime candidates for JTI activities. A strong alignment of national and regional programmes with the JTI portfolio is also important in resource allocation for this activity. The required integration can take several forms. It is proposed to concentrate the core content of the JTI on these actions if 55% of the necessary resources for undertaking IDA 1 become available. As the availability of resources increases, say to 85%, upstream research activities of medium priority could be considered for the JTI, as noted in Figure 13. Then the JTI could act as a vehicle for enhancing cooperation at the EU level, linking to projects under the Framework programme and other initiatives. This would ensure an interface between hydrogen and fuel cell programmes within and beyond the remit of the JTI in the Member States and European Regions.

The resources available to the JTI will depend on the partnership between industry and the research community and their respective will and commitment to carry forward the proposed actions and to pursue specific applications. Hence, the JTI’s portfolio of actions, delimited by the available resources waves, is very likely to deviate from the symmetrical shape depicted for illustrative purposes in Figure 13.


Figure 13: Available resources on the JTI programme against the IDA 1 prioritised actions



GLOSSARY Definitions and nomenclature used in the Implementation Plan

Basic research Research activities addressing basic scientific fundamentals related to critical barriers that can hinder technology commercialisation and deployment in the medium term, and open up new pathways for technology and manufacturing improvements in the long run.

Applied R&D Research activities that directly support the development, operation and commercialisation of products within the duration of the programme.

Demonstration

Development activity for a given technology and/or infrastructure comprising: 1) a validation/field testing phase of prototype/pilot systems including feedback for RTD, proof of safety, endurance testing under real-life conditions. 2) a market preparation phase aiming at infrastructure development and expansion, customer acceptance and regulations development, economic assessment – capital investment, O&M costs for commercial deployment.

Pilot/Prototype systems

Systems in an early stage of integration and optimisation, built for field testing and pre-commercialisation qualification and which include all the basic technical characteristics and performances of the planned commercial product.

Market introduction First step for introducing a new system on the market. This step follows the demonstration development phase and lies ahead of a potential deployment.

Deployment Development phase for a given technology and/or infrastructure from its market introduction to its widespread use.

Roll-out Market penetration and volume growth with time.

Niche markets A small area of trade within the economy, often involving specialised products. Markets of limited sizes concerned with specific applications for a given product.

Early Markets Short-term markets encompassing a group of applications for which products can be commercially deployed within the 2007-2013 timeframe.

Innovation and Deployment Action

A programmatic cluster targeting a specific objective of the programme and encompassing a set of relevant technologies and market enablers along with the actions to achieve it.

Implementable Action A set of activities (R&D and or Demonstration etc.) within an Innovation and Deployment Action targeting specific technologies and market enablers with the goal of developing and/or implementing these systems to the level required to meet the objective assigned to the relevant action cluster.

Lead application concept

An integrated programmatic approach developed in this programme to capitalise on technological and/or market enabling related synergies between different applications. Under this concept at the technology level, technology developments on specific components which can be used by several applications target applications whose market requirements are the most technically and economically challenging and/or are representative of a set of applications. Additional developments to tailor these technologies to other applications' requirements are accounted for within this programme in activities related to system integration. For supporting activities, actions are led by applications that either have the highest level of already existing know-how in the area or the most pressing need.

Cost Total cost of a product covering labour, overheads, materials, manufacture, marketing, transport and installation, setting to work and warranty.

Price The purchase cost of a product to the customer (it usually but not always covers costs as defined above and incorporates a profit margin).



GLOSSARY Definitions and nomenclature used in the Implementation Plan

Basic research Research activities addressing basic scientific fundamentals related to critical barriers that can hinder technology commercialisation and deployment in the medium term, and open up new pathways for technology and manufacturing improvements in the long run.

Applied R&D Research activities that directly support the development, operation and commercialisation of products within the duration of the programme.

Demonstration

Development activity for a given technology and/or infrastructure comprising: 1) a validation/field testing phase of prototype/pilot systems including feedback for RTD, proof of safety, endurance testing under real-life conditions. 2) a market preparation phase aiming at infrastructure development and expansion, customer acceptance and regulations development, economic assessment – capital investment, O&M costs for commercial deployment.

Pilot/Prototype systems

Systems in an early stage of integration and optimisation, built for field testing and pre-commercialisation qualification and which include all the basic technical characteristics and performances of the planned commercial product.

Market introduction First step for introducing a new system on the market. This step follows the demonstration development phase and lies ahead of a potential deployment.

Deployment Development phase for a given technology and/or infrastructure from its market introduction to its widespread use.

Roll-out Market penetration and volume growth with time.

Niche markets A small area of trade within the economy, often involving specialised products. Markets of limited sizes concerned with specific applications for a given product.

Early Markets Short-term markets encompassing a group of applications for which products can be commercially deployed within the 2007-2013 timeframe.

Innovation and Deployment Action

A programmatic cluster targeting a specific objective of the programme and encompassing a set of relevant technologies and market enablers along with the actions to achieve it.

Implementable Action A set of activities (R&D and or Demonstration etc.) within an Innovation and Deployment Action targeting specific technologies and market enablers with the goal of developing and/or implementing these systems to the level required to meet the objective assigned to the relevant action cluster.

Lead application concept

An integrated programmatic approach developed in this programme to capitalise on technological and/or market enabling related synergies between different applications. Under this concept at the technology level, technology developments on specific components which can be used by several applications target applications whose market requirements are the most technically and economically challenging and/or are representative of a set of applications. Additional developments to tailor these technologies to other applications' requirements are accounted for within this programme in activities related to system integration. For supporting activities, actions are led by applications that either have the highest level of already existing know-how in the area or the most pressing need.

Cost Total cost of a product covering labour, overheads, materials, manufacture, marketing, transport and installation, setting to work and warranty.

Price The purchase cost of a product to the customer (it usually but not always covers costs as defined above and incorporates a profit margin).



