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Tanta University
Faculty of Agriculture
Agronomy Department
EVALUATION OF SOME RICE CULTIVARS
UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES AND
TILLAGE SYSTEMS
BY
Aziz Fouad El-Sayed Abu El-Ezz B.Sc. Agric., Horticulture Dept., El-Menoufia Univ., 1998.
M.Sc. Agric., Agronomy Dept., Alexandria Univ., 2004
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements For the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
Agricultural Science
(Agronomy)
To
Agronomy Department
Faculty of Agriculture
Tanta University
2014
Tanta University
Faculty of Agriculture
Agronomy Department
EVALUATION OF SOME RICE CULTIVARS
UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES AND
TILLAGE SYSTEMS
BY
Aziz Fouad El-Sayed Abu El-Ezz B.Sc. Agric., Horticulture Dept., El-Menoufia Univ., 1998.
M.Sc. Agric., Agronomy Dept., Alexandria Univ., 2004
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements For the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
Agricutural Science
(Agronomy)
Examiner’s Committee: Approved
Prof. Dr. Ramadan Ali El-Refaey Emeritus Professor of Agronomy, Agronomy Department,
Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University.
.…………..
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Gawad Nassar Professor of Agronomy, Plant Production Department, Faculty
of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University.
.…………..
Prof. Dr. Ragab Abd El-Ghany Ebaid Emeritus Head of Research, Field Crops Research Institute,
Agricultural Research Center.
…………..
Prof. Dr. El-Sayed Hamid El-Seidy Professor and Head of Agronomy Department, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tanta University.
.…..............
Date: 28/12/2014
Tanta University
Faculty of Agriculture
Agronomy Department
EVALUATION OF SOME RICE CULTIVARS
UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES AND
TILLAGE SYSTEMS
BY
Aziz Fouad El-Sayed Abu El-Ezz B.Sc. Agric., Horticulture Dept., El-Menoufia Univ., 1998.
M.Sc. Agric., Agronomy Dept., Alexandria Univ., 2004
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements For the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
Agricutural Science
(Agronomy)
Advisor’s Committee:
Prof. Dr. El-Sayed Hamid El-Seidy Professor and Head of Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture,
Tanta University.
Prof. Dr. Ragab Abd El-Ghany Ebaid Emeritus Head of Research, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural
Research Center.
Prof. Dr. Taha Ahmed Shalaby Emeritus Professor of Agronomy, Agronomy Department,Faculty of
Agriculture, Tanta University.
2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise and thanks to ALLAH, who gives us all the ability to
finish this work. Sincerest thanks and gratitude to Prof. Dr. El-Sayed
Hamid El-Seidy, Professor and head of Agronomy Department, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tanta University for his continuous and helpful suggestions,
and also his assistance and helpful comments on this work. I would like to
express my deepest gratitude and my Sincere thanks Prof. Dr. Ramadan
Ali El-Rfaey, Emeritus Professor of Agronomy, Agronomy Department,
Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University for suggesting, valuable criticism
and guidance during the course of my study and for his great help in
reviewing the manuscript. Special words of thank to Prof. Dr. Ragab Abd
El-Ghany Ebaid Emeritus Head of Research, Rice Research and Training
Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC)
for his helpful suggestions, farther advice, valuable and constructive
remarks and for continuous assistance for me. Thanks duty to the spirit of
our great teacher Prof. Dr. Taha Ahmed Shalaby, (mercy of God upon
him) founder of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University what we have
learned on his hands during this study. My deeply thankful to the top
management of ElWADI Export Co. for their encouraging and support to
achieve this work. My full respect and my deepest thanks to my mother, my
brothers, my wife and my lovely kids; Yasmin, Abd El-Rahman and
Yousef. Special thanks and deep appreciation to staff members of Rice
Research and Training Center, Zarzoura, Behira. Special thanks and deep
appreciation to my best friends and older brothers Eng. Mohamed Gebril
and Eng. Essam El Sabaa for their continuous support.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………..…………………………….…..
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………..
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………...
I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................................................
A. Effect of irrigation treatments on rice growth characters, yield and its
attributes………………………………….....................................
B. Effect of tillage systems on rice growth characters, yield and its
attributes……………………………………………………………..
C. Effect of varietal differevces on rice growth characters, yield and its
attributes……………………………………………………………..
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS...........................................................
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS...........................................................
A- Vegetative growth characters...........................................................
1- Root volume (cm3).......................................................................
2- Root length (cm)……………………………………………….
3- Root/shoot ratio…………………………………………………
4- Number of days to heading (days).................................................
5- Plant height in (cm)......................................................................
6- Flag leaf area (cm2).......................................................................
B- Yield and its components...................................................................
1- Number of productive tillers/m2................................................
2- Number of filled grains/panicle...................................................
3- 1000-Grain weight in (g)..............................................................
4- Unfilled grains percentage (%)...................................................
5- Panicle weight in (g)................................................................ .....
6- Panicle length in (cm)................................................................
7- Biomass yield (ton/fad)........................................ …………….
8- Grain yield (ton/fad)...................................................................
9- Harvest index (%)........................................................................
C- Water relations……………………………………………………
1- Reduction percentage (%)
2- Drought sensitivity index……………………………………
3- Water use efficiency (kg/m3)…………………………...........
D- Grain quality characters...................................................................
1- Hulling percentage (%)...................................................................
2- Milling percentage. (%).................................................................
3- Head rice percentage (%)...............................................................
V. SUMMARY...............................................................................................
VI. REFERENCES.........................................................................................
VII. ARABIC SUMMARY..............................................................................
i
ii
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16
20
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26
31
34
37
40
43
46
46
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54
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68
71
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88
105
---
LIST OF TABLES
No. Table Title Page
1 Origin and main characteristics of the four rice cultivars. 21
2 Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on root volume (cm3), root length (cm) and
root/shoot ratio of Egyptian hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha
101 rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
28
3 Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on days to heading (days), plant height (cm)
and flag leaf area (cm2) of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104
and Sakha 101 rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
39
4 Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on No. of productive tillers/m2, No. of filled
grains / panicle and 1000-grain weight (g) of Egyptian hybrid 1,
Sakha 104, Sakha 101 and Giza 178 rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012
seasons.
48
5 Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on unfilled grains %, panicle weight and
panicle length (cm) of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and
Sakha 101 rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
55
6 Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on biomass yield (t/fad.), grain yield (t/fad.)
and harvest index (%) of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104
and Sakha 101 rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
62
7 Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on reduction percentage (%), drought
sensitivity index and water use efficiency (WUE = (Kg./m3)) of
Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178 Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 rice cultivars
in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
73
8 Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on hulling (%), milling (%) and head rice (%)
of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Sakha 104, Sakha 101 and Giza 178 rice
cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
82
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Table Title Page
1 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for root volume (cm3) in 2011 season.
29
2 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for root volume (cm3) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
30
3 The interaction between tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C)
for root volume (cm3) in 2011 season.
30
4 The interaction among irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B)
and rice cultivars (C) for root volume (cm3) in 2011 and 1012
seasons.
31
5 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for root length in 2012 season. 33
6 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for root length (cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 34
7 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for root/shoot ratio in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 36
8 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) rice cultivars (C)
for days to heading in 2011 season. 40
9 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for plant height (cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 42
10 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for plant height (cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 43
11 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for flag leaf area (cm2) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
45
12 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for flag leaf area (cm2) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
45
13 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for No. of productive tillers/m2 in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
49
14 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for No. of filled grains / panicle in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 51
15 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for 1000-grain weight (g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 53
16 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for unfilled grains % in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 56
17 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for panicle weight (g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 58
18 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for panicle length (cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 60
19 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for biomass yield (t/fad) in 2012 season. 63
20 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for biomass yield (t/fad.) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 64
21 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for grain yield (ton/fad.) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 68
22 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for harvest index (%) in 2011 season. 70
23 Harvest index as affected by the interaction between irrigation
regimes and rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 70
24 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (b) for reduction percentage (%) in 2011 and 2012
seasons.
74
25 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for reduction percentage (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 75
26 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for drought sensitivity index in 2011 season. 77
27 Drought susceptible index of Egyptian hybrid 1, Sakha 104,
Sakha 101 and Giza 178 rice cultivars as affected by irrigation
regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
78
28 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for water use efficiency (WUE=kg/m3) in 2011 and 2012
seasons.
80
29 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for hulling (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 83
30 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for milling (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 84
31 The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for head rice (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons. 85
1
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important grains in the
world. It is not only a stable food, but also contributes to major economic
activity and a key source of income and employment for the rural population.
Rice is grown under many different conditions and production
systems, but submerged in water is the most common method used
worldwide. Rice is the only cereal crop that can grow for long periods of time
in standing water. 57% of rice is grown on irrigated land, 25% on rainfed
lowland, 10% on the uplands, 6% in deep-water, and 2% in tidal wetlands
(IRRI-2002).
Drought is one of a major abiotic stresses limiting plant production.
The worldwide water shortage and uneven distribution of rainfall makes the
improvement of drought resistance especially important. Drought resistance
includes drought escape via a short life cycle or developmental plasticity,
drought avoidance via enhanced water uptake and reduced water loss and
drought tolerance via osmotic adjustment. Early maturity has been shown to
be an important trait under lowland conditions because early flowering rice
varieties or lines can escape from the late season drought stress. However,
although early maturity is an important character, it is associated with low
yield potential and it is unlikely for early maturing cultivars to produce
higher yield than later maturing ones in absence of drought stress (Cooper et
al.,1999).
In Egypt, about 10 billion m3 of irrigation water is being used in rice
production and represents about 25% of amount of irrigation water used in
agricultural sector. The limitation of water resources and the remarkable
increase in population should force research workers to find ways for saving
some of this water without significant reduction in yield. Because of
continued population growth and economic development, the demand for
fresh water to meet industrialization and domestic needs is growing rapidly.
It is expected that, in the near future less water will be available for rice
cultivation (Tuong and Bouman 2002).
2
It is estimated that about 6000 m3 of irrigation water is needed for
each faddan of rice. Increasing demand for irrigation water recently appeared
in Egypt for the new land reclamation programs which cover an area of 3-4
million feddan of the land ranked on top of priorities envisaged by master
plan resources, these areas are located in Tushka, East Owynat, Darb El-
Arbaeen, Peace Canal and the other cultivable areas (Mahrous 2005).
Accordingly, saving of rice irrigation water is a necessary demand to cover
the water requirements of these projects. This could be achieved through
either develop new rice varieties which requires less water (short duration or
drought tolerant varieties) or through developing improved agricultural
practices for rice cultivation. One of these practices is water management by
using different tillage systems which increase the roots volume and water up-
take also, increasing irrigation intervals without any drastic effect on plant
growth and grain yield.
The objectives of this investigation were:
1. To evaluate the performance of some Egyptian rice cultivars and hybrid
under different water regimes.
2. To check the effect of tillage on water use efficiency and water saving.
3. To investigate what is the best water regime which achieves the highest
productivity with highest water use efficiency.
3
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Water is the most crucial input for agricultural production. Globally,
agriculture accounts for more than 80% of all fresh water used by humans,
most of that is for crop production (Morison, et al., 2008). Tillage systems
may play a vital role in improving soil structure which in turn will result in
providing the root volume and increasing water uptake. In addition, rice
cultivars change in the response to drought stress based on its genetic
variation. These aspects will be reviewed in three partitions as follows:
1. Effect of irrigation regimes on rice growth characters, yield and
its attributes:
Awad (2001) studied the effect of three irrigation intervals (4, 8 or
12-day) on rice production. Results showed that plant height, panicle length,
number of panicles/m2, grain and straw yields decreased significantly with
increasing irrigation intervals. However, no significant difference was found
between 4 and 8 day intervals in grain yield. 8 day treatment recorded the
highest water use efficiency (0.69 kg/m3) and saved about 13.2% of irrigation
water compared to 4 day interval.
Bouman and Tuong (2001) stated that irrigation water is getting
scarcer and major challenges are to (i) save water, (ii) increase water
productivity and (iii) produce more rice with less water. This study analyses
the ways in which water-saving irrigation can help to meet these challenges
at the field level. The analyses are conducted using experimental data
collected mostly in central–northern India and the Philippines. Water input
can be reduced by reducing ponded water depths to soil saturation or by
alternate wetting/drying. Water savings under saturated soil conditions were
on average 23% (±14%) with yield reductions of only 6% (±6%). Yields
were reduced by 10–40% when soil water potentials in the root zone were
allowed to reach −100 to −300 mbar. In clay soil, intermittent drying may
lead to shrinkage and cracking, thereby risking increased soil water loss,
increased water requirements and decreased water productivity. Water
productivity in continuous flooded rice was typically 0.2–0.4 g grain / kg
water in India and 0.3–1.1 g grain /kg water in the Philippines. Water-saving
irrigation increases water productivity, up to a maximum of about 1.9 g grain
/kg water, but decreases yield. It therefore does not produce more rice with
less water on the same field. Field-level water productivity and yield can only
4
be increased concomitantly by improving total factor productivity or by
raising the yield potential.
Ghanem and Ebaid (2001) conducted two experiments to study the
effect of both farmyard manure and different irrigation intervals on the
productivity of rice variety Sakha 101 and the succeeding clover crop.
Irrigation intervals were continuous flooding, irrigation every 6 and 9 days.
The main results showed that, there were no significant differences in yield
and its components between continuous flooding and irrigation every 6 days.
Furthermore, 6 days intervals saved 9 % of the water used while, 9 days
intervals saved 14 % with 26 % yield reduction.
Islam (2001) studied the effect of water stress on nine rice cultivars.
He found that, water stress significantly reduced plant height, number of
panicles/m2, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, total dry
matter content and grain yield.
Mohamed (2001) concluded that irrigation every 3 days produced the
highest values of dry matter, number of filled grains and 1000-grain weight.
However, no significant difference was found between 3 and 6 days intervals
on crop growth rate, relative growth rate, plant height, number of panicle/hill,
unfilled grain % and grain and straw yields.
Sehly et al., (2001,a) found that, grain yield was highly affected with
prolonged irrigation for all the tested rice cultivars (Giza 176, Giza 177,
Sakha 101 and Sakha 102). The highest grain yield was obtained under 3
days followed by 6 days and 9 days, while 12 days showed the lowest grain
yield.
Sehly et al., (2001,b) studied the effect of four irrigation intervals (3,
6, 9 and 12 days) on rice production. They found that, rice grain yield was
negatively affected with prolonged irrigation intervals. The highest yield was
obtained at 3 days (8.65 t. ha-1
) or 6 days intervals (8.38 t. ha-1
) without
significant difference between each other while, the lowest values were
obtained at 12 days intervals (4.6 t. ha-1
).
Belder et al., (2002) stated that savings in irrigation water in the
alternately submerged and non-submerged (AS & NS) were 13 – 16%
compared with continuously submerged (CS) regime. Rice grain yield was
5
not significantly affected by the water regimes. Water productivity was
significantly higher in the AS & NS regime than CS regime which recorded
(1.48 and 0.91 kg/m3), respectively.
El-Refaee (2002) reported that, water withholding for 12 days
throughout the growing season significantly decreased dry matter production,
plant height, panicle length, number of tillers/m2, number of panicle/m
2,
number of filled grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight, panicle weight, grain
yield, straw yield and harvest index while, 12 days water withholding
significantly delayed the heading date.
Gani et al., (2002) studied the effect of different irrigation
management (flooded and intermittent irrigation) and organic matter
amendments at the rate of (0, 3 and 6 ton manure/ha) on rice crop. Results
indicated that intermittent irrigation recorded the highest values of growth
and yield parameters compared with flooded irrigation. On the other side,
crop performed better with 3 ton manure/ha than with 0 or 6 ton manure/ha.
Shi et al., (2002) studied the performance of rice under different
water treatments namely (flooded, intermittent and dry cultivation). Results
showed that intermittent irrigation recorded the highest values of number of
panicles/hill, number of grains/panicle and 1000-grain weight meanwhile,
reduced irrigation water use considerably (27 – 37%) compared with flooded
rice cultivation while at the same time yields increase slightly (4 – 6%). On
the other hand, dry cultivation treatment showed the worst yield performance
for all tested rice varieties. Water use efficiency (WUE) was highest in the
dry-cultivation treatment since yields decreased relatively less than the
supplied of irrigation water.
Belder et al., (2005) investigated the effect of irrigation regimes on
grain yield and nitrogen uptake on hybrid and inbred rice cultivars. Grain
yield ranged from 4.1 t ha-1
in (0-N) to 9.5 t ha-1
with (180 kg N ha-1
).
Alternately submerged-non-submerged regimes showed 4-6% higher yield
than continuous submergence. In all seasons, N application significantly
increased grain yield largely through an increased biomass and grain number.
Water productivity was significantly increased by N application. Water
saving regimes also increased water productivity under non-water-stressed
conditions compared with continuous submergence.
6
El-Refaee et al., (2005,a) in Egypt tested the effect of four irrigation
treatments namely, alternate 4 days on with 6, 8, 10 and 12 days off on
growth, productivity and some grain quality characters of rice varieties Giza
178 and Sakha 102. They found that, growth attributes, yield and its
components as well as some grain quality characters of the two rice varieties
were significantly influenced by irrigation treatments in both seasons.
Treatment one (4 days on + 6 days off) gave the highest values while,
treatment four (4 days on + 12 days off) recorded the lowest values. Giza 178
rice variety was less affected by increasing the off period and produced
higher grain yield. However, Sakha 102 variety gave best grain quality
characters.
Gewaily (2006) investigated the effect irrigation intervals namely
continuous flooding, irrigation every 6 days and irrigation every 9 days on
rice yield and yield components of Sakha 101 rice variety. The result
revealed that, rice yield and its components were significantly affected by
irrigation intervals where, yield decreased as interval period increased in both
seasons.
