Evaluating historical data (wordlists) in the case of ...research.uni-leipzig.de/baureprojekt/abstracts/handout-Adam2011.pdfEvaluating historical data (wordlists) in the case of Bolivian

Danielsen: Evaluating historical data (wordlist) in the case of Bolivian extinct languages

1

Workshop Revitalizing older linguistic documentation University of Amsterdam, May 12, 2011

Evaluating historical data (wordlists) in the case of Bolivian extinct languages Swintha Danielsen, University of Leipzig [email protected] Introduction In this presentation I will first give a short survey of (extinct) Bolivian languages and a prospect of possible future investigation (cf. also Danielsen & Hannß 2010). I want to plea for a reanalysis of historical data in the light of current knowledge, especially in the Bolivian lowlands. In the main part, I give an example of the new analysis of data on Bolivian Arawakan languages, most of them extinct. The data, taken from historical word lists mainly, still serve for an internal Arawakan comparison and gives us more insights in the classification of these languages, as well as their relationships to external Arawakan languages. 1. Overview of Bolivian languages

Map 1: Créqui-Montfort & Rivet 1913a: 498


2

− the new Bolivian constitution of 2009 acknowledges 36 indigenous languages (37 with Spanish) − Ethnologue (SIL) lists 46 Bolivian languages, incl. Spanish, Plautdietsch, Bolivian Sign Language, two Guaraní and two Quechua variants (= 41 indigenous Bolivian languages)1 − the UNESCO Atlas of endangered languages lists 38 potentially endangered/extinct Bolivian languages2 − the most precise score is probably given in Adelaar & Muysken 2004 with 55 Bolivian languages, including extinct and unclassified or unclassifiable languages) − Danielsen counts 68 indigenous languages in Bolivia:

− 3/68 only marginally in Bolivia (rather Paraguay, Brazil, or Chile) − 11/68 are almost extinct − 16/68 are extinct (some of which can be concluded to belong together) − 6/68 for which there is very little data available

Table 1: Updated list of (almost) extinct Bolivian languages language name(s)

ISO affiliation state Ethno- logue

UNESCO Atalas

Adelaar & Musyken 2004

Bolivian const.

comments

Canichana caz isolate almost extinct

X X X X

Cayuvava cyb isolate (almost) extinct

X X X X invest. by Crevels?

Itonama ito isolate almost extinct

X X X X invest. by Crevels

Leco lec isolate almost extinct

X X X X invest. by van der Kerke

Kallawaya caw mixed almost extinct

X X X X under invest. (Hannß)

Moré (Iténez) ite Chapacuran almost extinct

X X X X

Pacahuara pcp Panoan almost extinct

X X X X

Uru ure Uru-Chipaya almost extinct

X X X X (= Chipaya)

cf. Hannß 2008

Jorá jor Tupi-Guaraní almost extinct

X X X under invest. (Danielsen)

Reyesano (Maropa)

rey Tacanan almost extinct

X X X X invest. by Guillaume

Paunaka [pqa]3 Arawakan almost

extinct X X under

investing. (Danielsen, Terhart)

Joaquiniano Arawakan extinct under invest. (Danielsen)

Saraveka sar Arawakan extinct X X under invest. (Danielsen)

Apolista (Lapachu)

Arawakan extinct X X under invest. (Danielsen)

Chané caj? Arawakan? extinct X shifted to Guaraní

Paikoneka Arawakan extinct X poss. dialect of Paunaka or Baure

1 http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=BO

2 http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php

3 recently requested


3

language name(s)

ISO affiliation state Ethno- logue

UNESCO Atalas

Adelaar & Musyken 2004

Bolivian const.

comments

Puquina Arawakan? extinct X X under invest. (Hannß)

Pauserna (Guarasu'we)

psm Tupi-Guaraní extinct X X X

Zamuco Zamucoan extinct X under invest. (Ciucci)

Bororo & Otuque

Bororoan, Macro-Jê?