Acronyms and Abbreviations: APU Auxiliary power unit AC Advisory Council of the HFP BTL Biomass to Hydrogen (Fischer-Tropsch fuel from biomass) CGH2 Compressed gaseous hydrogen CHP Combined heat and power (generation) CTH Coal-to-Hydrogen (Fischer-tropsch fuel from coal) CCS CO2 capture and storage DoE US Department of Energy DS Deployment Strategy FP6 6th Research and Development Framework Program of the European Union

(2002-2006) FP7 7th Research and Development Framework Program of the European Union

(2007-2013) GHG Greenhouse gas (emissions) HFP European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform HLG High Level Group HY-CO ERA-NET

ERA-NET project aiming at the coordination of European national and regional R&D programmes in the field of hydrogen and fuel cells

ICE Internal Combustion engine IDA Innovation and Deployment Action IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IP Implementation Panel IPHE International partnership on the hydrogen economy ISO International organisation for standardisation JTI Joint Technology Initiative, a public private partnership within the FP7 MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cells MS MG Member States' Mirror Group OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer. OEM refers to a company that acquires a

product or component and reuses or incorporates it into its own range of products

PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Pox Partial oxidation RCS Regulations, codes and standards SME Small and medium enterprises SMR Steam methane reforming SOFC Solid Oxide fuel cells SRA Strategic Research Agenda UN/ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UPS Uninterruptable power supply



Acronyms and Abbreviations: APU Auxiliary power unit AC Advisory Council of the HFP BTL Biomass to Hydrogen (Fischer-Tropsch fuel from biomass) CGH2 Compressed gaseous hydrogen CHP Combined heat and power (generation) CTH Coal-to-Hydrogen (Fischer-tropsch fuel from coal) CCS CO2 capture and storage DoE US Department of Energy DS Deployment Strategy FP6 6th Research and Development Framework Program of the European Union

(2002-2006) FP7 7th Research and Development Framework Program of the European Union

(2007-2013) GHG Greenhouse gas (emissions) HFP European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform HLG High Level Group HY-CO ERA-NET

ERA-NET project aiming at the coordination of European national and regional R&D programmes in the field of hydrogen and fuel cells

ICE Internal Combustion engine IDA Innovation and Deployment Action IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IP Implementation Panel IPHE International partnership on the hydrogen economy ISO International organisation for standardisation JTI Joint Technology Initiative, a public private partnership within the FP7 MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cells MS MG Member States' Mirror Group OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer. OEM refers to a company that acquires a

product or component and reuses or incorporates it into its own range of products

PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Pox Partial oxidation RCS Regulations, codes and standards SME Small and medium enterprises SMR Steam methane reforming SOFC Solid Oxide fuel cells SRA Strategic Research Agenda UN/ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UPS Uninterruptable power supply



5 FIGURES

Figure 1: “Snapshot 2020”: Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for a 2020 Scenario _ 15 Figure 2. The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RTD & D programme ____________________________ 16 Figure 3: IDA 1 - Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 23 Figure 4: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 1 _____________________________________ 24 Figure 5: IDA 2 – Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 29 Figure 6: Scenario for the distribution of resources for the medium term technology portfolio in IDA 2 ____ 30 Figure 7: IDA 3 – Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 34 Figure 8: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 3 _____________________________________ 35 Figure 9: Scenario for the distribution of resources per fuel cell technology in IDA 3 __________________ 36 Figure 10: IDA 4 - Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 41 Figure 11: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 4 _____________________________________ 42 Figure 12. Schematic of programme interactions between RTD, Demonstration and Market. _____________ 50 Figure 13: Available resources on the JTI programme against the IDA 1 prioritised actions ______________ 52



5 FIGURES

Figure 1: “Snapshot 2020”: Key assumptions on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Applications for a 2020 Scenario _ 15 Figure 2. The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RTD & D programme ____________________________ 16 Figure 3: IDA 1 - Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 23 Figure 4: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 1 _____________________________________ 24 Figure 5: IDA 2 – Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 29 Figure 6: Scenario for the distribution of resources for the medium term technology portfolio in IDA 2 ____ 30 Figure 7: IDA 3 – Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 34 Figure 8: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 3 _____________________________________ 35 Figure 9: Scenario for the distribution of resources per fuel cell technology in IDA 3 __________________ 36 Figure 10: IDA 4 - Portfolio of Actions _______________________________________________________ 41 Figure 11: Scenario for the distribution of resources in IDA 4 _____________________________________ 42 Figure 12. Schematic of programme interactions between RTD, Demonstration and Market. _____________ 50 Figure 13: Available resources on the JTI programme against the IDA 1 prioritised actions ______________ 52



6 TABLES Table 2-1: Projected hydrogen demand as per Snapshot 2020 to meet the "Snapshot 2020" targets ________ 16 Table 3-1: Action clusters for IDA 1 __________________________________________________________ 21 Table 3-2: Resource distribution for IDA 1 ____________________________________________________ 24 Table 3-3: Action clusters for IDA 2 __________________________________________________________ 27 Table 3-4: Resource distribution for IDA 2 ____________________________________________________ 30 Table 3-5: Action clusters for IDA 3 __________________________________________________________ 33 Table 3-6: Resource distribution for IDA 3 ____________________________________________________ 35 Table 3-7: Action clusters for IDA 4 __________________________________________________________ 39 Table 3-8: Resource distribution for IDA 4 ____________________________________________________ 42 Table 3-9: Breakdown of the programme resources at the IDA level _________________________________ 46 Table 3-10: Summary of cross-cutting issues ____________________________________________________ 47 Table 3-11: Fields of potential technological synergies between IDAs ________________________________ 48



6 TABLES Table 2-1: Projected hydrogen demand as per Snapshot 2020 to meet the "Snapshot 2020" targets ________ 16 Table 3-1: Action clusters for IDA 1 __________________________________________________________ 21 Table 3-2: Resource distribution for IDA 1 ____________________________________________________ 24 Table 3-3: Action clusters for IDA 2 __________________________________________________________ 27 Table 3-4: Resource distribution for IDA 2 ____________________________________________________ 30 Table 3-5: Action clusters for IDA 3 __________________________________________________________ 33 Table 3-6: Resource distribution for IDA 3 ____________________________________________________ 35 Table 3-7: Action clusters for IDA 4 __________________________________________________________ 39 Table 3-8: Resource distribution for IDA 4 ____________________________________________________ 42 Table 3-9: Breakdown of the programme resources at the IDA level _________________________________ 46 Table 3-10: Summary of cross-cutting issues ____________________________________________________ 47 Table 3-11: Fields of potential technological synergies between IDAs ________________________________ 48



7 Annex 1: Innovation and Development Actions at a glance

7.1 IDA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations



7 Annex 1: Innovation and Development Actions at a glance

7.1 IDA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles and Refuelling Stations



7.1.1 Targets

Main targets: Road propulsion FC system Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (NEDC) (%) > 40 Specific cost (€/kW) 100 Lifetime (hr)

Passenger Car 5 000 Bus 10 000

Main targets: Road APU FC system

Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (Pmax) (%) 35 Specific cost (€/kW) <500 Lifetime (hr)

Passenger Car 5 000 Heavy Good Vehicles 40 000

Main targets: ICE propulsion

Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (best value) (%) 40

Passenger car >> 26 Bus 42

Specific cost (€/kW ) 18 Passenger car

Bus 1.5 more than Diesel

Lifetime Bus 25 000 – 30 000

Main targets: Air fuel cell power unit with reformer Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (full load incl. head and power) (% LHV) > 60 Specific cost (€/kW) 500 Lifetime (hrs) ~ 30 000 Main targets: Maritime fuel cell power unit Characteristics Units 2013 Target Efficiency (full load) (%) > 55 Specific cost (€/kW) < 1 000 Lifetime (hrs) 50 000 Main targets: Rail fuel cell propulsion and power unit (PEM) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (full load) (%) > 45 Specific cost (€/kW) 500 Lifetime (hr) 50 000



