EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION, …EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION, WISCONSIN: SELECTED TOPICS FOR WATER YEAR 1995 By D.W. Owens, S.R. Corsi, anofK.F. Rappold

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 96-66IA

EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION, WISCONSIN: FOR WATER YEAR 1995

Prepared in cooperation with the WISCONSIN DEPARTMENTOFNATURAL RESOURCES

EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION, WISCONSIN: SELECTED TOPICS FOR WATER YEAR 1995

By D.W. Owens, S.R. Corsi, and K.F. Rappold

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 96-661A

Prepared in cooperation with theWISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Madison, Wisconsin 1997

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director

For additional information write to:

District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 6417 Normandy Lane Madison, Wl 53719

Copies of this report can be purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Box 25286 Denver, CO 80225-0286

CONTENTS

Abstract......................................................................................................................................................^ 1Introduction...............................................................................................^ 1Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination....................................................................................................................... 2

Land-use and best management practices inventory................................................................................................... 3Activities in water year 1995............................................................................................................................. 3Activities planned for water year 1996.............................................................................................................. 4

Selected streamwater-quality data............................................................................................................................... 4Availability of water-quality data...................................................................................................................... 4Summary of loads at rural sites ......................................................................................................................... 7Monitoring activities planned for water year 1996............................................................................................ 8

Quality assurance and quality control.......................................................................................................................... 8Blank samples for inorganic constituents at rural sites ..................................................................................... 8Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sampling at urban sites ................................................................................ 9

Peristaltic pump system........................................................................................................................... 9Waiting period.......................................................................................................................................... 9Filtration.................................................................................................................................................. 12

Summary and conclusions..................................................................................................................................................... 14References cited................................................................................................................................................^ 14Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin,

water years 1985-93................................................................................................................................. 18Appendix 2. Storm-load data for urban watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin,

water years 1991-94................................................................................................................................. 30Appendix 2.1.Uncertainty in urban storm-load data............................................................................................................. 39

FIGURES

1. Map showing locations of rural and urban sites in the Wisconsin watershed-management evaluationmonitoring program, water year 1995.................................................................................................................... 2

2-5. Graphs showing:2. Number of storms through water year 1995 for which loads were calculated at the Wisconsin evaluation

monitoring sites before implementation of best-management practices (BMP's) and during transitional periods ................................................................................................................................................. 7

3. Comparison of grab samples and peristaltic-pump samples for poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarboncompounds detected in each of three sets of urban stormwater samples, Madison, Wisconsin............................. 13

4. Comparison of average concentrations for capped samples and samples left open for 24 hours forpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds detected in urban stormwater samples, Madison, Wisconsin........ 14

5. Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon samples filtered one time and two times...................................... 15

TABLES

1. Characteristics of sites in the Wisconsin evaluation monitoring program................................................................ 32. Summary of eligible, contracted, and implemented rural best-management practices in nonpoint-source

evaluation monitoring watersheds, Wisconsin .................................................................................................. 53. Milestone dates for project selection, watershed assessment, plan approval, signup period, end of

BMP funding, pre-BMP period, transitional period, and post-BMP period for nonpoint-source evaluation monitoring watersheds, Wisconsin.................................................................................................................... 6

4. Summary of annual and snowmelt-period suspended-sediment or suspended-solids loads,total-phosphorus loads, and streamflow at Wisconsin rural evaluation monitoring sites, water years1985-86 and 1990-94........................................................................................................................................ 10

5. Number of splitter-blank and field-blank samples with concentrations greater than the limit ofquantification and number of splitter-blank and field samples collected, Wisconsin evaluationmonitoring program, water years 1994-95........................................................................................................ 12

CONTENTS III

CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

Multiply_______________By_____________To Obtain

inch (in.)foot (ft)

acresquare mile (mi2)

million cubic feet (Mft3)pound (Ib)

pounds per square mile (lb/mi2)ton (short)

25.40.30480.40482.5900.02832

453.60.175730.9072

millimetermeterhectaresquare kilometermillion cubic metersgramkilograms per square kilometer (kg/km'megagram (mg)

Abbreviated water-quality units used in this report: Chemical concentrations and water temperature are given in metric units. Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (ng/L). Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to one milligram per liter. For concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical value is the same as for concentrations in parts per million. Other units of measurement used in this report are microsiemens per centimeter at 25°Celsius (^S/cm), micrometers (^m), and bacteria colonies per 100 milliliters of water sample (col./lOO mL).

IV CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION, WISCONSIN: SELECTED TOPICS FOR WATER YEAR 1995

By D.W. Owens, S.R. Corsi, anofK.F. Rappold

Abstract

The objective of the watershed-manage ment evaluation monitoring program in Wisconsin is to evaluate the effectiveness of best-manage ment practices (BMP's) for controlling nonpoint- jource contamination in eight rural and four urban watersheds. This report, the fourth in an annual series of reports, presents a summary of the data collected for the program by the U.S. Geological Survey and the results of several detailed analyses of the data.

To complement assessments of water qual ity, a land-use and BMP inventory is ongoing for 12 evaluation monitoring projects to track nonpoint sources of contamination in each watershed and to document implementation of BMP's that were designed to cause changes in the water qual ity of streams. Each year, updated information is gathered, mapped, and stored in a geographic- information-system data base. Summaries of land- use, BMP implementation, and water-quality data collected during water years 1989-95 are pre sented.

Storm loads, snowmelt-period loads, and annual loads of suspended sediment and total phosphorus are summarized for eight rural sites. Storm-load data for suspended solids, total phos phorus, total recoverable lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium are summarized for four urban sites.

Quality-assurance and quality-control (QA/ QC) samples were collected at the eight rural sites to evaluate inorganic sample contamination and at one urban site to evaluate sample-collection and filtration techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's). Some suspended solids and fecal coliform contamination was detected at the rural sites. Corrective actions will be taken to address this contamination. Evaluation of PAH

sample-collection techniques did not uncover any deficiencies, but the small amount of data col lected was not sufficient to draw any definite con clusions. Evaluation of PAH filtration techniques indicate that water-sample filtration with 0.7-(im glass-fiber filters in an aluminum filter unit does not result in significant loss of PAH.

INTRODUCTION

In October 1989, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a watershed-management evaluation monitoring program in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). The over all objective of the 12 individual projects in the pro gram (4 in urban areas and 8 in rural areas) is to determine whether the quality of water in a receiving stream has improved as a result of the implementation of land-management practices in the watershed. This determination is made through monitoring of water chemistry and ancillary variables before best-manage ment practices (BMP's) are implemented, during BMP implementation, and after BMP's have been com pletely implemented. In this report, the period before BMP implementation is termed "pre-BMP," the period during active implementation is termed "transitional," and the period after complete implementation is termed "post-BMP."

The county Land Conservation Departments (LCD's) and the WDNR have identified nonpoint sources of contamination in the eight rural watersheds. This information was used to select sites that are eligi ble for partial funding of BMP implementation. The LCD's are in the process of contacting landowners to request that they implement the appropriate BMP's for streamwater-quality improvement. This BMP imple mentation is voluntary and, therefore, may result in varied success, depending largely on the amount of land treated, and also on the effectiveness of imple mented BMP's in improving water quality.

Abstract

92°

46° -^

45°

EXPLANATION

T Rural watershed evaluationmonitoring site

V Urban watershed evaluationmonitoring site

0 -fJ

\

^

r^~^

\

i^vr! VI 89°

..................... x T^^LI j >- ̂ 8

1 ......... ,...1 i ^^xI ' - | j Ci : :

i - -5 ii J............L,I 1 ] :; : ; ;

WISC^NSIH 1i " " -]" !""" I........ |

^ 1 ...., \..~

88°

87°

Eagfe Crfeek ^Joosj VaNey Cr« e'K:""7" ~':~T

3 501

100 MILES I

1100 KILOMETERS

! Bow^rCree;k Ii i Vr.i-.

\_._L.......L,..,.JOtter.pNek

Blak Eari Creel..Brew0ry'Cr0ek

43o _

Rattlesnake Creek and Kuenster Creek

D « MOO ,» ,eBase from U.S. Geological Survey National Atlas, 1970

Lincoln Creek and . Menomonee River

Nine Springs Creek tributary storm sewer and Monroe Street detention pond

Figure 1. Locations of rural and urban sites in the Wisconsin watershed-management evaluation monitoring program, water year 1995.

The WDNR and each city have identified nonpoint sources of contamination for the four urban watersheds. Goals for reduction of nonpoint-source contamination have been set, but specific plans identi fying the types and locations of BMP's needed to achieve these goals have not been defined.

Among the criteria for site selection were likeli hood for extensive BMP implementation, relatively small watershed size (less than 50 mi2), and feasibility of accurate measurement of streamflow in the water shed. An additional stream, a reach of Black Earth Creek, was selected for a detailed analysis of dissolved oxygen. Locations of the sites are shown in figure 1, and a brief summary of site characteristics is given in table 1.

EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION

This report, the fourth in a series of annual progress reports (Graczyk and others, 1993; Corsi and others, 1994; Walker and others, 1995), is divided into three sections. The following topics are addressed: (1) land-use and best-management-practices inventory, including a discussion of data-collection efforts and the status of BMP implementation, (2) streamwater-quality data, including a discussion of rural annual snowmelt and rainfall loads, and (3) quality assurance and quality control practices, including an analysis of rural blank samples collected to examine for contamination of samples by inorganic constituents and an analysis of sampling and filtration methods for polycyclic aro matic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in urban areas. For sec-

2 EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION, WISCONSIN: SELECTED TOPICS FOR WATER YEAR 1995

Table 1. Characteristics of sites in the Wisconsin evaluation monitoring program[Data-collection period in water years; mi2, square miles]

Site name

Black Earth Creek atCounty Trunk P

Black Earth Creek atMills Street

Black Earth Creek atSouth Valley Road

Bower Creek

Brewery Creek

Eagle Creek

Garfoot Creek

Joos Valley Creek

Kuenster Creek

Lincoln Creek

Menomonee River

Monroe Street detentionpond inlet

Nine Springs Creektributary storm sewer

Otter Creek

Rattlesnake Creek

U.S. Geological Survey station

number

05406460

05406476

05406497

04085119

05406470

05378185

05406491

05378183

054134435

040869415

04087120

430309089260701

05429268

040857005

05413449

Data collection

period

1985-86;1990-95

1985-86;1990-95

1985-86;1990-95

1991-95

1985-86;1990-95

1990-95

1985-86;1990-95

1990-95

1993-95

1993-95

1991-95

1991-95

1991-95

1991-95

1992-95

Surface-water divide

contributing drainage area

(mi2)

12.8

22.7

37.8

14.8

7.7

14.3

5.39

5.89

9.59

9.56

123

.372

.18

9.5

42.4

Site type

Rural

Rural

Rural

Rural

Rural

Rural

Rural

Rural

Rural

Urban

Urban

Urban

Urban

Rural

Rural

Data collected

Dissolved oxygen andwater temperature



Water chemistry 1

Water chemistry2

Water chemistry 1

Water chemistry2 anddissolved oxygen

Water chemistry 1

Water chemistry 1 anddissolved oxygen

Water chemistry 1

Water chemistry 1

Water chemistry 1

Water chemistry 1



'Samples analyzed for suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen. 2Samples analyzed for suspended sediment, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen.

tions describing ongoing data-collection efforts, data collected during water year 1995 are summarized and, if appropriate, implications for future data-collection efforts are discussed. (A water year is the period begin ning October 1 and ending September 30; the water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends.) Storm-load data summarized in appendixes 1 and 2 include data collected through water year 1994 for rural sites and water year 1995 for urban sites.

Land-Use and Best-Management- Practices Inventory

The land-use inventory program began in 1992 to provide information on the effects of land-use and

land-treatment changes on water quality. A brief description of the program is given in Corsi and others (1994), and a comprehensive summary of the program is given in Wierl and others (1996). This section sum marizes activities for water year 1995 and planned activities for water year 1996.

Activities in Water Year 1995

The land-use-inventory program has been track ing BMP implementation and changes in land use and land cover with a geographic information system (GIS) since 1992. A detailed description of the program is given in Wierl and others (1996). The GIS data base developed by the USGS in cooperation with the


WDNR is managed with ARC/INFO 1 software. GIS data layers were produced from l:24,000-scale topo graphic maps and aerial photographs at an approximate scale of 1:600. These GIS layers include surface water drainage-basin boundaries, hydrography, hydrologic units, elevation, roads, stream and rain gages, BMP's, forests, and field boundaries. The GIS database has been used to (1) track the implementation of BMP's;(2) display annual land cover or changes in land use;(3) depict the areas that are critical nonpoint sources of contaminants; (4) provide inputs for water-quality models; and (5) perform various queries and analyses.

A water-quality model (WINHUSLE2) has been used to estimate the quantity of sediment and phospho rus reaching Otter Creek from each field. Inputs for the model were imported from three GIS layers: field boundaries, elevation, and hydrologic units. The model results will be used to assess the need for specific BMP's within the Otter Creek watershed.

Updates on contracted or implemented BMP's were obtained from the local LCD's and from the WDNR, Water Resources Bureau. This information was entered into the GIS layer for BMP's. Ephemeral gullies were inventoried in spring 1995. The length, vertical depth, average width and the length of time it took for the gully to develop were used to estimate the sediment loading from a particular gully. Field inven tories were conducted in summer and fall 1995 to iden tify the agricultural crops that were grown. This crop information was entered into the GIS layer for field boundaries.

Nonpoint sources of contamination have been identified and quantified for most of the monitored watersheds. These sources include runoff from barn yards and erosion from streambanks, uplands and gul lies. Nonpoint-contaminant-source data were obtained from the priority watershed plans, local LCD's, pollut ant loadings estimated from water-quality models, and completed watershed inventories (for example, gully and streambank erosion inventories).

Eligible, contracted, and installed BMP's for the evaluation monitoring watersheds are summarized in table 2. The GIS layers for BMP implementation are updated twice a year if BMP's are either contracted or

^se of trade names in the report is for identification pur poses only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geo logical Survey.