Jiang-Tao et al., (2006) studied the effect of flooded soil (FS), non-
flooded soil with straw mulching (SM) and non-flooded soil without straw
mulching (ZM) on water use efficiency (WUE) and agronomic traits in rice.
The results showed no significant differences between (FS) and (SM) on flag
leaf area (cm2), number of effective tillers, total number of grains and grain
yield (kg/ha). On the other side, (ZM) recorded the highest values of unfilled
grain rate (%) and (SM) treatment recorded the highest values of WUE
(kg/m3). On the other hand, there were no significant differences among all
irrigation treatments on 1000-grain weight.
El-Agamy et al., (2007) investigated the effect of different rice husk
rates (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 t/fed) under different irrigation intervals (4,8 and 12
days) on the productivity of Giza 178 rice cultivar. They found that,
increasing rice husk rates up to 3 t/fed significantly increased vegetative
growth characters, yield and its components as well as improving grain
quality characters. On the other hand, these characters under study decreased
due to increasing irrigation intervals up to 12 days during both seasons,
however insignificant effect was observed with panicle characters.
7
Zinolabedin et al., (2008) studied the effect of different water stress
conditions namely (water stress during vegetative, flowering and grain filling
stages and well watered was the control) on yield and yield components of
rice (Oryza sativa L.). The results indicated that water stress at vegetative
stage significantly reduced plant height of all cultivars. Water stress at
flowering stage had a greater grain yield reduction than water stress at other
times. The reduction of grain yield largely resulted from the reduction in
fertile panicle and filled grain percentage. Water deficit during vegetative,
flowering and grain filling stages reduced mean grain yield by 21, 50 and
21% on average in comparison to control respectively. Total biomass, harvest
index, plant height, filled grain, unfilled grain and 1000 grain weight were
reduced under water stress in all cultivars. Water stress at vegetative stage
effectively reduced total biomass due to decrease of photosynthesis rate and
dry matter accumulation.
Tran et al., (2008) quantified the impact of new irrigation method
(alternate wetting and drying: AWD) on grain yield, water productivity and
economic efficiency under different seeding rates and nitrogen application
methods in comparison with the conventional water management, continuous
flooding (CF). The two water regimes were physically separated in the plots
to ensure that seepage of water did not interfere together. They found that the
grain yields were varied from 2.68 to 2.76 tons ha-1 in 2006 wet season (WS)
and from 5.81 to 5.98 tons ha-1 in 2007 dry season (DS) at AWD, while
higher grain yields attained at CF. It got the grain yields from 2.75 to 2.90
tons ha-1and from 6.03 to 6.10 tons ha-1, respectively. The differences in
grain yield were significant only in 2007 DS. Although the higher grain
yields of CF, the AWD reduced the irrigation water inputs compared to those.
It reduced 33.3% of irrigation water input in 2006 WS and 28.6% in 2007
DS. Water productivity of AWD was also increased compared to CF. It got
1.4 kg m-3 and 0.9 kg m-3 in 06 WS and 1.6 kg m-3 and 1.2 kg m-3 in 07
DS, respectively.
Amiri et al., (2009) studied the effect of 4 irrigation management
include submerge irrigation, 5, 8 and 11 day intervals on 8 varieties include
local varieties, breeding varieties and hybrid variety under pot conditions. In
maturity time, yield measurement, plant height, panicle length, weight of 100
8
grain, amount of irrigation, number of grains /panicle, total biomass and
number of tillers in pot were done. Results of mean comparison between
irrigation management show that yield, plant height, panicle length, weight of
100 grain and number of grains /panicle in submerge and 5 day interval
irrigation management are placed to one group, therefore it can be
recommended that 5 day interval irrigation are placed on submerge irrigation.
Jalota et al., (2009) examined the effect of two irrigation schedules
(2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa) on water saving
and water productivity of rice. Managing irrigation water schedule based on
soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth increased water saving
and water productivity by 50% but the yield was reduced by 4% compared to
2-days drainage.
Wan et al., (2009) investigated the effect of water deficit on rice
plants varies substantially according to cultivars. Drought tolerant cultivars
possess better morphological, physiological and biochemical adaptation to
reduce water availability. The varieties were taken from both traditional
(Muda, Jawi Lanjut and newly breed commercial varieties, MR 84, MR219
and MR 220) obtained from Genebank, MARDI Research Station, Seberang
Prai, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang. These varieties were exposed to two
different water regimes; water stress by withholding water and well watered
condition (control). They found that, water stress plants exhibited lower
growth rate with obvious variation among rice varieties on the sensitivity to
water stress. Meanwhile, the overall sensitivity of the varieties to water stress
was ranked in the order; MR220>Muda>MR84>MR219>Jawi Lanjut. Water
deficit decreased stomatal conductance, relative water content and root depth
while peroxidase activities and proline accumulation were increased in rice
grown under water stress treatment.
Singh et al., (2010) stated that increasing the ponding depth to 15 and
20 cm causes progressive reduction in rice yield, with a marked increase in
seepage, percolation and irrigation water requirement. Decreasing the
floodwater depth in rice fields from 5–10 cm to zero reduces the hydrostatic
pressure, thereby reduces water loss through percolation. Rice grown under
saturated soil culture or alternate wetting and drying (intermittent flooding)
treatments will have little water loss through seepage and percolation.
9
Saturated soil culture decreased water use by 5-50% (average 23%) but
reduced rice yields by 0-12% (average 6%).
Yadav et al., (2011) studied the effect of dry seeded rice (DSR) and
puddled transplanted rice (PTR) on water productivity. There were four
irrigation schedules based on soil water tension (SWT) ranging from
saturation (daily irrigation) to alternate wetting drying (AWD) with irrigation
thresholds of 20, 40 and 70 kPa at 18-20 cm soil depth. There were large and
significant declines in irrigation water input with AWD compared to daily
irrigation in both establishment methods. Yields of PTR and DSR with daily
irrigation and a 20 kPa irrigation threshold were similar each year, thus
irrigation and input water productivity was highest with the 20 kPa irrigation
threshold. An irrigation threshold of 20 kPa was the optimum in terms of
maximizing grain yield and water productivity and reducing irrigation input
by 30-50%.
Abbasi et al., (2012) in a greenhouse research studied the effect of
soil water conditions (continuous submergence, alternate submergence and
alternate saturation), sewage sludge and chemical fertilizers on growth
characteristics and water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The results
showed that, alternate saturation with application of 40 g sewage sludge /kg
of soil achieved optimum growth of rice plant and increase of WUE.
El-Rafaee (2012) investigated the effect of rice straw compost on
growth and grain yield as well as water productivity of Egyptian hybrid rice
(EHR1) under three irrigation regimes namely, continuous flooding (CF) and
irrigation to 5-6 cm depth (-3) and (-6) days after disappearance of surface
water (DADSW). Result indicated that, CF and (-3) DADSW treatments
registered significant and higher values of leaf area index (LAI), dry matter
production, plant height, number of panicle/m2, panicle length, total number
of grains/panicle, panicle weight, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw
yield compared with (-6) DADSW treatment, except for number of days to
50% heading and unfilled grains %. On the other hand, CF consumed the
highest amount of water while, application of (-3) DADSW recorded the
highest water productivity with water saved 11.5 and 11.2 % compared to CF
in both seasons, respectively.
11
Yao et al., (2012) worked on alternate wetting and drying conditions
(AWD) and continuously flood-irrigated (CF) conditions across different
levels of nitrogen input on grain yield and other related traits of
Yangliangyou6 hybrid rice variety (HR) and Hanyou a water-saving and
drought-resistance rice variety (WDR) in 2009 and 2010 seasons. Grain
yield, yield attributes, total water input, water productivity and nitrogen use
efficiency were measured. AWD saved 24% and 38% irrigation water
compared with CF in 2009 and 2010 seasons, respectively. There was
insignificant difference in grain yield values between AWD and CF. On
average HR variety produced 21.5% higher yield than WDR variety under
AWD conditions. Like grain yield, HR variety showed consistently higher
water productivity and physiological nitrogen use efficiency than WDR
variety. These results suggest that high yielding varieties developed for
continuously flood-irrigated rice system could still produce high yield under
safe AWD experienced in this study. Hybrid rice varieties do not necessarily
require more water input to produce high grain yield.
2. Effect of tillage systems on growth characters, yield and its
attributes:
Kushwaha et al., (2000) studied the effect of six combinations of
tillage (conventional, minimum and zero tillage) and crop residue
manipulation (retained or removed) conditions on soil microbial biomass C
(MBC) and N (MBN), N-mineralization rate and available-N concentration.
The proportion of MBC and MBN in soil organic C and total N contents
increased significantly in all treatments compared to control in minimum
tillage residue removed (MT-R) treatment. In all treatments concentrations of
N in microbial biomass were greater at seedling stage, thereafter these
concentrations decreased drastically (21-38%) at grain-forming stage of both
crops. In residue removed treatments, N-mineralization rates were maximum
during the seedling stage of crops and then decreased through the crop
maturity. In residue retained treatments, however, N-mineralization rates
were lower than in residue removed treatments at seedling stage of both
crops. Zero tillage alone (ZT-R) as well as in association to residue retention
(ZT+R) decreased the levels of available N. Tillage reduction and residue
retention both increased the proportion of organic C and total N present in
soil organic matter as microbial biomass. Microbial immobilization of
11
available-N during the early phase of crops and its pulsed release later during
the period of greater N demand of crops enhanced the degree of
synchronization between crop demand and N supply.
Anders et al., (2006) illustrated that over 7 years’ data collected in
this study, no-till managed plots had grain yields equal to or higher than
conventional-till plots in 6 of the 7 years. Over all years, there was less yearly
variation in the no-till treatments when compared to the conventional-till
treatments. With lower production costs in the no-till treatments, it is
expected that net income for the no-till treatments will be higher and more
stable than for the conventional-till treatments. This comparison was made
using the same management, other than tillage, for all plots. These results
suggest that it is possible to switch from conventional-till to no-till and keep
other management aspects the same.
Tomar et al., (2006) studied the influence of tillage systems and
moisture regimes on soil physical environment, root growth and productivity.
Results indicated that root volume of rice crop was significantly affected by
tillage systems and moisture regimes, where significantly higher root volume
was recorded under puddled compared to direct seeded condition. Also, the
highest root volume was found with conventional puddling (31.9 cc) and
lowest with reduced tillage (24.5 cc) indicating the favorable effect of
puddling on root growth in puddled layers. Concerning, rice grain yield was
significantly affected by tillage systems as well as moisture regimes and the
interactions were significant. Considerably higher grain yield was recorded
under puddled (4.00 t/ha) compared to direct seeded (2.34 t/ha) condition
which might be due to reduced percolation losses of water and nutrients
puddled rice. Significantly higher grain yield (4.13 t/ha) was recorded with
conventional compared to reduced puddling (3.88 t/ha). In direct seeded rice,
significantly higher grain yield was obtained with conventional (2.49 t/ha)
compared to reduced (2.19 t/ha) tillage.
Chen et al., (2007) investigated the influence of no-tillage cultivation
on leaf photosynthesis of rice plants in compared to conventional cultivation
under field conditions. Grain yield was constant under no-tillage cultivation
and conventional cultivation. In comparison with the conventional
cultivation, no-tillage cultivation showed less biomass accumulation before
12
heading and higher capacity of matter production during grain filling. A
significantly higher leaf net photosynthetic rate was observed for the plants
under no-tillage than for those under conventional tillage. The fluorescence
parameter (Fv/Fm) in leaf did not show any difference between the two
cultivations. The effect of cultivation management on transpiration rate (Tr)
and SPAD value of rice leaf was not significantly affected by the two
cultivation.
Liu et al., (2007) studied effect of interplanting with zero tillage and
straw manure on rice growth and quality, an experiment was conducted in a
wheat-rotation rotation system. Four treatments namely, ZIS (Zero-tillage,
straw manure and rice interplanting), ZI (Zero-tillage, no straw manure and
rice interplanting), PTS (Plowing tillage, straw manure and rice
transplanting), and PT (Plowing tillage, no straw manure and rice
transplanting), were used. ZIS reduced plant height, leaf area /plant and the
biomass of rice plants, but the biomass accumulation of rice at the late stage
was quicker than that under conventional transplanting cultivation. In the first
season there was no significant difference in rice yield among the four
treatments. However, rice yield decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage in
the second season compared with the transplanting treatments, the number of
filled grains /panicle decreased but 1000-grain weight increased in
interplanting with zero-tillage, which were the main factors resulting in
higher yield. Interplanting with zero-tillage improved the milling and
appearance qualities of rice. The rates of milled and head rice increased while
chalky rice rate and chalkiness decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage.
Zero-tillage and interplanting also affected rice nutritional and cooking
qualities.
Zein EL-Din et al., (2008) studied the effect of different land
preparation methods, conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT)
combined with different planting systems, random manual transplanting, row
transplanting (20X20 cm) and mechanical drilling of two rice variety Giza
182 and Sakha 101. The results indicated that the maximum total grain yield
with respect to planting systems was achieved with mechanical drilling
system combined with conventional tillage treatment (3.045 t/fd). In addition,
mechanical drilling with conventional tillage (CT) gave higher values of
13
yield components (number of tillers/m2 - number of filled grain/panicle and
1000 grain weight) compared to the same planting system under reduced
tillage. Concerning, head rice percentage (HRP) resulted higher values in
conventional tillage treatment (CT) with mechanical drilling than other
treatment.
Devkota et al., (2010) used six frequent intermittent WAD irrigated
rice treatments from the combination of Bed planting (BP) and zero tillage
(ZT) with three levels of residue retention (all residue harvested (RH), 50%
residue retention (R50) and 100% residue retention (R100) on rice
productivity. These treatments were compared with the farmers’ practice of
conventional tillage flood irrigation (CT-FI) and a conventional tillage
intermittent irrigation (CT-II). The yield loss of rice in the WAD treatments
was on average 42%. Reduction in the number of spikelets appeared to be the
key cause of rice yield decline under water saving irrigation. This was largely
due to soil water and nitrogen stresses observed during the rice grain setting
phase. Low soil mineral N content together with poor crop performance in
WAD rice indicates (i) water stress reduced crop N demand or, (ii) soil
conditions led to increased N losses via. nitrification-denitrification and/or
ammonia volatilization and/or leaching resulting to poor crop demand and
uptake. Both intensive tillage and greater amount of residue retention did not
have any beneficial effect on rice yield. Despite the lower yield, the concept
of WAD rice combined with CA technologies can have enormous water
saving potential. Improvement in agronomic practices to increase N and
water use efficiency and the use of improved aerobic rice varieties can reduce
the yield gap between WAD and paddy rice. The amount of water applied in
zero tillage (ZT) was greater than in bed planting (BP) by 19% in 2008
season and 18% in 2009 season. No significant interactions were observed
between BP and ZT with three levels of residue retention. The water
productivity of rice was significantly affected by irrigation, tillage, and
residue levels in both years; hence, it was greater in treatments of WAD rice
than in CT-FI. In addition, RH had greater water productivity than the residue
retained treatments. Water productivity in CT-II was equal with RH
treatments of WAD rice.
14
Virdia and Mehta (2010) conducted a field trial during 1997 to 2007
at Vyara-Gujarat, to study effect of tillage management in rice (Oryza sativa
L.)-groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cropping system. Ploughing 6 deep every
season or every year proved a better for higher grain yield. Further, deep
ploughing once or twice in year improve rice based equivalent gross income,
net return and benefit: cost ratio. Additional expenditure (aprox Rs. 3000) for
ploughing was compensated by additional net income (aprox Rs. 5000)
Jiang et al., (2011) suggested that ridges with no tillage (RNT) in
subtropical rice soils may be a better way to enhance soil productivity and
improve soil C sequestration potential than conventional tillage (CT). The
highest SOC was in the 1.00–0.25 mm fraction (35.7 and 30.4 mg ⁄ kg for
RNT and CT, respectively), while the lowest SOC was in micro aggregate
(<0.025 mm) and silt + clay (<0.053 mm) fractions (19.5 and 15.7 mg ⁄ kg for
RNT and CT, respectively). Tillage did not influence the patterns in SOC
across aggregates but did change the aggregate-size distribution, indicating
that tillage affected soil fertility primarily by changing soil structure.
Xianjun et al., (2011) mentioned the tillage effects on soil
nitrification kinetics at the aggregate scale were studied for a subtropical rice
soil. Soil samples were separated into large aggregates (>2.0 mm), macro-
aggregates (2.0–0.25 mm), micro-aggregates (0.25–0.053 mm) and silt + clay
fractions (<0.053 mm) by wet-sieving. The net nitrification process was
simulated by a zero and first kinetics model. Conventional tillage (CT)
increased the proportion of the silt + clay fraction by 60% and decreased
large-aggregates by 35% compared to ridge with no-till (RNT). Regression
analysis showed that the time-dependent kinetics of net nitrification were best
fitted by a zero-ordermodel for the large-aggregates and silt + clay fraction
but a first-order kinetic model for macro- and microaggregates and whole
soil, regardless of tillage regime. Both potential nitrification rates (Vp) and
net nitrification rates (Va) were higher for macroaggregates than
microaggregates. The potential nitrification (Np) for whole soil under RNT
was 38.7% higher than CT. The Vp and Va for whole soil was 88.5% and
64.7% higher under RNT than CT, respectively. Although nitrification was
stimulated under RNT, the kinetics model of nitrification was not affected by
tillage. This inferred that the interaction between substrates and enzymes
15
involved in nitrification associated with aggregates was not altered by tillage.
For this soil, nitrifying microorganisms were mainly associated with macro
and microaggregates rather than large-aggregates and silt + clay fractions.