7.1.1 Targets

Main targets: Road propulsion FC system Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (NEDC) (%) > 40 Specific cost (€/kW) 100 Lifetime (hr)

Passenger Car 5 000 Bus 10 000

Main targets: Road APU FC system

Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (Pmax) (%) 35 Specific cost (€/kW) <500 Lifetime (hr)

Passenger Car 5 000 Heavy Good Vehicles 40 000

Main targets: ICE propulsion

Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (best value) (%) 40

Passenger car >> 26 Bus 42

Specific cost (€/kW ) 18 Passenger car

Bus 1.5 more than Diesel

Lifetime Bus 25 000 – 30 000

Main targets: Air fuel cell power unit with reformer Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (full load incl. head and power) (% LHV) > 60 Specific cost (€/kW) 500 Lifetime (hrs) ~ 30 000 Main targets: Maritime fuel cell power unit Characteristics Units 2013 Target Efficiency (full load) (%) > 55 Specific cost (€/kW) < 1 000 Lifetime (hrs) 50 000 Main targets: Rail fuel cell propulsion and power unit (PEM) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Efficiency (full load) (%) > 45 Specific cost (€/kW) 500 Lifetime (hr) 50 000



Main targets: Hydrogen refuelling technologies Characteristics Units 2020 Target 2015 2020 Hydrogen production and distribution cost Reduction

factor on current cost

3

Cost of hydrogen delivery at the pump (centralized and decentralised) (excl. taxes)

(€/kg) < 2.5

Market Enablers targets Characteristics Indicator 2020 Target Trained staff * 1000 people X Regulations, Codes & Standards and Safety issues In place Industrial capacity

Production capacity Vehicles/year 400 000 Industry involvement issue SMEs'

involvement



Main targets: Hydrogen refuelling technologies Characteristics Units 2020 Target 2015 2020 Hydrogen production and distribution cost Reduction

factor on current cost

3

Cost of hydrogen delivery at the pump (centralized and decentralised) (excl. taxes)

(€/kg) < 2.5

Market Enablers targets Characteristics Indicator 2020 Target Trained staff * 1000 people X Regulations, Codes & Standards and Safety issues In place Industrial capacity

Production capacity Vehicles/year 400 000 Industry involvement issue SMEs'

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7.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply



7.2 IDA 2: Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply



7.2.1 Targets

7.2.1.1 Hydrogen production technologies Medium term portfolio

Main targets for LT electrolysers

Characteristics Units 2015 Target Energy efficiency (LHV basis) (%) > 70 Current density (A/cm2) 1 Cost of modular system (€/Nm3) 1 000 System availability (%) > 99

New design efficient/high pressure module 2012 target Production flow rate (Nm3/hr) Several

hundreds Operating pressure (MPa) 3 to 5

PEM electrolyser Production flowrate (Nm3/hr) 100 Lifetime (hr) 40 000

Main targets for BTH standalone pyrolisis/gasification units Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 3

Main targets for BTH co-gasification (large scale IGCC) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) 1.2 Biomass feedstock cost (€/GJ) 3

Long term technology portfolio Main targets for HT thermo-electrical-chemical processes with solar/nuclear heat sources Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 2 Reduction of CO2 emissions for fossil reforming (%) > 25 Hydrogen from biomass – mass efficiency (%) > 40

Main targets for LT temperature processes: photo-electrolysis and photobiological / fermentation

Characteristics Units 2015 Target Photoelectrolysis

Proved efficiency vs PV + electrolysis system (%) > 25 Lifetime (hr) > 5 000 Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 5

Photobiological Conversion efficiency (%) 10

Main targets for hydrogen by dark fermentation Characteristics Units 2015 Target Molar efficiency of sugar to H2 conversion (under stable conversion processes)

(Mol H2/mol sugar)

> 3 to 4



7.2.1 Targets

7.2.1.1 Hydrogen production technologies Medium term portfolio

Main targets for LT electrolysers

Characteristics Units 2015 Target Energy efficiency (LHV basis) (%) > 70 Current density (A/cm2) 1 Cost of modular system (€/Nm3) 1 000 System availability (%) > 99

New design efficient/high pressure module 2012 target Production flow rate (Nm3/hr) Several

hundreds Operating pressure (MPa) 3 to 5

PEM electrolyser Production flowrate (Nm3/hr) 100 Lifetime (hr) 40 000

Main targets for BTH standalone pyrolisis/gasification units Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 3

Main targets for BTH co-gasification (large scale IGCC) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) 1.2 Biomass feedstock cost (€/GJ) 3

Long term technology portfolio Main targets for HT thermo-electrical-chemical processes with solar/nuclear heat sources Characteristics Units 2015 Target Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 2 Reduction of CO2 emissions for fossil reforming (%) > 25 Hydrogen from biomass – mass efficiency (%) > 40

Main targets for LT temperature processes: photo-electrolysis and photobiological / fermentation

Characteristics Units 2015 Target Photoelectrolysis

Proved efficiency vs PV + electrolysis system (%) > 25 Lifetime (hr) > 5 000 Hydrogen production cost (€/kg) < 5

Photobiological Conversion efficiency (%) 10

Main targets for hydrogen by dark fermentation Characteristics Units 2015 Target Molar efficiency of sugar to H2 conversion (under stable conversion processes)

(Mol H2/mol sugar)

> 3 to 4



7.2.1.2 Delivery technologies

Main targets for refuelling station (CGH2 & LH2) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Multiple consecutive refuellings (Nbr per hr

per dispenser)

10

Pressure (CGH2) (Bar) 700 Filling time (min) 3 On-site production and trucked-in hydrogen (kg/H2 per

station per day)

150

2020 target On-site production and trucked-in hydrogen (kg/H2 per

station per day)

300

Main targets for off-board hydrogen storage

Type of H2 storage H2 tank system density by

volume (kWh/l) present

H2 tank system density by weight

(%) present

H2 tank system density by weight (%)

2015

Liquid H2 1.2 6 12 Compressed gaseous 700 bar 1.3 4 9 Metal hydrides (AB2, AB5) 1.8 1.5 2 Complex Metal hydrides (alanates)

0.7

1.8 4.5

Chemical hydrides (boro-amino hydrides, and organic liquids)*

1.4 6 9

Activated carbons, nanoporous materials

0.2 1 2



7.2.1.2 Delivery technologies

Main targets for refuelling station (CGH2 & LH2) Characteristics Units 2015 Target Multiple consecutive refuellings (Nbr per hr

per dispenser)