2WINHUSLE is an empirical water-quality model that esti mates the sediment yield from each field to the receiving water, and the in-stream sediment deposition rate (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1994).

implemented. Two of the rural evaluation monitoring watersheds will complete their BMP funding periods for implementing BMP's by the end of 1997 (table 3), four of the rural watersheds will complete their BMP funding periods by the end of 1999, and the remaining two rural watersheds will complete their BMP funding periods by the end of 2000.

Activities Planned for Water Year 1996

The following land-use and BMP monitoring activities are planned for water year 1996:

1. Update all pertinent land-use data in the GIS data base. The data base will provide the information necessary to create GIS maps.

2. Publish a USGS Open-File report thatincludes descriptions of the evaluation moni toring watersheds.

3. Complete an inventory of agricultural crops being grown in each watershed.

4. Complete an inventory of BMP's imple mented in each watershed.

5. Complete an inventory of ephemeral gully erosion in each watershed.

6. Complete water-quality model runs for some of the remaining monitored watersheds.

Selected Streamwater-Quality Data

Streamwater-quality data are summarized in two parts. The first part discusses the availability of water- quality data, including loads for stormflow periods. The second part discusses specific data compiled at rural sites, and includes (1) a graph of the number of storms and estimated constituent loads, (2) annual con stituent loads for the specific period of record at each site, and (3) a breakdown of annual rural loads into snowmelt and stormflow sources of runoff.

Availability of Water-Quality Data

Precipitation, streamflow volume, and storm loads for several water-quality constituents have been computed for all monitored storm periods and summa rized for rural sites (appendix 1) and urban sites (appendix 2). The rural data are summarized through water year 1994. Data collection was suspended in


Tabl

e 2.

Sum

mar

y of

elig

ible

, co

ntra

cted

, an

d im

plem

ente

d ru

ral b

est-

man

agem

ent

prac

tices

in n

onpo

int-s

ourc

e ev

alua

tion

mon

itorin

g w

ater

shed

s, W

isco

nsin

[ft,

feet

; BM

P's,

bes

t-m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es; t

able

con

tain

s re

visi

ons

to a

BM

P ta

ble

prev

ious

ly p

ublis

hed

in W

alke

r an

d ot

hers

, 19

95, w

hich

are

the

resu

lt of

cha

nges

in p

ract

ices

elig

ible

, co

ntra

cted

, or i

mpl

emen

ted]

Eva

luat

ion

mon

itori

ng w

ater

shed

Prac

tice

Elig

ible

man

ure

stor

age

Con

trac

ted

man

ure

stor

age

Impl

emen

ted

man

ure

stor

age

Elig

ible

bar

nyar

d-co

ntro

l sys

tem

sC

ontr

acte

d ba

rnya

rd-c

ontr

ol s

yste

ms

Impl

emen

ted

barn

yard

-con

trol

sys

tem

s

Elig

ible

str

eam

bank

pro

tect

ion4

Con

trac

ted

stre

amba

nk p

rote

ctio

n4Im

plem

ente

d st

ream

bank

pro

tect

ion4

Con

trac

ted

fenc

ing

Impl

emen

ted

fenc

ing

Con

trac

ted

stre

am c

ross

ing

Impl

emen

ted

stre

am c

ross

ing

Con

trac

ted

grad

e st

abili

zatio

nIm

plem

ente

d gr

ade

stab

iliza

tion

Elig

ible

nut

rien

t man

agem

ent

Con

trac

ted

nutr

ient

man

agem

ent

Impl

emen

ted

nutr

ient

man

agem

ent

Elig

ible

upl

and

BM

P's5

Con

trac

ted

upla

nd B

MP'

sIm

plem

ente

d up

land

BM

P's

Bre

wer

y C

reek

0 0 0 16 II3 9

5 ba

rns

no l

onge

rha

ve li

vest

ock

22,0

00 ft

22,0

00ft

19,1

00ft

1,20

0ft

Site

no

long

er w

ithliv

esto

ck1 1 2

Site

s no

long

er w

ithliv

esto

ck

2,44

0 ac

res '

903

acre

s77

5 ac

res

5, 1

70 a

cres

11,

143

acre

s1,

143

acre

s

_ .

. _

, E

agle

Cre

ek a

nd

Gar

foot

Cre

ek

,

,»

, Jo

os V

alle

y C

reek

0 0 0 7 6 6

16,8

00 ft

16,8

00 ft

16,7

00 ft

5,47

5 ft

5,47

5 ft 4 4 0 0

592

acre

s15

6 ac

res

156

acre

s1,

520

acre

s122

1 ac

res

221

acre

s

Ani

mal

-was

te m

anag

emen

t7 3 1

162 9 1

Stre

amba

nk p

rote

ctio

n28

,100

ft8,

273

ft32

3ft

25,1

65 f

t3,

127

ft 11 1 8 5

Upl

and

man

agem

ent

990

acre

s55

4 ac

res 0

2,14

0 ac

res1

7 0

Bow

er C

reek

5 5 317

oth

ers

from

pre

vi

ous

farm

pro

gram

s26 10 5

2,32

0 ft 0 0

625f

t62

5ft 1 1 0 0

4,02

0 ac

res

1,08

0 ac

res

387

acre

s4,

480

acre

s99

acr

es77

acr

es

Otte

r C

reek

2 2 2 8 8 7

7,00

0ft

Oft

Oft

9,20

0ft

9,20

0ft 3 3 3 3

1,13

0 ac

res

1,28

2 ac

res

1,1 5

2 ac

res

851

acre

s2

acre

s1

acre

Rat

tlesn

ake

Cre

ek a

nd

Kue

nste

r C

reek

601 2 1

103

1 1 (

not i

nclu

ding

3 p

rac

tices

no

long

er c

ontr

acte

d)6

255,

000

ft1

1,73

0 ft

1,60

5 ft 0 0 2 2 0 0

2,98

0 ac

res1

274

acre

s127

4 ac

res1

17,4

00 a

cres

170

1 ac

res

49 a

cres

*An

estim

ate

deri

ved

from

the

nonp

oint

sou

rce

cont

rol p

lan.

2Doe

s in

clud

e on

e el

igib

le y

ard

that

was

sol

d.3T

otal

incl

udes

a b

arny

ard-

cont

rol

syst

em to

be

inst

alle

d by

a la

ndow

ner w

ithou

t cos

t-sh

are

fund

ing.

^he c

ontr

acts

for

leng

th o

f str

eam

bank

pro

tect

ion

refl

ects

the

tota

l len

gth

of e

ach

prac

tice.

One

ero

ded

site

can

incl

ude

seve

ral p

ract

ices

suc

h as

rip

rap,

sho

relin

e an

d st

ream

bank

sta

biliz

atio

n,

and

shor

elin

e bu

ffer

s. B

oth

bank

s m

ay h

ave

been

ero

ded,

con

trac

ted,

or

impl

emen

ted

with

BM

P's.

Incl

udes

an

indi

vidu

al p

ract

ice

or s

erie

s of

pra

ctic

es, o

ther

than

nut

rien

t man

agem

ent,

that

res

ult i

n a

redu

ced

pollu

tant

sou

rce,

suc

h as

con

tour

farm

ing,

con

tour

str

ip c

ropp

ing,

fie

ld s

trip

cr

oppi

ng, g

rass

ed w

ater

way

s, a

nd r

educ

ed ti

llage

.

EVALUATION

OF

NONPOINT-SOt

3)

0

m O 0

I S Z O z w o I z m m 3 m o o O w n

O 3) m 3) m 3) s Cl

Tabl

e 3.

Mile

ston

e da

tes

for p

roje

ct s

elec

tion,

wat

ersh

ed a

sses

smen

t, pl

an a

ppro

val,

sign

up p

erio

d, e

nd o

f BM

P fu

ndin

g, p

re-B

MP

perio

d, tr

ansi

tiona

l per

iod,

and

pos

t- BM

P pe

riod

for n

onpo

int-s

ourc

e ev

alua

tion

mon

itorin

g w

ater

shed

s, W

isco

nsin

[BM

P, b

est-

man

agem

ent p

ract

ice;

WD

NR

, Wis

cons

in D

epar

tmen

t of N

atur

al R

esou

rces

; LC

D, L

and

Con

serv

atio

n D

epar

tmen

t]

Eva

luat

ion

mon

itori

ng w

ater

shed

s

Mile

ston

e

Proj

ect s

elec

ted

1

Wat

ersh

edas

sess

men

t1

Plan

app

rove

d1

Sign

up p

erio

d2

End

of B

MP

fund

ing2

Pre-

BM

P pe

riod3

Tran

sitio

nal p

erio

d

Post

-BM

P pe

riod

3

Bre

wer

y C

reek

1985

1986

-87

1989

Mar

ch 1

989-

Febr

uary

199

4

Febr

uary

199

7

Prio

r to

Oct

ober

198

9

Nov

embe

r 19

89-

1997

Aft

er 1

997

Gar

foot

Cre

ek

1985

1986

-87

1989

Mar

ch 1

989-

Febr

uary

199

4

Febr

uary

199

7

Prio

r to

Sept

embe

r 19

89

Oct

ober

198

9-19

95

Aft

er 1

995

Eagl

e C

reek

1985

1987

-88

1990

Mar

ch 1

990-

Dec

embe

r 200

0

Dec

embe

r 200

0

Prio

r to

Sept

embe

r 19

93

Oct

ober

199

3-20

00

Aft

er 2

000

Joos

Val

ley

Cre

ek

1985

1987

-88

1990

Mar

ch 1

990-

Dec

embe

r200

0

Dec

embe

r 200

0

Prio

r to

Sept

embe

r 19

92

Oct

ober

199

2-20

00

Aft

er 2

000

Bow

er C

reek

1986

1988

-90

1991

Sept

embe

r 19

91-

Dec

embe

r 19

96

Dec

embe

r 19

99

Prio

r to

Nov

embe

r 19

92

Dec

embe

r 19

92-

1999

Aft

er 1

999

Otte

r Cre

ek

1985

1987

-88

1991

June

, 19

91-

May

199

7

Dec

embe

r 19

99

Prio

r to

Sept

embe

r 19

93

Oct

ober

199

3-19

96

Aft

er 1

996

Rat

tlesn

ake

Cre

ek

1986

1989

-90

1991

Oct

ober

199

1-O

ctob

er 1

997

Oct

ober

199

9

Prio

r to

May

199

3

June

199

3-19

96

Aft

er 1

996

Kue

nste

r C

reek

1986

1989

-90

1991

Oct

ober

199

1 -

Oct

ober

199

7

Oct

ober

199

9

Prio

r to

June

199

4

July

199

4-19

98

Aft

er 1

998

!A11

yea

rs li

sted

cor

resp

ond

with

Pri

ority

Wat

ersh

ed p

lans

.2A

11 y

ears

list

ed w

ere

obta

ined

fro

m th

e W

DN

R a

nd th

e lo

cal L

CD

's.3A

11 y

ears

list

ed w

ere

desi

gnat

ed b

y th

e ev

alua

tion

mon

itori

ng te

am w

ith in

form

atio

n ob

tain

ed f

rom

the

WD

NR

and

the

loca

l LC

D's.

The

pos

t-B

MP

and

tran

sitio

nal p

erio

ds m

ay b

e ch

ange

d, i

f all

the

BM

P's

are

impl

emen

ted

prio

r to

the

date

list

ed.

EXPLANATION

Pre-BMP

£2 Transitional

Brewery Garfoot Eagle Joos Valley Bower Otter

EVALUATION-MONITORING SITE

Rattlesnake Kuenster

Figure 2. Number of storms through water year 1995 for which loads were calculated at the Wisconsin evaluation monitoring sites before implementation of best-management practices (BMP's) and during transitional periods.

1994 for three of the urban sites and in 1995 for the remaining urban site pending approved watershed plans. Accordingly, data in appendix 2 are through the end of the appropriate data-collection period. Daily loads for selected constituents and discrete concentra tion data for the samples used to calculate these loads are published in the USGS annual water-data reports for Wisconsin (Holmstrom and others, 1986-87; Holmstrom and Erickson, 1989; Holmstrom and oth ers, 1990-95). Maximum, minimum, and mean dissolved-oxygen concentrations and water temperatures also are published in these annual reports. Data for water year 1995 are published in the annual report for 1995. Constituent loads for stormflow periods for water year 1995 are to be published in the 1996 annual progress report on the evaluation monitoring program. Data are available by request from the USGS office in Madison, Wis.

Summary of Loads at Rural Sites

Water-quality monitoring at the eight rural eval uation monitoring sites (fig. 1) continued in water year 1995 with sampling during base-flow and stormflow

periods. Instantaneous water-quality data were used in conjunction with continuous streamflow data to esti mate total constituent loads for stormflow periods. Sus pended-sediment or suspended-solids, total- phosphorus, and ammonia-nitrogen loads were com puted at the eight rural evaluation monitoring sites. For Brewery and Garfoot Creeks, suspended-sediment loads were computed to be consistent with pre-BMP data collected in a previous study; for all other sites, suspended-solids loads were computed. Ammonia- nitrogen loads were not computed for sites on Otter and Bower Creeks. The rural storm-load data will be used to evaluate the effect of BMP's on streamwater quality. Previous research using the rural regression analysis (Walker and Graczyk, 1993; Walker, 1994) has shown theoretically that the minimum detectable change at rural sites becomes distinguishable at roughly 40 total storms; this corresponds to 20 pre-BMP and 20 post- BMP storms for a balanced data collection. The num ber of pre-BMP and post-BMP storms for which loads were calculated at rural evaluation monitoring sites is shown in figure 2. Loads for a sufficient number of storms are probably available for the pre-BMP imple mentation period at five of the sites; at the other three


sites, BMP implementation has begun, so collection of additional pre-BMP data is not possible.

Annual loads of suspended sediment or sus pended solids and total phosphorus were determined at each of the eight rural evaluation monitoring sites (fig. 1) for the entire period of data collection. The annual loads are summarized in table 4.