Kumar et al., (2012) stated that, dry seeding of rice reduced water
inputs and tillage costs compared with the conventional system of rice
cultivation. The yields of rice in conventional puddled transplanting were
higher as compared to, unpuddled transplanting, reduced-till transplanting,
and direct-seeding systems. Zero-tillage transplanted and reduced till dry-
direct-seeded rice had a higher net return than the conventional and
unpuddled system. In addition, the conventional practice of puddled
transplanting could be replaced by unpuddled and reduced tillage–based crop
establishment methods to save water and labor and achieve higher income.
Singh et al., (2013) examined the effect of two methods of rice
cultivation conventional transplanting CT (standing water was maintained in
crop growing season) and system of rice intensification SRI (soil was kept at
saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of
water 2–3 cm was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice) and two
rice varieties (Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44). Results revealed that CT and SRI
gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in
CT as compared to SRI. Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.
The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly higher than
those of Pusa Basmati 1. CT rice used higher amount of water than SRI, with
water saving of 37.6% to 34.5% in SRI. Significantly higher water
productivity was recorded in SRI as compared to CT rice.
Karim et al., (2014) evaluated yield and resource use efficiency of
transplanted Boro rice under two tillage and three irrigation methods. Two
tillage methods viz., conventional tillage with puddle transplanted rice and
reduced tillage unpuddled transplanted rice and three irrigation methods viz.,
sprinkler irrigation, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and flood irrigation
were used as treatment variables. Irrespective of tillage methods, reduced
tillage method holds 4.62% higher yield production over conventional tillage
method. Water use efficiency was found highest in sprinkler irrigation
method (0.83 kg/m3) and in reduced tillage method (0.773 kg/m3). Labour
required for land preparation was 15 md/ha in reduced tillage, whereas it was
16
38 md/ha in conventional tillage method. Seedling uprooting and
transplanting required higher labour in reduced tillage method over
conventional tillage. Fuel consumptions (49.78 l/ha) and electricity (3475.11
Kwhr/ha) was also less in reduced tillage method. Reduced tillage had less
land preparation and fuel cost over conventional tillage method. But seedling
uprooting and transplanting cost was higher in reduced tillage.
3. Effect of varietal differences on growth characters, yield and its
attributes:
El-Refaee, et al., (2005a) illustrated the influence of 3 irrigation
intervals (3, 6 and 12 days) on some growth, yield and its attributes
characters of eight rice cultivars namely, Sakha101, Sakha102, Sakha103,
Sakha104, Giza177, Giza178, Giza182 and Egyptian Yasmine during 2002
and 2003 rice growing seasons. The result revealed that, most growth
analysis and attributes as well as yield and its components were significantly
affected by the rice cultivars. Dry matter production, plant height, number of
tillers/m2, number of panicle/m
2, panicle length, total grains/panicle, panicle
weight, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and grain/straw ratio
significantly decreased as irrigation intervals increased up to 12 days in both
seasons. On the other hand, unfilled grains % and panicle density increased
during both seasons.
Gomez et al., (2005) investigated the effects of mean root length, and
root weight on biological yield of 11 rice cultivars, including drought
resistant ones. Correlations studies showed that root weight were positively
correlated with biological yield. Leaf area /plant showed the highest positive
direct effect on root weight, followed by biological yield.
Naoki and Toshihiro (2009) evaluated the genotypic differences in
growth, grain yield, and water productivity of six rice (Oryza sativa L.)
cultivars from different agricultural ecotypes under four cultivation
conditions: continuously flooded paddy (CF), alternate wetting and drying
system (AWD) in paddy field, and aerobic rice systems in which irrigation
water was applied when soil moisture tension at 15 cm depth reached −15
kPa (A15) and −30 kPa (A30). In three of the six cultivars, they measured
17
bleeding rate and predawn leaf water potential (LWP) to determine root
activity and plant water status. The improved lowland cultivar, Nipponbare
gave the highest yield in CF and AWD. The improved upland cultivar,
UPLRi-7, and the traditional upland cultivar, Sensho gave the highest yield in
A15 and A30, respectively. The yields of traditional upland cultivars, Sensho
and Beodien in A30 were not lower than the yields in CF. However, the
yields of the improved lowland cultivars, Koshihikari and Nipponbare, were
markedly lower in A15 and A30. The water productivity of upland rice
cultivars in aerobic plots was 2.2 to 3.6 times higher than that in CF, while
those of lowland cultivars in aerobic plots were lower than those in CF. The
bleeding rate and LWP of Koshihikari was significantly lower in A15 and
A30 than in CF and AWD, but Sensho and Beodien showed no differences
among the four cultivation conditions. They conclude that aerobic rice
systems are promising technologies for farmers who lack access to enough
water to grow flooded lowland rice. However, lowland cultivars showed
severe growth and yield reductions under aerobic soil conditions.
Abd Allah et al., (2010) studied the performance of thirty-three
entries of rice under normal and drought conditions to examine the
magnitude of yield response of diverse genotypes to drought stress and to
identify traits that may confer drought resistance. Analysis of variance
indicated highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits
studied. Many promising lines of rice were found to be tolerant against
drought stress at different growth stages i.e. seedling stage, early and late
vegetative stage, panicle initiation stage and heading stage. These lines
possess useful traits associated with drought tolerance such as early maturity
(drought escape mechanism), medium tillering ability, medium plant height,
root depth, root thickness, root volume, dry root: shoot ratio, plasticity in leaf
rolling and unrolling (drought avoidance mechanism), in addition to crop
water use efficiency and water application efficiency. Among the traits
studied viz. number of tillers /plant, number of panicles /plant, 100 grain
weight, panicle weight, revealed significant genotypic correlation with grain
yield. Also, number of filled grains /panicle depicted the highest direct
contribution of 0.630 and it also show highest indirect contribution of 0.867
followed by 100 grain weight (0.850) towards grain yield.
18
Ndjionjop et al., (2010) evaluated the effect of drought on some rice
(Oryza sativa L.) genotypes according to their drought-tolerance levels. The
results showed a consistent negative effect of drought on plant height and
grain yield across genotypes’ drought-tolerance levels and also across
genotype types. Plant height (up to 20.9 cm reduction) and grain yield (up to
1700.8 kg/ha reduction) were more reduced for sensitive genotypes than for
moderately tolerant (maximum reductions of 14.9 cm and 1509.5 kg/ha) and
tolerant genotypes (maximum reductions of 14.0 cm and 972.8 kg/ha).
Flowering (start, 50%, and 100%) and maturity were consistently delayed
across genotype types and tolerance levels. Mean delays of 6.5, 21.8, and 9.4
days were observed for start, 50%, and 100% flowering, respectively.
Maturity was also delayed, with consistency across genotype types. However,
no clear picture of the drought effect on flowering and maturity was observed
in terms of differences among drought-tolerance levels. The effects of
drought both of number of tillers and leaf temperature were not consistent.
Plant height and grain yield showed the clearest differences between
genotype-tolerance levels in the genetic material evaluated.
El-Refaee et al., (2011) concluded that hybrid cultivars (Egyptian
hybrid 1 and SK2058H) achieved the highest grain yield production, the
highest values of water use and utilization efficiency. Giza 171 (long duration
cultivar) achieved the highest amount of water input, the lowest values of
water use, water utilization and water application efficiencies and the highest
percentage of water loss. However, short duration cultivars (Giza 177, Giza
182, Sakha 102, Sakha 103 and Sakha 105) recorded the lowest values of
total water input and water loss as well as gave the highest value of water use
efficiency and water application efficiency. The economic evaluation showed
that short duration cultivars (especially Sakha 105) and medium duration
cultivars (especially hybrid cultivars) enhanced irrigation efficiency and rice
productivity. So, it is important to enhance farmer’s acceptance of short
duration and hybrid rice cultivars by improving their yields and its grain
quality.
El-Mouhamady et al., (2013) investigate in the greenhouse from
October 2009 to March 2010 included two main conditions, i.e. normal
irrigation and water stress every 15 days using Line x tester analysis through
19
the parents (Sakha 102 and Agami) were used as testers, while; the cultivars
Giza 171, Giza 172, Gaori and Giza 159 were used as lines, and markers
assisted selection techniques used a random primer namely; A17, A18 and
As-467468 as indication for drought tolerance in rice. The main studied
characters were yield and its components;(heading date, plant height, number
of panicles/plant, number of filled grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight and
grain yield/plant) and some characters related to drought namely; (maximum
root length, number of roots/plant, root volume, root xylem, vessels number
and root dry weight), respectively under normal and drought conditions.
Heterosis over better parent, general and specific combining ability effects
were studied as a genetic components. The most desirable mean value,
positive and highly significant of heterosis, general and specific combining
ability effects for all traits studied using line x tester design under the two
conditions were shown in the genotypes; Agami, Gaori, Sakha 102 × Gaori,
Agami × Gaori and Agami × Giza 159. From the foreign discussion, it could
be concluded that, the crosses; Agami × Gaori, Agami × Giza 159 and Sakha
102 × Gaori were contained of the bands number 1, 2 and 6 for A17 primer 3,
6 and 7 bands for A18 primer and the bands number 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 for
As-467468 primer under drought conditions which indicated that these bands
were found to be index for drought tolerance in rice. So these crosses would
be effective and important for grown as lines of drought tolerance in rice.
21
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm in
Itay El-Baroud, Agricultural Research Station, El-Behaira Governorate,
Agricultural Research Center (ARC), during 2011 and 2012 seasons to
evaluate Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 rice
cultivars under different water regimes and tillage systems.
1. Experimental layout
Treatments were arranged in a split-split-plot design with three
replications in the two seasons of study. Where, the main plots were
designated for irrigation treatments, while sub-plots were designated for
tillage systems and sub-sub-plots were designated for rice cultivars.
2. Treatments
2.1 Irrigation regimes:
Water consumption during growing season is about 6000 m3/fad., where
nursery bed and land preparation need about 1680 m3/fad., as constant
amount of water under any irrigation interval and equal amount of water (180
m3/fad.) was added every 4, 6 and 8 days. Nursery needs about 30 days and
exposed 15 days to withholding before harvesting, consequently rice plants
under study need 95 days of irrigation during its growth period. The
irrigation regimes can be summarized as follow:-
Irrigation treatments No. of
irrigations
Nursery
&land
preparation
Water used
(m3/fad.)
Water
saving
Irrigation every 4 days 24×180 m3 1680 m
3 6000 m
3/fad. --
Irrigation every 6 days 16×180 m3 1680 m
3 4560 m
3/fad. 24 %
Irrigation every 8 days 12×180 m3 1680 m
3 3840 m
3/fad. 36 %
In general, irrigation every 4, 6 and 8 days rice plant need 24, 16 and
12 irrigations, respectively. The total water consumption after transplanting
for irrigation every 4, 6 and 8 days in one growing season was 4320, 2880
and 2160 m3/fad., respectively.
21
2.2 Tillage systems:
1. Recommended tillage (Conventional tillage); the plots were prepared by
twice plowing and harrowing then carefully dry leveled.
2. Zero tillage (No tillage) just removes the residual straw of previous crop.
2.3 Rice cultivars
Four rice cultivars (Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha
101) were evaluated in this study with about 140 days duration period. The
pedigree, group type and main characters of these cultivars are shown in
Table (1).
Table (1): Origin and main characteristics of the four rice cultivars.
Varieties Origin Salient features
Egyptian
Hybrid 1 (IR 69625/Giza 178)
Japonica type, medium maturing,
short grain, semi-dwarf, high yield
and resistant to blast.
Giza 178 (Giza175/Milyang 49)
Indica-Japonica type, medium
maturing, short grain, semi-dwarf,
high yield and resistant to blast.
Sakha
104 (GZ4096-8-1/GZ4100-9)
Japonica type, medium maturing,
medium grain, semi-dwarf, high
yield and susceptible to blast.
Sakha
101 ( 176/ Milyang 79)
Japonica type, medium maturing,
medium grain, semi-dwarf, high
yield and susceptible to blast.
3. Cultural practices
Raising nursery
Nursery area was well ploughed and dry leveled after removing the
wheat residues. Phosphorus fertilizer in the form of mono super phosphate
(15.5% P2O5) was added in dry soil at the rate of 100 kg/fad. before the first
22
tillage. Nitrogen as urea (46.5% N) at the rate of 60 kg N/fad. was added and
incorporated into the dry soil after the last plowing and immediately before
first irrigation. Zinc sulphate (22% Zn) at the rate of 24 kg Zn/fad. was added
after puddling and before sowing the nursery. Seeds of the rice cultivar
(Egyptian Hybrid Rice (Hybrid 1) was added at the rate of 10 kg/fad., while
Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 added at the rate of 60 kg/fad.). In all
cases, the seeds were soaked in excess water for 24 hours then incubated for
48 hours to enhance germination and broadcasted to the nursery in 10th
of
May in both seasons.
The permanent field
After removing the previous wheat crop, the experimental site was
prepared according to randomized distribution of tillage systems
(Recommended tillage and Zero tillage) in the sup-plots. Each replicate was
divided into three parts (Irrigation treatments) by ditches to prevent water
movement among water treatments plots. Phosphorus fertilizer in the form of
mono super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) was added at the rate of 100 kg/fad. as
basal application. Nitrogen fertilizer as urea (46.5% N) source added at the
rate of 60 kg N/fad. in to two splits. Two-thirds of the nitrogen dose as first
split was incorporated into the dry soil immediately before first irrigation and
the second split (1/3 of total nitrogen dose) was tope dressed on the plants
after thirty days from transplanting. Thirty days old seedlings were
transplanted regularly in the sub-sub-plots with the plot area of 15 m2 (3×5
m) and the distance between hills and rows was 20×20 cm to give 25
hills/m2. Other cultural practices of rice growing were performed as the
recommendations of Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC).
4. Studied characters:
A- Growth characters:
1- Root volume (cm3):
At panicle initiation stage, randomly three hills were collected from
each sub-sub-plot as a whole plant (shoots and roots) using a metal
cylinder in 25X60 cm dimension to get unique volume from root zone.
Volume of the plant root system was determined by cubic centimeters.
23
2- Root length (cm):
Root length was determined as the length of the root from the base
of the plant to the tip of the main axis of primary root.
3- Root: shoot ratio:
Ratio of the root dry weight (g) to the shoot dry weight (g) was
calculated.
4- Number of days to heading (days)
It was recorded as the number of days from sowing up to about 50%
of heading attained.
5- Plant height (cm)
Main culm height was measured at harvest time from the soil surface
up to the top of the tallest culm.
6- Flag leaf area (cm2)
At heading time, plant samples (5 hills from each sub-sub-plot) were
randomly collected and flag leaf area was determined according to
(Yoshida, 1981).
B- Yield and yield components
1- Number of productive tillers/m2:
Number of productive tillers/m2 was counted as the average of ten
hills from each sub-sub-plot when all panicles were counted at full ripe
stage.
2- Number of filled grains / panicle:
Number of filled grains / panicle was counted from ten randomly
collected panicles of each sub-sub-plot and the average of grain number /
panicle was calculated.
3- 1000-grain weight (g):
Mean one thousand paddy rice grains were weighted to the nearest
0.01 gram from each sub-sub-plot.
4- Unfilled grains percentage:
Unfilled grains percentage was estimated as average from the same
ten panicles and it was calculated as follows:
24
5- Panicle weight (g):
Panicle weight was determined as an average of the weight of ten
random panicles from each sub-sub-plot in grams and actual weight was
recorded.
6- Panicle length (cm):
Mean of ten panicle length was measured in cm. from the base of
panicle up to its tip.
7- Biomass yield (ton/fad.):
After a complete maturity of rice grains, inner-ten square meters
from the center of each sub-sub-plot were manually harvested and air-
dried for 4 days after harvesting and weighted.
8- Grain yield (ton/fad.):
The same inner-ten square meters in each sub-sub-plot, were left to
air drying naturally for three days, and then threshed and paddy rice grains
were weighted (kg/10m2) and adjusted to 14% moisture content, then grain
yield Kg/10 m2 transfer to ton/fad. calculation.
9- Harvest index (%):
It was determined according to (Yoshida 1981) as follows:
C- Water relations
1- Reduction percentage (%)
It was calculated according the following equation:
2- Drought sensitivity index (DSI):
It was calculated for each cultivar according to the formula given
by Ali-Dib et al, 1990.
DSI= (NGY-S)/NS
Where;
NS: is grain yield under normal stress.
S : is grain yield under drought stress.
25
3- Water use efficiency (WUE):
It was determined according to Israelsen and Hansen (1962) as
follows:
water
D- Grain quality characters
Hulling %, milling % and head rice % for all samples were done in
Rice Technology and Training Center (RTTC), Field Crops Research
Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria, after adjusting moisture
content to (14%). All the grain quality characters are estimated according to
Khush et al., (1979).
1- Hulling percentage
Hulling percentage was determined by hulling 100 grams of
randomly selected grains from each sub-sub-plot by means of hulling
machine. Brown rice was weighted and estimated as a percentage of total
weight of 100 grams.
2- Milling percentage
Milled rice percentage was determined by milling 100 grams of
brown rice by experimental milling machine. The total milled rice was
computed as a percentage relative to the total weight.
3- Head rice percentage
Head rice grains were weighted and then calculated as percent from
the total weight of the rough rice.
5. Statistical analysis
Analysis of variance for the studied characters was calculated
according to procedures of Gomez and Gomez (1984). Differences among
treatments means were compared using the L.S.D at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of
probability.