10

Pressure (CGH2) (Bar) 700 Filling time (min) 3 On-site production and trucked-in hydrogen (kg/H2 per

station per day)

150

2020 target On-site production and trucked-in hydrogen (kg/H2 per

station per day)

300

Main targets for off-board hydrogen storage

Type of H2 storage H2 tank system density by

volume (kWh/l) present

H2 tank system density by weight

(%) present

H2 tank system density by weight (%)

2015

Liquid H2 1.2 6 12 Compressed gaseous 700 bar 1.3 4 9 Metal hydrides (AB2, AB5) 1.8 1.5 2 Complex Metal hydrides (alanates)

0.7

1.8 4.5

Chemical hydrides (boro-amino hydrides, and organic liquids)*

1.4 6 9

Activated carbons, nanoporous materials

0.2 1 2

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ion

5

AR +

DE

9H

2 Liq

uefa

ctio

nD

evel

opm

ent o

f lar

ge s

cale

H2 L

ique

fact

ion

units

& p

roce

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larg

e sc

ale

plan

t des

ign,

usa

ge p

lann

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(loca

tion,

Con

stru

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n lo

gist

ics)

, C

ompo

nent

/sub

syst

em le

vel d

evel

opm

ent

90

BR+A

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ctro

lysi

s

Dev

elop

men

t of a

new

gen

erat

ion

of H

igh

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

rN

ew e

lect

rode

mat

eria

ls, h

igh

curre

nt d

ensi

ty c

ell d

esig

n . a

gein

g, p

roto

nic

cond

uctin

g m

ater

ial,

arch

itect

ure

prot

otyp

e an

d sy

stem

, m

anuf

actu

ring

cost

de

crea

se, D

emo

syte

ms

coup

ling

with

ele

ct. a

nd h

eat(s

olar

/nuc

lear

) sou

rces

up

to

1 M

W11

0

BR

+AR

+DE

11

Adv

ance

d Te

chno

logi

es

R&D

pro

gram

me

& ex

perim

enta

l pla

tform

on

deco

mpo

sitio

n of

w

ater

thro

ugh

ther

mo-

elec

trica

l-che

mic

al p

roce

sses

with

so

lar/n

ucle

ar h

eat s

ourc

es

Mul

ti-di

scip

linar

y re

sear

ch c

oord

inat

ion,

R&D

infra

stru

ctur

e at

1M

W le

vel (

Hea

t ex

chan

ger,

HT

sola

r the

rmal

sou

rces

, mat

eria

l com

pone

nt te

stin

g), C

ompo

nent

sy

stem

dev

elop

men

t (H

eat e

xcha

nger

s, c

hem

ical

loop

, hea

t med

ia),

Dem

o H

T el

ectro

lysi

s (1

MW

) + c

oupl

ing

heat

/ele

ctric

ity s

ourc

e60

BR+A

R12

Basi

c re

sear

ch p

rogr

amm

e on

low

tem

pera

ture

pro

cess

es:

phot

oele

ctro

lysi

s an

d ph

otob

iolo

gica

l / fe

rmen

tatio

nH

igh

effic

ienc

y/lo

ng li

fe p

hoto

elec

trode

(PEC

), ph

oto/

dark

ferm

entio

n pr

oces

ses,

PE

C &

Bio

reac

tor p

roto

ype

desi

gn a

nd b

uild

ing

25

BR

13Ph

otod

riven

bio

-hyd

roge

nH

2 yie

ld, E

ffici

ency

of l

ight

con

vers

ion,

New

effi

cien

t (sm

all f

ootp

rint)

phot

obio

reac

tors

6

BR+A

R14

Hyd

roge

n by

dar

k fe

rmen

tatio

nSu

gar i

nto

H2 c

onve

rsio

n ef

ficie

ncy,

bio

-ele

ctric

sys

tem

s, b

iom

ass

pre-

treat

men

t, ra

w m

ater

ial f

lexi

bilit

y pr

oces

ses

5

BR+A

R15

H2 S

tora

geIm

prov

ed s

olid

H2 s

tora

ge fo

r por

tabl

e, s

tatio

nary

& p

oten

tially

tra

nspo

rt ap

plic

atio

nsm

ater

ials

, cyc

labi

lity,

saf

ety,

recy

clin

g, s

olid

sto

rage

tank

des

ign,

hyb

rid ta

nk

conc

epts

, 10

0

AR+D

E16

Pipe

lines

H2 P

ipel

ine

Fiel

d Te

st F

acilit

yPr

essu

rised

H2 p

ipel

ines

: mat

eria

ls, c

ompo

nent

s (v

alve

s, c

ompr

esso

rs…

), di

agno

stic

tool

s20

AR+D

E17

H2 P

ipel

ine

Ris

k &

Safe

ty A

naly

sis

mod

elin

g, d

emon

stra

tion

5

18G

ettin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs ri

ght

Soci

o-ec

onom

ics

mod

ellin

g an

d To

ols

Cre

ate

Har

mon

ised

and

Inte

grat

ed D

atab

ases

819

Anal

yse

porta

ble,

ligh

t veh

icle

s an

d st

atio

nary

app

licat

ions

8

20

iden

tify

regu

lato

rydr

iven

mar

ket

dem

and:

Func

tiona

lsy

nerg

ies

and

plan

ning

ofin

tegr

atio

nof

rene

wab

leen

ergy

syst

ems

toge

ther

with

hydr

ogen

and

fuel

cell

infra

stru

ctur

es.

821

Cre

ate

and

regu

larly

upd

ate

robu

st p

athw

ay p

lann

ing

tool

s8

22D

evel

op a

Eur

opea

n M

aste

rpla

n8

23R

ole

of h

ydro

gen

in s

usta

inab

le e

nerg

y sy

stem

s10

Sust

aina

ble

H2 p

rodu

ctio

n an

d su

pply

Supp

ortin

g ac

tiviti

es

Actio

n fo

cus

Res

ourc

es in

M€

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

67

ww

w.H

FPeu

rope

.org

7.2.