A significant part of the annual rural load may be transported during snowmelt runoff periods which are frequent in Wisconsin during the winter and early spring. A determination of the percentage of annual load contributed by snowmelt-period runoff will indi cate the importance of snowmelt periods for the rural regression analyses. Snowmelt periods were defined as periods when snow was either falling or already on the ground. Climatological data from the closest station collecting snow and snow-on-ground data were used for the snowmelt-period determination.

For each water year, daily mean loads were summed for snowmelt periods. These load data are summarized in table 4.

Monitoring Activities Planned for Water Year 1996

The following water-quality-monitoring activi ties are planned for water year 1996:

1. Continue collection of rural stormflow sam ples for determination of suspended-solids or suspended-sediment, total-phosphorus and ammonia-nitrogen loads. Data collection may be scaled back at some sites if imple mentation of BMP's in the watersheds has not begun. Intensive data collection can begin again once a sufficient number of BMP's have been implemented.

2. Continue dissolved-oxygen monitoring at the four sites (Kuenster, Rattlesnake and Garfoot Creeks and Black Earth Creek at South Valley Road). Analyze data for the coldwater sites where most of the BMP's have been installed. Available data may be sufficient at the end of water year 1996 to determine whether dissolved-oxygen con centrations have changed as a result of the BMP implementation.

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

In this section, two components of quality-assur ance/quality-control (QA/QC) for evaluation monitor ing sites are summarized and evaluated. First, rural field-blank and splitter-blank samples collected in water years 1994-95 are considered; second, some components of the urban sampling protocol for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) are investigated.

Blank Samples for Inorganic Constituents at Rural Sites

One part of the QA/QC plan for rural evaluation monitoring sites includes regular collection of blank samples from the automatic samplers and the sample splitter. Runoff samples are collected by use of an auto matic refrigerated sampler. Plastic sample tubing con nects the stream to a peristaltic pump, which pumps water into one of twenty-four 1-L plastic bottles that are stored in the refrigerator until retrieved by field per sonnel. The samples are then capped and transported to a field office, where they are split by use of a 10-port, plastic, small-volume sample splitter and sent to the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH) for analysis. Field-blank samples are collected by attach ing one end of a short section of tubing onto the stream end of the plastic sample tubing and placing the other end in a bottle of Milli-Q water. Milli-Q water is then pumped through the automatic sampler into a 1-L plas tic bottle in the refrigerator. The bottle is capped and transported to a field office, where its contents are split and sent to the WSLH for analysis. Splitter-blank sam ples are collected by pouring Milli-Q water through the sample splitter and sending the resulting sample to the WSLH for analysis. A more detailed description of blank- sample collection is given in Graczyk and others (1993).

The field- and splitter-blank samples for rural evaluation monitoring sites were analyzed for bio chemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), suspended solids (SS), and fecal coliform bacteria. Four splitter-blank samples were collected and analyzed for BOD, seven for TP, NH3-N, and SS, and eight for fecal coliform. One sample each of BOD, TP, NH3-N, and SS had con centrations slightly above the limit of quantification (LOQ) (table 5). All fecal coliform concentrations were below the LOQ.


A total of 71 field-blank samples were collected during water years 1994 and 1995. Concentrations were above the LOQ in at least 19 samples for all con stituents. For all constituents except NH3-N concentra tions were measurable in more than 50 percent of the samples (table 5).

There appears to be some source of BOD, TP, NH3-N, and SS contamination in the field blanks. Because concentrations of BOD and TP in the field- blank samples are all relatively low compared to those in most runoff samples collected by the automatic sam plers, contamination by these constituents is not a seri ous concern. Concentrations of SS and fecal coliform in field-blank samples were generally low compared to those in most rural runoff samples. In a few field-blank samples, however, SS and fecal coliform concentra tions were greater than those in some runoff samples. In 14 of 67 field-blank samples, suspended solids con centrations were greater than 20 mg/L; and in 12 of 55 fecal coliform samples concentrations were greater than 500 (col.)/100 mL. Both of these concentrations are considered to be low but not uncommon for rural runoff samples. This contamination is a problem that warrants further investigation and appropriate correc tive action.

The source of BOD, TP, NH3-N, and SS contam ination in the field blanks must lie with the automatic- sampling process or the bottle-handling procedure because splitter blanks have not been contaminated. Contamination is most likely due to residue particulate matter and streamwater in the sample tubing. If this is the case, the problem would probably be solved by cleaning the sample tubing with a tubing brush and rinsing the sample tubing periodically (once every 2 weeks would probably be sufficient). This possibility will be investigated during water year 1996.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Sampling at Urban Sites

Some components of the current sampling and sample-processing methods for PAH's at the urban watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites were investigated in 1995. Runoff samples are col lected by use of refrigerated automatic peristaltic pump samplers. Teflon-lined 3/8-in. sample tubing connects the stream or storm sewer to a peristaltic pump, which pumps water through approximately 3 ft of polyethyl ene tubing into one of four 10-L open wide-mouth glass bottles stored in the refrigerator. Field personnel

visit the site within 24 hours of the end of each runoff period. Samples are then capped and transported in an iced cooler to the USGS office in Madison at a temper ature of approximately 4°C. The samples are split by use of a Teflon-lined churn splitter and filtered by use of a 0.7-)im glass fiber filter. Three components of this procedure were investigated: (1) the peristaltic pump system, (2) the waiting period from when the samples are pumped into the 10-L glass bottles to when they are retrieved and capped by field personnel, and (3) the fil tration system. The components were tested with urban stormwater runoff from a storm sewer that drains the West Towne Mall parking lot in Madison, Wis.

Peristaltic Pump System

To evaluate the peristaltic pump system, three sets of two samples each were collected. Each set of samples contained a grab sample from the stormwater runoff from the storm sewer and a simultaneous sample collected by placing a bottle directly under the outlet from the peristaltic pump system. Concentrations of PAH's from the peristaltic pump sample were greater than those of the grab samples for the first two sets of samples but were slightly less for the third set of sam ples (fig. 3). Eleven of sixteen PAH's were detected in all samples. The five PAH's not detected were acenaphthene, acenaphtylene, dibenzo[A,H]anthracene, fluorene, and naphthalene. In the first two sets of samples differences between the pump samples and the grab samples are more apparent.

Waiting Period

To evaluate the effect of the waiting period on PAH's for the time the samples are pumped into the 10-L glass bottles to when they are retrieved and capped by field personnel, a grab sample was collected directly from the storm sewer. The Teflon-lined churn splitter was used to split this sample into three amber 1-L glass bottles filled completely (ambient samples 1, 2, and 3) and one clear 10-L glass bottle filled half full. The 1-L bottles were capped and shipped for analysis. The 10-L bottle was left uncovered and refrigerated for 24 hours to simulate a runoff event where samples may be left in the automatic sampler for as long as 24 hours before field personnel retrieve them. The sample was then split into three amber 1-L glass bottles (uncovered sample 1, 2, and 3) that were capped and shipped for analysis. Ten of fifteen PAH's were detected in all sam ples. Non-detected target PAH compounds include

EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION 9

Tabl

e 4.

Sum

mar

y of

ann

ual a

nd s

now

mel

t-pe

riod

susp

ende

d-se

dim

ent

or s

uspe

nded

-sol

ids

load

s, t

otal

-pho

spho

rus

load

s, a

nd s

trea

mflo

w a

t W

isco

nsin

eva

luat

ion

mon

itorin

g si

tes,

wat

er y

ears

198

5-86

and

199

0-94

[--,

not c

ompu

ted;

Ib,

pou

nd; m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

Mft

3, m

illio

n cu

bic

feet

]

Susp

ende

d se

dim

ent o

r sus

pend

ed s

olid

s To

tal p

hosp

horu

s

Wat

er y

ear

1985

4986

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

2Mea

n

1985

4986

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

2Mea

n

Ann

ual

load

(to

ns)

894

1219 521 45

.3

180

2,64

0

792

845

462

!441 33

7

290

200

1,16

0

238

448

Snow

mel

t Pe

rcen

t A

nnua

l lo

ad (

tons

) sn

owm

elt

load

(Ib)

198

481 46

.

11.

57.

457

445

203

174

1232 40

.

137

Bre

wer

y C

reek 22 16

5

9 9

9 26

5 32 17 56 -

Gar

foot

Cre

ek - 38 '53

3 12 47

90.0

45

410

134

164

35 56 -

Snow

mel

t lo

ad (I

b)Pe

rcen

t sn

owm

elt

- 054

0647

0 (s

urfa

ce-w

ater

div

ide

cont

ribu

ting

area

7.

4,84

0

4,59

0

3,85

0

700

1,96

0

10,7

00

3,42

0

4,25

0

1,86

0!8

96

1,18

020

0

888

2,99

0

1,78

0

1,48

0

38 156 31 28 45 28 52 -

Tot

al s

trea

mfl

ow

Wat

er y

ear

<Mft3

)

.7 m

i2) 86

.0

!75.

0

36.5

18.4

28.4

135

125 71.6

Snow

mel

t pe

riod

(M

ft3)

28.7

'35.

6

14.0 7.93

13.1

40.3

47.7

25.3

Perc

ent

snow

mel

t

33 U? 38 43 46 30 38 -

0540

6491

(su

rfac

e-w

ater

div

ide

cont

ribu

ting

area

5.3

9 m

i2)

3,06

0

^,45

0

2,85

0

2,10

0

2,23

0

7,08

0

1,72

0

3,17

5

894

4,35

047

4

999

983

2,87

0

1,09

0

1,22

0

29 155 17 47 44 40 63 -

166

456

100

103

127

243

155

130

50.7

!77.

6

30.5

35.7

52.6

87.4

68.2

47.5

31 150 30 35 41 36 44 -

Eag

le C

reek

- 05

3781

85 (

surf

ace-

wat

er d

ivid

e co

ntri

butin

g ar

ea 1

4.3

mi2

)

3 199

0

1991

1992

1993

1994

2Mea

n

34,3

40

6,58

0

3,92

0

7,96

0

5,68

7

6,04

0

- 21.

367

543

2,12

0

762

--

.5 0 9 7 37

39,4

60

11,6

00

8,90

0

17,9

00

11,6

00

12,5

00

-

132

1,06

0

1,35

0

4,48

0

1,76

0

~ 1 12 8 39

384.

5

244

287

425

370

331

- 51.1

93.7

103

104 87.9

- 21 33 24 28

Tabl

e 4,

Sum

mar

y of

ann

ual a

nd s

now

mel

t-per

iod

susp

ende

d-se

dim

ent o

r su

spen

ded-

solid

s lo

ads,

tot

al-p

hosp

horu

s lo

ads,

and

str

eam

flow

at

Wis

cons

in e

valu

atio

n m

onito

ring

site

s, w

ater

yea

rs 1

985-

86 a

nd 1

990-9

4 C

ontin

ued

o o n Z o o

o w o c 3D

O m

o

o I z

o

Susp

ende

d se

dim

ent o

r su

spen

ded

solid

s To

tal p

hosp

horu

s

Wat

er y

ear

Ann

ual

load

(to

ns)

Snow

mel

t P

erce

nt

Ann

ual

load

(to

ns)

snow

mel

t lo

ad (

Ib)

Snow

mel

t lo

ad (

Ib)

Per

cent

sn

owm

elt

Tota

l str

eam

flow

Wat

er y

ear

(Mft3

)

Snow

mel

t pe

riod

(M

ft3)

Per

cent

sn

owm

elt

Joos

Val

ley

Cre

ek -

0537

8183

(su

rfac

e-w

ater

div

ide

cont

ribu

ting

area

5.0

9 m

i2)

3 199

0

1991

1992

1993

1994

2Mea

n

1,15

0

1,47

0

1,39

0

2,90

0

2,10

0

1,97

0

- 30.9

71.9

79.1

952

284

- 2 5 3 45 -

Bow

er C

reek

-

1991

1992

1993

1994

Mea

n

718

1,45

0

11,1

00

2,42

0

3,92

0

338

288

785

104

378

47 20 7 4 -

3,08

0

3,16

0

3,88

0

6,44

0

4,99

0

4,62

0

- 67.6

266

409

2,22

0

740

- 2 7 6 44 -

0408

5119

(su

rfac

e-w

ater

div

ide

cont

ribu

ting

area

9480

10,8

00

26,6

00

9,14

3

14,0

00

6,33

0

3,71

0

8,98

0

1,94

0

5,24

0

67 34 34 21 -

28.3

95.6

127

183

162

142

14.8

mi2

) 217

200

584

144

286

- 20.8

44.3

46.4

47.4

39.7

142 88.3

205 49

.8

121

- 22 35 25 29 - 66 44 35 35 -

Otte

r C

reek

- 04

0857

005

(sur

face

-wat

er d

ivid

e co

ntri

butin

g ar

ea 9

.5 m

i2)

1991

1992

1993

1994

Mea

n

308

285

867

216

419

113 99.5

138 58

.7

102

37 35 16 27 -

2,49

0

2,18

0

5,58

0

3,06

0

3,33

0

937

839

1,32

0

1,34

0

1,11

0

38 38 24 44 -

181

202

343

193

230

55.3

69.6

75.3

61.6

65.4

31 34 22 32 -

Rat

tlesn

ake

Cre

ek -

0541

3449

(su

rfac

e-w

ater

div

ide

cont

ribu

ting

area

42.

4 m

i )

1992

1993

1994

Mea

n

5,87

0

35,5

00

8,48

0

16,6

00

5,26

0

7,13

0

6,46

0

6,28

0

90 20 76 -

Kue

nste

r C

reek

-

1993

1994

Mea

n

9,69

0

3,18

0

6,43

0

2,96

0

2,48

0

2,72

0

31 78 -

30,6

00

156,

000

34,8

00

73,7

00

18,4

00

49,9

00

22,1

00

30,1

00

60 32 64 -

675

1,69

0

972

1,11

0

213

427

245

295

32 25 25 -

0541

3443

5 (s

urfa

ce-w

ater

div

ide

cont

ribu

ting

area

9.5

9 m

i2)

38,0

00

9,18

0

23,6

00

12,9

00

6,19

0

9,52

0

34 67 -

385

199

292

93.0

50.6

71.8

24 25 -

Par

tial

yea

r of

dat

a co

llect

ed (

Oct

ober

thro

ugh

June

).2M

ean

does

not

incl

ude

part

ial y

ears

.3P

artia

l yea

r of

dat

a co

llect

ed (

July

thro

ugh

Sept

embe

r).