extinct X probably two dialects of one language

Kitemoka & Napeka

Chapacuran extinct X probably two dialects of one language

Remarks: − Some of the languages are still under investigation (Paunaka, Jorá, Puquina/Kallawaya, ...) − Some languages could still be investigated, in particular Kitemoka/Napeka, Moré (recorded data and speakers). − In addition, there were also some more languages spoken on Bolivian territory that we only find in the neighbouring countries nowadays, like e.g. the Brazilian Arawakan languages Terêna4, Paresi (as given in Tomichá 2002). − Even more languages are still given with little or no data in Loukotka 1968. 2. Available materials and plea for reanalysis of historical data − a number of languages have been classified, even though only very few data were available (mainly lexical comparison) − kinds of available materials:

− recently published material − tagmemic grammars (SIL publications) − Jesuit grammars − wordlist (historical)

− data collected by anthropologists, often unpublished (e.g. Nordenskiöld, Riester) − classifications were published mainly in the second half of the 20th century − now that more grammars have been published, especially in the past 20 years, the same scarce data can be reanalyzed, with the current knowledge of typological characteristics of the language families, and about migration and ethnological continua, in particular in the Bolivian lowlands − one such example of a more recent reanalysis and reconsideration of Bolivian language data is Adelaar & Muysken 2004 (Languages of the Andes) − still needed: updated study of extinct Bolivian lowland languages 3. Case study: Bolivian Arawakan languages − historical Baure (very different from current Baure) − Joquiniano (related to historical Baure; 5 rememberers) − Paunaka (5 speakers) − Paikoneka (only very short historical word lists, poss. rememberers) − Saraveka (historical word lists, poss. rememberers) − Apolista (historical word lists, poss. rememberers of Apolista songs, Daillant p.c.) − Chané? (historical word list)

4 In Campbell 1997, Chané is given as a Terêno dialect.


4

Kinds of data available here: − historical Baure: two Jesuit grammar sketches (published in Adam & Leclerc 1880); current Baure for comparison (Danielsen 2007) − Joaquiniano: recordings with last speaker in 2005 (to be analyzed), Jarillo 2005; documented in Baure DoBeS project (since 2008)5 − Paunaka: Cardús 1886, d’Orbigny 1839, Villafañe (ms), Riester (notes, p.c.), documented in Paunaka Documentation Project (ELDP, 2011−2013)6 − Paikoneka: Cardús 1886, d’Orbigny 1839, Riester (notes, p.c.) − Saraveka: Créqui-Montfort & Rivet 1913a, d’Orbigny 1839, Cardús 1886, Fuß/Riester 1908 (notes, p.c. Riester) − Apolista: Créqui-Montfort & Rivet 1913b, Cardús 1886, Nordenskiöld (pers. notes); Payne 2005 − Chané: ... to be identified ... 3.1 Lexical comparison − Arawakan languages usually have a lot of basic vocabulary in common

Table 2: Selective list for the comparison of Bolivian Arawakan languages (cf. Danielsen forthc. a)7

English Apolista Saraveka Paunaka Paikoneka Baure Trinitario Ignaciano

I (1SG) nuni, nila nato neti neti ndi’ nuti nuti

moon asi/ashi kache kuje kejeré kijer koje kaje

water chani? une; himmé ine ina in une une

fire yuó, yuk tikia’i; kikiháe yÿkÿ chaki yaki yuku yuku

eat

ini’icha nuniku (1SG)

nuniku (1SG)

nik(ow) (1SG) niniko (1SG)

ninika (1SG)

sleep

itie-meka pimoka (2SG)

pimoko (2SG)

pimok (2SG) pimoko (2SG)

pimoka (2SG)

head ni-tuni (1SGf)?

no’eve -chuti/-chÿti ipe -po’e -chuti -chuti

sun iti ka’ame sache isése ses sache sache

ear hearing)

ni-tuni (1SGf)?

nu-ni’ishe -chuka iseñoki -chokon; -senoki (hearing)