3 Ti

mel

ines

Ac

tion

num

ber

T0 (2

007)

T0 +

3 (2

010)

T0 +

4 (2

011)

T0 +

7 (2

015)

T0 +

13

(202

0)T0

+ 1

8 (2

025)

PHAS

E I

PHAS

E II

1R

efor

min

g/PO

x/C

THD

evel

op F

uel P

roce

ssin

g C

atal

yst w

ith re

duce

d co

st, i

mpr

oved

du

rabi

lity,

flex

ible

fuel

cap

abilit

y2

Gas

Pur

ifica

tion

3El

ectro

lysi

sD

evel

opm

ent o

f low

cos

t/effi

cien

t low

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

r

4Bi

omas

s to

Hyd

roge

nR

&D o

f adv

ance

d te

chno

logi

es fo

r BTH

ther

mal

con

vers

ion

proc

ess

5D

emon

stra

tion

of B

TH c

onve

rsio

n ba

sed

on s

tand

alon

e py

rolis

is/g

asifi

catio

n un

its

6D

emon

stra

tion

of B

TH c

onve

rsio

n ba

sed

on c

o-ga

sific

atio

n w

ith

coal

& fo

ssil

fuel

s7

HR

S&C

ompo

nent

sU

nder

grou

nd H

2 sto

rage

and

/or p

rodu

ctio

n8

H2 O

doriz

atio

n9

H2

Liqu

efac

tion

Dev

elop

men

t of l

arge

sca

le H

2 Liq

uefa

ctio

n un

its &

pro

cess

es

PHAS

E I

PHAS

E II

PH

AS

E III

10E

lect

roly

sis

Dev

elop

men

t of a

new

gen

erat

ion

of H

igh

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

r

11Ad

vanc

ed T

echn

olog

ies

R&D

pro

gram

me

& ex

perim

enta

l pla

tform

on

deco

mpo

sitio

n of

w

ater

thro

ugh

ther

mo-

elec

trica

l-che

mic

al p

roce

sses

with

so

lar/n

ucle

ar h

eat s

ourc

es

12Ba

sic

rese

arch

pro

gram

me

on lo

w te

mpe

ratu

re p

roce

sses

: ph

otoe

lect

roly

sis

and

phot

obio

logi

cal /

ferm

enta

tion

13Ph

otod

riven

bio

-hyd

roge

n14

Hyd

roge

n by

dar

k fe

rmen

tatio

n

15H

2 Sto

rage

Impr

oved

sol

id H

2 sto

rage

for p

orta

ble,

sta

tiona

ry &

pot

entia

lly

trans

port

appl

icat

ions

16Pi

pelin

esH

2 Pip

elin

e Fi

eld

Test

Fac

ility

17H

2 Pip

elin

e R

isk

& S

afet

y A

naly

sis

PHAS

E I

PHAS

E II

18-2

3G

ettin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs ri

ght

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o-ec

onom

ics

mod

ellin

g an

d To

ols

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n fo

cus

H

FP Im

plem

enta

tion

Plan

– S

tatu

s 200

6

67

ww

w.H

FPeu

rope

.org

7.2.

3 Ti

mel

ines

Ac

tion

num

ber

T0 (2

007)

T0 +

3 (2

010)

T0 +

4 (2

011)

T0 +

7 (2

015)

T0 +

13

(202

0)T0

+ 1

8 (2

025)

PHAS

E I

PHAS

E II

1R

efor

min

g/PO

x/C

THD

evel

op F

uel P

roce

ssin

g C

atal

yst w

ith re

duce

d co

st, i

mpr

oved

du

rabi

lity,

flex

ible

fuel

cap

abilit

y2

Gas

Pur

ifica

tion

3El

ectro

lysi

sD

evel

opm

ent o

f low

cos

t/effi

cien

t low

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

r

4Bi

omas

s to

Hyd

roge

nR

&D o

f adv

ance

d te

chno

logi

es fo

r BTH

ther

mal

con

vers

ion

proc

ess

5D

emon

stra

tion

of B

TH c

onve

rsio

n ba

sed

on s

tand

alon

e py

rolis

is/g

asifi

catio

n un

its

6D

emon

stra

tion

of B

TH c

onve

rsio

n ba

sed

on c

o-ga

sific

atio

n w

ith

coal

& fo

ssil

fuel

s7

HR

S&C

ompo

nent

sU

nder

grou

nd H

2 sto

rage

and

/or p

rodu

ctio

n8

H2 O

doriz

atio

n9

H2

Liqu

efac

tion

Dev

elop

men

t of l

arge

sca

le H

2 Liq

uefa

ctio

n un

its &

pro

cess

es

PHAS

E I

PHAS

E II

PH

AS

E III

10E

lect

roly

sis

Dev

elop

men

t of a

new

gen

erat

ion

of H

igh

tem

pera

ture

ele

ctro

lyse

r

11Ad

vanc

ed T

echn

olog

ies

R&D

pro

gram

me

& ex

perim

enta

l pla

tform

on

deco

mpo

sitio

n of

w

ater

thro

ugh

ther

mo-

elec

trica

l-che

mic

al p

roce

sses

with

so

lar/n

ucle

ar h

eat s

ourc

es

12Ba

sic

rese

arch

pro

gram

me

on lo

w te

mpe

ratu

re p

roce

sses

: ph

otoe

lect

roly

sis

and

phot

obio

logi

cal /

ferm

enta

tion

13Ph

otod

riven

bio

-hyd

roge

n14

Hyd

roge

n by

dar

k fe

rmen

tatio

n

15H

2 Sto

rage

Impr

oved

sol

id H

2 sto

rage

for p

orta

ble,

sta

tiona

ry &

pot

entia

lly

trans

port

appl

icat

ions

16Pi

pelin

esH

2 Pip

elin

e Fi

eld

Test

Fac

ility

17H

2 Pip

elin

e R

isk

& S

afet

y A

naly

sis

PHAS

E I

PHAS

E II

18-2

3G

ettin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs ri

ght

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o-ec

onom

ics

mod

ellin

g an

d To

ols

Actio

n fo

cus



7.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation



7.3 IDA 3: Fuel Cells for CHP and Power Generation



7.3.1 Targets Early field tests Demonstration Lighthouse

and deployment Stationary applications 1 –10 kW (residential Timeframe 2006 – 2008 2007 – 2010 2009 – 2012 Electrical efficiency @ BOL, including DC/AC conversion [--]

30-40% 32-40% 34-40%

Total fuel efficiency BOL; @ best point [--]

> 70% 75% 80%

System cost [€/kW] 20,000 10,000 6,000 Stack durability (90 % BOL performance) [h]

5000 8000 >12 000

Number of low-temperature start-ups from 15 °C [1/a]

20 35 50

Stationary applications ≥100 kW (community/industrial)Timeframe 2006 – 2008 2007 – 2010 2009 – 2012 Electrical efficiency @ BOL, including DC/AC conversion [--]

45% 50% 50%


80% 85% 90%

System cost [€/kW] 8-12,000 3,000-8000 1,500-5,000 (90% BOL performance h)

10-20,000 15-30,000 >30,000



7.3.1 Targets Early field tests Demonstration Lighthouse

and deployment Stationary applications 1 –10 kW (residential Timeframe 2006 – 2008 2007 – 2010 2009 – 2012 Electrical efficiency @ BOL, including DC/AC conversion [--]

30-40% 32-40% 34-40%


> 70% 75% 80%

System cost [€/kW] 20,000 10,000 6,000 Stack durability (90 % BOL performance) [h]

5000 8000 >12 000

Number of low-temperature start-ups from 15 °C [1/a]