Table 5. Number of splitter-blank and field-blank samples with concentrations greater than the limit of quantification and number of splitter-blank and field-blank samples collected, Wisconsin evaluation monitoring program, water years 1994-95[a/b, where a=number of blank samples with concentration exceeding the limits of quantification (LOQ), and b=number of blank samples collected; mg/L, milligrams per liter; mL, milliliter]

Site nameBiochemical

oxygen demand

Total phosphorus

(LOQ=.031 mg/L)

Ammonia nitrogen

(LOQ=.085 mg/L)

Suspended solids

(LOQ=19.8 mg/L)

Fecal coliform (LOQ=10col./100mL)

Splitter blanksSplitters

Brewery Creek

Garfoot Creek

Eagle Creek

Joos Valley Creek

Bower Creek

Otter Creek

Rattlesnake Creek

Kuenster Creek

1/4

5/5

111

1/5

1/5

1/2

6/7

6/8

5/5

1/7

4/11

7/10

2/9

1/9

0/2

2/7

8/810/13

1/7

Field blanks

2/10

4/10

4/9

2/9

0/2

1/7

3/83/13

1/7

7/10

7/9

5/9

6/9

0/2

1/7

7/812/13

0/8

4/5

5/6

2/9

2/10

1/3

2/7

7/7

7/8

acenaphthene, acenaphtylene, dibenzo[A,H] anthracene, fluorene, and naphthalene. Concentrations of ambient samples 1, 2, and 3 were averaged and con centrations of uncovered samples 1,2, and 3 were aver aged. Concentrations of all constituents from the uncovered samples were within 12 percent of those from the ambient samples (fig. 4).

The above evaluation shows that the sampling methods for PAH's do not give results that are drasti cally different from grab sampling of stormwater, but the data set is too small to draw any definite conclu sions. The small number of samples collected resulted in a small range of constituent concentrations and five of the target PAH's are not even detected in these sam ples. To fully evaluate the effect of the waiting period on the results for PAH's, samples would have to be col lected at other sites and under other conditions so that all the target PAH's would be detected and a greater range of concentrations would be available for between-method comparisons.

Filtration

Water samples for PAH's for the urban evalua tion monitoring sites are filtered by use of a positive displacement pump that pushes water through a 0.7-u,m glass-fiber filter in an aluminum filter unit, as outlined in Sandstrom (1995). This method is commonly used in the USGS for filtration prior to analysis for pesticides and other organic compounds, but it has not been

explicitly evaluated for PAH's. Because PAH's are hydrophobic compounds, a primary concern about fil tering water samples is the loss of PAH's due to sorption onto the sampling apparatus or the filter. To evaluate the possibility of PAH sorption, six samples were collected and processed with a double filtration procedure. The samples were filtered, and a portion of the filtrate was analyzed (filtrate 1). The remaining fil trate was filtered again and then analyzed (filtrate 2). Concentrations of PAH's should be less in the second filtrate if PAH compounds are sorbing to the sampling apparatus or filtration unit. Of 16 target PAH com pounds, 3 were detected in all but 1 sample.

Results from the first filtration and the second filtration are virtually identical (fig. 5). Concentrations from the second filtrate are not consistently less than those from the first. The observed differences may be simply a result of analytical variability. Concentrations from the second filtrate were within 12 percent of con centrations from the first filtrate for all samples but three. The concentration of pyrene in the first filtrate of sample 1 was 0.05 |ig/L, whereas that in the second filtrate was less than the limit of quantification (0.04 |ig/L); the concentration of pyrene in sample 6 is20 percent greater than that in the first filtrate, and the concentration of fluoranthene in the second filtrate is21 percent less than that of the first filtrate.

Results from this investigation do not indicate a problem with the PAH filtration method; however, the investigation probably would have been more conclu-


DC LU

tr LU0. CO

DC Oo cc o

DCH

LU OZO O

Set 2Grab sample

Pump sample

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Set 3 Grab sample

Pump sample

O O N CO

DO Cco

Q)C CD

IO

CDt""

_Q (1)

0) OJ r ,

,_,c ,_,C .CO

N C

S2CO O

N CsgCQO

o cN CD

1C 0)

I-CO o> CMC

,5°-

COMPOUND

Figure 3. Comparison of grab samples and peristaltic-pump samples for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds detected in each of three sets of urban stormwater samples, Madison, Wisconsin.

EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION 13

2.0

1.5

cofEs z<

1.0

00 zO

85U ^ 0.5

o o ^2 a5£

CD C ca

a>c a>

| 6

a> 5]a)N "c

0

CD -^T

N C£ o>® ^ DO 0

.ro. g>

N CD

|£-c ® T30)C V

lo'-3> <^ a)N £> JVj C

m Q. "o*^,1°"

c

COMPOUND

Figure 4. Comparison of average concentrations for capped samples (ambient) and samples left open for 24 hours (open) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds detected in urban stormwater samples, Madison, Wisconsin.

sive with additional data and a greater range of concen trations.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This report is an annual summary of the data col lected for the Wisconsin watershed-management eval uation monitoring program and a presentation of the results from several specific analyses within this pro gram.

A land use and best-management-practice inven tory is ongoing for each evaluation monitoring project to track the nonpoint sources of contamination in each watershed. Information is being gathered from the county Land Conservation Districts (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Bureau, and other sources). This information is mapped and stored in a geographic-information-sys tem data base. Each year, the information for each watershed is reviewed and updated.

Data on precipitation, streamflow volume, and storm loads of suspended solids and total phosphorus have been compiled for the eight rural sites through water year 1994 (appendix 1). Data on precipitation, streamflow volume, and storm loads for suspended sol ids, total phosphorus, and total recoverable lead, cop per, zinc, and cadmium have been compiled for the four urban sites through water year 1995 (appendix 2). Annual and snowmelt-peribd loads for suspended sed

iment and total phosphorus were estimated for the eight rural sites.

Quality-assurance and quality-control (QA/QC) samples were collected at rural sites for inorganic con stituents and at urban sites for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's). Blank quality-control samples were collected at eight of the rural evaluation monitor ing sites. The rural sampling protocol was designed to isolate contamination from the automatic sampler and the sample splitter. Low levels of contamination were found for biochemical oxygen demand, total phospho rus, and ammonia nitrogen. Levels of suspended solids and fecal coliform contamination in the automatic sam pling equipment warrant investigations and corrective action. QA/QC sampling for PAH's at urban sites was inconclusive. QA/QC completed on the PAH filtration indicates that 0.7-|nm glass-fiber filter in an aluminum filter unit can be used for sample filtration.

REFERENCES CITED

Box, G.E.P., Hunter W.G., and Hunter J.S., 1978, Statistics for experimenters: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 653 p.

Corsi, S.R., Walker, J.F., Graczyk, D.J., Greb, S.R., Owens, D.W., and Rappold, K.F., 1994, Evaluation of nonpoint- source contamination Wisconsin-selected streamwater- quality data, land-use and best-management practices inventory, and quality assurance and quality control,


0.10

SAMPLE

Figure 5. Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon samples filtered one time (filtrate 1) and two times (filtrate 2).

REFERENCES CITED 15

water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-707, 57 p.

Graczyk, D.J., Walker, J.F., Greb, S.R., Corsi, S.R., and Owens, D.W., 1993, Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination, Wisconsin-selected data for 1992 water year: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-630, 48 p.

Holmstrom, B.K., Kammerer, P.A., Jr., and Erickson, R.M., 1986, Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report WI-85-l,414p.

__1987, Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report WI-86-l,402p.

Holmstrom, B.K., and Erickson, R.M., 1989, Waterresources data, Wisconsin, water year 1989: U.S. Geo logical Survey Water-Data Report WI-89-1, 436 p.

Holmstrom, B.K., Kammerer, P.A., Jr., and Erickson, R.M., 1990, Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report WI-90-l,578p.


Holmstrom, B.K., Kammerer, P.A., Jr., and Ellefson, B.R., 1992, Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report WI-92-l,545p.




Sandstrom, M.W, 1995, Filtration of water-sediment sam ples for the determination of organic compounds: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4105, 13 p.

Walker, J.F., 1994, Statistical techniques for assessing water- quality effects of BMPs: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, v. 120, no. 2, p. 334-347.

Walker, J.F., Gracyzk, D.J., Corsi, S.R., Owens, D.W, and Wierl, J.A., 1995, Evaluation of nonpoint-source con tamination, Wisconsin Land-use and best-manage ment practices inventory, selected streamwater-quality data, urban-watershed quality assurance and quality control, constituent loads in rural streams, and snowmelt-runoff analysis, water year 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-320, 21 p.

Walker, J.F., and Graczyk, D.J., 1993, Preliminary evalua tion of effects of best management practices in Black Earth Creek, Wisconsin, priority watershed: Proceed ings of 1st International IAWPRC Specialized Confer ence on Diffuse Pollution Sources, Prevention Impact and Abatement, Chicago, 111., Sept. 20-24, 1993.

Wierl, J.A., Rappold, K.F., and Amerson, F.U., 1996, Sum mary of land-use inventory for nonpoint-source evalua tion monitoring watersheds in Wisconsin, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-123, 23 p.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1994, WIN- HUSLE-model documentation and user's manual, ver sion 1.4.4, report WR-294-91 [variously paged].


APPENDIXES 1-2

APPENDIXES 1-2 17

Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 1 1985-93[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; , no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)

Streamflow volume (Mft3)

Loads

Suspended- solids load

(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Brewery Creek

84/10/18

84/11/01

84/12/28

85/02/21

85/07/24

85/08/12

85/08/25

85/09/04

85/09/09

85/10/12

85/10/23

85/10/31

85/11/17

86/03/09

86/03/17

86/05/15

86/05/17

86/06/22

89/10/05

90/03/08

90/03/11

90/03/13

90/06/02

90/06/28

91/04/12

91/04/14

91/04/28

91/05/05

91/07/01

91/07/07

91/08/08

91/10/24

91/11/01

91/11/29

92/02/27

92/02/28

92/03/01

1745

0015

0045

0430

1930

2145

0200

2330

0015

0315

1515

1800

2245

2200

1200

1500

0100

0100

0745

0930

0600

1815

1315

2330

1230

0600

2045

0900

1415

1430

0130

2000

0030

1900

1030

0845

1200

84/10/19

84/11/01

84/12/28

85/02/25

85/07/26

85/08/13

85/08/26

85/09/05

85/09/09

85/10/13

85/10/24

85/11/02

85/11/19

86/03/10

86/03/20

86/05/16

86/05/18

86/06/22

89/10/05

90/03/09

90/03/12

90/03/14

90/06/03

90/06/29

91/04/13

91/04/14

91/04/29

91/05/05

91/07/02

91/07/08

91/08/08

91/10/26

91/11/02

91/11/30

92/02/28

92/02/29

92/03/02

1700

2245

2145

0700

2230

1800

1000

2115

2345

0200

1400

1100

0800

2300

0100

0200

0600

2300

1500

0500

0200

0600

1000

1900

1230

2400

1100

2400

1500

1315

0900

0100

1330

1800

0500

0300

0700

2.78

.93

s/m

s/m

6.85

.94

1.70

1.53

1.40

.80

.59

2.77

.63

s/m

s/m

.58

1.09

1.16--

.67

.50

.84

1.54

2.14

1.17

.80

1.24

1.08

1.29

1.11

2.24

3.55

.81

.61

s/m

s/m

s/m

1.5

.48

1.3

9.6

14

.25

.53

.56

1.3

.76

.39

2.4

.85

.67

3.1

.28

.96

.77

.020

1.8

2.5

.89

.59

4.1

.75

.61

.29

.24

.34

.52

.14

2.9

.88

.44

.87

.98

.66

35

7.4

22

120

500

1.2

2.6

2.3

25

3.3

2.3

20

3.5

8.1

60

1.2

8.1

1.1

.040

590

160

48

35

250

8.3

4.1

7.1

3.4

1.7

3.1

.97

120

5.4

2.3

6.7

14

20

140

28

180

1,500

2,000

13--

38

130--

20

190

55--

330

18

78

24

1.1

750

820

250

140

1,100

85

54

47

25

27

56

9.9

740

90

32

130

160

120


Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 11985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; , no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Brewery Creek Continued

92/07/13

92/08/29

92/09/16

92/09/18

92/10/15

, 92/11/20

93/03/06

93/03/07

93/03/08

93/03/16

93/03/24

93/03/25

93/03/26

93/03/27

93/03/28

93/03/31

93/06/07

93/06/17

93/07/05

93/07/07

93/07/09

93/07/17

93/07/25

93/07/27

93/08/15

93/09/13

94/02/18

94/03/05

94/03/06

94/06/23

94/06/25

94/07/03

94/08/10

94/09/14

1500

0330

1100

0330

1800

0300

1000

1200

1300

0700

1000

1000

1200

1200

1100

0300

1035

1000

0430

1800

0100

1100

0100

2200

0500

0800

1300

1100

0900

1230

2100

2345

1530

0400

92/07/15

92/08/29

92/09/17

92/09/19

92/10/15

92/11/22

93/03/07

93/03/08

93/03/09

93/03/17

93/03/25

93/03/26

93/03/27

93/03/28

93/03/29

93/04/01

93/06/08

93/06/18

93/07/07

93/07/08

93/07/10

93/07/18

93/07/26

93/07/28

93/08/16

93/09/15

94/02/21

94/03/06

94/03/07

94/06/24

94/06/27

94/07/05

94/08/12

94/09/15

0300

1100

1800

1700

2300

0600

0815

0800

0400

0800

0700

0800

0800

0800

0700

0300

1000

1200

0900

0900

0400

0400

0400

1900

2000

1500

1200

0800

0700

2100

0100

2300

0200

0500

1.49

1.21

1.19

.73

.45

2.55

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

2.39

.43

4.58

1.03

1.47

.86

1.35

.88

2.48

2.12--

--

--

--

-

--

--

.-

.34

.037

.25

.33

.019

1.4

.60

1.2

.83

1.7

2.1

2.3

2.3

1.2

2.9

2.5

2.5

.93

16

1.3

5.1

.84

2.1

1.4

4.7

2.9

4.9

2.8

1.7

1.2

.66

5.9

1.1

.65

.13

.51

.47

.020

7.5

13

9.3

7.8

73

36

67--

16

210

55

110

18

1,300

130

250

42

83

25.8

88.6

12.1

220

72

30

4.2

2.1

200

2.5

4.1

36

.78

27

18

.28

100

440

490

380

640

330

460

160

98

590

250

470

67

4,000

460

570

87

300

120

470

130

780

510

110

62

16

930

32

36

APPENDIXES 1-2 19

Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 1 1985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; --, no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Garfoot Creek

