European Maritime EmpiresMr. MillhouseAP World HistoryHebron High School

Winners: Spain & Portugal?

Winners: Spain & Portugal?Spanish Empire:

An Empire of Silver

• Mostly in the Americas• Mine gold & silver• Used natives as labor• Encomiendas• Repartimiento• Mita

• Sociedad de Castas• Mestizos

• Catholic Church• Jesuits

Portuguese Empire: A Trading-Post Empire

• Indian Ocean Trading-Posts• Trades spices & sugar• Used slaves as labor• El Mina• Brazil 1st plantation colony• Imports 20% of all slaves

• Sociedad de Castas• Mulattos

• Catholic Church• Jesuits

Losers: Spain & Portugal?Decline of Spanish Empire:

Too rich, too fast?

• External Pressure• English, French, & Dutch

competition in Caribbean• Costly wars with other

European nations• England (Spanish Armada)

• Internal Weakness• Inflation• Never develops native

industries• Financial systems not

sophisticated enough

Decline of Portuguese Empire: Too big, too small?

• External Pressure• Dutch takeover Indian

Ocean• Costly wars with other

European nations• Netherlands

• Internal Weakness• Too small• Never develops native

industries• Not enough resources

Winner: Netherlands (Dutch)

An Empire of Spices?

An Empire of Sugar?

Empire of Commerce

Dutch settlers in South Africa were called Boers

Dutch East India Co.

• Dutch East India Co. (V.O.C.) was a joint-stock company founded in 1602• Second oldest multinational corporation

• British East India Co. founded in 1600• First trade company to exchange stock

• Amsterdam Stock Exchange founded in 1602• Granted a 21 year monopoly of the spice trade• “Powers” of the V.O.C.

• Wage war• Negotiate treaties• Establish colonies• Established Batavia (Jakarta) in 1619

• Mint its own coins

Mercantilism

Mercantilism is an economic theory based on the following ideas:1. There is a limited amount of wealth (gold & silver) in the world2. The country with the most wealth wins3. Winning takes maintaining a favorable balance of trade by maximizing

exports, minimizing imports, and extracting resources from your colonies

4. Control trade by granting charters to joint-stock companies (V.O.C.) to monopolize trade

Battle for Last: England v. France

France: Empire of Fur?

England: Empire of Cotton?

Mercantilism

England

Spain

Africa

North America

Manufactured goods

Raw materials (cotton,

tobacco, indigo, etc.)

Slaves Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

Man. goods

GOLD & SILVER

ENGLAND WINS!

Triangle Trade or the Atlantic System

SPAIN LOSES!

England: Empire of Capital

Meanwhile back in Europe…

Protestant Reformation

WAR!!!

Europe after Reformation…

Scientific Revolution

Rise of Capitalism

England

Spain

Africa

North America

Manufactured goods

Raw materials (cotton,

tobacco, indigo, etc.)

Slaves Man

ufac

ture

d go

ods

Man. goods

GOLD & SILVER

Triangle Trade or the Atlantic System

SPAIN LOSES!

Commercial Revolution

Meanwhile back in Europe…

Post-Classical Europe: A Review

Roman Empire(31 BCE – 476 CE)

Byzantine Empire(conquered 1453)

Germanic KingdomsClovis, Charlemagne, etc.

Feudal Kingdoms

Feudal MonarchyFrance, England, etc.

Magna Carta, 1215

Political Trends 1450-1750

• Three new developments• Rise of nation-states• A political unit consisting of an autonomous state inhabited

predominantly by a people sharing a common culture, history, and language.

• Rise of absolute monarchy• Monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not

legally bound by any constitution (Spain, France, Russia, etc.)• Rise of limited monarchy• Parliamentary monarchy or constitutional monarchy (England

& Netherlands)• Monarch acts as head of state with powers limited by a

parliament or a constitution

Europe in 1700 C.E.

Absolute Monarchy: France• Louis XIV (1638-1715)• Named king at age 4• Advised by Cardinal Mazarin

until 1661• Divine Right of Kings• Secularized France• Promoted France as a nation-state

• Believed the monarch personified the state• Nicknamed the Sun King• “L’État c’est moi” or “I am the

state”Louis XIV ruled France for over 72 years.

Reign of Louis XIV• Limited power of nobility & Catholic church• Increased size of French bureaucracy

• Mercantilism was used to increase the wealth of France• With mercantilism the monarch controls trade• Jean Baptiste Colbert

• Fought several wars• War of Spanish Succession• Put France in major debt

• Colonization• North America and India

• Revoked the Edict of Nantes• Built the Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles

Palace of Versailles

• Palace used as a symbol of French wealth and power• Daily routines at Versailles were exploited by Louis XIV• Nobility competed against each other to perform menial tasks

for the king

Hall of Mirrors

Versailles – Some Statistics• Modern cost: over

$2,000,000,000• Annual upkeep took 25% of

France’s income• Main wing 500 yards long• Two wings: 150 yards long

• 2,000 rooms• 15,000 acres of gardens

with 1,400 fountains