20 35 50

Stationary applications ≥100 kW (community/industrial)Timeframe 2006 – 2008 2007 – 2010 2009 – 2012 Electrical efficiency @ BOL, including DC/AC conversion [--]

45% 50% 50%


80% 85% 90%

System cost [€/kW] 8-12,000 3,000-8000 1,500-5,000 (90% BOL performance h)

10-20,000 15-30,000 >30,000

HFP

Impl

emen

tatio

n Pl

an –

Sta

tus 2

006

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ww

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ions

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tion

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n nu

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dust

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activ

ities

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eric

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l Cel

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eria

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in

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vant

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met

hods

and

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dard

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eria

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elop

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com

pone

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ves,

sen

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eat

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chno

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val

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cks

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sta

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in

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ine

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and

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stan

dard

s; m

icro

stru

ctur

al-,

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eria

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7.4.1 Targets Main targets: Micro-Fuel Cells: Low-power system consumer electronic device Characteristics Units 2015 Target Energy density

(Wh/l) 500–1,000

Specific energy (preliminary, tbc) (Wh/kg) 150–200 Volumetric power density (W/l) 80–150 Gravimetric power density (W/kg) 80–200 Lifetime (hr) 1 000 to 5 000 Cost (€/W) 3 – 5 Operating temperature range (preliminary, tbc) (oC) -20 to 60 Start-up time (hybridised) Instant Additional target Establish distribution channels for fuel containers, inc. regulatory approval Military standards, ruggedised, no signature, light weight Main targets: By-product Hydrogen Power Generation Characteristics Units 2015 Target Electrical efficiency

(%) 45 - 55

Cost (at production volume) (€/kWe) < 1 500 Stack Lifetime hrs > 40 000



7.4.1 Targets Main targets: Micro-Fuel Cells: Low-power system consumer electronic device Characteristics Units 2015 Target Energy density

(Wh/l) 500–1,000

Specific energy (preliminary, tbc) (Wh/kg) 150–200 Volumetric power density (W/l) 80–150 Gravimetric power density (W/kg) 80–200 Lifetime (hr) 1 000 to 5 000 Cost (€/W) 3 – 5 Operating temperature range (preliminary, tbc) (oC) -20 to 60 Start-up time (hybridised) Instant Additional target Establish distribution channels for fuel containers, inc. regulatory approval Military standards, ruggedised, no signature, light weight Main targets: By-product Hydrogen Power Generation Characteristics Units 2015 Target Electrical efficiency

(%) 45 - 55

Cost (at production volume) (€/kWe) < 1 500 Stack Lifetime hrs > 40 000

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7.4.3 Timelines Action number 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1 State of the art technology

2 System development Basic R&D3 General4 Diagnostic tools5 System modelling6 Reduction of complexity7 Reformer

Reformer8 Improvement of performances9 Demonstration Alpha testing

10 Product development & demo



18 Improvement of performances19 Demonstration Alpha testing20 Product development & demo


22 System development General23 Diagnostic tools24 System modelling25 Reduction of complexity



31 System development General32 Diagnostic tools33 System modelling34 Reduction of complexity35 Improvement of performances36 Demonstration Pilot37 Alpha testing38 Product development & demo

39404142434445

Supporting ActivitiesFrom research to market - Developing a healthy

Building the Market - Stimulating and Meeting Early

Creating Peace of Mind - Developing and Getting the numbers right - socio-economics modelling

Portable generators, Back-up power, UPS

Specialist vehicles

By-product H2 Power Generation

Action focusPortable Micro-FCs



7.4.3 Timelines Action number 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013



Reformer8 Improvement of performances9 Demonstration Alpha testing

10 Product development & demo





22 System development General23 Diagnostic tools24 System modelling25 Reduction of complexity



31 System development General32 Diagnostic tools33 System modelling34 Reduction of complexity35 Improvement of performances36 Demonstration Pilot37 Alpha testing38 Product development & demo

39404142434445

Supporting ActivitiesFrom research to market - Developing a healthy

Building the Market - Stimulating and Meeting Early

Creating Peace of Mind - Developing and Getting the numbers right - socio-economics modelling

Portable generators, Back-up power, UPS

Specialist vehicles

By-product H2 Power Generation

Action focusPortable Micro-FCs



8 Annex 2: List of the members of the IP

IP Chairs

Name Last Name Affiliation JACKOW Francois Air Liquide LOUGHHEAD John UK Energy Research Centre

IP Vice-Chairs Name Last Name Affiliation

SCHEUERER Klaus BMW STOLTEN Detlef FZJ Forschungszentrum Jülich

WG Transport Name Last Name Affiliation

ANDRITSAKIS Eleftherios Athens Urban Transport Organization (OASA)

BARDI Nicolas Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique - CEA

BONHOFF Klaus DaimlerChrysler BRAESS Holger BMW BÜNGER Ulrich Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST) CALLOW Geoffrey David TEC Ltd CARILLO DE ALBORNOZ Eduardo Boeing Research and Technology COSTES Bruno PSA Peugeot Citroën EKDUNGE Per Volvo Technology Corporation GIANOLIO Giuseppe Environment Park - HYSYLAB GODULA-JOPEK Agata EADS - European Aeronautic Defence

and Space Company (CRC-G) HIEBEL Volker EADS Airbus Engineering KLINGENBERG Heinrich hySOLUTIONS GmbH KRAINZ Guenter MAGNA STEYR Fahrzeugtechnik AG &

Co KG KRÜGER Roland Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen GmbH LAGANA Antonio Ferrovie dello Stato S.p.A. LEPPERHOFF Gerhard FEV Motorentechnik GmbH MATTIELLO Giorgio Hydrogen Park MÖLLER Emil hydrogenmaastricht.org MOLLER-HOLST Steffen SINTEF NAILIS Mark Robert Centre for Process Innovation (Fuel Cell

Application Facility) NAVAS Carlos NTDA NYHUS Eirik Det Norske Veritas AS - DNV PRENNINGER Peter AVL List GmbH QUASTHOFF Marcus MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, Central

Division Advanced Development ROVERA Giuseppe CRF - Fiat Research Centre SCHULZ Philippe Renault THIESEN Lars Peter GM/Opel Fuel Cell Activities VOLKMAR Dr. Henning Volkswagen AG Observers PERUJO MATEOS DEL PARQUE Adolfo EC, DG-JRC, Institute for Environment

and Sustainability



8 Annex 2: List of the members of the IP

IP Chairs

Name Last Name Affiliation JACKOW Francois Air Liquide LOUGHHEAD John UK Energy Research Centre

IP Vice-Chairs Name Last Name Affiliation

SCHEUERER Klaus BMW STOLTEN Detlef FZJ Forschungszentrum Jülich

WG Transport Name Last Name Affiliation

ANDRITSAKIS Eleftherios Athens Urban Transport Organization (OASA)