84/10/18

84/10/31

84/12/27

85/02/21

85/07/24

85/09/04

85/09/09

85/09/23

85/10/11

85/10/23

85/10/31

85/11/18

86/03/09

86/03/16

86/05/15

86/05/17

89/10/05

90/01/16

90/03/11

90/03/13

90/03/14

90/06/02

90/06/28

90/08/19

91/03/01

91/03/22

91/04/12

91/04/14

91/08/08

91/11/01

91/11/29

92/02/26

92/02/27

92/02/28

92/09/16

92/09/18

92/11/19

1200

2400

2200

0200

1915

2400

0015

0300

2345

1600

1626

0300

1600

1200

1400

0100

0930

1845

0600

0600

1600

1300

2330

1630

0945

2130

1500

0600

0200

0900

2000

1400

1045

1130

1200

0330

2000

84/10/19

84/11/01

84/12/29

85/02/25

85/07/26

85/09/05

85/09/09

85/09/24

85/10/12

85/10/24

85/11/02

85/11/19

86/03/11

86/03/20

86/05/16

86/05/18

89/10/06

90/01/17

90/03/12

90/03/14

90/03/15

90/06/03

90/06/29

90/08/20

91/03/02

91/03/23

91/04/13

91/04/14

91/08/08

91/11/02

91/11/30

92/02/27

92/02/28

92/02/28

92/09/17

92/09/18

92/11/21

2200

1800

0900

0100

0500

1300

2100

0300

2100

0700

1400

0900

0600

0200

0500

0400

0600

2200

0400

1300

1500

0100

2300

1200

2200

0700

1400

2400

1500

0100

1300

0100

0100

2400

0330

1800

2300

2.64

1.13

s/m

s/m

6.56

1.38

1.63

1.20

.85

.70

2.79

.73

s/m

s/m

.72

1.15--

s/m

.48

.76

1.12

1.48

2.45--

1.51

.74

1.74

.99

2.34

1.40

.87

s/m

s/m

s/m

1.34

.89

2.68

3.1

1.1

2.4

6.3

7.5

.49

2.2

.57

1.1

.62

5.3

1.6

1.7

7.7

.53

1.2

.21

1.4

2.9

1.3

2.0

.42

3.0

.81

3.2

.33

2.2

1.9

.30

1.3

.98

.30

.68

.44

.69

.70

3.4

37

16

45

62

65

1.7

17

1.9

14

9.8

34

17

26

59

14

15

.27

13

53

30

31

23

77

4.6

53

4.2

74

58--

15

13--

9.0

1.5

7.4

5.2

43

210

76

140

470

710

22

130--

-

46

370

98

110

610

27

75

6.4

190

330

160

230

100

530

61

370

28

210

200

12

150

76

11

54

21

46

48

420


Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 11985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft3, million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; --, no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)

Streamflow volume

(Mft3)

Loads

Suspended-; solids load

(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Garfoot Creek Continued

92/12/15

93/03/24

93/03/25

93/03/26

93/03/27

93/03/28

93/03/31

93/04/07

93/04/15

93/04/19

93/06/07

93/06/17

93/07/05

93/07/08

93/07/10

93/07/25

93/07/27

93/08/15

93/08/23

93/09/13

94/02/19

94/03/05

94/03/06

94/08/10

94/09/14

1600

1300

1030

1300

1240

1000

0400

2300

0100

1300

1045

1800

0500

1300

1800

0300

2200

0500

1600

1000

0100

1200

1100

1200

0500

92/12/16

93/03/25

93/03/26

93/03/27

93/03/28

93/03/29

93/04/01

93/04/08

93/04/16

93/04/20

93/06/08

93/06/18

93/07/07

93/07/10

93/07/11

93/07/25

93/07/28

93/08/16

93/08/24

93/09/15

94/02/21

94/03/06

94/03/07

94/08/11

94/09/14

1200

0830

1000

0500

0400

0300

0400

1700

1200

2300

2000

1200

0200

0400

0500

2400

1500

1300

0700

0500

0700

0500

0500

1500

2000

1.30

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

.62

1.55

1.69

1.97

1.09

3.98

1.81

.45

1.48

.44

2.35

1.26

2.27--

--

--

--

1.2

2.1

3.4

1.7

1.3

2.7

3.7

1.3

4.2

3.8

2.8

.99

7.7

5.9

1.1

2.5

.92

3.6

1.3

2.7

6.4

1.2

1.2

1.4

.59

7.4

24

41

14

9.1

44

28

13

35

37

31

13

130

110

12

43

5.92

30.8

14.2

18.6

74

9

5.7

12

5.2

400

240

300

130

100

290

210

60

240

180

180

54

730

490

63

220

38

230

65

140

650

89

63

76

22

Eagle Creek

91/04/29

91/05/05

91/05/15

91/05/31

91/07/21

91/08/07

91/10/23

91/11/01

91/11/17

92/03/01

0200

0800

2130

0900

1715

1540

2325

0050

1900

1100

91/04/29

91/05/05

91/05/17

91/05/31

91/07/21

91/08/08

91/10/24

91/11/01

91/11/18

92/03/02

2200

2230

0200

2000

2400

1500

1200

2300

1200

0400

1.81

1.29

.85

.50

1.99

1.88

1.21

2.75

1.15

s/m

5.1

1.7

6.9

1.2

1.6

1.6

.88

7.0

1.9

1.3

2,100

61

3,200

250

220

62

52

620

120

140

3,800

210

4,700

280

430

140

200

1,400

250

220

APPENDIXES 1-2 21

Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 1 1985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft3, million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; --, no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Eagle Creek Continued

92/03/03

92/03/09

92/04/20

92/05/16

92/05/21

92/05/22

92/07/13

92/08/01

92/09/16

93/03/26

93/03/29

93/03/30

93/04/11

93/04/18

93/04/27

93/06/08

93/07/02

93/07/03

93/07/27

93/08/09

93/08/15

93/08/18

93/08/30

93/09/13

94/02/18

94/03/04

94/03/05

94/04/15

94/04/24

94/04/26

94/07/07

94/08/10

94/08/18

94/08/30

94/09/13

94/09/23

2000

0100

1500

1645

1730

1815

1400

1900

0200

1200

1100

1300

0200

2100

0100

1500

0010

1400

1715

0600

0400

0900

0400

1000

1300

1100

1100

0140

2000

0010

1300

0110

0315

0835

2035

1615

92/03/04

92/03/09

92/04/21

92/05/16

92/05/21

92/05/23

92/07/13

92/08/02

92/09/16

93/03/27

93/03/29

93/03/31

93/04/12

93/04/20

93/04/27

93/06/09

93/07/02

93/07/04

93/07/28

93/08/09

93/08/15

93/08/18

93/08/30

93/09/14

94/02/20

94/03/05

94/03/06

94/04/16

94/04/25

94/04/27

94/07/08

94/08/11

94/08/18

94/08/31

94/09/15

94/09/24

0900

1300

0900

2400

2200

0300

2400

0200

2400

0200

2400

2100

0600

0600

1400

0400

1100

0600

0400

2000

1800

2100

2000

1100

0900

0800

1000

0600

1900

0200

1100

1000

2100

0300

0300

1100

.41

.82

1.24

1.54

.51

.44

1.27

1.03

3.99

s/m

s/m

1.67

.79

2.22

1.02

1.47

1.47

1.06

.76

1.09

1.18

1.30

1.69

1.72--

--

--

-

-

--

-

--

--

--

--

.92

1.1

1.8

.66

.24

.47

.73

.49

1.2

1.1

9.9

4.7

2.4

7.0

1.4

4.4

5.5

6.1

1.5

2.8

2.2

3.6

4.6

3.6

12

3.6

2.9

2.2

2.0

5.2

1.9

6.0

1.7

1.5

5.5

1.4

48

72

210

83.6

6.3

26

43

16

1,700

35

27

420

50

450

74

950

420

1,500

120

310

73

290

410

120

1,700

380

130

67

54

1,900

75

390

95

51

340

30

130

170

300

160

22

84

80

31

3,300

87

42

610

100

960

180

2,000

1,100

3,000

220

540

160

640

1,000

300

3,400

790

450

140

110

2,900

170

800

180

110

920

63


Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 1 1985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; , no data]

Start of storm

Date(yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Joos Valley Creek

90/08/17

90/08/26

91/04/29

91/05/05

91/05/15

91/05/31

91/07/21

91/08/07

91/10/23

91/10/31

91/11/17

92/03/01

92/03/03

92/03/08

92/04/20

92/05/16

92/05/21

92/05/22

92/06/17

92/07/02

92/07/13

92/07/22

92/08/01

92/09/16

93/03/24

93/03/26

93/03/30

93/04/11

93/04/16

93/04/18

93/04/27

93/06/08

93/07/01

93/07/03

93/07/27

93/08/09

1850

0545

0200

0730

2000

0850

1710

1500

2250

2200

1800

1000

1400

2400

1300

1500

1700

1800

0400

0500

1300

1000

1800

0100

1100

1300

1100

0100

1200

2200

0100

1500

2400

1400

1700

0600

90/08/18

90/08/26

91/04/29

91/05/05

91/05/17

91/05/31

91/07/22

91/08/08

91/10/24

91/11/01

91/11/18

92/03/02

92/03/04

92/03/09

92/04/21

92/05/16

92/05/21

92/05/23

92/06/17

92/07/02

92/07/14

92/07/23

92/08/02

92/09/16

93/03/25

93/03/27

93/03/31

93/04/12

93/04/17

93/04/20

93/04/28

93/06/08

93/07/02

93/07/03

93/07/27

93/08/09

0200

1500

1600

2000

0200

1900

1100

1100

1300

2200

1400

0400

0800

1100

0700

2200

2400

0300

1800

1500

0200

0300

1300

2200

0500

0200

2000

0200

0100

0300

0200

2310

0940

2100

2300

1400

1.37

1.75

2.11

1.25

1.21

.57

1.24

2.27

.83

2.87

1.21

s/m

.37

.86

1.24

1.62

.74

.49

.57

.72

1.32

1.19

1.24

4.19

s/m

s/m

1.50

.53

.64

2.07

1.07

1.50

1.33

.90

.75

1.17

.96

2.8

1.7

.64

1.8

.40

.68

.63

.34

2.1

.96

.63

.47

.45

.77

.34

.22

.27

.25

.23

.40

.37

.57

5.4

.38

.47

2.1

.87

.60

2.7

1.5

1.8

1.2

2.2

.54

.92

170

750

840

26

390

36

27

11

3.4

110

14

16

1.5

20

56

54

13

12

2.8

4.2

7.1

1.4

24

910

1.4

8.3

86

4.0

4.2

130

22

630

180

880

64

110

420

1,600

1,500

57

850

78

70

34

12

330

62

68

11

49

120

110

35

31

7.7

9.2

21

5.7

73

1,700

14

56

25

15

16

320

63

900

410

1,600

130

220

APPENDIXES 1-2 23

Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 1 1985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft3, million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; --, no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Joos Valley Creek Continued

93/08/15

93/08/18

93/08/30

94/02/18

94/03/04

94/03/05

94/04/15

94/04/24

94/07/07

94/08/10

94/08/18

94/08/13

94/09/13

94/09/23

0300

0900

0300

1200

1000

1100

0110

2110

1122

0425

0325

0740

2035

1550

93/08/15

93/08/18

93/08/30

94/02/20

94/03/05

94/03/06

94/04/16

94/04/26

94/07/08

94/08/11

94/08/18

94/08/30

94/09/14

94/09/23

1500

0900

1300

0800

0500

0800

0300

2100

1000

1900

2300

2100

2300

2300

1.19

1.08

1.78-

--

--

-

--

--

--

--

~

--

.73

.87

1.4

5.7

1.8

1.3

.84

2.8

.77

2.3

.68

.5

2.1

.31

12

53

130

740

160

28

16

670

19

130

22

5.1

150

4.2

330

140

290

1500

350

250

35

1,200

60

300

70

17

420

9.5

Bower Creek

90/10/17

91/03/01

91/03/05

91/03/18

91/04/09

91/04/12

91/06/14

91/10/29

91/11/01

91/11/18

91/11/29

91/12/12

92/03/29

92/03/31

92/04/10

92/04/15

92/04/19

92/04/20

92/07/13

92/09/16

92/09/18

2040

1500

1700

1300

1100

2400

0500

1000

1325

0700

1805

0825

1500

1200

1700

1200

1355

1945

1820

0725

0240

90/10/20

91/03/04

91/03/08

91/03/25

91/04/12

91/04/17

91/06/15

91/10/31

91/11/04

91/11/20

91/12/02

91/12/14

92/03/31

92/04/02

92/04/13

92/04/18

92/04/20

92/04/22

92/07/16

92/09/17

92/09/20

0925

1100

1500

0900

2000

2400

1545

1400

0600

0905

1610

0700

0940

1100

1535

0935

1815

0910

0500

0520

0800

.38

1.05

s/m

s/m

s/m

.71

1.40

1.02

.35

.23

.78

.61

.28

.12

.43

2.07

.19

.36

.71

1.39

1.48

3.6

100

12

160

48

260

1.2

1.00

.91

.90

10

14

3.9

3.9

12

34

3.4

7.2

.48

.95

13

12

100

13

160

48

260

9.7

1.8

.55

.24

64

64

5.9

11

75

710

11

72

.24

2.9

97

280--

520

1,800

460

1,500

70

58

77

32

590

700

120

150

440

2,900

110

430

13

110

950


Appendix 1 . Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years11985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; , no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)

