Evaluation of novel wood-rotting Evaluation of novel wood-rotting polypores and corticioid fungi for polypores and corticioid fungi for

the decay and biopulping of the decay and biopulping of Norway spruce (Norway spruce (Picea abiesPicea abies) wood) wood

Hakala et al 2004 Hakala et al 2004

EnzMicrobTechnol 34,255-63EnzMicrobTechnol 34,255-63

Kerry Sproule, presenterKerry Sproule, presenter

Wood is a high calorie carbon source, composed of cell walls interpenetrating matrix of cellulose

and hemicelluloses cellulose homopolymer of glucose hemicellulose heteropolymer of a mixture of sugars

lignin generic name for complex aromatic polymers product of free-radical polymerization major component of vascular tissues together with hemicellulose, it fills the spaces

between cellulose fibrils, coating the lignin physically protects the polysaccharides

from attack by cellulases and hemicellulases

White vs brown rotWhite vs brown rot

White vs Brown Rotters

Cellulose sparing Oxidases Intolerant of low pH Tolerant of high pH

Lignin sparing No Oxidases Tolerant of low pH Intolerant of high pH

Decomposition, recycling, Decomposition, recycling, spoilagespoilage

Lignin degradationLignin degradation PeroxidasesPeroxidases LignasesLignases LaccasesLaccases

Chemical attack on Chemical attack on polymer (peroxidases) polymer (peroxidases) followed by specific followed by specific attack (lignases, attack (lignases, laccases)laccases)

angiosperm

gymnosperm

LaccaseLaccase

http://lioroux.free.fr/

Multicopper oxidasesMulticopper oxidases

"Our number one water quality problem in the National Forests is roads.“United States Under Secretary of Agriculture Jim Lyons, 2000

For every km For every km of paved road of paved road in Washington in Washington State, > 7 km State, > 7 km of unpaved of unpaved roadsroads Estimated cost of decommissioning:$6k - $180k per km

This and subsequent Myco-remediationimages from Fungi Perfectiwww.fungi.com

Adding grass seed to Adding grass seed to logging roads doesn’t work logging roads doesn’t work

efficientlyefficiently

Value of Value of mycoremediationmycoremediation

Sediment containmentSediment containment reduction of siltation/erosion into streams reduction of siltation/erosion into streams spawning grounds & spawning grounds &

fisheries fisheries Moisture enhancementMoisture enhancement

restoration of aquifer function (allowing subsurface sheet flows of restoration of aquifer function (allowing subsurface sheet flows of water)water)

re-moistening of arid landscapesre-moistening of arid landscapes Habitat recovery & EnhancementHabitat recovery & Enhancement

re-establishing native mycoflora (mycorrhizae & saprophytic, soil re-establishing native mycoflora (mycorrhizae & saprophytic, soil building)building)

Reduction/elimination of Hydrocarbon contaminationReduction/elimination of Hydrocarbon contamination reduction of diesel, oil, herbicides, pesticides, & other pollutants reduction of diesel, oil, herbicides, pesticides, & other pollutants

Reduction/elimination of damaging downstream Reduction/elimination of damaging downstream microorganismsmicroorganisms mycofiltration of coliform bacterial, E. coli, Pfisteria, & protozoamycofiltration of coliform bacterial, E. coli, Pfisteria, & protozoa

Temperature reductionTemperature reduction cooling of water flowing into streams cooling of water flowing into streams fisheries & marine fisheries & marine

systemssystems

Mycoremediation Mycoremediation Minimal disturbanceMinimal disturbance

low impact on existing & adjacent ecosystemslow impact on existing & adjacent ecosystems Subsurface penetration by myceliumSubsurface penetration by mycelium

Subsurface growth of mycelium Subsurface growth of mycelium mineral transport, mineral transport, aeration, without siltation flowaeration, without siltation flow

Aesthetic enhancementAesthetic enhancement roads transformed into nature trails multi-use accessroads transformed into nature trails multi-use access