-choka -chaka

bow puru? echote tibopo -tipop, etiropos tspooku itsiparuku

hand ni-pisi (1SG) auikachi -bÿi ivuaki

-wojis; -waki (palm of hand)

-vupe -va’u

woman in(t)ari? akunechu?; jakunetru

esena esenu eton seno esena

one apani ati chenache, punache (other)

ponotsiko ponosh étona étona

give (it) to me!

apay-na icha munazi’i pipunakane pipanira pipanir pijiroko pijaraka

I want areaka

noshashari nisacha nikikino niki’inow nivooro nivara’a

I don’t want

maicha noshashari

kuina nisacha

isi ñikinovo

nga niki’inow wo nwoo’o

vai nivara’a

NEG ma- macha/ maicha

kuina isi? noka, matka (Carmelito)

wo vai

5 http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~baureprj/JoaquinianoLexico/lexicon/main.htm

6 http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~paunakadocu/

7 I adjusted the orthography in order to ease comparison. Sources: Trinitario (Gill 1993), Ignaciano (Ott & Ott

1983), Rose (p.c.).


5

− most divergence is found with the negative particle − Apolista is most distinct from the other languages

3.2 Phonological comparison − there are some features that can possibly be considered to be typical Arawakan features (cf. Aikhenvald 1999) − also phonemes can be reconstructed on the basis of the written historical notes − however, the phonology is not analyzed in a very reliable way from historical word lists,

and phonology probably underwent some change due to contact Figure 1: Arawakan-internal phonological comparison

− the phonological features are best compared with other South American languages (Constenla 1991; comparison to be repeated with Lev Michael’s data on phonology) 3.3 Morphological comparison − in 2007 through 2011 we compared the Arawakan data in general typological questionnaires (used for Danielsen et al. to appear) − Relatively easy task: find Arawakan morphemes: − person markers for possession and argument marking on verbs (S, A, O), cf. Danielsen forthcoming b − S and A marking identical to possessor marking on nouns (inalienable possession) − absolute suffix(es) to derive free nouns (inalienable) − often -ko/ka, -ti/ta − ka-/ma- attributive/privative − verbal morphology mainly suffixing − three numerals with classifiers suffixed


6

− numeral classifier system − frequently occurring derivational morphemes, such as -*ri/re adjectivizer/possessive or genitive − split in argument marking: adjectival predicates with S marking by suffix (sometimes grammaticalized to gender agreement only) Table 3: Person paradigms of Bolivian Arawakan languages − current knowledge person Apolista Saraveka Paunaka Paikoneka Baure Trinitario Ignaciano

1SG ni-, -na nu-; -ne/-ni ne-; -ne ni-, ne-; -ni ni-; -ni n-; -nu nu-; -nu

2SG pi- i- pi-; -pi pi- pi-; -pi pi-; -pi/-vi pi-; -vi

3SGm (i)pi-, t-?

e-?; -ri? t-?

chi-/ti-; -chi

ro-, -ro ma-, ñi-, s-, ta-, ty-

ma-, ñi-, su-, ta-, ti-

3SGf ya-?/ayi- e-?; -ru?/-re?

ri-, -ri

1PL wa- avi? vi-, -vi ivi- vi-, -vi vy-; -vi vi-; -(a)vi

2PL ni-pi-? yi-, -yi a-, j-; ‘e e-; -e

3PL ani-pi-? cf. 3SG +-PL

no-, -no cf. 3SG +-PL

cf. 3SG + -PL

− Arawakan languages generally derive their personal pronouns from the personal prefixes with some derivational/absolute suffix, like -ti in many Bolivian Arawakan languages (compare also Danielsen forthcoming b) Table 4: Derivation of personal pronouns person Apolista Saraveka Paunaka Paikoneka Baure Trinitario Ignaciano