Streamflow volume

(Mft3)

Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Bower Creek Continued

92/09/26

92/11/01

92/11/08

92/11/12

92/11/20

92/12/15

92/12/29

93/03/02

93/03/24

93/04/04

93/04/07

93/04/11

93/04/15

93/04/19

93/04/27

93/05/30

93/06/08

93/06/14

93/08/05

93/10/15

93/10/20

93/11/12

93/11/26

94/02/19

94/03/04

94/04/12

94/04/15

94/04/24

94/07/04

1000

1900

2300

1200

0005

0715

0600

1140

0859

1130

1345

1459

0559

0900

1729

1245

0300

0225

2300

1730

2200

2200

0700

0700

1200

1500

0245

2000

0100

92/09/30

92/11/03

92/11/12

92/11/14

92/11/22

92/12/17

92/12/31

93/03/18

93/03/31

93/04/07

93/04/10

93/04/14

93/04/19

93/04/23

93/04/29

93/06/03

93/06/11

93/06/16

93/08/08

93/10/19

93/10/23

93/11/18

93/11/29

94/02/25

94/03/09

94/04/14

94/04/17

94/04/27

94/07/09

0510

2300

0401

1001

0530

2216

2301

1801

1501

1101

0101

0801

0301

0801

1401

0531

1201

0021

1700

0300

2200

0600

0900

0300

2200

1000

0900

0345

2100

1.11

1.27

.34

.34

1.60

1.02

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

.76

s/m

1.01

.49

.55

.92

2.51

.96

1.18--

--

-

--

--

--

--

--

--

3.3

8.1

4.1

4.7

38

47

1.6

29

22

9.5

28

7.4

46

32

8.5

4.0

38

6.9

1.6

1.8

2.2

3.2

2.9

78

36

3.3

5.9

45

3.2

2.7

40

3.7

6.3

270

180

.77

30

26

22

290

8.0

420

140

27

2.5

1,100

110

5.1

1.4

1.5

1.2

3.6

46

48

7.3

37

2,200

6.6

120

550

130

170

2,500

1,900

58

1,600

1,100

350

1,700

230

2,400

1,300

340

110

3,600

480~

19

78

68

89

930

770

65

230

6,000

100

Otter Creek

90/09/06

90/09/14

90/11/05

91/02/03

91/03/01

91/06/14

91/10/24

1940

0540

0610

0300

1100

1735

1200

90/09/08

90/09/18

90/11/06

91/02/08

91/03/04

91/06/18

91/10/26

1845

2335

1030

1400

1600

0300

1245

1.53

1.67

.79

s/m

s/m

2.24

1.85

1.5

6.5

1.2

10

5.3

5.2

2.0

7.1

26

1.2

11

27

35

8.3

63

190

20

180-

230

57

APPENDIXES 1-2 25

Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 11985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft3 , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; --, no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Otter Creek Continued

91/10/26

91/10/29

91/11/01

91/11/14

91/11/18

91/11/29

92/02/27

92/03/01

92/03/05

92/03/09

92/03/24

92/04/10

92/04/16

92/09/14

92/09/16

92/09/18

92/09/26

92/11/01

92/11/12

92/11/19

92/11/25

92/12/15

92/12/29

93/03/24

93/04/03

93/04/08

93/04/11

93/04/15

93/04/19

93/06/07

93/07/05

93/07/09

93/09/13

93/09/20

93/12/24

94/03/20

94/04/24

1245

0225

1200

1535

0140

2015

1200

0900

2100

0335

1200

1800

0500

1230

0950

0440

2110

1600

0800

2300

1900

0520

0744

1050

1400

0035

1100

0335

1505

1230

1700

0300

1045

1435

2100

1200

2200

91/10/27

91/10/30

91/11/03

91/11/17

91/11/20

91/12/02

92/03/01

92/03/03

92/03/08

92/03/10

92/03/28

92/04/13

92/04/18

92/09/15

92/09/17

92/09/19

92/09/28

92/11/03

92/11/13

92/11/22

92/11/27

92/12/17

92/12/30

93/04/01

93/04/06

93/04/09

93/04/13

93/04/17

93/04/21

93/06/09

93/07/07

93/07/10

93/09/16

93/09/22

94/01/04

94/03/25

94/04/27

2300

1910

0005

0155

1810

2235

0900

0900

1100

1930

0700

0500

0540

0600

0640

0735

1700

1600

1901

1701

1901

1301

0731

1201

0900

1833

1001

0713

2152

2045

2100

2200

0700

0900

0500

0800

0800

.46--

.53

.46

.39

1.38

s/m

s/m

.37

.55

s/m

.81

.80

1.01

1.00

1.09

.74

1.55

.39

.84

.35

.97

.30

s/m

s/m

1.10

.45

1.43

1.50

2.39

2.04

1.42

2.34

1.49--

--

_

1.4

2.6

2.2

2.0

2.7

6.7

4.1

4.1

5.8

4.8

6.0

4.1

4.5

.24

.41

.82

.63

2.4

.92

4.2

2.7

7.6

.83

29

5.7

12

6.4

18

20

14

12

8.0

2.3

2.6

18

10

4.1

1.6

11

8.1

3.0

7.6

19

12

14

15

24

8.3

19

25

.27

1.1

3.1

.52

6.5

.62

16

3.0

32

.44

39

4.8

45

5.3

74

67

140

160

120

3.7

12

.0034

9

9.9

23

83

70

24

45

150

110

130

100

98

82

82

110

2.8

13

25

5.2

57

9.3

120

53

220

7.8

450

58

270

69

420

440

510

580

410

37

78

.039

85

70


Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 11985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft3 , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; , no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Otter Creek Continued

94/05/25

94/08/01

1900

0200

94/05/27

94/08/02

2200

2100

-

2.2

.82

34

.52

130

8.2

Kuenster Creek

92/11/01

92/11/19

92/12/15

93/03/05

93/03/07

93/03/08

93/03/15

93/03/25

93/03/26

93/03/27

93/03/28

93/03/30

93/05/02

93/06/17

93/06/28

93/06/29

93/07/17

93/08/14

93/08/18

94/03/04

94/03/05

94/06/20

94/06/23

94/07/04

94/07/14

94/07/20

1900

1600

0200

1100

1400

1400

2300

1200

1200

1200

1300

1200

1900

1800

1600

2300

1000

1715

1100

1200

1200

0200

0600

0800

0100

0000

92/11/04

92/11/22

92/12/17

93/03/06

93/03/08

93/03/09

93/03/17

93/03/26

93/03/27

93/03/28

93/03/29

93/03/31

93/05/03

93/06/18

93/06/29

93/06/30

93/07/17

93/08/16

93/08/19

94/03/05

94/03/06

94/06/20

94/06/24

94/07/05

94/07/15

94/07/21

0100

0100

0400

0400

0700

0800

0900

0900

0700

0500

0600

1900

1000

2000

0600

2200

1900

0500

1100

0800

1100

1300

2200

1900

0300

0200

1.38

2.73

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

1.78

1.63

.72-

1.42

1.07

1.00

.88--

--

--

--

--

~

1.0

2.4

1.7

1.7

4.2

3.4

6.5

9.7

7.8

6.6

4.1

14

3.8

3.4

1.4

5.8

2.2

4.4

2.4

6

3

.47

4.9

2.4

2.9

2.1

1.8

19

8.2

85

2.70

83

290

1,100

430

210

91

3,000

340

100

20

470

170

120

36

790

85

6.6

130

95

190

55

36

300

220

440

1,200

560

920

3,600

1,400

1,190

540

6,700

1,400

730

80

1,600

470

455

190

2,000

330

49

490

390

140

230

Rattlesnake Creek

90/01/16

90/03/08

90/03/11

90/05/09

90/05/19

90/06/22

1700

0600

0500

0115

0500

0315

90/01/18

90/03/08

90/03/12

90/05/10

90/05/20

90/06/22

0800

1200

0200

0100

2100

1800

s/m

s/m

s/m--

--

_.

9.4

16

4.1

3.2

5.8

3.3

150

1,300

57

170

83

55

1,600

3,600

480

360

530

180

APPENDIXES 1-2 27

Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 1 1985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; , no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

Precipitation (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Rattlesnake Creek Continued

90/08/24

90/08/26

91/04/12

91/08/07

91/11/01

91/11/29

92/02/03

92/02/20

92/02/22

92/02/24

92/04/20

92/06/16

92/09/07

92/09/14

92/11/01

92/11/19

92/12/15

93/03/03

93/03/05

93/03/06

93/03/07

93/03/08

93/03/16

93/03/24

93/03/26

93/03/27

93/03/28

93/03/30

93/05/02

93/06/07

93/06/13

93/06/17

93/06/28

93/06/29

93/07/05

93/07/08

93/07/10

2000

0900

1100

2000

0045

1100

1300

1445

1400

1500

1300

1000

2230

1400

1600

2000

0100

0300

1400

1500

1400

1300

0030

1600

1101

1200

1300

1300

2100

1000

2100

1900

0600

2300

1200

2330

1600

90/08/25

90/08/27

91/04/13

91/08/08

91/11/02

91/11/30

92/02/04

92/02/21

92/02/23

92/02/25

92/04/21

92/06/17

92/09/08

92/09/15

92/11/03

92/11/21

92/12/17

93/03/05

93/03/06

93/03/07

93/03/08

93/03/09

93/03/17

93/03/26

93/03/27

93/03/28

93/03/29

93/03/31

93/05/03

93/06/08

93/06/14

93/06/18

93/06/28

93/06/30

93/07/06

93/07/09

93/07/12

2300

0400

1900

2300

0330

1700

0900

0800

1635

0900

0900

0300

1800

1800

1000

2200

0400

0600

0800

0800

1000

0900

0600

1100

1000

0800

0900

2000

1500

1900

2100

1500

1500

1800

1500

2000

0400

--

1.64

2.50

1.55

.80

s/m

s/m

s/m

.24

.91

.66

.90

.84

1.25

2.68

.91

.27

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

1.67

1.64

1.53

1.01

1.25

.71

1.36

1.69

2.35

2.39

7.9

5.6

14

8.3

5.9

6.2

3.7

19

14

8.6

4.4

1.3

2.3

2.3

3.7

10

7.6

16

7.7

4.8

19

18

31

63

31

26

15

43

17

13

5.0

13

4.7

19

19

71

78

230

190

98

200

59

29

69

2,800

1,600

420

34

.44

4.1

2.9

3.3

68

27

2,100

330

120

610

380

1,400

4,300

420

840

240

4,400

500

260

29

690

160

1,300

470

8,700

8,500

1,600

940

1,000

4,600

650

230

290

7,600

4,400

1,700

520

14

180

130

64

1,300

510

4,000

1,700

1,500

4,700

3,600

4,200

14,000

3,000

4,300

1,700

14,000

2,600

1,100

170

2,700

570

4,400

3,000

25,000

24,000


Appendix 1. Storm-load data for rural watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 11985-93 Continued[yr, year; mo, month; d, day; h, hour; in., inches; Mft3 , million cubic feet; Ib, pounds; s/m, snowmelt; --, no data]

Start of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time (24 h)

End of storm

Date (yr/mo/d)

Time Precipitation (24 h) (in.)


Loads


(tons)

Total- phosphorus

load (Ib)

Rattlesnake Creek Continued

93/07/17

93/08/14

93/08/15

93/08/18

94/02/18

94/03/04

94/03/05

94/06/20

94/06/23

94/07/04

94/07/14

94/07/20

0900

1700

0900

1300

1600

1300

1100

0100

0700

0700

0200

0015

93/07/18

93/08/15

93/08/16

93/08/19

94/02/21

94/03/05

94/03/06

94/06/20

94/06/24

94/07/05

94/07/14

94/07/20

0200 0.97

0545 .97

0100 .74

0600 1.00

0800

0900

0900

1900

2300

1800

2000

1700

12

6.5

10

11

160

27

13

2.7

16

7.8

6.4

5.5

480

130

150

220

4200

1900

290

20

520

170

320

140

1,700

590

810

1,200

15000

6300

1600

83

2200

870

280

730

1 Water year is the 12-month period, October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Thus, the year starting October 1, 1992, and ending September 30,1993, is called "water year 1993."

APPENDIXES 1-2 29

App

endi

x 2.

Sto

rm-lo

ad d

ata

for

urba

n w

ater

shed

-man

agem

ent e

valu

atio

n m

onito

ring

site

s, W

isco

nsin

, w

ater

yea

rs1

1991

-94

EVALUATION

OF

NG Z o o z H

CO O c 3D 0 m O O I 5 Z 5 O Z CO 8 CO z CO m r-

m m O o O CO n O 3D 1 m 3D m 3D _L (O

CO U

I

[yr,

year

; mo,

mon

th; d

, day

; h, h

our;

in.,

inch

es; M

:

Star

t of s

torm

Dat

e (y

r/mo/

d)Ti

me

(24

h)

ft3, m

illio

n cu

bic

feet

; Ib,

pou

nds;

s/m

, sno

wm

elt;

--, n

o da

ta; t

ext i

n bo

ld in

dica

tes

stor

m c

over

age

less

than

80

perc

ent]

End

of s

torm

Dat

e (y

r/mo/

d)Ti

me

(24

h)Pr

ecip

itatio

n (in

.)