26
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effects of irrigation regimes and tillage systems on the different
studied characters of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101
rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons will be presented and discussed under
the following main topics:
I. Growth characters.
II. Yield and its components characters.
III. Grain quality characters.
IV. Water relations characters.
I)- Growth characters
1-Root volume (cm3)
Data in Table (2) showed root volume (cm3) as influenced by
irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as
their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
It is clear from Table (2) that, root volume was significantly affected
by different irrigation regimes in the two seasons of study. Results showed
highly significant differences among the three irrigation regimes. Root
volume was increased significantly as irrigation water quantities increased
and irrigation intervals decreased, which leads to increase water availability
in the soil. Hence, the largest values of root volume (65.54 and 66.25 cm3)
were found when rice plants irrigated every 4 days (in 6000 m3/fad rate of
irrigation water), followed by irrigation every 6 days (60.16 and 60.28 cm3)
in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. On the opposite, the lowest root
volume was measured at 8 days irrigation regime (in 3840 m3/fad rate of
irrigation water). These findings agree with the fact that rice grown under
drought conditions normally has slower growth than that growth under
flooded conditions particularly in the vegetative stage. These findings are in
harmony with those obtained by Gaballah (2009) and Wan et al., (2009).
27
B) Tillage systems
Further, results presented in Table (2) revealed that root volume was
highly significant affected by tillage systems. Maximum root volume was
obtained under conventional tillage which ranged between 58.57 and 58.81
cm3 in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. However, the minimum value of
root volume was found when rice plants were transplanted into no tilled soil
(56.23 and 56.47 cm3) in both seasons, respectively. These results led to the
conclusion that, the soil tillage caused successive improvement of soil
structure which permitted deeper penetration of plant root. Aggrawal et al.,
(1999) observed that the puddling alone in rice enhanced root length density
(RLD) by 12% and root growth of rice in puddled treatment was significantly
higher than in non-puddled treatment and the major portion of roots was
concentrated in 0-0.10 cm soil depth. Another point of view, Xianjun et al.,
(2011) reported that, the potential nitrification and net nitrification rates for
whole soil under no tillage was 88.5% and 64.7% higher than conventional
tillage, respectively. Increasing in the nitrification rate accelerated the rapid
loss of available nitrogen in the soil which negatively effect on plant parts
growth and particularly roots. Generally, the conventional tillage encourages
rice roots to grow better and decrease nitrogen losses.
C) Rice cultivars effects
In addition, Table (2) showed that, rice cultivars had a highly
significant effect on root volume in 2011 and 2012 seasons. The largest root
volume was obtained by Hybrid 1 (70.72 and 70.69 cm3), followed by Giza
178 (58.61 and 58.97 cm3) in both seasons. While, the lowest value of root
volume was obtained by Sakha 104 rice cultivar (49.02 and 49.34 cm3) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. The different performance for the rice
cultivars under study is due to genetic variations among cultivars. These
findings are in harmony with those obtained by Gaballah (2009) and Abd
Allah et al., (2010)
28
Table (2): Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on root volume (cm3), root length (cm) and root/shoot
ratio of Egyptian hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 rice cultivars in
2011 and 2012 seasons.
Root volume (cm3) Root length (cm) Root/shoot ratio
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
A - Irrig. Regimes:
a1 - 4 Days
a2 - 6 Days
a3 - 8 Days
65.54 a
60.16 b
46.50 c
66.25 a
60.28 b
46.48 c
27.50 a
25.25 b
18.69 c
27.38 a
25.39 b
18.84 c
0.703 a
0.697 a
0.641 b
0.702 a
0.702 a
0.649 b
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
1.70
-
1.25
-
1.37
-
1.12
-
0.008
-
0.013
B- Tillage systems:
b1 – Conventional tillage
b2 – No tillage
58.57 a
56.23 b
58.81 a
56.47 b
24.56 a
23.06 b
24.59 a
23.15 b
0.684 a
0.676 b
0.688 a
0.681 b
Ftest ** ** ** ** * *
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
0.90
-
0.86
-
0.64
-
0.37
0.006
-
0.005
-
C- Rice cultivars:
c1 - Hybrid 1
c2 - Giza 178
c3 - Sakha 104
c4 - Sakha 101
70.72 a
58.61 b
49.02 d
51.26 c
70.69 a
58.97 b
49.34 d
51.55 c
28.79 a
24.49 b
20.50 d
21.46 c
29.03 a
24.52 b
20.64 d
21.29 c
0.720 a
0.707 b
0.622 d
0.671 c
0.725 a
0.713 b
0.628 d
0.672 c
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
0.85
-
0.71
-
0.73
-
0.64
-
0.008
-
0.007
Interactions:
Ftest (A × B)
Ftest (A × C)
Ftest (B × C)
Ftest (A × B × C)
*
**
**
**
NS
**
NS
**
NS
**
NS
NS
*
**
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
(NS) = Not Significant, (*) = Significant at 0.05 and (**) = Significant at 0.01 level
of probability.
Means followed by the same letters are not significant.
29
The interaction
Figure (1): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for root volume (cm3) in 2011 season.
In 2011 season, root volume was significantly affected by the
interaction between irrigation regimes and tillage systems (AxB), while no
significant differences were observed in 2012 season. As Figure (1) showed,
the highest value of root volume (66.42 cm3) was obtained by conventional
tillage under irrigation every 4 days and the lowest value of root volume
(45.67 cm3) was obtained from no tillage under 8 days irrigation regime in
the first season. Conventional tillage was more effective on root volume
under irrigation every 6 days in compared with both 4 and 8 days irrigation
regimes. That may be due to deep root penetration would help rice to avoid
drought stress; however, root penetration is often restricted by the presence of
a hardpan. These findings agreed with Tomar et al. (2006).
The interaction between rice cultivars and irrigation regimes (AxC)
for root volume was highly significant in the two seasons of study as shown
in Figure (2). Where, the largest root volume (79.80 and 80.67 cm3) were
recorded by Hybrid 1 when the rice plants irrigated every 4 days, while the
lowest values (38.93 and 39.22 cm3) of root volume were obtained by Sakha
104 under 8 days irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
These results may be due to a greater root of hybrid rice which led to increase
water absorption and elements from the soil than other rice cultivars
particularly under flooded condition. These findings are in harmony with
those obtained by Yang et al., (1999).
NT CT
4 Days 64.67 66.42
6 Days 58.37 61.96
8 Days 45.67 47.33
Root volume (cm3) 2011
LSD 0.05 = 1.03
CT: Convetional tillage NT: No tillage
31
Figure (2): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for root volume (cm3) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
In the same way, the root volume was significantly differed by the
interaction between tillage systems and rice cultivars (BxC) in 2011 growing
season only. Figure (3) showed that the largest root volume was obtained by
Hybrid 1 (71.28 cm3) when the plants were transplanted in tilled soil while,
the lowest value of root volume (47.91 cm3) was obtained by Sakha 104
under no tillage. The superiority of Hybrid 1 in root volume under both
conventional and no tillage may be due to the hybrid vigor, which had greater
root absorption ability.
Figure (3): The interaction between tillage systems (B) and rice
cultivars (C) for root volume (cm3) in 2011 season.
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 79.80 71.45 60.91
Giza 178 66.78 62.33 46.72
Sakha 104 55.81 52.32 38.93
Sakha 101 59.78 54.56 39.45
Root volume (cm3) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 1.48
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 80.67 71.54 59.87
Giza 178 67.50 62.39 47.01
Sakha 104 56.43 52.36 39.22
Sakha 101 60.40 54.85 39.41
Root volume (cm3) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 1.23
NT CT
H 1 70.16 71.28
Giza 178 57.38 59.84
Sakha 104 47.91 50.13
Sakha 101 49.48 53.04
Root volume (cm3) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 1.21
CT: Convetional tillage NT: No tillage
31
Figure (4): The interaction among irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and
rice cultivars (C) for root volume (cm3) in 2011 and 1012 seasons.
As Figure (4) showed, highly significant differences in root volume as
influenced by the interaction among irrigation regimes, tillage systems and
rice cultivars (AxBxC) in both seasons. Where the largest root volume (80.69
and 82.13 cm3) were recorded by Hybrid 1 under conventional tillage (CT)
with 4 days irrigation regime while, the lowest values of root volume (37.56
and 37.86 cm3) were obtained by Sakha 104 under no tillage with 8 days
irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Deep root
penetration would help rice to avoid drought stress; however, root penetration
is often restricted by the presence of a hardpan. Genotypic variation in the
ability of rice to penetrate compacted soil layers and simulated compact
layers has been shown to exist. These results agreed with those reported by
Clark et al., (2002).
2-Root length (cm)
Data in Table (2) showed root length (cm) as influenced by irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as their
interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
H 1Giza178
Sakha104
Sakha101
H 1Giza178
Sakha104
Sakha101
NT CT
4 Days 78.91 65.31 55.54 58.90 80.69 68.25 56.08 60.66
6 Days 70.01 61.22 50.63 51.60 72.88 63.44 54.01 57.51
8 Days 61.55 45.61 37.56 37.96 60.27 47.83 40.29 40.94
Root volume (cm3) 2011
8 Days 6 Days 4 Days
LSD 0.01 = 2.10
H 1Giza178
Sakha104
Sakha101
H 1Giza178
Sakha104
Sakha101
NT CT
4 Days 79.20 66.26 56.49 59.85 82.13 68.74 56.36 60.95
6 Days 70.30 61.18 50.93 52.22 72.78 63.60 53.78 57.48
8 Days 59.51 45.91 37.86 37.91 60.24 48.10 40.58 40.90
Root volume (cm3) 2012
8 Days 6 Days 4 Days
LSD 0.01 = 1.75
32
A) Irrigation regimes
It is clear from Table (2) that root length had highly significant
differences as influenced by different irrigation regimes in the two seasons of
study. Results showed highly significant differences among the three
irrigation regimes. Root length was significantly increased as irrigation
regime decreased which, leads to increase water availability in the soil then
increase the growth vigor. Hence, the longest values of root length (27.50 and
27.38 cm) were found when rice plants irrigated every 4 days, followed by
(25.25 and 25.39 cm) measured in 6 days irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. On the opposite, the shortest values of root length
(18.69 and 18.84 cm) were measured at 8 days irrigation regime in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. These findings agree with the fact that rice grown
under drought conditions normally has slower growth than that growth under
flooded conditions particularly in the vegetative stage. These findings are in
harmony with those obtained by Wan et al., (2009).
B) Tillage systems
In addition, results presented in Table (2) revealed highly significant
differences in root length as affected by different tillage systems. Maximum
root length was obtained under conventional tillage (CT), which ranged
between values 24.56 and 24.59 cm in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
However, the lowest values of root length were found when rice plants were
transplanted in untilled soil (23.06 and 23.15 cm) in both seasons,
respectively. These results led to the conclusion that the soil tillage caused
successive improvement of soil structure which permitted deeper penetration
of plant root. Root penetration is often restricted by the presence of a
hardpan, hence tillage can encourage root to grow deeper. These results
agreed with those reported by Clark et al., (2002).
C) Rice cultivars
In addition, Table (2) showed that rice cultivars had highly significant
effects on root length in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. The longest
root length were obtained by Hybrid 1 (28.79 and 29.03 cm) followed by
Giza 178 (24.49 and 24.52 cm) in both seasons, respectively. While, the
lowest values of root length were obtained by Sakha 104 rice cultivar (20.50
and 20.64 cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. These varietal
33
differences may be due to genetic variations among these cultivars. These
findings agreed with Gaballah, (2009) and Abd Allah et al., (2010).
The interaction
Figure (5) showed that, the root length significantly affected
positively by conventional tillage compared with no tillage (AxB) in both
seasons of study. Where, the longest root (27.86 cm) was obtained by
conventional tillage with irrigation every 4 days, while the lowest value of
root length (18.09 cm) was obtained by no tillage with irrigation every 8
days. Also, the conventional tillage was more effective on root length under
6 days in compared to 4 and 8 days irrigation regimes in 2012 season. It is
observed that, the root length increased under irrigation every 6 days from
24.46 cm with no tillage to 26.33 cm with conventional tillage. That may due
to the tilled soil was easier for root penetration particularly under moderate
water deficit in the soil, but under high water deficit or drought condition, the
root growth affected negatively. These findings are in agreement with those
obtained by Wan et al., (2009).
Figure (5): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for root length in 2012 season.
In addition, root length was significantly differed by the interaction
between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in both seasons. Figure
(6) showed that Hybrid 1 was significantly surpassed the other rice cultivars
in root length under the three irrigation regimes where, recorded the longest
roots (33.27 and 33.43 cm) under irrigation every 4 days in 2011 and 2012
NT CT
4 Days 26.91 27.86
6 Days 24.46 26.33
8 Days 18.09 19.58
Root Length (cm) 2012
LSD 0.05 = 0.42
34
seasons, respectively. While the shortest roots (16.12 and 16.54 cm) was
obtained by Sakha 104 under irrigation every 8 days in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. Giza 178 significantly surpassed Sakha 101 and Sakha
104 under all irrigation regimes in both growing seasons. These results
agreed with those reported by Gaballah, (2009) and Abd Allah et al.,
(2010). On the other side, both first order interaction (BxC) and second order
interaction among three factors didn't reveal any significance for root length
in both seasons of study.
Figure (6): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for root length (cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
3- Root/shoot ratio
Data in Table (2) showed root/shoot ratio as influenced by irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as their
interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Root/shoot ratio had highly significant differences as affected by
different irrigation regimes in the two seasons of study. Results in Table (2)
showed significant variations in the root/shoot ratio, where the highest
root/shoot ratios (0.703 and 0.702) were found when the rice plants irrigated
every 4 days, followed by (0.697 and 0.702) measured in 6 days irrigation
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 33.27 30.79 22.29
Giza 178 28.08 25.93 19.47
Sakha 104 23.73 21.66 16.12
Sakha 101 24.91 22.60 16.88
Root Length (cm) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 1.28
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 33.43 31.12 22.54
Giza 178 28.24 26.01 19.30
Sakha 104 23.46 21.92 16.54
Sakha 101 24.41 22.53 16.96
Root Length (cm) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 1.10
35
regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. However, there were no
significant differences were observed between 4 and 6 days irrigation
regimes in 2012 season. On the opposite, the lowest root/shoot ratios (0.641
and 0.649) were measured at 8 days irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. These findings agree with the fact that rice grown
under drought conditions normally has slower growth than that growth under
flooded conditions particularly in the vegetative stage. These findings are in
agreement with those obtained by Kondo et al., (2003) and Gaballah (2009)
B) Tillage systems
In addition, results presented in Table (2) revealed that root/shoot
ratio was significantly affected by different tillage systems. The highest
root/shoot ratios were obtained under conventional tillage which ranged
between 0.684 and 0.688 in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. While, the
lowest values of root/shoot ratio were found when rice plants were
transplanted in untilled soil (0.676 and 0.681) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. These results led to conclude that the conventional tillage
caused successive improvement of soil structure which permitted to compose
bigger root system and also better shoot growth. Under no tillage,
accumulation of organic matter and nutrients such as N at or near the soil
surface restricts N-mineralization rate in the soil (Chamen and Parkin
1995). In addition, the maximum N-mineralization rate was observed in the
tilled soil, whereas in no tillage either alone or in combination of residue
retention the rate of N-mineralization rate decreased compared to
conventional tillage (Kushwaha et al., 2000). That may be decrease N-
uptake by rice plants, which negatively effect on plant growth and
development.
C) Rice cultivars
In addition, Table (2) showed that rice cultivars had highly significant
effects on root/shoot ratio in 2011 and 2012 seasons. The highest values of
root/shoot ratio were obtained by Hybrid 1 (0.720 and 0.725) followed by
Giza 178 (0.707 and 0.713) in both seasons. While, the lowest values of
root/shoot ratio were obtained by Sakha 104 rice cultivar (0.622 and 0.628) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. The different performance for the rice
36
cultivars under study may be due to genetic variations among cultivars. These
findings agree with Gaballah (2009)
The interaction
Figure (7): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for root/shoot ratio in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
The interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC)
had highly significant effect on root/shoot ratio in both seasons. Figure (7)
showed that, Hybrid 1 recorded the highest values of root/shoot ratio (0.727
and 0.733) under 6 irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
On the other hand, Sakha 104 was severely affected under 8 days irrigation
regimes compared with the other irrigation regimes, where; the lowest
root/shoot ratio (0.508 and 0.522) was obtained by Sakha 104 under 8 days
irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Since drought
occurs when there is an imbalance between water absorption and
transpiration, greater root growth can help the plant perform better under
a limited water supply. Under drought conditions, the soil starts drying from
the surface but the deep soil horizon may remain wet and able to supply
water to the plant’s roots. Consequently, deep root portions may be more
meaningful than shallow root portions, when the drought resistance of a
variety is to be examined. For this reason, the root-shoot ratio is considered
a better measure for drought resistance in the field. Hence, Sakha 101 and
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 0.722 0.727 0.712
Giza 178 0.712 0.710 0.702
Sakha 104 0.688 0.672 0.508
Sakha 101 0.693 0.678 0.642
Root/Shoot Ratio 2011 LSD 0.01 = 0.014
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 0.723 0.733 0.718
Giza 178 0.713 0.718 0.708
Sakha 104 0.687 0.675 0.522
Sakha 101 0.688 0.682 0.648
Root/Shoot Ratio 2012 LSD 0.01 = 0.012
37
Sakha 104 as Japonica rice cultivars were severely affected by the drought as
compared with Giza 178 as Indica-Japonica type and the hybrid rice cultivar
(Hybrid 1) in the two seasons of study. These results may be explaining the
reason behind high yield shortage in the two japonica cultivars (Sakha 101
and Sakha 104) under drought condition (8 days). These findings are in
agreement with those obtained by Yoshida (1981).
4-Number of days to 50% heading (days)
Data in Table (3) showed number of days to heading as influenced by
irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as
their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Data in Table (3) indicated that, there are highly significant
differences among irrigation regimes on heading date in both seasons, where
irrigation every 8 days delayed heading date up to (110.71 and 110.33 days)
while irrigation every 4 days recorded the shortest period (105.75 and 105.25
days) from sowing to 50 % heading in 2011 and 2012 seasons respectively.