1SG ni-la (nuni?) na-to, na-tro ne-ti ne-ti ndi (ni-ti) nu-ti nu-ti

2SG pi-la, pi-ya i-ti(n) pi-ti pi-ti pi-ti pi-ti pi-ti

3SGm ipi-la e-cheche e-chi ro-ti e-ma, e-ñi, e-su, e-to

e-ma, e-ñi, e-su, e-ta 3SGf ayi-pi-la ri-ti

1PL wa’aha avi? vi-ti vi-ti vi-ti vi-ti

2PL ni-pi-ya e-ti yi-ti e-ti e-ti

3PL ani-pi-la e-chi-nuve no-ti e-no e-na

More difficult to identify are ... − diverging features within the Arawakan family 4. New analysis of Bolivian Arawakan languages − an adhoc analysis of 60 available features resulted in a certain classification of Bolivian Arawakan languages, as shown in Figure 2: − here I combined all available features except for phonology: − forms of personal affixes − PL suffix − additional PL marking on verbs with PL person marking − derivational morpheme of personal pronouns − negative particle − irrealis verbal system − lexicon: numerals (1, 2, 3), sun, moon, woman


7

Figure 2: Internal view: A new analysis of Bolivian Arawakan languages and their relation

Figure 3: External view: Bolivian Arawakan languages and their external Arawakan relations


8

− On the basis of the scarce historical data on already extinct Bolivian Arawakan languages, we can analyze internal and external Arawakan relationships, and by this come to a new sub-classification, as proposed in Figure 4. Figure 4: Currently proposed subdivisions of Southern Arawakan languages (Danielsen) ARAWAKAN Southern and South-Western Arawakan Southern Arawakan Baure languages and dialects !Baure (BOL) !Carmelito (BOL) †Joaquiniano (BOL)

Pauna Languages !Paunaka (BOL)

†Paikoneka (BOL) or Baure group? Moxo Languages and dialects !Trinitario (BOL) !Ignaciano (BOL) ? (†)Loretano (BOL) ? †Javierano (BOL) ? †Muchojeone (BOL) Terêna-Subgroup Terêna (BRA) †Kinikinao (BRA) †Chané (ARG, BOL) †Guané/Layana (BRA) Paresi-Subgroup Paresi (BRA) †Saraveka (BOL) South-Western Arawakan Andean †Apolista (BOL) Yanesha (PER) Campa Subgroup A-P-I subgroup Apurinã (BRA) Piro (PER/BRA) Iñapari (PER)

5. Outlook We can probably conclude even more about the morphosyntax of the same Arawakan languages on the basis of a few clauses in the word lists. Mind that there are a number of entries that are much more complex than apparently translated. Some more complex examples are given on the following pages.


9

Apolista: existential root -ama(ku)- (all French translations: Créqui-Montfort & Rivet 1913b) (1) a. manamak il n’y a pas ma-n ama-k(u) NEG-DER be-TH8 ‘lit. there is not/nothing’ b. uinta amaku qu’a-t-il? uin-ta ama-ku Q-SUFF be-TH ‘lit. what is there?’ c. man-amaku-ni où est-il? ma-n ama-ku-ni NEG-DER be-TH-Q ‘lit. is (he) not there?’

d. mante amakupla tuer ma-n-te ama-ku-pila NEG-DER-SUFF be-TH-3SG ‘lit. it is not there??’ e. mañin-amaku mourir ma-ni-ni ama-ku NEG-DER-1SG be-TH ‘lit. I am not there??’ e. haynama j’ai hay-n ama PART-DER(1SG?) be ‘lit. there is’ f. tarisamaku ombre t-aris-ama-ku 3-be.dark-be-TH ‘lit. it is dark’ g. ta(i)uayna amaku vieux (en parlant des choses) t-ayway-na ama-ku 3-be.old-DER be-TH h. intári mankuro vulve intári ma-ku-ro woman be-TH-3SGf ‘lit. the woman has (it)’ 8 DER=derivational suffix; NEG=negative; PART=particle; Q=interrogative marker/particle; SUFF=suffix;