Stre

amfl

ow

volu

me

(Mft3

)

Susp

ende

d so

lids

(ton

s)

Phos

phor

us

(Ib)

Loa

dsTo

tal

cadm

ium

(Ib

)

Tota

l co

pper

(Ib

)

Tota

l le

ad

(Ib)

Tota

l zi

nc

(Ib)

Linc

oln

Cre

ek

93/0

3/22

93/0

3/24

93/0

3/31

93/0

4/02

93/0

4/19

93/0

4/29

93/0

5/22

93/0

5/30

93/0

6/04

93/0

6/07

93/0

6/08

93/0

6/14

93/0

6/17

93/0

6/19

93/0

6/30

93/0

7/03

93/0

7/05

93/0

7/08

93/0

7/13

93/0

7/25

93/0

8/09

93/0

8/15

93/0

8/30

93/0

9/13

93/0

9/20

93/1

1/12

93/1

1/14

93/1

1/25

93/1

2/01

2235

1030

0800

0844

1220

0300

2200

0800

1910

1215

0215

0150

1950

1755

0250

2035

2125

1440

1900

0110

1140

0825

1600

0900

0900

2020

1945

1505

2100

93/0

3/24

93/0

3/26

93/0

4/02

93/0

4/05

93/0

4/21

93/0

4/29

93/0

5/24

93/0

5/31

93/0

6/05

93/0

6/08

93/0

6/08

93/0

6/14

93/0

6/18

93/0

6/20

93/0

6/30

93/0

7/04

93/0

7/06

93/0

7/09

93/0

7/14

93/0

7/25

93/0

8/09

93/0

8/16

93/0

8/31

93/0

9/15

93/0

9/21

93/1

1/13

93/1

1/15

93/1

1/26

93/1

2/02

0800

1800

0700

0730

0400

1645

0845

0745

1500

0215

0615

1930

1245

1040

1745

0330

1145

2400

1030

1245

2000

0400

0215

0655

1045

0800

0445

1745

0630

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m 1.

94 .55

.35

.53

.26

1.98 .32

.69

.73

.05

.38

.52

.55

1.06 .51

.41

.23

.58

1.88

1.79 .7

2

.40

.22

.66

.16

14.0 4.5

15.0 6.5

36.0 3.7

3.1

3.4

1.6

19.0 3.2

5.2

5.6

7.9

2.0

4.1

3.9

8.5

3.5

2.7

1.1

3.4

17.0

13.0 5.6

2.0

1.1 4.0

1.5

120 1.

7

71 3.6

400 12 21 12 1.

712 11 24 38 40 4.

4

54 18 25 9 20 2.5

22 8.5

58 28 12.0 3.0

7.4

2.5

350 25 200 20 880 56 57 44 12 190 .0

18

72 100

130 22 110 51 96 41 57 16 86 64 180 81 91 24 44 18

0.62

<.05

6.5

8

.12

1.8 .1

2

.078

<.04

2

.04

.35

.03

.13

.21

.15

.025

.20

.12

.16

-

.12

.021

.13

<.21 .2

1.1

4

0.06

3

.021

<.04

9

.055

22 2.2

20 3.2

47 4 3.7

3.3 .9

16 1.3

4.6

7.3

6.9

1.2

7.9

3.6

5.9

2.8

4.5 1.1

5.6

11 12 5.6 3.4

1.1 3.0

1.7

42

1.1

29 2.8

180 6.

1

4.7

4.2 .9 9.3 1.9

5.9

15 14 1.5

18 6.8

9.1

3.7

7.2

1.3

8.4

4.3

20 8.8

4.3 1.0

2.5

2.0

140 13 120 18 360 23 17 17 4.

3

52 6.6

28 45 46 7.8

61 23 41 18 25 5.9

32 30 84 35 19 6.1

16 10

App

endi

x 2.

Sto

rm-lo

ad[y

r, ye

ar; m

o, m

onth

; d, d

ay; h

data

for

urba

n w

ater

shed

-man

agem

ent e

valu

atio

n m

onito

ring

site

s, W

isco

nsin

, w

ater

yea

rs1

1991-9

4 C

ontin

ued

hour

; in.

, inc

hes;

Mft

3, m

illio

n cu

bic

feet

; Ib,

pou

nds;

s/m

, sno

wm

elt;

--, n

o da

ta; t

ext i

n bo

ld in

dica

tes

stor

m c

over

age

less

than

80

perc

ent]

Star

t of

stor

m

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

End

of

stor

m

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

Prec

ipita

tion

(in.)

Stre

amfl

ow

volu

me

(Mft3

)

Sus

pend

ed

soli

ds

(ton

s)

Pho

spho

rus

(Ib)

Loa

dsT

otal

ca

dmiu

m

(Ib)

Tot

al

copp

er

(Ib)

Tota

l le

ad

(Ib)

Tot

al

zinc

(I

b)

Lin

coln

Cre

ek C

ontin

ued

94/0

3/20

94/0

4/30

94/0

5/11

94/0

6/20

94/0

6/23

94/0

6/25

94/0

6/28

94/0

7/07

94/0

7/14

94/0

7/20

94/0

8/01

94/0

8/03

94/0

8/10

94/0

8/12

94/0

8/19

94/0

8/30

94/0

9/26

94/1

1/05

94/1

1/27

95/0

1/13

1800

1415

0445

0130

1215

2300

0500

1630

0345

0220

0230

1530

1100

2345

1345

1215

1400

1555

0920

2120

94/0

3/21

94/0

5/01

94/0

5/11

94/0

6/20

94/0

6/24

94/0

6/26

94/0

6/28

94/0

7/08

94/0

7/14

94/0

7/20

94/0

8/01

94/0

8/04

94/0

8/11

94/0

8/13

94/0

8/19

94/0

8/30

94/0

9/27

94/1

1/06

94/1

1/28

95/0

1/14

0930

1900

1030

0745

1700

1430

0945

0545

1930

0930

0940

0930

0500

1715

2345

2100

0100

1500

0210

2230

.52

.13

.48

.38

1.40 .46

.12

1.13 .63

.41

.30

1.28 .39

.77

.45

.47

.63

1.07 .84

.70

4.5

2.4

2.8

2.8

8.8

3.0 .6

4

10.0 4.1

2.1

1.9

9.5

1.4

5.8

2.5

2.2

3.7

7.7

4.6

6.7

57 5.1

2.1

55 83 24 11 1.8

110 14 8.

8

14 100 1.

1

42 13 13 41 18 30

150 20 19 180

190

110 35 8

220 46 36 47 190 9.

7

120 37 40 190 80 180

.45

.056

.044

.38

.31

.22

.074

.016

.39

.1 .053

.058

.35

<.01

8

.29

.062

.13

.2 .12

.29

18 2.3

1.6

14 14 8.8

2.6 .5

2

12 3.8

2.7

3.0

14 1.2

8.0

2.8

3.4

9.6

5.1

12

34 2.7

1.5

21 19 8.3

3.7 .8

27 5.1

3.5

3.7

27 0.61

13 5.1

4.3

14 6.8

16

99 12 7.7

68 71 40 14 3.5

85 21 23 19 83 3.4

44 17 18 58 31 76

Men

omon

ee R

iver

91/0

6/14

91/0

6/22

>

91/0

7/01

S

91/0

7/07

1

91/0

7/12

gj

91/0

7/18

J

91/0

7/21

91/0

7/29

1500

0300

1600

1615

0730

1720

0520

0500

91/0

6/18

91/0

6/22

91/0

7/03

91/0

7/08

91/0

7/13

91/0

7/18

91/0

7/22

91/0

7/29

1900

2250

0320

0700

1150

2120

1810

1355

1.49

-- --

.56

76 6.3

35

12

33 2.1

26 3.0

240 13 240 74

240 9.

4

100 1.

7

630 62 530

190

630 45 310 14

-- -- -- -- ~

-- - -- -- ~

- -- -- --

-- -- -- --

M

App

endi

x 2.

Sto

rm-lo

ad d

ata

for

urba

n w

ater

shed

-man

agem

ent e

valu

atio

n m

onito

ring

site

s, W

isco

nsin

, w

ater

yea

rs1

1991-9

4 C

ontin

ued

EVALUATION

OF

N O Z o O Z H 00 O C 33

O m 0 O 2 s Z 3 O "^ CO o o GO z (0 m 0 m

o o o g 33 m 33 m CO CO Ul

[yr,

year

; mo,

moi

nth;

d, d

ay; h

, 1

Sta

rt o

f st

orm

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

lour

; in.

, inc

hes;

M:r

r, m

illio

n cu

lbic

fee

t; Ib

, pou

nds;

: s/m

, sno

wm

elt;

--, n

c> da

ta; t

ext i

n bo

ld in

dica

tes

stor

m c

ove

End

of

stor

m

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

Prec

ipita

tion

(in.)

Stre

amfl

ow

volu

me

(Mft3

)

Susp

ende

d so

lids

(ton

s)

Phos

phor

us

(Ib)

rage

less

than

80

perc

ent]

Loa

dsTo

tal

cadm

ium

(I

b)

Tota

l co

pper

(I

b)

Tota

l le

ad

(Ib)

Tota

l zi

nc

(Ib)

Men

omon

ee R

iver

C

ontin

ued

91/0

8/08

91/0

9/09

91/0

9/11

91/0

9/14

91/1

0/04

91/1

0/13

91/1

0/28

92/0

3/16

92/0

3/23

92/0

4/15

92/0

5/11

92/0

6/14

92/0

6/17

92/0

7/08

92/0

7/12

92/0

8/12

92/0

8/25

92/0

9/09

92/0

9/14

92/0

9/16

92/1

1/01

92/1

1/19

92/1

2/15

93/0

3/01

93/0

3/05

93/0

3/16

93/0

3/22

93/0

3/25

93/0

3/27

0550

1830

2325

0100

0100

2130

1615

1800

1130

0720

2115

0200

1030

0900

1130

0800

2200

0700

1320

1355

0600

1745

0700

1100

1225

0300

1000

0905

1550

91/0

8/10

91/0

9/10

91/0

9/13

91/0

9/17

91/1

0/09

91/1

0/15

91/1

1/05

92/0

3/20

92/0

4/01

92/0

4/23

92/0

5/14

92/0

6/14

92/0

6/19

92/0

7/10

92/0

7/16

92/0

8/13

92/0

8/29

92/0

9/11

92/0

9/16

92/0

9/20

92/1

1/05

92/1

1/25

92/1

2/17

93/0

3/04

93/0

3/07

93/0

3/17

93/0

3/25

93/0

3/27

93/0

3/29

2115

0535

1215

0020

0545

0700

1730

0330

2200

0800

0730

2100

0100

1400

0900

2100

1900

1100

1355

1500

2100

1520

0330

1225

1400

0500

0700

1550

1240

1.61

-- 1.29 .5

6

2.60

..

.62

s/m

s/m

s/m -.

.74

_ 2.10 .8

9

.71

.88

.56

... 2.59

1.05 .93

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

63 9.8

37 48 110 8.

0

160 65 170

190 20 4.

6

28 21 84 13 46 27 23 76 150

160 78 33 34 25 150

100 82

210 57 130

110

290 1.

7

210 66 32 400 16 12

270

140

440 38 150

140

140

210

440

170

170 33 46 44 640 66 51

560

210

390

330

1,40

0 20

1,40

0

310

320

1,20

0

100 80 810

540

1,30

0

130

680

570

470

610

2,30

0

1,00

0

720

210

310

250

2,20

0

880

510

--

.45

.43

1.2

<.05

7

<2.1 <.88

<3.7 3 <.18

<.04

7

1.6 .9

1

<2.2

- - --

.. -- .. -- -- -- -

-- 24 19 81 7.1

74 31 <58

<40 9.

1

3.1

43 29 71 11 39 33 22 33 110 60 50 24 17 22 130 44 21

-- 47 27 92 2.5

84 35 43

<120 9.

1

2.8

86 44 110 11 51 62 52 61 100

<60 62 17 13 19 170

<19 15

«

140

110

450 8.

8

360

140

450

<470 30 12 25

0

160

410 46 190

180

150

200

480

300

250 98 73 97 740

150

110

App

endi

x 2.

Sto

rm-lo

ad[y

r, ye

ar; m

o, m

onth

; d, d

ay; h

,data

for

urba

n w

ater

shed

hour

; in.

, inc

hes;

Mft

3, m

illio

n

-man

agem

ent

eval

uatio

n m

onito

ring

site

s, W

isco

nsin

, w

ater

yea

rs1

1991-9

4 C

ontin

ued

cubi

c fe

et; I

b, p

ound

s; s

/m,

snow

mel

t; --

, no

data

; tex

t in

bold

indi

cate

s st

orm

cov

erag

e le

ss th

an 8

0 pe

rcen

t]

Sta

rt o

f st

orm

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

End

of

stor

m

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

Prec

ipita

tion

(in.)

Stre

amfl

ow

volu

me

(Mft3

)

Sus

pend

ed

soli

ds

(ton

s)

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rus

(Ib)

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m

(Ib)

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(Ib)

Tot

al

lead

(I

b)

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(I

b)

Men

omon

ee R

iver

C

ontin

ued

93/0

3/29

93/0

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93/0

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93/0

4/19

93/0

4/29

93/0

5/22

93/0

5/30

93/0

6/04

93/0

6/07

93/0

6/19

93/0

6/30

93/0

7/05

93/0

7/08

93/0

8/30

93/0

9/13

93/1

1/12

1240

0830

1500

1300

0345

2150

0945

1900

1200

1805

0250

2115

1500

0300

1000

2020

93/0

3/31

93/0

4/01

93/0

4/19

93/0

4/24

93/0

5/01

93/0

5/24

93/0

6/01

93/0

6/07

93/0

6/12

93/0

6/22

93/0

7/01

93/0

7/07

93/0

7/13

93/0

9/03

93/0

9/18

93/1

1/14

0650

0330

0000

0300

0700

1600

1900

1145

1700

0200

0700

1245

1930

0900

0525

0200

s/m

s/m

s/m 4.

13 .58

.26

.44

.62

1.87

1.82 .51

.41

2.36

1.86

1.28 .4

4

73 120

400

590 54 22 32 25 310

120 15 36 240

120 93 12

46 400

980

2,40

0 48 35 54 26

1,20

0

420 36 130

1,00

0

200

250 34

410

1,50

0

3,30

0

7,00

0

310

170

260

180

6,20

0

1,50

0

170

430

4,00

0

830

770

250

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - - - -- <1.3 1.2 .2

4

18 90

<170 32

0 23 10 17 9

<180 67 9.

4

24 160 42 49 9.