The delay in flowering under drought is a consequence of a reduction in plant
dry-matter production and of a delay in panicle exsertion. These results
agreed with those obtained by Murty and Ramakrishnayya (1982) and El-
Refaee (2012). In addition, Novero et al., (1985) reported that the delay in
flowering depends on the intensity, time, and period of drought. Wopereis et
al., (1996) observed longer flowering delay when drought occurred during
early tillering than when it occurred in mid-tillering stage. Also, Pantuwan
et al., (2002) mentioned similar observations and concluded that under
prolonged drought, flowering time is an important determinant of rice grain
yield. The maturation stage, which is regarded as the period between anthesis
and harvest, is also delayed as a result of delayed flowering or when drought
appears after flowering.
B) Tillage systems
The tillage systems showed significant effect on days to heading in
2011 season and highly significant effect in 2012 season, where conventional
tillage recorded the shortest period (107.89 and 107.64 days) whereas no
38
tillage delayed heading date up to (108.53 and 108.11days) in 2011 and 2012
seasons respectively. As it was discussed previously, the tilled soil allowed
composing better and deeper root system, which helped the rice plants to
grow and develop properly, in addition to alleviate the drought stress which
increase the plant dry-matter production and accelerate panicle exsertion.
C) Rice cultivars
The effect of rice cultivars showed highly significant differences on
days to heading in both seasons. The longest periods from sowing up to 50 %
heading (114.00 and 114.00 days) were recorded by Sakha101 rice cultivar
however Sakha 104 rice cultivar recorded the shortest period (103.83 and
103.28 days) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. These results may be
due to the varietal differences and genetic characters of each genotype.
Marie-Noëlle et al., (2010) concluded that, the observed differences among
genotypes in the delays might be a result of differences in plant water status
in the genotypes during the drought and consequently in the drought escape
and avoidance potential of the genotypes.
39
Table (3): Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C) and
their interactions on days to heading (days), plant height (cm) and flag leaf area
(cm2) of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 rice cultivars in
2011 and 2012 seasons.
Days to heading
(days) Plant height cm. Flag leaf area cm
2
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
A - Irrig. Regimes
a1 - 4 Days
a2 - 6 Days
a3 - 8 Days
105.75 c
108.17 b
110.71 a
105.25 c
108.04 b
110.33 a
105.08 a
99.17 b
91.00 c
106.08 a
100.04 b
93.00 c
30.46 a
29.31 b
21.56 c
30.58 a
29.51 b
21.72 c
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
0.86
-
1.17
-
3.84
-
3.58
-
0.60
-
0.45
B- Tillage systems
b1 – Conventional tillage
b2 – No tillage
107.89 b
108.53 a
107.64 b
108.11 a
99.08 a
97.75 b
100.42 a
99.00 b
27.29 a
26.93 b
27.47 a
27.07 b
Ftest * ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
0.47
-
-
0.46
-
1.22
-
1.24
-
0.28
-
0.37
C- Rice cultivars
c1 - Hybrid 1
c2 - Giza 178
c3 - Sakha 104
c4 - Sakha 101
107.22 b
107.78 b
103.83 c
114.00 a
107.00 b
107.22 b
103.28 c
114.00 a
103.67 a
94.94 b
105.83 a
89.22 c
105.17 a
96.72 b
106.61 a
90.33 c
29.90 a
28.69 b
25.06 c
24.79 c
30.03 a
28.87 b
25.22 c
24.97 c
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
0.73
-
0.78
-
2.90
-
2.48
-
0.43
-
0.48
Interaction:
Ftest (A × B)
Ftest (A × C)
Ftest (B × C)
Ftest (A × B × C)
NS
*
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
*
**
NS
NS
*
**
NS
NS
*
**
NS
NS
*
*
NS
NS
(NS) = Not Significant, (*) = Significant at 0.05 and (**) = Significant at 0.01 level of
probability.
Means followed by the same letters are not significant.
41
The interaction
The interaction effect between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars
(AxC) on number of days to heading was significant in the first season,
while, no significant effect was found in the second season. Figure (8)
showed that, the longest period was recorded by Sakha 101 (116.67 days)
when the plants were irrigated every 8 days but the shortest period was
recorded by Sakha 104 (100.67 days) under 4 days irrigation regime in 2011
growing season. That may be due to, the vegetative growth stage is prolonged
under drought stress compared with normal condition, which delay the
heading date, particularly Sakha 101 which has longer vegetative growth
duration.
Figure (8): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) rice
cultivars (C) for days to heading in 2011 season.
5- Plant height (cm)
Data in Table (3) showed plant height (cm) as influenced by
irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as
their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
The effect of irrigation regimes on plant height (cm) was highly
significant in the two seasons of study. Table (3) showed that, irrigation
every 4 days recorded the highest values (105.08 and 106.08 cm), followed
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 105.33 107.33 109.00
Giza 178 105.33 107.67 110.33
Sakha 104 100.67 104.00 106.83
Sakha 101 111.67 113.67 116.67
Days to heading 2011
LSD 0.05 = 0.95
41
by irrigation every 6 days (99.17 and 100.04 cm). On the contrary, irrigation
every 8 days recorded the lowest values (93.00 and 91.00 cm) of plant height
in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. These results may be attributed to the
significant effect of water in encouraging cell turgor and elongation. Further,
under drought, plant development is reduced as a consequence of (a) poor
root development; (b) reduced leaf-surface traits (form, shape, composition of
cuticular and epicuticular wax, leaf pubescence, and leaf color), which affect
the radiation load on the leaf canopy; (c) delay in or reduced rate of normal
plant senescence as it approaches maturity; and (d) inhibition of length or
division of stem cells. These results agreed with those obtained by Blum
(2002), Gewaily (2006), El-Agamy, et al., (2007) and Ndjiondjop et al.,
(2010).
B) Tillage systems
Data in Table (3) showed highly significant effect of the two tillage
systems on plant height (cm). The tallest plants were recorded under
conventional tillage (99.08 and 100.42 cm), while the shortest plants (97.75
and 99.00 cm) were obtained under no tillage in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. These findings could be attributed to the ability of tillage to
improve soil conditions that enhance the growth of rice plants due to the root
volume which is affected positively by the conventional tillage. In no tillage
accumulation of organic matter and nutrients such as N at or near the soil
surface restricts N-mineralization rate in the soil. As a result, N-uptake by
rice plants decreased, which negatively effect on plant growth and
development. These findings are in harmony with those obtained by Chamen
and Parkin (1995).
C) Rice cultivars
Regarding rice cultivars performance, highly significant differences
were observed in plant height among the four rice cultivars under study in
both seasons. Sakha 104 recorded the highest values (105.83 and 106.61 cm)
followed by Hybrid 1 (103.67 and 105.17 cm) without significant differences
in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. On the contrary, Sakha 101 revealed
the lowest values (89.22 and 90.33 cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
42
respectively. These results could be due to the genetic differences of the rice
cultivars. These results are in harmony with those obtained by Mousa (2008).
The interaction
Figure (9): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for plant height (cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
The interaction between irrigation regimes and tillage systems (AxB)
significantly effected on plant height in 2011 and 2012 seasons (Figure 9).
Where, both tillage systems gave the highest values (105.08 and 106.08 cm)
under irrigation every four days, in both seasons, respectively. On the other
hand, no tillage recorded the lowest values of plant height (89.58 and 91.58
cm) under 8 days irrigation regime in both seasons, respectively. The results
showed that, no tillage under drought conditions produced small root volume,
which caused inhibition of length or division of stem cells.
Figure (10) showed the interaction between irrigation regimes and
rice cultivars (AxC) was highly significant for plant height (cm) in both
seasons where it could be noticed that, Sakha 104 under irrigation every 4
days recorded the highest values of plant height (114.00 and 115.00 cm)
whereas irrigation every 8 days with Sakha 101 gave the lowest value (81.00
and 83.00 cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. These results showed
different varietal response to drought stress, where; Sakha 104 severely
affected under irrigation every 8 days compared to other cultivars under
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
NT 105.08 98.58 89.58
CT 105.08 99.75 92.42
Plant height (cm) 2011 LSD 0.05 = 1.39
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
NT 106.08 99.33 91.58
CT 106.08 100.75 94.42
Plant height (cm) 2012 LSD 0.05 = 1.42
43
study. That may be due to the ability of each cultivar to produce deeper root
and absorb more water under water deficit. These results are in harmony with
those obtained by El-Kady and Draz (1995), El Wehishy and Abd El
Hafez (1997) and Gewaily (2006).
Figure (10): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for plant height (cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
6- Flag leaf area (cm2)
Data in Table (3) showed flag leaf area as influenced by irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as their
interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Highly significant differences among the mean values of flag leaf area
(cm2) were estimated in both seasons as affected by different irrigation
regimes. Data in Table (3) showed that, irrigation every 4 days recorded the
highest values (30.46 and 30.58 cm2), while; irrigation every 8 days recorded
the lowest values (21.56 and 21.72 cm2) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. These results could be due to effect of water on activation the
cell division and elongation, which in turn decreases shoots enlargement
under water deficit. These findings are in agreement with those obtained by
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 109.67 105.17 96.17
Giza 178 99.00 92.67 93.17
Sakha 104 114.00 109.83 93.67
Sakha 101 97.67 89.00 81.00
Plant height (cm) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 5.02
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 110.67 106.67 98.17
Giza 178 100.00 95.00 95.17
Sakha 104 115.00 109.17 95.67
Sakha 101 98.67 89.33 83.00
Plant height (cm) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 4.29
44
El-Kady and Draz (1995), El Wehishy and Abd El Hafez (1997) and
Gewaily (2006).
B) Tillage systems
In addition, highly significant differences between the mean values of
flag leaf area (cm2) were estimated in both seasons as affected by different
tillage systems. Data in Table (3) showed that, conventional tillage recorded
the highest values (27.29 and 27.47 cm2) whereas; no tillage revealed the
lowest values (26.93 and 27.07cm2) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
Since conventional tillage resulted significant increase in root volume and
length, dry matter content increased which led to increase flag leaf area.
C) Rice cultivars
Obviously, data in Table (3) illustrated highly significant differences
in flag leaf area (cm2) among Hybrid 1, Giza 178 and both Sakha 104 and
Sakha 101 rice cultivars while, no significant differences were observed
between the last two rice cultivars in both seasons. Where, the largest values
of flag leaf area (29.90 and 30.03 cm2) were recorded by Hybrid 1 followed
by Giza 178 (28.69 and 28.87 cm2). On the contrary, the lowest values of flag
leaf area were obtained by Sakha 101 (24.79 and 24.97 cm2) in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. The observed significant differences in flag leaf
area among the four rice cultivars were mainly due to genetic variation
among rice cultivars.
The interaction
In addition, Flag leaf area was significantly affected by the interaction
between irrigation regimes and tillage systems (AxB) in both seasons of
study. As it is shown in Figure (11), conventional tillage (CT) significantly
increased the mean values of flag leaf area under both 6 and 8 irrigation
regimes compared with no tillage (NT), while no significant differences were
found between conventional and no tillage systems under continuous flooded
conditions (4 days irrigation regimes). Hence the highest values of flag leaf
area (30.51 and 30.59 cm2) were recorded by no tillage, followed by
45
conventional tillage (30.41 and 30.58 cm2) under 4 days irrigation regimes in
both seasons, respectively. While, the lowest values of flag leaf area (21.21
and 21.32 cm2) were obtained from no tillage under 8 days irrigation regimes
in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. That may show the benefits of tillage
under drought conditions which help rice plants to grow properly.
Figure (11): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for flag leaf area (cm2) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
Figure (12): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for flag leaf area (cm2) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
NT 30.51 29.07 21.21
CT 30.41 29.55 21.90
Flag leaf area (cm2) 2011
LSD 0.05 = 0.32
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
NT 30.59 29.30 21.32
CT 30.58 29.71 22.11
Flag leaf area (cm2) 2012
LSD 0.05 = 0.42
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 33.24 31.92 24.53
Giza 178 32.23 31.31 22.54
Sakha 104 28.28 27.09 19.80
Sakha 101 28.11 26.91 19.35
Flag leaf area (cm2) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 0.75
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 33.36 32.07 24.66
Giza 178 32.30 31.57 22.74
Sakha 104 28.35 27.38 19.92
Sakha 101 28.33 27.02 19.56
Flag leaf area (cm2) 2012
LSD 0.05 = 0.62
46
Data in Figure (12) summarized highly significant interaction
between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in 2011 and 2012
seasons. Hybrid 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (33.24 and 33.36 cm2),
followed by Giza 178 (32.23 and 32.30 cm2) under irrigation every 4 days.
On the other hand, Sakha 101 under irrigation every 8 days recorded the
lowest values of flag leaf area (19.35 and 19.56 cm2) in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. That may reflected the drought sensitivity of Sakha 101
and Sakha 104 in compared to Hybrid 1 and Giza 178.
II)- Yield and Yield Components
1- Number of productive tillers/m2
Data in Table (4) showed number of productive tillers/m2 as
influenced by irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars
(C) as well as their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Results in Table (4) clearly showed, highly significant differences
among irrigation regimes in number of productive tillers/m2 where, negative
effect on number of productive tillers/m2 was found when irrigation regimes
were prolonged to 8 days. Irrigation every 4 days gave the highest number of
productive tillers/m2 (723.77 and 730.60), followed by irrigation every 6 days
(700.08 and 706.38), meanwhile; no significant differences were observed
between irrigation every 4 and 6 days in 2012 season. On the contrary,
irrigation every 8 days gave the lowest number of productive tillers/m2
(465.78 and 456.78) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. That may be due
to the slower growth under drought than the growth under flooded conditions,
particularly in the vegetative stage. That is because of the shortage in
irrigation water, which reduce the physiological process in rice plant
especially cell division, consequently reduce tillering. These findings were
close agreement with those reported by Nour, et al., (1996), Abou El-
Hassan (1997), Ghanem and Ebaid (2001), Islam (2001) and El-Dalil
(2007).
47
B) Tillage systems
Data in Table (4) indicated that, significant differences were existed between
conventional (CT) and no tillage (NT) on number of productive tillers/m2 in
2011 season, while no significant effect was found in the second season.
Conventional tillage resulted the highest value (635.24) in 2011 season while,
the lowest number of productive tillers/m2 was produced under no tillage. In
no tillage accumulation of organic matter and nutrients such as N at or near
the soil surface restricts N-mineralization rate in the soil. That may be
decrease N-uptake by rice plants, which negatively effect on the plant
growth, tillering and panicle formation. These findings were in agreement
with those reported by Chamen and Parkin (1995) and Kushwaha et al.,
(2000).
C) Rice cultivars
Regarding rice cultivars performance, data in Table (4) revealed
highly significant differences among rice cultivars under study in number of
productive tillers/m2, where the highest values (665.57 and 671.80) were
obtained by Hybrid 1 in both seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, no
significant differences were found among Hybrid 1, Giza 178 and Sakha 101
in 2012 season. The lowest values were obtained by Sakha 104 (572.07 and
557.74) for No. of productive tillers/m2 in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. These results could be due to the genetic variations among
cultivars. These results are in agreement with those obtained by El-Refaey
(2005), Gaballah (2009), Abd Allah et al., (2010) and Mousa (2014).
48
Table (4): Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on No. of productive tillers/m2, No. of filled grains /
panicle and 1000-grain weight (g) of Egyptian hybrid 1, Sakha 104, Sakha 101
and Giza 178 rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
No. of productive
tillers/m2
No. of filled grains
/ panicle
1000-grain weight
(g)
2011 2012 2011 20112 2011 2012
A - Irrig. Regimes
a1 - 4 Days
a2 - 6 Days
a3 - 8 Days
723.77 a
700.08 b
465.78 b
730.60 a
706.38 a
456.78 b
134.33 a
134.04 a
102.29 b
136.17 a
136.38 a
102.63 b
23.87 a
23.06 b
21.39 c
24.04 a
23.21 b
21.49 c
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
14.81
-
57.46
-
9.78
-
5.39
-
0.56
-
0.31
B- Tillage systems
b1 – Conventional
tillage
b2 – No tillage
635.24 a
624.52 b
631.77 a
630.74 a
124.64 a
122.47 a
125.67 a
124.44 b
22.80 a
22.75 a
22.92 a
22.90 a
Ftest * NS NS * NS NS
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
8.83
-
-
-
-
-
1.07
-
-
-
-
-
C- Rice cultivars
c1 - Hybrid 1
c2 - Giza 178
c3 - Sakha 104
c4 - Sakha 101
665.57 a
640.18 b
572.07 c
641.68 b
671.80 a
647.35 a
557.74 b
648.13 a
149.06 a
135.00 b
97.22 d
112.94 c
150.22 a
136.61 b
98.67 d
114.72 c
21.18 b
20.59 c
24.54 a
24.79 a
21.35 c
20.76 d
24.58 b
24.94 a
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
9.84
-
39.09
-
2.86
-
2.93
-
0.25
-
0.21
Interaction
Ftest (A × B)
Ftest (A × C)
Ftest (B × C)
Ftest (A × B × C)
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
NS
(NS) = Not Significant, (*) = Significant at 0.05 and (**) = Significant at 0.01 level of
probability.
Means followed by the same letters are not significant.
49
The interaction
Figure (13): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for No. of productive tillers/m2 in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
As it is shown in Figure (13), interaction between irrigation regimes
and rice cultivars (A×C) significantly effected on number of productive
tillers/m2 in both seasons. Where, the highest number of productive tillers/m
2
(746.81 and 755.14) were produced by Hybrid 1 under irrigation every 4
days, followed by (731.83 and 738.33) irrigation every 6 days in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. On the other side, the lowest numbers of
productive tillers/m2 (401.41 and 339.91) were obtained by Sakha 104 when
rice plants were irrigated every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. That may reflect the variations among cultivars which show the
ability to grow and develop under drought stress. These results are in
agreement with those obtained by Abd Allah et al., (2010) and Mousa
(2014).