TH=thematic suffix


10

Saraveka: suffixes -xa/za/sa/ya + -ri ‘3SGm?’ or -ru ‘3SGf?’ (Créqui-Montfort & Rivet 1913a) (2) a. nu-nituxaru fille nu-tu-xa-ru or nu-tuxa-ru 1SG-daughter-be-3SGf 1SG-daughter-f9 ‘lit. she is my daughter’ ‘my daughter’

b. nu-techexari fils nu-teche-xa-ri or nu-techexa-ri 1SG-son-be-3SGm 1SG-son-m ‘lit. he is my son’ ‘my son’

(3) a. kahe-xari ‘healthy’ ‘lit. he is ...’ b. maipa-xari ‘stupid’ c. vuchi-xari ‘old’ d. kiaxare ‘thin’ (-re = -ri or -ru) e. kisheevexari ‘thunder’ f. itiaxare (kari) ‘power’ g. kinhabe-sari ‘sad’ h. nana-zari ‘mean’ i. eza-yare ‘big’ j. une-ezayare ‘river’ (lit. the water is big) (4) a. areake noxaxari ‘je veux’ areake no-xa-xa-ri ADV? 1SG-want-IPFV-3SGm ‘this/much/really I want it.’ b. maicha noxaxari ‘je ne veux pas’

maicha no-xa-xa-ri NEG 1SG-want-IPFV-3SGm ‘I don’t want it’

c. nohonaxari ‘pêcher’ no-hona-xa-ri

1SG-fish-IPFV-3SGm ‘I am fishing it’ d. ixi piaxari ‘couche-toi!’ ixi pia-xa-ri IMP lie-IPFV-3SGm ‘lie down (on it?)/put it down?’ e. ikiaza ‘pleurer’ i-kia-za-re 2SG-weep-IPFV ‘you are crying’

9 ADV=adverb; f=feminine; IMP=imperative; IPFV=imperfective; m = masculine


11

Saraveka and Paikoneka: imperative preverbal particle ixi/icha/chi (SAR), isi (PAI) (5) a. ixi piaxari (cf. (4)d) Saraveka

b. icha-munazihi ‘done-moi!’ icha muna-zi-hi IMP give-IPFV?-1SG10 ‘give it to me! c. chi-ena ‘ven acá!’ (from Fuß/Riester, p.c.) chi ena or chi ena IMP come IMP here? ‘come (here)’ (6) isiñikinovo Paikoneka isi ni-kino-vo PART 1SG-want-IPFV ‘I don’t want??’ or is the particle misinterpreted? (maybe emphatic?) Compare current Baure data, Joaquiniano, and historical Baure data: (7) shi vikach Baure shi vi=kach

HORT 1PL=go ‘let’s go!’

(8) a. Jayí manchi pimkapa! Joaquiniano jayí manchi pi-imok-a-pa IMP child 2SG-sleep-IRR-INTL ‘Come on, child, go to sleep!’

b. Jazhí vijiripapa! jayí vi-jirip-a-pa IMP 1PL-dance-IRR-INTL ‘Let’s go to dance!’

(9) yebicachi historical Baure dialect ye vi-kachi HORT 1PL-go ‘Let’S go!’ (Cardus 1886) Table 5: Numeral classifiers

Baure Ignaciano Saraveka Paikoneka Apolista

1 po-no-sh (one-CLF-one) etá-na atia po-no-tsiko apa-ni apa-n-si (day)

2 (m)api-n (two-CLF) api-na iniama yapa-ni

3 mbo-n (three-CLF) mapa-na anahama eriko-ni

10

CLF=classifier; HORT=hortative; IMP=imperative; INTL=intentional; IPFV=imperfective; IRR=irrealis; PART=particle