0

<14

110

260

620 23 12 17 12

<310 94 11 41 25

0 69 71 9.8

100

430

810

1,60

0 93 32 70 39 960

380 48 140

980

260

1,00

0 53

Mon

roe

Stre

et d

eten

tion

pond

92/0

3/16

92/0

3/22

92/0

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92/0

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92/0

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>

92/0

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3

92/0

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1

92/0

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%

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93/0

3/03

1755

1300

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2000

0500

1645

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1356

0800

0645

1224

92/0

3/17

92/0

3/23

92/0

3/29

92/0

4/09

92/0

4/15

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5/11

92/0

6/17

92/0

7/02

92/0

7/02

92/0

7/08

92/1

2/31

93/0

3/04

0300

1000

1500

0900

0850

1900

1600

1100

1900

1200

0400

0730

.31

s/m

.26

.32

.43

.21

.56

.23

.86

1.11

s/m s/m

.03

.017

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.055

.042

.018

.088

.019

.14

.18

.065

.036

.77

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2.2

1.8 .6

5

5.1 .1

9

6.7

8.1 .1

5

.16

1.8 .3

1

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9

11 9.8

1.7 .5

4

.004

1

.001

1

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8

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93

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-

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.17

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<.00

34

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.25

.33

--

.2 .04

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.38

.42

.15

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.08

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1.0

--

.7 .15

.15

1.2

1.1 .5

0

2.5 .2

8

2.1

2.6 .4

1

.27

App

endi

x 2.

Sto

rm-lo

ad d

ata

for

urba

n w

ater

shed

-man

agem

ent e

valu

atio

n m

onito

ring

site

s, W

isco

nsin

, w

ater

yea

rs1

1991-9

4 C

ontin

ued

+3

EVALUATION

OF

N ONPOINT-SOURCE

C O Z S Z o "Sg CO I CO Z CO m r- m m

O o O

CO 2 3D m 3D m 3D s U1

[yr,

year

; mo,

moi

ith; d

, day

; h, 1

Sta

rt o

f sto

rm

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

lour

; in.

, inc

hes;

Mlit

, m

illio

n cu

bn; r

eet;

Ib, p

ound

s; s

/m, s

now

mel

t; -,

no

daita

; tex

t in

bold

mol

icat

es s

torm

cov

i

End

of s

torm

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

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tion

(in.)

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amflo

w

Susp

ende

d vo

lum

e so

lids

(Mft3

) (to

ns)

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spho

rus

(Ib)

erag

e le

ss th

an 8

0

Loa

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otal

ca

dmiu

m

(Ib)

perc

ent]

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al

copp

er

(Ib)

Tot

al

lead

(I

b)

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al

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(I

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roe

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et d

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tion

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ontin

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5/22

93/0

5/23

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93/0

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7/05

93/0

7/09

93/0

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8/15

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93/1

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94/0

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94/0

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94/0

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94/0

5/07

94/0

5/14

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1327

1100

1304

1333

2339

1034

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2112

1922

1344

0408

1226

1058

1949

0022

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0249

0527

0920

1845

1934

2356

0918

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1049

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1403

1823

93/0

3/05

93/0

3/07

93/0

3/08

93/0

3/08

93/0

3/24

93/0

4/14

93/0

4/16

93/0

5/02

93/0

5/23

93/0

5/24

93/0

5/30

93/0

6/03

93/0

6/08

93/0

6/25

93/0

6/30

93/0

7/05

93/0

7/09

93/0

7/25

93/0

8/15

93/0

9/14

93/1

0/20

93/1

1/12

94/0

3/21

94/0

4/12

94/0

4/26

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94/0

5/07

94/0

5/15

94/0

5/23

2330

0430

0300

2200

0030

2115

2130

1300

0015

1245

1700

1200

0000

1000

0400

2345

0900

0930

1415

1100

2130

2200

0630

1445

0730

2315

1100

0445

2200

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m

s/m 2.

33 .62

.20

.35

.90

.46

2.63 .8

7

.63

3.61

1.71

1.59

2.15

2.84 .1

8-- _ --

s/m

.24

.24

.27

.016

.041

.038

.021

.22

.011

.41

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.014

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.097

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7

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9.0

1.5 .4

5

13. 6.4

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2

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2

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6

19 4.2

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~

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9

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1

~

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.. -- -- -- -- _ --

.16

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.12

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--

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-- -- -- -- _

.69

.46

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3

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.31

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1.8 .0

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2.2 .3

5

.11

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4.0 .7

5

.50

5.7

2.8

1.8

1.4

2.1 .0

68

.30

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1.2 .78

.20

.16

.27

.65

App

endi

x 2.

Sto

rm-lo

ad[y

r, ye

ar; m

o, m

onth

; d, d

ay; h

data

for

urba

n w

ater

shed

-man

agem

ent e

valu

atio

n m

onito

ring

site

s, W

isco

nsin

, w

ater

yea

rs1

1991-9

4 C

ontin

ued

, hou

r; in

., in

ches

; Mft

3, m

illio

n cu

bic

feet

; Ib,

pou

nds;

s/m

, sn

owm

elt;

--, n

o da

ta; t

ext i

n bo

ld in

dica

tes

stor

m c

over

age

less

than

80

perc

ent]

Star

t of

stor

m

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

End

of

stor

m

Dat

e (y

r/m

o/d)

Tim

e (2

4 h)

Prec

ipita

tion

(in.)

Stre

amfl

ow

Sus

pend

ed

volu

me

soli

ds

(Mft3

) (t

ons)

Pho

spho

rus

(Ib)

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dsT

otal

ca

dmiu

m

(Ib)

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l co

pper

(I

b)

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al

lead

(I

b)

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l zi

nc

(Ib)

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roe

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et d

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ontin

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94/0

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7/03

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7/07

94/0

7/17

94/0

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8/03

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9/14

94/1

1/05

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0545

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3/17

>

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91/0

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91/0

3/18

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1512

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1249

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s/m 1.

56 .35

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1.22

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9

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2

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7

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28

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3

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.12

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.19

.21

.36

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1

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3.3 .0

43

2.0 .5

1

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1

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9

5.2

2.3

4.3 .0

87

-- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -

-- -- -- - - -- -- - -- ~

-- -- -- - -- -- -- -- --

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

o>

App

endi

x 2.

Sto

rm-lo

adm

[y

r, ye

ar; m

o, m

onth

; d, d

ay; h

data

for

urba

n w

ater

shed

-man

agem

ent e

valu

atio

n m

onito

ring

site

s, W

isco

nsin

, w

ater

yea

rs1

1991-9

4 C

ontin

ued

, hou

r, in

., in

ches

; Mft

3, m

illio

n cu

bic

feet

; Ib,

pou

nds;

s/m

, sno

wm

elt;

--, n

o da

ta; t

ext i

n bo

ld in

dica

tes

stor

m c

over

age

less

than

80

perc

ent]

^

Star

t of s

torm

c

H

Dat

e g

(y

r/mo/

d)

0

Tl g

<^ 1/0

5/05

0

91/0

5/17

5 H

91/0

5/18

g

91/0

5/21

o

91/0

5/25

m o

91/0

6/10

5

91/0

6/12

S

91/0

6/13

>

91/0

7/01

g

91/0

7/21

~g

91/0

8/07

o

91/0

8/16

g

91/0

9/03

i?

91/0

9/09

P

91/0

9/11

o

91/0

9/14

S

91/0

9/15

0

91/0

9/17

<j>

91/0

9/24

0

91/1

0/03

3

91/1

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H

91/1

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m 5

91/1

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>

91/1

0/28

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91/1

0/31

(D 01

91/1

1/14

91/1

1/17

91/1

2/12

92/0

1/08

Tim

e (2

4 h)

End

of s

torm

Dat

e (y

r/mo/

d)Ti

me

(24

h)

_ .

.. ..

Stre

amfl

ow

Prec

ipita

tion

. ..

. vo

lum

e(m

>)

(Mft3

)

Susp

ende

d so

lids

(ton

s)

Phos

phor

us

(Ib)

Loa

dsTo

tal

cadm

ium

(Ib

)

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l co

pper

(Ib

)

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l le

ad

(Ib)

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l zi

nc

(Ib)

Nin

e Sp

rings

sto

rm s

ewer

C

ontin

ued

0717

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1608

1529

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2257

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1853

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2340

2017

1214

2241

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1335

1252

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Appendix 2.1 Uncertainty in Urban Storm-Load Data

For each storm load listed in appendix 2, there is an associated uncertainty. Errors in measurement of dis charge, sampling technique, sample processing and sample analysis all contribute to uncertainty in the final load. The following discussion addresses these errors and describes how their probable magnitude was used to estimate error in the final load.

The load is calculated as the product of event mean concentration and stormflow volume, so error in any particular load will include error from stormflow volume and error from event mean concentration. These errors are defined as follows:

and

= 5 St

where r\c is the error term for concentration, C is the estimated concentration, Ct is the true concentration, TJS is the error term for stormflow volume, S is the estimated stormflow volume, and St is the true stormflow volume. It follows that the error of the load is defined as

CS

For the purpose of this study, and because r|c and % have a lower limit of zero, r|c and TI^ are assumed to be distributed lognormally, hence, r\i would also be lognormal. In general, the errors presented above have two components: a systematic component, termed bias, and a random component, termed precision. There was insuf ficient data collected to determine the bias of r^; hence the errors were assumed to be unbiased. The precision was estimated as the variance of r|L, which is determined by adding the variances of r|c and % in log space.

The variance of % must be estimated separately for each site. The 95-percent confidence interval has been estimated by USGS personnel for error in discharge records (Holmstrom and others, 1993-95), and therefore for stormflow volume. For the lognormal distribution, the log-space standard deviation of the error in stormflow vol ume can be estimated by solving the following for (3^:

795 = exp (1.96(3^)-exp (-1.96(3^)

where (3^ is the log-space standard deviation of r|s , and I95 is the 95-percent confidence interval for the stormflow error.

The variance of r|c must be estimated separately for each analyte. In determining the variance of r|c , sample- processing duplicates, field blank samples, laboratory blanks, and laboratory duplicates were considered. Data were insufficient to consider how well point samples collected during this study represent actual concentrations from the entire profile of the stream or storm sewer.

The variance of the error in concentration for each pair of sample-processing duplicates (Box and others, 1978) is

2(Cu -C2j.) 2

APPENDIXES 1-2 39

where V[r|p£,J is the variance of the error in the ith pair of duplicates, C^ and C2j are the concentrations of the ith pair of duplicates. The estimate of variance in concentration error from sample processing duplicates, V[r|p£>], is the average of the variance of all pairs of duplicates (Box and others, 1978) or

where n is the number of duplicate pairs.

The variance for the constituents in field blank samples was calculated directly from constituent concentra tions in the field blanks. Variance of laboratory blanks were obtained directly from the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene (WSLH). The laboratory duplicate tolerance, obtained from the WSLH, was considered to be a 99- percent confidence interval. As with stormflow volume, the log-space standard deviation of the error in laboratory duplicates TJ LD can be estimated by solving the following for

/99 = exp (2.58(3^) - exp (-2.58(3^) ,

where P^LE) ls tne log-space standard deviation of TJLD and 199 is the 99 percent confidence interval for the labora tory duplicate tolerance.

Because sample-processing duplicates include all sample-processing and laboratory procedures, variance in sample-processing duplicates should include variance inherent in field blanks, laboratory duplicates, and labora tory blanks; therefore, variance in sample processing duplicates should be greater than or equal to variance from field blanks, laboratory duplicates, and laboratory blanks. This was true for suspended solids, total phosphorus, cadmium, copper, and lead; however variance in laboratory duplicates was greater than variance from sample pro cessing duplicates for zinc. Consequently, variance in sample-processing duplicates was used to estimate variance in error of concentration for all analytes except zinc, for which variance in laboratory duplicates was used. Final real space standard deviations are shown in table 1 .

Table 1 . Standard deviation of error for constituents used to estimate storm-load data from urban watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 1991-95 [standard deviation (s.d.) in percent of true concentration]

Constituent

Suspended solids

Total phosphorus

Total cadmium

s.d.

12

6.8

17

Constituent

Total copper

Total lead

Total zinc

s.d.

7.1

7.8

3.9

The variance of the load of each analyte, V[r|iJ, was determined by transforming V[r|c] and V[t|s] to space and summing the two. V[r|c] and V[TJS] are transformed to log space using the following equation:

r* . 0

where p is the variance in log-space, a is the variance in real space, and |Li is the mean in real space. (U, was cal culated by trial and error assuming the mean in log space to be 0 (unbiased errors) and using the equation:

4(2 2\L = a +\L


The upper and lower limits of the 95-percent confidence interval in log space are 1.96(3 and -1.96(3, expressed as a fraction of the true load. To transform back to real space and determine the 95-percent confidence limits of the estimated loads, the following equations were used:

L+95 = exp( 1.96(3^)-!

and

L_95 = exp (-1.96(3^)-!

where (3^ is the log space standard deviation of r|L, and L+95 and L_95 are the upper and lower limits of the 95- percent confidence intervals of the estimated loads in appendix 2. The values of L_95 and L+95 , expressed as a per centage of the estimated load for each analyte at each urban site, are given in table 2.

Table 2. Ninety-five percent confidence limits for storm-load data from urban watershed-management evaluation monitoring sites, Wisconsin, water years 1991-95[values in percent of estimated load]

Constituent

Suspended solids

Total phosphorus

Total cadmium

Total copper

Total lead

Total zinc

Lincoln Creek

Lower-24

-18

-19

-31

-19

-16

Upper

31

22

23

44

24

19

Menomonee River

Lower-22

-15

-16

-30

-17

-12

Upper

28

18

19

42

20

14

Monroe Street detention pond

Lower-26

-21

-22

-32

-22

-19

Upper

35

27

28

47

28

24

Nine Springs tributary storm sewer

Lower-22

-15

-16

-30

-17

-12

Upper

28

18

19

42

20

14

APPENDIXES 1-2 41

EVALUATION OF NO

NPO

INT-SO

URCE CO

NTA

MIN

ATIO

N, W

ISCON

SIN:

FOR W

ATER YEAR 1995

Open-File R

eport 96-661A

Documents

EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION, …EVALUATION OF NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION, WISCONSIN: SELECTED TOPICS FOR WATER YEAR 1995 By D.W. Owens, S.R. Corsi, anofK.F. Rappold