2- Number of filled grains/panicle
Data in Table (4) showed number of filled grains/panicle as
influenced by irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars
(C) as well as their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 746.81 731.83 518.08
Giza 178 715.64 711.17 493.74
Sakha 104 679.31 635.50 401.41
Sakha 101 753.31 721.83 449.91
No. of productive tillers/m2
2011 LSD 0.01 = 17.04
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 755.14 738.33 521.91
Giza 178 722.81 716.00 503.24
Sakha 104 688.48 644.83 339.91
Sakha 101 755.98 726.33 462.08
No. of productive tillers/m2
2012
LSD 0.05 = 50.79
51
A) Irrigation regimes
Concerning the effect of irrigation regimes, data in Table (4) revealed
highly significant effects on number of filled grains /panicle in both seasons.
Irrigation every 4 days recorded the highest number of filled grains/panicle
(134.33) in the first season, while; irrigation every 6 days produced the
highest number of filled grains/panicle (136.38) in the second season.
Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between irrigation every 4
and 6 days in both seasons. On the other side, irrigation every 8 days gave the
lowest number of filled grains/panicle (102.29 and 102.63) in 3122 and 2013
seasons, respectively. The probable explanation for these results are that
adequate amount of irrigation water increased plant height, dry matter and
leaf area which ultimately resulted in increasing photosynthesis and that
reflected the increase in dry matter accumulation in the grains. These results
are in agreement with those obtained by Nour, et al., (1996), Zayed (1997),
Fukai, et al., (1999) and El-Sharkawi, et al., (2006).
B) Tillage systems
Data in Table (4) illustrated that, significant differences were existed
between conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) on number of filled
grains/panicle in 2012 season, while no significant effect was found in 2011
season. Where, conventional tillage resulted the highest values (125.67) in
2012 seasons while, the lowest number of filled grains/panicle (124.44)
obtained under no tillage. These results are in agreement with those obtained
by Liu et al. (2007), Bhattacharyya et al., (2008) and Devkota et al.,
(2010).
C) Rice cultivars
Highly significant differences were observed among tested rice
cultivars in number of filled grains/panicle in both seasons. Table (4)
revealed that Hybrid 1 produced the highest number of filled grains/panicle
(149.06 and 150.22), followed by Giza 178 then Sakha 101, while Sakha 104
recorded the lowest values (112.94 and 114.72) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. These findings could be due to the high ability of the Hybrid
51
rice1 to produce the highest number of grains/panicle, in addition to the
genetic variation among rice cultivars under study. These results are in
agreement with those obtained by Abou El-Darag (2000), El-Refaee (2002),
El-Refaee et al (2005a) and El-Mouhamady et al (2013).
The interaction
Figure (14): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for No. of filled grains / panicle in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
Regarding number of filled grains /panicle, Figure (14) showed highly
significant interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in
both season where, Hybrid rice 1 achieved the highest number of filled
grains/panicle (163.33 and 165.33) when the rice plants were irrigated every
6 days while; the lowest values (77.50 and 78.17) recorded by Sakha 104
with 8 days irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
Hybrid 1 gave higher number of productive tillers/m2 under irrigation every 4
days than 6 days, which negatively effect on seed setting consequently,
increase unfilled grains % under irrigation every 4 days. As a result, No. of
filled grains/panicle decreased under irrigation every 4 days in compared to 6
days. On the other hand, No. of filled grains/ panicle were decreased under 8
days as a result of drought effect. These findings are in a compliance with
Shi, et al,. (2002) and El-Refaee, et al., (2005a)
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 159.17 163.33 124.67
Giza 178 148.83 148.83 107.33
Sakha 104 107.00 107.17 77.50
Sakha 101 122.33 116.83 99.67
No. of filled grains/panicle 2011
LSD 0.01 = 4.96
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 159.67 165.33 125.67
Giza 178 151.33 151.83 106.67
Sakha 104 109.00 108.83 78.17
Sakha 101 124.67 119.50 100.00
No. of filled grains/panicle 2012
LSD 0.01 = 5.08
52
3- 1000-grain weight (g)
Data in Table (4) showed 1000-grain weight as influenced by
irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as
their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Data in Table (4) showed highly significant differences among
irrigation regimes in 1000-grain weight in both seasons. Where, the highest
values (23.87 and 24.04 g) were recorded with irrigation every 4 days,
followed by 6 days in both seasons. On the other hand, irrigation every 8
days gave the lowest values of 1000-grain weight (21.39 and 21.49 g) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Under water shortage, the decrease in
water availability during grain filling reduced the translocation of starch from
the green parts of the plant to be stored in grain endosperm; accordingly, a
reduction in grain weight was the final result. These results agreed with those
reported earlier by Nour et al., (1996), Zayed (2002), El-Refaee et al.,
(2005,a), Gewaily (2006) and El-Dalil (2007).
B) Tillage systems
Regarding tillage systems effect, data in Table (4) indicated no
significant differences between conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)
in 1000-grain weight in both seasons.
C) Rice cultivars
Highly significant differences were observed among the four rice
cultivars under study in 1000-grain weight. Data in Table (4) showed that,
Sakha 101 rice cultivar recorded the highest values (24.79 and 24.94 g),
followed by Sakha 104, while, Giza 178 recorded the lowest values (20.59
and 20.76 g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. These results are due to
genetic variations in the cultivars under study. These findings agreed with
those obtained by Gaballah (2009) and Mousa (2014).
53
The interaction
Figure (15): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for 1000-grain weight (g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
In addition, 1000-grain weight (g) was significantly affected by the
interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in both
growing seasons. As it is shown in Figure (15), the highest values of 1000-
grain weight (26.00 and 26.02 g) were obtained by Sakha 101, followed by
Sakha 104 under irrigation every 4 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. All rice cultivars significantly and independently effected on
1000-grain weight when the irrigation regimes prolonged up to 8 days in both
seasons. On the other hand, the lowest values (19.59 and 19.58 g) were
obtained by Giza 178 with 8 days irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. These results may be referring to the variation of
cultivars performance under water deficit (irrigation every 8 days), while
under 4 and 6 days regimes, the plants grown normally. These
differentiations of cultivars performance under irrigation every 8 days, may
be due to survival ability under water shortage of the cultivar itself. In
addition, moisture stress at booting and flowering stages reduces dry matter
production, delays panicle exsertion, and induces uneven flowering.
Photosynthetic efficiency is impaired, resulting in less dry matter
accumulation and a low concentration of non-reducing sugars in the stem. In
general, cultivars with high stem sugars resisted drought better than others
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 22.27 21.35 19.92
Giza 178 21.52 20.67 19.59
Sakha 104 25.70 24.98 22.93
Sakha 101 26.00 25.23 23.13
1000-grain weight (g) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 0.43
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 22.57 21.60 19.91
Giza 178 21.77 20.93 19.58
Sakha 104 25.80 24.90 23.05
Sakha 101 26.02 25.40 23.42
1000-grain weight (g) 2012
LSD 0.05 = 0.28
54
because sugars translocated from stem to panicle promoted normal grain
filling under stress. These results agreed with those concluded by
Bhattacharjee et al, (1971) and El-Refaee, et al. (2005a).
4- Unfilled grains percentage
Data in Table (5) showed unfilled grains % as influenced by irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as their
interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Concerning the effect of irrigation regimes, data in Table (5) indicated
highly significant differences among irrigation regimes in unfilled grains %
in both seasons. Irrigation every 8 days recorded the highest values (9.68%
and 9.64%), followed by irrigation every 6 days in the two seasons,
respectively. Whereas, the lowest values of unfilled grains % (7.83% and
7.87%) were recorded by irrigation every 4 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. That can be understood as follow; the decrease in water
availability during the reproductive stage cased a reduction in seed setting
particularly soil moisture stress during panicle formation and grain filling.
Further, higher number of productive tillers/m2 was produced under irrigation
every 4 days than 6 days to the limit, which negatively effect on seed setting
consequently, increase unfilled grains % under irrigation every 4 days. These
results are in agreement with those obtained by Mohamed (2001), Gewaily
(2006), Zinolabedin, et al. (2008), El-Rafaee (2012) and Mousa (2014).
They concluded that water stress significantly increased unfilled
grains/panicle.
55
Table (5): Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on unfilled grains %, panicle weight and panicle length
(cm) of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 rice cultivars
in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
Unfilled grains % Panicle weight (g) Panicle length (cm)
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
A - Irrig. Regimes
a1 - 4 Days
a2 - 6 Days
aA3 - 8 Days
7.83 b
8.74 ab
9.68 a
7.87 a
8.90 ab
9.64 a
3.07 a
2.74 b
2.31 c
3.08 a
2.77 b
2.37 c
21.83 a
20.24 b
18.30 c
22.54 a
21.09 b
18.78 c
Ftest ** * ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
1.07
0.87
-
-
0.06
-
0.06
-
0.95
-
1.10
B- Tillage systems
b1 – Conventional
tillage
b2 – No tillage
8.80
8.70
8.85
8.73
2.72
2.69
2.75
2.72
20.21
20.04
20.87
20.74
Ftest NS NS NS NS NS NS
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C- Rice cultivars
c1 - Hybrid 1
c2 - Giza 178
c3 - Sakha 104
c4 - Sakha 101
6.84 c
7.72 b
10.22 a
10.21 a
6.89 c
7.71 b
10.31 a
10.25 a
2.97 a
2.69 c
2.39 d
2.77 b
2.99 a
2.66 c
2.49 d
2.81 b
21.80 a
19.47 bc
19.29 c
19.93 b
22.29 a
20.34 b
19.88 c
20.70 b
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
0.86
-
0.87
-
0.06
-
0.05
-
0.54
-
0.44
Interaction:
Ftest (A × B)
Ftest (A × C)
Ftest (B × C)
Ftest (A × B × C)
NS
*
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
*
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
(NS) = Not Significant, (*) = Significant at 0.05 and (**) = Significant at 0.01 level of
probability.
Means followed by the same letters are not significant.
56
B) Tillage systems
Data in Table (5) revealed no significant differences were found
between tillage systems in unfilled grains % in the two seasons of study.
C) Rice cultivars
It is clear from Table (5) that there were highly significant differences
among rice cultivars in unfilled grains % in both seasons. Sakha 104 recorded
the highest values (10.22% and 10.31%), followed by Sakha 101 while
Hybrid 1 recorded the lowest values (6.84% and 6.89%) in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed
between Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 in both seasons. These differentiations
among cultivars may reflect the genetic performance in this character. These
findings are in agreement with those obtained Gaballah (2009), Abd Allah
et al., (2010) and Mousa (2014).
The interaction
Figure (16): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for unfilled grains % in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
The interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC)
was significant on unfilled grains % in both seasons. Hybrid1 rice cultivar
attained the lowest values (5.33 and 5.33 %) when it was irrigated every 5
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 5.33 7.43 7.77
Giza 178 6.33 7.60 9.23
Sakha 104 9.67 10.24 10.77
Sakha 101 10.00 9.68 10.93
Unfilled grains % 2011
LSD 0.05 = 1.11
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 5.33 7.62 7.73
Giza 178 6.17 7.95 9.02
Sakha 104 9.83 10.08 11.00
Sakha 101 10.00 9.93 10.82
Unfilled grains % 2012
LSD 0.05 = 1.13
57
days. On the other side, both Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 recorded the highest
values (10.93 and 11.00 %) when they were irrigated every 8 days in 2011
and 2012, respectively (Figure 16). These results may be due to the role of
water in translocation of carbohydrates from storage parts to panicles. These
findings agreed with those obtained by Gewaily (2006), Gaballah (2009)
and Mousa (2014).
5- Panicle weight (g)
Data in Table (5) showed panicle weight as influenced by irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as their
interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Data in Table (5) indicated that, panicle weight had highly significant
as affected by irrigation regimes in both seasons. Where, the highest values
(3.07 and 3.08 g) were recorded by 4 days, followed by 6 days irrigation
regimes. On the other hand, irrigation every 8 days gave the lowest values of
panicle weight (3.32 and 3.43 g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. That
can be summarized as follow; the decrease in water availability during the
reproductive and repining stages cased a reduction in panicle weight. In
addition, adequate amount of irrigation water in rice fields helps in more
availability of nutrients and consequently healthy plants which may result in
heavier panicles. These results agreed with those reported earlier by Nour
(1989), Nour et al., (1996), Zayed (2002) and Gewaily (2006).
B) Tillage systems
Furthermore, no significant differences were found between tillage
systems in panicle weight in both seasons.
C) Rice cultivars
Regarding panicle weight, data in Table (5) showed highly significant
differences among rice cultivars. Where, Hybrid 1 recorded the highest
values of panicle weight (2.97 and 2.99 g), followed by Sakha 10, on the
58
other hand; Sakha 104 recorded the lowest values of panicle weight (2.39 and
2.49 g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. This result could be due to
genetic differences related to the cultivar itself. These findings are in
agreement with those obtained by El-Refaee et al., (2005 a), Abd Allah et
al., (2010) and Mousa (2014).
The interaction
Figure (17):) The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for panicle weight (g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
Figure (17) showed that, panicle weight had highly significant
differences as influenced by the interaction between irrigation regimes and
rice cultivar in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Under irrigation every 4 days,
Hybrid1 recorded the highest values (3.31 and 3.33 g) followed by Sakha 101
conversely, Sakha104 recorded the lowest values (2.11 and 2.27 g) when it
was irrigated every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. It is clear
from Figure (17) that Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 were sharply affected when
irrigation regimes increased from 4 to 8 days compared with Giza 178 and
Hybrid 1 in both seasons. These results can be concluded as that, Hybrid 1
and Giza 178 performance is relatively stable under different environmental
conditions while, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 were highly susceptible to
drought stress. These results may be due to the role of water in increasing
seed setting in the panicle, as well as increasing 1000-grain weight as a result
of activating the translocation of carbohydrates from source to sink. These
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 3.31 3.07 2.54
Giza 178 3.02 2.68 2.36
Sakha 104 2.75 2.31 2.11
Sakha 101 3.19 2.90 2.23
Panicle weight (g) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 0.11
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 3.31 3.07 2.54
Giza 178 3.02 2.68 2.36
Sakha 104 2.75 2.31 2.11
Sakha 101 3.19 2.90 2.23
Panicle weight (g) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 0.09
59
findings are in agreement with those obtained by El-Refaee et al., (2005 a)
and Abd Allah et al., (2010).
6- Panicle length (cm)
Data in Table (5) showed Panicle length as influenced by irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as their
interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Data in Table (5) indicated highly significant differences among
irrigation regimes in panicle length (cm) in both seasons. Where, the highest
values of panicle length (21.83 and 22. 54 cm) were recorded by 4 days,
followed by 6 days irrigation regimes. On the other hand, irrigation every 8
days gave the lowest values of panicle length (18.30 and 18.78 cm) in 2011
and 2012 seasons, respectively. That can be summarized as follow; the
decrease in water availability during the reproductive stage cased a reduction
in panicle length particularly soil moisture stress during the panicle
formation. These results agreed with those reported earlier by Nour (1989)
and Nour et al., (1996), Zayed (2002), Gewaily (2006) and Ebaid and El-
Refaee (2007).
B) Tillage systems
Furthermore, no significant differences were found between tillage
systems on panicle length (cm) in both seasons, as shown in Table (5).
C) Rice cultivars
Regarding rice cultivars effect, data in Table (5) showed highly
significant differences among rice cultivars, where; Hybrid 1 recorded the
longest panicles (21.80 and 22.29 cm), on the other hand; Sakha 104 had the
shortest panicles (19.29 and 19.88 cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. In 2011 season, no significant difference was found between
Sakha 104 and Giza 178 rice cultivars. This result could be due to genetic
61
differences related to the cultivar itself. These findings agreed with those
which obtained by El-Refaee et al., (2005 a) and Abd Allah et al., (2010).
The interaction
Figure (18): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for panicle length (cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
As Figure (18) showed, panicle length was significantly differed by
the interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in 2011
and 2012 seasons. Under irrigation every 4 days, Hybrid1 recorded the
highest values (23.83 and 24.39 cm), followed by Sakha 101, conversely;
Sakha104 recorded the lowest values (17.36 and 17.71 cm) when it was
irrigated every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. It is clear from
Figure (18) that the panicle length of Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 were sharply
decreased as irrigation regimes increased up to 8 days in compared to Giza
178 and Hybrid 1 in both seasons. That may be reflects better survival of
both Hybrid 1 and Giza 178 rice cultivars under drought condition. These
results are in harmony with those obtained by El-Refaee (2002) and Mousa
(2014).
7- Biomass yield (ton/fad.)
Data in Table (6) showed biomass yield as influenced by irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as their
interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 23.83 21.27 20.30
Giza 178 20.97 20.08 17.37
Sakha 104 20.92 19.61 17.36
Sakha 101 21.62 20.00 18.18
Panicle length (cm) 2011
LSD 0.05 = 0.70
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 24.39 21.69 20.78
Giza 178 21.84 21.24 17.95
Sakha 104 21.54 20.40 17.71
Sakha 101 22.41 21.04 18.66
Panicle length (cm) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 0.76
61
A) Irrigation regimes
It is remarkably from Table (6) to note that, irrigation regimes had
highly significant effects on biomass yield in both seasons. It is evident that
this character was significantly decreased by prolonged irrigation regimes in
the two seasons. The highest values (9.78 and 10.27 ton/fad.) were detected
at irrigation every 4 days and it decreased significantly to reach the lowest
values (7.93 and 8.56 ton/fad.) with irrigation every 8 days in both seasons,
respectively. These seemed to be resulted from soil dryness and decreases
soil water to near level from wilting point or lower rate, which in turn hinder
the growth of rice plant, then decrease dry matter accumulation. Also, in
frequent aerobic-anaerobic cycles, redox potential changes rapidly which
accelerated the rapid loss of nitrogen, which negatively effect on rice plants
growth and development (Reddy and Patrick, 1976). These findings are in
agreement with Zayed (2002), El-Sharkawi et al., (2006), Gewaily (2006),
El-Dalil (2007) and Mousa (2014).