Educational showcaseEducational showcase accessible educational showcase for habitat restorationaccessible educational showcase for habitat restoration

Bad bugs/Good bugs*Bad bugs/Good bugs* breeding ground for grubs breeding ground for grubs fish food chain fish food chain mycopesticidal barriers for wood boring beetles & disease mycopesticidal barriers for wood boring beetles & disease

insects insects breeding grounds for beneficial bugsbreeding grounds for beneficial bugs

Investment ProtectionInvestment Protection road subsurface can be re-used in futureroad subsurface can be re-used in future

Mycoremediation of logging roads – Mycoremediation of logging roads –

Fungi Perfecti Fungi Perfecti ‘‘Hog-fuel' (bark and wood Hog-fuel' (bark and wood

chips) onto logging roadschips) onto logging roads inoculate debris with inoculate debris with

mycelia of a mosaic of mycelia of a mosaic of keystone native fungal keystone native fungal speciesspecies

Fungus+wood chips Fungus+wood chips prevent silt-flow through prevent silt-flow through the natural filtration the natural filtration properties of mycelial properties of mycelial networks networks

renew topsoils, spurring renew topsoils, spurring the growth of native florathe growth of native flora

8-30 cm straw+ woodchips + Pleurotus ostreatus inoculum

Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus is a native saprophytic species, easy to amplify in culture4 weeks later…

3 years later- abundant mycelium from mixed species - new soil formation

After “mycoremediation”After “mycoremediation”

4 years, 2-5cm soil

5+ years

Using fungi for nutritional Using fungi for nutritional improvementimprovement

plant proteins are often relatively plant proteins are often relatively low in essential amino acids like low in essential amino acids like lysine which are lysine which are relativelyrelatively enriched enriched in fungiin fungi fungal enrichment improves flavour, fungal enrichment improves flavour,

texture, nutritional valuetexture, nutritional value uses naturally occurring fungi, or those uses naturally occurring fungi, or those

inoculated deliberatelyinoculated deliberately

Modified forage Modified forage

2.1 x 102.1 x 101212 kg per year – cereal straw, kg per year – cereal straw, sugarcane and sugar beet residue – sugarcane and sugar beet residue – contains nutrients, primarily as contains nutrients, primarily as cellulose and lignins cellulose and lignins

low digestibility (40-60%) even for low digestibility (40-60%) even for herbivoresherbivores

generally subsistence nutrition, but generally subsistence nutrition, but leads to low growth rates, and need leads to low growth rates, and need for feed supplementsfor feed supplements

Tempeh – traditional Tempeh – traditional

Used for food and feedUsed for food and feed Modifying agricultural waste Modifying agricultural waste

materials that do not have economic materials that do not have economic value by direct use, or for value by direct use, or for conversion by animals into valuable conversion by animals into valuable productsproducts

Undigestible carbohydrates are Undigestible carbohydrates are wrapped in large leaves (banana) wrapped in large leaves (banana) and left 1-2 d for solid fermentation and left 1-2 d for solid fermentation

Tempeh – solid Tempeh – solid fermentationfermentation

Tempeh Tempeh

soybeans are boiled and dehulledsoybeans are boiled and dehulled Rhizopus oligosporusRhizopus oligosporus grows < 24 h, grows < 24 h,

creating a solid cake of creating a solid cake of hyphae/beanshyphae/beans

Traditionally, tempeh is stored Traditionally, tempeh is stored wrapped in banana leaves, and wrapped in banana leaves, and eaten sooneaten soon

growth is halted (cooking, freezing) growth is halted (cooking, freezing) before sporulation beginsbefore sporulation begins

Tempeh – commercialTempeh – commercial

Soybeans are made more digestible Soybeans are made more digestible by lipases and proteases secreted by by lipases and proteases secreted by RhizopusRhizopus,as well as fungal ,as well as fungal componentscomponents

Fungi provide “complete” proteinFungi provide “complete” protein