12

References: Adam, Lucien & Charles Leclerc (eds.) 1880. Arte de la Lengua de los indios baures de la provincia Moxos,

conforme al manuscrito original del padre Antonio Magio. Paris: Maissonneuve and Cia, Libreros Editores. Adelaar, Willem F.H & Pieter C. Muysken. 2004. The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 1999. “The Arawak language family”. In: Dixon & Aikhenvald (eds.), The Amazonian

Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 65–106. Campbell, Lyle . 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford

University Press. Cardús, Fr. José. 1886. Las Misiones Franciscanas entre los infieles de Bolivia: Situación del estado de ellas en

1883–1884, Barcelona: Librería de la Inmaculada Concepción. Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 1991. Las lenguas del área intermedia subtitle introduccion a su estudio areal. San

José: Universidad de Costa Rica. Créqui-Montfort, Georges de & Paul Rivet. 1913a. “Linguistique bolivienne. La langue Saraveka”. Journal de la

Société des Américanistes de Paris 10, 497–540. Créqui-Montfort, Georges de & Paul Rivet. 1913b. “La langue Lapaču ou Apolista”. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 3. Danielsen, Swintha. 2007. Baure: An Arawak Language of Bolivia. Indigenous Languages of Latin America (ILLA) 6.

Leiden: CNWS. Danielsen, Swintha. forthcoming a. “Paunaka”. In: Pieter Muysken & Mily Crevels (eds.), Las lenguas de Bolivia, Vol.

III. La Paz: Plural Editors. Danielsen, Swintha. forthcoming b. “The argument encoding system in Baure and other South Arawakan

languages“. In: Antoine Guillaume & Francoise Rose (eds.), Argument-coding systems in Bolivian Amazonian languages, IJAL.

Danielsen, Swintha & Katja Hannß. 2010. “Working with dying languages: Two Bolivian cases in comparison”. In: Mark Häberlein & Alexander Keese (eds.), Sprachgrenzen − Sprachkontakte − kulturelle Vermittler:Kommunikation zwischen Europäern un Außereuropäern (16.−20. Jahrhundert). Geschichte − Beiträge zur Eurpäischen Überseegeschichte, 97. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. 379−407.

Danielsen, Swintha; Michael Dunn & Pieter Muysken. to appear. “The role of contact in the spreading of Arawak languages“. In: Jonathan Hill & Alf Hornborg (eds.), Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia: Reconstructing past identities from archaeology. linguistics, and ethnohistory. University Press of Colorado.

Gill, Wayne. 1993. Diccionario Trinitario – Castellano y Castellano – Trinitario. Edición revisada. San Lorenzo de Moxos: Mision Nuevas Tribus.

Jarillo Taborga, Orlando. 2005. Lengua Joaquiniano-Baure. En cooperación de Concepción Mercado Bayo, Hugo Vargas Lima Lobo, Rubén Saddy Sosa Michelín. San Joaquín: Revista “Agua Dulce”.

Loukotka, estmír. 1963. “Documents et vocabulaires inédits de langues et de dialectes sud- américains”. Journal de la Société des Américanistes 52, 7−60.

Orbigny, Alcide d’. 1839. Voyage dans l’amérique méridionale, vol. IV (1): “L’Homme Américain (de l’Amérique méridionale) considéré sous ses rapports physiologiques et moraux”, Paris: Pitois-Levraut; Strasbourg: F.G. Levrault.

Ott, Willis G. and Rebecca H. Ott. 1983. Diccionario Ignaciano y Castellano con apuntes gramaticales. Cochabamba: ILV.

Payne, David L. 1991. “A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) Languages based on shared lexical retentions,” in Handbook of Amazonian Languages, Volume III. Edited by Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey Pullum, pp.355-499. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Terhart, Lena. 2010. Klassifikatoren im Baure. MA thesis at Free University of Berlin. Ms. Tomichá Charupá, Roberto. 2002. La primer evangelización en las reducciones de Chiquitos, Bolivia (1691-1767).

Cochabamba: Editorial Verbo Divino. Villafañe, Lucrecia. Gramática Paunaka (Aruak). Ms.