BARDI Nicolas Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique - CEA

BONHOFF Klaus DaimlerChrysler BRAESS Holger BMW BÜNGER Ulrich Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST) CALLOW Geoffrey David TEC Ltd CARILLO DE ALBORNOZ Eduardo Boeing Research and Technology COSTES Bruno PSA Peugeot Citroën EKDUNGE Per Volvo Technology Corporation GIANOLIO Giuseppe Environment Park - HYSYLAB GODULA-JOPEK Agata EADS - European Aeronautic Defence

and Space Company (CRC-G) HIEBEL Volker EADS Airbus Engineering KLINGENBERG Heinrich hySOLUTIONS GmbH KRAINZ Guenter MAGNA STEYR Fahrzeugtechnik AG &

Co KG KRÜGER Roland Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen GmbH LAGANA Antonio Ferrovie dello Stato S.p.A. LEPPERHOFF Gerhard FEV Motorentechnik GmbH MATTIELLO Giorgio Hydrogen Park MÖLLER Emil hydrogenmaastricht.org MOLLER-HOLST Steffen SINTEF NAILIS Mark Robert Centre for Process Innovation (Fuel Cell

Application Facility) NAVAS Carlos NTDA NYHUS Eirik Det Norske Veritas AS - DNV PRENNINGER Peter AVL List GmbH QUASTHOFF Marcus MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, Central

Division Advanced Development ROVERA Giuseppe CRF - Fiat Research Centre SCHULZ Philippe Renault THIESEN Lars Peter GM/Opel Fuel Cell Activities VOLKMAR Dr. Henning Volkswagen AG Observers PERUJO MATEOS DEL PARQUE Adolfo EC, DG-JRC, Institute for Environment

and Sustainability



WG Stationary

Name Last name Affiliation BALLHAUSEN Andreas EWE Aktiengesellschaft BERG Joachim Vaillant GmbH BISCHOFF Manfred MTU CFC Solutions GmbH FLINT Bob Ceres Power Limited CASTRO África Hynergreen Technologies, S.A. (Hynergreen) FONTELL Erkko Wärtsilä Corporation GLASER Steven London Hydrogen Partnership / Energy Centre

for Sustainable Communities HOLM-LARSEN Helge Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S HOPFER Martin E.ON LEWIS Jonathan RollsRoyce Fuel Cell Systems MARCENARO Bartolomeo ANSALDO FUEL CELLS MORENO Angelo ENEA PAULMIER Philippe Axane Fuel Cell Systems RIETVELD Bert Energy research Centre of the Netherlands

(ECN) ROSENBERG Rolf VTT/Research Institute STEINBERGER-WILCKENS Robert Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) STEVENS Philippe Electricité de France

WG Portables and Early Market Applications Name Last name Affiliation AGERT Carsten Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

Systems ISE ANTONUCCI Vincenzo CNR BROWNING Darren Defence Science and Technology

Laboratory (Dstl) DE BLAS POMBO JUAN BESEL SA DE SANCTIS Sergio SAPIO Produzione Idrogeno Ossigeno S.r.l. DELFRATE Alessandro Nuvera DIEHL Manfred Umicore HEINZEL Angelika ZBT - Center for Fuel Cell Technology IRVINE John 1. University of St Andrews

2. St Andrews Fuel Cells Ltd3. Scottish Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association

LUNDSGAARD Joergen S. IRD Fuel Cells A/S MIDDELMAN Erik NedStack Fuel Cell Technology BV MIGUEL CRESPO Oscar CIDETEC, Centre for Electrochemical

Technologies PRIESTNALL Michael CMR Fuel Cells plc SCHULTE Stefan Masterflex AG TREZONA Patrick Fuel Cell Europe



WG Stationary

Name Last name Affiliation BALLHAUSEN Andreas EWE Aktiengesellschaft BERG Joachim Vaillant GmbH BISCHOFF Manfred MTU CFC Solutions GmbH FLINT Bob Ceres Power Limited CASTRO África Hynergreen Technologies, S.A. (Hynergreen) FONTELL Erkko Wärtsilä Corporation GLASER Steven London Hydrogen Partnership / Energy Centre

for Sustainable Communities HOLM-LARSEN Helge Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S HOPFER Martin E.ON LEWIS Jonathan RollsRoyce Fuel Cell Systems MARCENARO Bartolomeo ANSALDO FUEL CELLS MORENO Angelo ENEA PAULMIER Philippe Axane Fuel Cell Systems RIETVELD Bert Energy research Centre of the Netherlands

(ECN) ROSENBERG Rolf VTT/Research Institute STEINBERGER-WILCKENS Robert Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) STEVENS Philippe Electricité de France

WG Portables and Early Market Applications Name Last name Affiliation AGERT Carsten Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

Systems ISE ANTONUCCI Vincenzo CNR BROWNING Darren Defence Science and Technology

Laboratory (Dstl) DE BLAS POMBO JUAN BESEL SA DE SANCTIS Sergio SAPIO Produzione Idrogeno Ossigeno S.r.l. DELFRATE Alessandro Nuvera DIEHL Manfred Umicore HEINZEL Angelika ZBT - Center for Fuel Cell Technology IRVINE John 1. University of St Andrews

2. St Andrews Fuel Cells Ltd3. Scottish Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association

LUNDSGAARD Joergen S. IRD Fuel Cells A/S MIDDELMAN Erik NedStack Fuel Cell Technology BV MIGUEL CRESPO Oscar CIDETEC, Centre for Electrochemical

Technologies PRIESTNALL Michael CMR Fuel Cells plc SCHULTE Stefan Masterflex AG TREZONA Patrick Fuel Cell Europe



WG Hydrogen Supply Name Last name Affiliation CARVANI Luigi Venezia Technologies CLOUMAN Andres HYDRO DI MARIO Francesco ENEA DONATINI Franco Enel - Divisione GEM - Ricerca GUTHRIE EMMA Air Products GRUBEL Holger Vattenfall Europe HOEHLEIN Bernd LZE-NRW ITOIZ Carlos ACCIONA ENERGIA JEENINGA Harm Energy research Centre of the Netherlands

(ECN) - Unit Policy Studies LUCCHESE PAUL Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique - CEA LYMBEROPOULOS Nicolas Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) MULARD Phillippe TOTAL MULLER Thomas Gaz de France PERRIN Jérôme Air Liquide RAINE Diana Air Products (Replacement E.Guthrie) REIJERKERK Jaco Linde AG - Linde Gas Division REMOND Isabelle SHELL HYDROGEN TAMAYO MADURGA Fernando GAMESA ENERGIA TSATSAMI Vasso BP VON HELMOLT Rittmar GM/Opel Fuel Cell Activities WEINMANN Oliver Vattenfall Europe (Observer)