B) Tillage systems
Furthermore, significant differences were found between tillage
systems in biomass yield in the first season, while, no significant differences
were found in the second season. As Table (6) showed, conventional tillage
(CT) achieved the highest values (9.10 and 9.64 ton/fad.) while, the lowest
values (8.99 and 9.53 ton/fad.) were obtained by no tillage (NT) in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. This could be due to attributed to the positive
effect of conventional tillage on root volume and length which helps rice
plants to compose more shoots and finally increase the biomass yield.
Breland and Hansen (1996) and Chamen and Parkin, (1995) concluded
that, soil compaction reduced N-mineralization rate from the organic
materials and increased N retention in microbial biomass and soil organic
matter, in addition, Increasing in the nitrification rate accelerated the rapid
loss of available nitrogen in the soil which negatively effect on plant growth.
These findings agreed with Chen et al., (2007) and Xianjun et al., (2011),
they concluded that, no-tillage cultivation showed less biomass accumulation
before heading compared with the conventional cultivation.
62
Table (6): Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on biomass yield (t/fad.), grain yield (t/fad.) and harvest
index (%) of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 rice cultivars
in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
Biomass Yield
(t/fad.)
Grain Yield
(t/fad.)
Harvest Index
(%)
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
A - Irrig. Regimes
a1 - 4 Days
a2 - 6 Days
a3 - 8 Days
9.78 a
9.43 b
7.93 c
10.27 a
9.92 b
8.56 c
4.23 a
4.08 b
2.87 c
4.52 a
4.30 b
3.17 c
43.41 a
43.24 a
35.99 b
44.21 a
43.36 a
36.88 b
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
0.08
-
0.33
-
0.21
-
012
-
2.37
-
2.07
B- Tillage systems
b1 – Conventional tillage
b2 – No tillage
9.10 a
8.99 b
9.64 a
9.53 b
3.78 a
3.68 b
4.03 a
3.97 b
41.25 a
40.51 b
41.65 a
41.39 a
Ftest * * * * * NS
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
0.07
-
0.09
-
0.08
-
0.06
-
0.65
-
-
-
C- Rice cultivars
c1 - Hybrid 1
c2 - Giza 178
c3 - Sakha 104
c4 - Sakha 101
9.83 a
9.08 d
8.86 b
8.43 c
10.38 a
9.67 d
9.36 c
8.93 b
4.15 a
3.74 b
3.42 c
3.60 b
4.42 a
4.03 b
3.66 d
3.88 c
42.23 a
40.90 a
38.13 b
42.25 a
42.54 ab
41.58 b
38.80 c
43.15 a
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
0.18
-
0.21
-
0.16
-
0.13
-
1.37
-
1.14
Interactions
Ftest (A × B)
Ftest (A × C)
Ftest (B × C)
Ftest (A ×B × C)
NS
**
NS
NS
*
**
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
*
**
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
(NS) = Not Significant, (*) = Significant at 0.05 and (**) = Significant at 0.01 level of
probability.
Means followed by the same letters are not significant.
63
C) Rice cultivars
Data illustrated in Table (6) indicated that, biomass yield had highly
significant differences as affected by different tested rice cultivars in the two
seasons of study, where highly significant differences between the mean
values of rice cultivars were estimated, where the cultivars are ranged as
follow; Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 based on biomass
productivity in both seasons. Hence, the highest values (9.83 and 10.38
ton/fad.) were recorded by Hybrid 1, while; the lowest values (8.43 and 8.93
ton/fad.) were obtained by Sakha 101 in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
These results lead to; the Hybrid rice superiority in dry matter production is
due to the hybrid vigor in compared to the other cultivars and also because of
genetic variation among the cultivars under study. These findings agreed with
those obtained by Mousa (2014)
The interaction
Figure (19): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and
tillage systems (B) for biomass yield (t/fad) in 2012 season.
The interaction between irrigation regimes and tillage systems (AxB)
was significant for biomass yield in 2012 season. Figure (19) showed
significant and positive change in biomass yield as affected by conventional
tillage under 8 days irrigation regimes to achieve 8.68 ton/fad. In compared
to 8.44 ton/fad. with no tillage. Meanwhile, no significant differences were
observed within irrigation every 4 or 6 days in both seasons. Under drought
conditions, conventional tillage allows roots to grow deeper to absorb the
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
NT 10.21 9.94 8.44
CT 10.33 9.90 8.68
Biomass (t/fad) 2012
LSD 0.05 = 0.15
64
available water in deeper layers which alleviate the drought stress. These
finding are in harmony with Reddy and Patrick, (1976) and Devkota et al.,
(2010) and Xianjun et al., (2011).
Figure (20): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice cultivars
(C) for biomass yield (t/fad.) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
Further, the interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars
(AxC) was highly significant for biomass yield (ton/fad) in both seasons.
Figure (20) showed that, Hybrid 1 produced the highest values of biomass
yield (10.96 and 11.63 ton/fad.), followed by Giza 178 with irrigation every 4
days. In addition, under 8 days irrigation regimes, Giza 178 significantly
surpassed both cultivars; Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 in both seasons. On the
contrary, Sakha 101 with irrigation every 8 days recorded the lowest values
(7.38 and 8.00 ton/fad.) in both seasons, respectively. The biomass was
sharply decreased by prolonged irrigation regimes, particularly when the
plants irrigated every 8 days. Hence, the cultivars productivity rank was
stable under irrigation every 4 and 6 days in both seasons. Gomez et al.,
(2005) concluded that, leaf area/plant and root weight showed the highest
positive direct effect on biological yield. These results also had similar trend
with growth characters which were discussed earlier in the present
investigation. These findings are in agreement with those obtained by Lilley
and FuKai (1994), Nour et al., (1994), Zhu et al., (1994), Borrell et al.,
(1998), FuKai et al., (1999), Zayed (2002), El- Refaee et al., (2005a),
Gewaily (2006), El-Dalil (2007) and Mousa (2014).
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 10.96 10.02 8.50
Giza 178 9.72 9.47 8.06
Sakha 104 9.52 9.26 7.79
Sakha 101 8.92 8.98 7.38
Biomass (ton/fad) 2011
LSD 0.01= 0.32
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 11.63 10.40 9.10
Giza 178 10.27 9.98 8.74
Sakha 104 9.76 9.91 8.40
Sakha 101 9.41 9.38 8.00
Biomass (ton/fad) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 0.37
65
8- Grain yield (ton/fad.)
Data in Table (6) showed grain yield (ton/fad.) as influenced by
irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as
their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Grain yield had highly significant differences as influemced by
irrigation regimes in both seasons. Data in Table (6) revealed that, prolonged
irrigation caused a remarkable reduction in grain yield. Irrigation every 4
days achieved the highest grain yield (4.23 and 4.52 ton/fad.), followed by
irrigation every 6 days which yielded (4.08 and 4.30 ton/fad.) in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. On contrast, irrigation every 8 days recorded the
lowest values (2.87 and 3.17 ton/fad.) in the two seasons, respectively. In
general, exposing rice plants to drought caused significant reduction in grain
yield and it is a fact that, the unavailability of water inhibits the dry matter
production in the different plant organs, number of productive tillers/m2,
number of filled grains/panicle and 1000-grains weight consequently, led to
sharp decrease in grain yield. These results were consistent with those
obtained by El-Rafaee, et al., (2005,b), Gewaily (2006), El-Sharkwi, et al.,
(2006) and Amiri, et al., (2009) Mousa (2014). They reported that, the
increase in grain yield components can be due to the fact that available more
water enhanced nutrient availability which improve nitrogen and other macro
and micro-elements absorption as well as enhanced the production and
translocation of the dry matter content from source to sink. Also, number of
grains/panicle and number of panicles/m2
were reduced followed by greater
number of sterile panicles and spikelets were the main yield limiting factors
in rice grown under limited water condition. The lower soil mineral N
content during the major growth stages indicated that, in addition to water
stress, rice growth, development, and yield in 9 days regimes was limited
may be due to N stress.
66
B) Tillage systems
It is obviously to notice, significant differences were found between
tillage systems on grain yield in both seasons. Where Table (6) showed that,
the highest values (3.78 and 4.03 ton/fad.) were achieved by conventional
tillage, while, the lowest values (3.68 and 3.97 ton/fad) were recorded by no
tillage in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. This could be due to attributed
to the positive effect of conventional tillage on root volume and length which
encourage rice plants to produce more shoots and panicles, that can be an
explanation for grain yield increase under conventional tillage. These results
were consistent with those obtained by Kato et al., (2007) and Zein EL-Din
et al., (2008). In addition, Toorchi et al., (2006) and Kanbar et al., (2009),
based on canonical correlation studies conducted under contrasting moisture
regimes, suggested that maximum root depth, root/shoot ratio, and root dry
weight conferred an advantage to grain yield under stress.
C) Rice cultivars
Results in Table (6) showed highly significant differences between
tested rice cultivars in grain yield ton/fad., in both seasons. Hybrid1 rice
cultivar attained the highest grain yield (4.15 and 4.42 ton/fad.) followed by
Giza 178, while Sakha104 revealed the lowest values (3.42 and 3.66 ton/fad.)
in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Regarding Hybrid 1 superiority, it
could be due to the hybrid vigor. These results can be understood as all yield
component characters discussed earlier in the present investigation (No. of
productive tillers/m2, No. of filled grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight and
panicle weight), which showed similar trend for each rice cultivar. That may
reflect the cultivar performance based on its genetic variations among
cultivars. These results are largely compatible with those obtained by Mousa
(2008), Gaballah (2009), Abd Allah et al., (2010) and Mousa (2014).
The interaction
Mainly, interaction between irrigation and rice cultivars (AxC) was
highly significant for grain yield (ton/fad.) in both seasons. Hybrid 1
produced the highest values of grain yield (4.55 and 4.88 ton/fad.) followed
by Giza 178 with Irrigation every 4 days. In addition, no significant
67
differences were observed between Giza 178 and Sakha 101 under 4 or 6
days irrigation regimes, while under 8 days, Giza 178 significantly surpassed
Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 in both seasons. On the contrary, Sakha 104 with
irrigation every 8 days recorded the lowest values (2.36 and 2.71 ton/fad.) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 productivities
were sharply decreased by prolonged irrigation regimes compared with the
other cultivars particularly when the plants irrigated every 8 days, which
reflects highly sensitivity regarding these two cultivars. Hence, the reduction
of productivity severely increased when the irrigation regimes increased from
4 to 8 days. That may be due to very low water content in the soil which may
reach the wilting point under irrigation every 8 days, which negatively effect
on dry matter accumulation, panicle formation and carbohydrates
mobilization and remobilization from source to sink, which decrease panicle
weight and 1000-grain weight as well as increase unfilled grains percentage.
These results were expected as all yield component characters discussed
earlier in the present investigation, which showed similar trend as affected by
the interaction among factors (AxC) under study. Hence, unavailability of
water inhibit the production of dry matter content in the different plant organs
as well as number of panicles/m2, number of filled grains/panicle and 1000-
grain weight, which led to significant reduction in grain yield. De Datta et
al., (1973 a and b) tested the lowland cultivar IR20 in aerobic soil under
furrow irrigation at IRRI. Water saving was 55% compared with flooded
conditions, but the yield fell from about 8 t/ha under flooded conditions to
3.4 t/ha under aerobic conditions. However, large varietal differences in grain
yield exist under aerobic conditions. Hence, experimentally growing the
high-yielding lowland rice cultivars under aerobic conditions has shown great
potential to save water, but with severe yield penalty. The results may
suggest that, genotypes had no capability in expressing their genetic yield
potential under water stress. These findings also agreed with those reported
by Lilley and FuKai (1994), Nour et al., (1994), Zhu et al., (1994), Borrell
et al., (1998) FuKai et al., (1999,a) Zayed (2002), El- Refaee et al.,
(2005a), Gewaily (2006), El-Dalil (2007) and Mousa (2014).
68
Figure (21): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for grain yield (ton/fad.) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
9- Harvest index (%)
Data in Table (6) showed harvest index as influenced by irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as their
interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Regarding the effect of irrigation regimes, results in Table (6)
apparently indicated that harvest index had highly significant decrease by
prolonged irrigation in the two seasons. The highest values (43.41 and 44.21
%) were estimated at 4 days, while the lowest ones (35.99 and 36.88 %) were
found at 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. The reduction in rice
plant growth in general and specifically harvest index was mainly due to the
drought condition occurred at the prolonged irrigation regimes. These results
agreed with those obtained previously by Zayed (2002), El-Sharkawi
(2006), Gewaily (2006), El-Dalil (2007) and Mousa (2014).
B) Tillage systems
Furthermore, Table (6) illustrated that, the harvest index significantly
affected by tillage systems in 2011 season while, no significant differences
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 4.55 4.41 3.50
Giza 178 4.17 4.09 2.95
Sakha 104 4.05 3.85 2.36
Sakha 101 4.17 3.97 2.65
Grain yield (ton/fad.) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 0.28
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 4.88 4.61 3.76
Giza 178 4.48 4.31 3.31
Sakha 104 4.28 4.00 2.71
Sakha 101 4.46 4.27 2.92
Grain Yield (ton/fad.) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 0.23
69
were found between the mean values of harvest index in the second season.
The conventional tillage had better influence on the harvest index where
estimated the highest values (41.25) while, the lowest values (40.51) were
obtained by no tillage in 2011 seasons. That may due to the better plant
growth under conventional tillage and maximize the productivity. In no
tillage accumulation of organic matter and nutrients such as N at or near the
soil surface restricts N-mineralization rate in the soil, which may be
decreased N-uptake by rice plant and negatively effect on carbohydrates
mobilization and remobilization which decrease the grain yield as well as
harvest index. These findings agreed with those obtained by Chamen and
Parkin (1995) and Abdul Baset et al., (2012).
C) Rice cultivars
In addition, highly significant differences among mean values of
harvest index were obtained as affected by rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively as shown in Table (6). In respect to harvest index, the
rice cultivars ranged as follow; Sakha 101, Hybrid 1, Giza 178 and Sakha
104 in both seasons. This could be attributed to the genetic variations and its
effects on grain and biomass yield hence, Sakha 101 yielded relatively higher
grain yield with the lowest biomass, which resulted the highest harvest index
(42.25 and 43.15 %). On the other hand, Sakha 104 recorded the lowest
harvest index (38.13 and 38.80 %), that is because of its low grain yield with
high straw yield in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. These variations in
harvest index may be due to more efficient in transfer of photosynthate to the
grain (economic yield) in high yielding varieties, while low harvest index
was due to Poor grain yield and low indicating minimum translocation of
assimilates to the grains. These findings are in the same trend with those
obtained by Chamen and Parkin (1995), Abd Allah et al., (2010) and
Abdul Baset et al., (2012).
The interaction
Significant interaction between irrigation regimes and tillage systems
(AxB) was recorded for harvest index in 2011 season. Figure (22) showed
significant difference between the two tillage systems under drought stress
conditions (8 days) where, conventional tillage (CT) was better than no
71
tillage (NT) in 2011 season. Meanwhile, no significant differences were
found under 4 and 6 days irrigation regimes in both seasons. It is may be due
to the tilled soil allowed the roots to easily penetrate the soil and grow deeper
compared with no tillage particularly under drought stress conditions (8
days), consequently increase number of filled grains/panicle and pacnicle
weight as well as grain yield, which increase the harvest index (Chamen and
Parkin 1995).
Figure (22): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for harvest index (%) in 2011 season.
Figure (23): Harvest index as affected by the interaction between
irrigation regimes and rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
NT 43.47 43.16 34.89
CT 43.34 43.31 37.09
Harvest Index (%) 2011
LSD 0.05 = 1.13
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 41.50 44.02 41.18
Giza 178 42.92 43.18 36.61
Sakha 104 42.51 41.58 30.29
Sakha 101 46.71 44.17 35.87
Harvest Index (%) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 2.37
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 41.92 44.36 41.33
Giza 178 43.68 43.17 37.88
Sakha 104 43.81 40.34 32.24
Sakha 101 47.43 45.59 36.45
Harvest Index (%) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 1.97
71
Further, Figure (23) indicated that, highly significant interaction
effects between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) on harvest index
were found in both seasons, indicating that both factors works together on the
performance of this character. Sakha 101 performance in the harvest index
sharply changed from the highest values (46.71 and 47.43%) under 4 days
irrigation regime to very low values (35.87 and 36.45%) under 8 days
irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. That may be
reflect highly reduction in grain yield, which show highly sensitivity of
Sakha 101 to drought stress compared with the other cultivars under study.
On the opposite, Sakha 104 had the lowest values (30.29 and 32.24%) of
harvest index under irrigation every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. In other direction, Hybrid 1 and Giza 178 resulted the highest
harvest index (44.02 and 44.36) under 6 days, followed by 4 days irrigation
regimes in both seasons, that is may due to the large vegetation growth
(Biomass) under continuous irrigation (4 days) in compared to grain yield in
both seasons. These findings agreed with those obtained by Gaballah (2009),
Abd Allah et al., (2010), Abdul Baset et al., (2012) and Mousa (2014).
V. Water relations.
1- Reduction percentage (RP %)
Data in Table (7) showed reduction percentage (%) as influenced by
irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as
their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Table (7) illustrated that, highly significant differences were found in
reduction percentage among irrigation regimes in both seasons. The mean
values of reduction percentage increased from 3.57% to 30.04% and from
5.14% to 26.21% when irrigation regimes increased from 6 to 8 days in 2011
and 2012 seasons, respectively. In other words, water saving under 6 days
irrigation regime was on average 24% with yield reductions of (3.57 % and
5.14%), while the yield reductions reached (30.04% and 26.21%) with water
saving was about 36% under 8 days irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012
72
seasons, respectively. These results may be due to highly reduction in grain
yield under irrigation every 8 days, in compared to irrigation every 4 days.