WG Cross-cutting Issues Name Last name Affiliation ADAMSON Kerry-Ann Fuel Cell Today AHRER Werner Profactor Produktionsforschungs GmbH AZKARATE Iñaki INASMET BARON Frédéric EDF BARTEN Henk Ecofys bv CLAASSEN Pieternel Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group CORDINER Stefano University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Dep. of

Mechanical Engineering CORREAS Luis FUNDACION HIDROGENO ARAGON FERNANDES Tomas Rei Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon FISCHER Albert Planet Capital Management FJERMESTAD HAGEN Elisabeth Norsk Hydro GARCIA PENA Francisco ELCOGAS S.A. HAUGOM Gerd Petra Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV) HEINZE Erna Initiative of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology

Hamburg JUNKER Michel ALPHEA HYDROGENE LAKEMAN Barry Defence Science and Technology Laboratory

(Dstl) LAZAR Roxana Elena National R&D Institute for Cryogenics and

Isotopic Technologies MAIO Patrick Hinicio MAYO Ben THE CENTRE FOR PROCESS INNOVATION MCLOUGHLIN Sean Fuel Cell Markets MEISSNER Dieter University of Applied Sciences Wels, Eco-

energy Studies MERTENS Jean-Jacques European Investment Bank NAGEL Rolf Munich Venture Capital Partners



WG Hydrogen Supply Name Last name Affiliation CARVANI Luigi Venezia Technologies CLOUMAN Andres HYDRO DI MARIO Francesco ENEA DONATINI Franco Enel - Divisione GEM - Ricerca GUTHRIE EMMA Air Products GRUBEL Holger Vattenfall Europe HOEHLEIN Bernd LZE-NRW ITOIZ Carlos ACCIONA ENERGIA JEENINGA Harm Energy research Centre of the Netherlands

(ECN) - Unit Policy Studies LUCCHESE PAUL Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique - CEA LYMBEROPOULOS Nicolas Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) MULARD Phillippe TOTAL MULLER Thomas Gaz de France PERRIN Jérôme Air Liquide RAINE Diana Air Products (Replacement E.Guthrie) REIJERKERK Jaco Linde AG - Linde Gas Division REMOND Isabelle SHELL HYDROGEN TAMAYO MADURGA Fernando GAMESA ENERGIA TSATSAMI Vasso BP VON HELMOLT Rittmar GM/Opel Fuel Cell Activities WEINMANN Oliver Vattenfall Europe (Observer)

WG Cross-cutting Issues Name Last name Affiliation ADAMSON Kerry-Ann Fuel Cell Today AHRER Werner Profactor Produktionsforschungs GmbH AZKARATE Iñaki INASMET BARON Frédéric EDF BARTEN Henk Ecofys bv CLAASSEN Pieternel Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group CORDINER Stefano University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Dep. of

Mechanical Engineering CORREAS Luis FUNDACION HIDROGENO ARAGON FERNANDES Tomas Rei Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon FISCHER Albert Planet Capital Management FJERMESTAD HAGEN Elisabeth Norsk Hydro GARCIA PENA Francisco ELCOGAS S.A. HAUGOM Gerd Petra Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV) HEINZE Erna Initiative of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology

Hamburg JUNKER Michel ALPHEA HYDROGENE LAKEMAN Barry Defence Science and Technology Laboratory

(Dstl) LAZAR Roxana Elena National R&D Institute for Cryogenics and

Isotopic Technologies MAIO Patrick Hinicio MAYO Ben THE CENTRE FOR PROCESS INNOVATION MCLOUGHLIN Sean Fuel Cell Markets MEISSNER Dieter University of Applied Sciences Wels, Eco-

energy Studies MERTENS Jean-Jacques European Investment Bank NAGEL Rolf Munich Venture Capital Partners



PELLISCHEK Gloria CLEPA RTD RAMESOHL Stephan Wuppertal Institute for Climate Environment

Energy READ Tom Scottish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Association

(SHFCA) REIJALT Marieke Italian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association H2IT ROSA IGLESIAS Manuel Felipe INTA SIGFUSSON Thorsteinn University of Iceland STEIN Alfred Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Initiative Hessen

(Germany) TILLMETZ Werner Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und

Wasserstoffforschung (ZSW) URBANIEC Krzysztof Warsaw University of Technology VAN DEN HOED Robert Ecofys bv WANCURA Herbert ALPPS Fuel Cell Systems GmbH ZAKOSTELSKY Andreas Raiffeisen KAG Corresponding Members Conte Mario ENEA - Ente Nazionale per le Nuove

Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente Selmer-Olsen Staale Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV)

OBSERVERS Name Last name Affiliation Mirror Group-observer to the IP-Coordination Group NEEF Hanns-Joachim FZJ, Jülich



PELLISCHEK Gloria CLEPA RTD RAMESOHL Stephan Wuppertal Institute for Climate Environment

Energy READ Tom Scottish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Association

(SHFCA) REIJALT Marieke Italian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association H2IT ROSA IGLESIAS Manuel Felipe INTA SIGFUSSON Thorsteinn University of Iceland STEIN Alfred Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Initiative Hessen

(Germany) TILLMETZ Werner Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und

Wasserstoffforschung (ZSW) URBANIEC Krzysztof Warsaw University of Technology VAN DEN HOED Robert Ecofys bv WANCURA Herbert ALPPS Fuel Cell Systems GmbH ZAKOSTELSKY Andreas Raiffeisen KAG Corresponding Members Conte Mario ENEA - Ente Nazionale per le Nuove

Tecnologie, l'Energia e l'Ambiente Selmer-Olsen Staale Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV)

OBSERVERS Name Last name Affiliation Mirror Group-observer to the IP-Coordination Group NEEF Hanns-Joachim FZJ, Jülich


www.HFPeurope.org

This document has been prepared by the Implementation Panel under the direction of the Advisory Council of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology Platform. The views and information contained in this document reflect on the collective views of the Implementation Panel members and not on these of the individuals, or of the European Commission. Neither the HFP bodies, the European Commission nor any person acting on their behalf, is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication.

European Technology Platform for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (HFP)

For more information, please contact the HFP Secretariat:

Telephone: +32 27 749652 E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.HFPeurope.org


www.HFPeurope.org

This document has been prepared by the Implementation Panel under the direction of the Advisory Council of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology Platform. The views and information contained in this document reflect on the collective views of the Implementation Panel members and not on these of the individuals, or of the European Commission. Neither the HFP bodies, the European Commission nor any person acting on their behalf, is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this publication.

European Technology Platform for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (HFP)

For more information, please contact the HFP Secretariat:

Telephone: +32 27 749652 E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.HFPeurope.org

Documents

European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform · European Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technology Platform “IMPLEMENTATION PLAN – Status 2006” IMPLEMENTATION PANEL March 2007 European