These results are in harmony with those obtained by Bouman and Tuong
(2001), Ghanem and Ebaid (2001) Zinolabedin, et al., (2008). They
concluded that the reduction of grain yield largely resulted from the reduction
in fertile panicles and filled grain percentage.
B) Tillage systems
Regarding reduction percentage, there were significant differences
between tillage systems in 2011 season, while no significant differences were
found in the second season as shown in Table (7). Where, conventional
tillage (CT) gave the lowest value (10.40 %), whereas no tillage increased the
reduction percentage to (12.01 %).
C) Rice cultivars
Data in Table (7) revealed highly significant differences in reduction
percentage between tested rice cultivars in both seasons. No significant
differences were found between Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 where, the mean
values ranged as follow; 14.47 and 12.50 in 2011 season and 12.90 and 11.96
in 2012 season, respectively. On the other side, Hybrid 1 gave the lowest
values (7.48 and 7.10) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Meanwhile,
no significant differences were observed between Hybrid 1 and Giza 178 in
both seasons. These findings may reflect the highly sensitivity of Sakha 104
and Sakha 101 to drought stress which cased yield reduction, in compared to
the other cultivars under study. These results were consistent with those
obtained by Ndjionjop et al. (2010). They found that, the grain yield showed
the clearest differences among genotype-tolerance levels in the genetic
material evaluated.
73
Table (7): Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars (C)
and their interactions on reduction percentage (%), drought sensitivity index and
water use efficiency (WUE = (Kg./m3)) of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178 Sakha 104
and Sakha 101 rice cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
Reduction percentage
(%)
Drought sensitivity
index
WUE
(Kg./m3)
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
A - Irrig. Regimes
a1 - 4 Days
a2 - 6 Days
a3 - 8 Days
0.00 c
3.57 b
30.04 a
0.00 c
5.14 b
26.21 a
0.00 c
0.04 b
0.30 a
0.00 c
0.05 b
0.26 a
0.71c
0.90 a
0.75 b
0.76 c
0.94 a
0.83 b
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
3.81
-
2.34
-
0.04
-
0.02
-
0.04
-
0.03
B- Tillage systems
b1 – Conventional tillage
b2 – No tillage
10.40 b
12.01 a
10.12
10.78
0.10 b
0.12 a
0.10
0.11
0.80 a
0.77 b
0.85 a
0.83 b
Ftest * NS * NS * *
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
1.52
-
-
-
0.02
-
-
-
0.02
-
0.01
-
C- Rice cultivars
c1 - Hybrid 1
c2 - Giza 178
c3 - Sakha 104
c4 - Sakha 101
7.84 c
9.92 bc
14.47 a
12.5 ab
7.10 c
8.94 bc
12.90 a
11.96 ab
0.08 c
0.10 b
0.14 a
0.13 a
0.08 c
0.09 b
0.13 a
0.12 a
0.88 a
0.79 b
0.71 d
0.75 c
0.93 a
0.85 b
0.77 d
0.81 c
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.01
-
3.15
-
2.95
-
0.03
-
0.03
-
0.03
-
0.03
Interaction:
Ftest (A × B)
*
NS
*
NS
NS
NS
Ftest (A × C) ** ** ** ** ** **
Ftest (B × C) NS NS NS NS NS NS
Ftest (A × B × C) NS NS NS NS NS NS
(NS) = Not Significant, (*) = Significant at 0.05 and (**) = Significant at 0.01 level of
probability.
Means followed by the same letters are not significant.
WUE = Water Use Efficiency.
74
The interaction
Data in Table (7) showed significant interaction between irrigation
regimes and tillage systems (AxB) in 2011 season, whereas the interaction
between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) was highly significant for
reduction percentage in both seasons.
Figure (24): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (b) for reduction percentage (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
As shown in Figure (24), the yield reduction percentage was very
high under irrigation every 8 days, where the mean values were reached
(27.67 and 31.75 %) with conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage system
(NT) in 2011 season, respectively. On the other side, there were insignificant
differences between the mean values (3.50 and 3.83 %) of reduction
percentage as affected by conventional tillage and no tillage under irrigation
every 6 days, respectively.
As shown in Figure (25), irrigation every 8 days cased the highest
values of reduction percentage (38.66 and 32.21 %) with Sakha 104,
followed by Sakha 101 (33.08 and 31.73 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between the
two cultivars in both seasons. In general, no significant differences among
rice cultivars were found in under 6 days in both seasons. On the other hand,
Giza 178 gave the lowest values of reduction percentage (1.95 and 3.82 %)
under irrigation every 6 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. It can
0.00
20.00
40.00
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
3.83
31.75
3.50
27.67
Reduction percentage (%) 2011
LSD 0.05 = 2.63
NT
CT
75
be concluded as that; the variation among rice cultivars in reduction
percentage can be appeared only under 8 days irrigation regimes, that may be
due to highly shortage of the grain yield under irrigation every 8 days,
particularly for Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 rice cultivars. In other words,
Hybrid 1 gave the lowest values of reduction percentage (20.59 and 17.91 %)
under irrigation every 8 days, which showed more tolerant to drought in
compared to the other cultivars, It may be due to the hybrid vigor. These
findings are in agreement with those obtained by Gaballah (2009) and
Naoki and Toshihiro (2009). Further explanation, De Datta et al., (1973 a
and b) concluded that, large varietal differences in grain yield exist under
aerobic conditions.
Figure (25): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for reduction percentage (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
2- Drought sensitivity index (DSI)
Data in Table (7) showed drought sensitivity index (DSI) as
influenced by irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars
(C) as well as their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Evidently, Table (7) indicated showed highly significant differences
in drought sensitivity index (DSI) among irrigation regimes in both seasons.
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 0.00 2.93 20.59
Giza 178 0.00 1.95 27.83
Sakha 104 0.00 4.75 38.66
Sakha 101 0.00 4.67 33.08
Reduction percentage (%) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 5.45
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 0.00 6.08 17.91
Giza 178 0.00 3.82 23.01
Sakha 104 0.00 6.50 32.21
Sakha 101 0.00 4.14 31.73
Reduction percentage (%) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 5.11
76
The mean values of DSI increased from 0.04 to 0.30 and from 0.05 to 0.26
when irrigation regimes increased from 6 to 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. These results may be due to highly reduction in the productivity
under drought (8 days), compared with irrigation every 4 days. These results
are in harmony with those reported by Awad (2001), Ghanem and Ebaid
(2001) Gaballah (2009), Abd Allah et al., (2010) and El-Refaee (2012).
B) Tillage systems
Data in Table (7) revealed significant in DSI differences between the
two tillage systems in 2011 season. The highest value (0.12) was recorded by
no tillage, while conventional tillage gave the lowest value (0.10) in 2011
season. That may be reflects the important role of conventional tillage in
minimizing the rice sensitivity to drought throw increasing root volume and
length as well as yield and its components. In contrast, no significant
differences were found in 2012 season. These results are in harmony with
those reported by Chamen and Parkin (1995) and Kato et al., (2007), they
reported that no-tillage led to reduced rice yield in comparison with the
conventional planting system.
C) Rice cultivars
Data in Table (7) revealed highly significant differences in DSI
among tested rice cultivars in both seasons. No significant differences were
found between Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 where, the mean values ranged as
follow; 0.14 and 0.13 in the first season and 0.13 and 0.12 in second season,
respectively. In contrary, Hybrid 1 gave the lowest values (0.08 and 0.08) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, no significant differences
were observed between Hybrid 1 and Giza 178 in the second season. These
findings may reflect the highly sensitivity of Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 to
drought stress compared with the other cultivars under study. These results
were consistent with those obtained by Shi, et al., (2002), Mousa (2008),
Gaballah (2009), Abd Allah et al., (2010) and Mousa (2014).
77
The interaction
Figure (26): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and tillage
systems (B) for drought sensitivity index in 2011 season.
Significant interaction between irrigation regimes and tillage systems
(AxB) was recorded for DSI in 2011 season. Figure (26) showed significant
difference between the two tillage systems under drought stress conditions (8
days) where, no tillage increased the mean value of DSI up to 0.32 compared
with 0.28 was obtained from conventional tillage in 2011 season. Meanwhile,
no significant differences were found between the two tillage systems under
6 days irrigation regimes in both seasons. It is may due to the tilled soil allow
the roots to easily penetrate and grow deeper under drought stress conditions
(8 days) and help rice plants to grow better then produce higher grain yield
under conventional tillage. These findings are in agreement with those
obtained by Xianjun et al., (2011).
From the data in Figure (27) it is worthy to note that, highly
significantly differences were found among the mean values of DSI as
affected by interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in
both seasons. Under irrigation every 8 days, Sakha 104 gave the highest
values (0.39 and 0.32), followed by Sakha 101 (0.33 and 0.32) in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found
between the two cultivars in the second season. In general, no significant
differences among rice cultivars were found in under 6 days in both seasons.
On the other hand, Giza 178 recorded the lowest values (0.02 and 0.04) under
irrigation every 6 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. The results
can be concluded as follow; the drought sensitivity variation among rice
NT CT
0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04
0.32 0.28
Drought sensitivity index 2011
4 Days
6 Days
8 Days
LSD 0.05 = 0.03
78
cultivars can be appeared only under 8 days irrigation regimes, where Hybrid
1 gave the best lowest values of DSI under irrigation every 8 days. In other
words, Hybrid 1 was more tolerant to drought in compared to the other
cultivars. It may be due to the hybrid vigor. These findings are in agreement
with those obtained by Gaballah (2009). Further explanation, concluded that,
large varietal differences in grain yield exist under aerobic conditions.
Figure (27): Drought susceptible index of Egyptian hybrid 1, Sakha 104,
Sakha 101 and Giza 178 rice cultivars as affected by irrigation regimes
in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
10- Water use efficiency (kg/m3)
Data in Table (7) showed water use efficiency (WUE) as influenced
by irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) as well as
their interactions in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Evidently, Table (7) indicated that, highly significant differences were
found among irrigation regimes in WUE in both seasons. Where, increasing
irrigation regimes from 4 to 6 days increased the mean values of WUE,
consequently the highest values (0.90 and 0.94 kg/m3) were obtained under
irrigation every 6 days, followed by irrigation every 8 days which recorded
(0.75 and 0.83 kg/m3). However, irrigation every 4 days recorded the lowest
H 1 Giza178
Sakha104
Sakha101
0.03 0.02 0.05 0.05
0.21
0.28
0.39
0.33
Drought sensitivity index
2011
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
LSD 0.01 = 0.06
H 1 Giza178
Sakha104
Sakha101
0.06 0.04 0.07
0.04
0.18 0.23
0.32 0.32
Drought sensitivity index
2012
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
LSD0.01 = 0.05
79
values (0.71 and 0.76 kg/m3) in both seasons, respectively. The irrigation
every 6 days caused progressive reduction in grain yield, with a marked
decrease in water losses throw seepage, percolation and evaporation. Shi, et
al., (2002) stated that, WUE was higher in the dry-cultivation treatment since
yields decreased relatively less than the supply of irrigation water. These
results are in agreement with those obtained by Awad (2001), Singh, et al.
(2010), El-Refaee (2012) and Mousa (2014).
B) Tillage systems
Data in Table (7) revealed significant differences between the two
tillage systems in WUE kg/m3 in both seasons. The highest values (0.80 and
0.85 kg/m3) were detected by conventional tillage (CT) compared with no
tillage (NT) which gave 0.77 and 0.83 kg/m3 in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Bhattacharyya et al (2008) and Devkota et al., (2010) found
that the conventional tillage showed significant positive effect on the grain
yield and its components particularly under water deficit conditions while, no
significant effect of tillage under flooded condition. These results can be
concluded as that, conventional tillage helps the rice plants to grow better
throw improving the soil structure which allows roots to grow deeper and
absorb more available water. That leads to produce higher grain yield as well
as WUE compared with no tillage.
C) Rice cultivars
Regarding to rice cultivars effect, data in Table (7) revealed highly
significant differences between tested rice cultivars in WUE kg/m3 in both
seasons. Hybrid1 recorded the highest values (0.88 and 0.93 kg/m3), followed
by Giza 178 while Sakha 104 gave the lowest values (0.71 and 0.77 kg/m) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. This may be due to high productivity of
Hybrid 1 and Sakha 178 which is linked with genetic variation among rice
cultivars. These results were consistent with those obtained by Shi et al.,
(2002), Gaballah (2009), Abd Allah et al., (2010) and Mousa (2014).
81
The interaction
Figure (28): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for water use efficiency (WUE=kg/m3) in 2011 and 2012
seasons.
From the data in Figure (28) it is worthy to note that, water use
efficiency (WUE = kg/m3) was significantly affected by the interaction
between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in both seasons. Under
irrigation every 6 days, Hybrid 1 gave the highest values (0.97 and 1.01
kg/m3), followed by Giza 178 and Sakha 101 in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between Giza
178 and Sakha 101 under both 4 and 6 irrigation regimes in both seasons. On
the other hand, Sakha 104 recorded the lowest values (0.62 and 0.71 kg/m3)
under irrigation every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. In
addition, Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 gave higher WUE under 4 days in
compared to 8 days as a response to the shortage in grain yield under water
deficit conditions (8 days).These findings are in agreement with those
obtained by Gaballah (2009), Abd Allah et al., (2010) and Mousa (2014).
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 0.76 0.97 0.91
Giza 178 0.70 0.90 0.77
Sakha 104 0.68 0.84 0.62
Sakha 101 0.70 0.87 0.69
Water Use Effeciency (kg/m3) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 0.06
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 0.81 1.01 0.98
Giza 178 0.75 0.94 0.86
Sakha 104 0.71 0.88 0.71
Sakha 101 0.75 0.94 0.76
Water Use Effeciency (kg/m3) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 0.05
81
VI. Grain quality characters.
1- Hulling (%)
The results in Table (8) summarized the effect of different irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) on hulling (%) as well
as their interactions during 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Table (8) showed highly significant differences among the mean
values of hulling (%) as affected by irrigation regimes in both seasons.
Where, highest values (79.53 and 79.43 %) were recorded by 6 days
irrigation regimes while, the lowest values (78.35 and 78.38 %) were
obtained by 4 days irrigation regimes. These findings could be attributed to
sink source relationship, where number of productive tillers/m2 and number
of grains/panicle increased under irrigation every 4 days to the limit which
negatively effected on grain filling. As a direct result, hulling (%) decreased
under irrigation every 4 days. These findings are in agreement with Nour et
al., (1994), El-Refaee (2005a) and Mousa (2014).
B) Tillage systems
Data in Table (8) revealed no significant differences between tillage
systems for hulling (%) in both seasons.
C) Rice cultivars
Obviously, data in Table (8) indicated the existence of highly
significant difference between rice cultivars in both seasons. Sakha104 gave
the highest values (80.20 and 80.12 %), followed by Sakha101. However,
Hybrid1 recorded the lowest values (77.28 and 77.22 %) in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. These results may be due to rice varietal differences
and genetic background of each cultivar. These results are in harmony with
the data obtained by Zayed (2002) and El-Dalil (2007).
82
(NS) = Not Significant, (*) = Significant at 0.05 and (**) = Significant at 0.01 level of
probability.
Means followed by the same letters are not significant.
Table (8): Effect of irrigation regimes (A), tillage systems (B), rice cultivars
(C) and their interactions on hulling (%), milling (%) and head rice (%) of
Egyptian Hybrid 1, Sakha 104, Sakha 101 and Giza 178 rice cultivars in 2011
and 2012 seasons.
Hulling (%) Milling (%) Head rice (%)
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
A - Irrig. Regimes
a1 - 4 Days
a2 - 6 Days
a3 - 8 Days
78.35 b
79.53 a
79.24 a
78.38 b
79.43 a
79.10 a
70.17 b
71.09 a
70.88 a
70.05 b
70.95 a
70.75 a
63.45 c
64.72 a
64.56 b
63.40 c
64.74 a
63.95 b
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.05
-
0.39
-
0.33
-
0.29
-
0.29
-
0.13
-
0.31
B- Tillage systems
b1 – Conventional tillage
b2 – No tillage
79.10
78.99
78.99
78.96
70.75
70.68
70.62
70.55
64.33
64.16
64.12 a
63.94 b
Ftest NS NS NS NS NS *
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.05
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.15
-
C- Rice cultivars
c1 - Hybrid 1
c2 - Giza 178
c3 - Sakha 104
c4 - Sakha 101
77.28 d
78.96 c
80.20 a
79.73 b
77.22 d
78.84 c
80.12 a
79.71 b
68.94 d
70.62 c
71.92 a
71.39 b
68.81 d
70.49 c
71.79 a
71.26 b
64.87 b
62.45 d
63.42 c
66.24 a
64.72 b
62.20 d
63.18 c
66.01 a
Ftest ** ** ** ** ** **
L.S.D0.05
L.S.D0.05
-
0.30
-
0.29
-
0.28
-
0.28
-
0.35
-
0.32
Interaction:
Ftest (A × B)
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Ftest (A × C) ** ** ** ** ** **
Ftest (B × C) NS NS NS NS NS NS
Ftest (A × B × C) NS NS NS NS NS NS
83
The interaction
Results in Figure (29) showed highly significant interaction between
irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) for hulling (%) in both seasons.
The highest values (80.67 and 80.53 %) were recorded by Sakha104 when
rice plants were irrigated every 6, while Hybrid1 with irrigation every 4 days
recorded the lowest value (76.61 and 76.70 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. That may be due to the continuous translocation of
carbohydrates from source to sink under irrigation every 6 days, which led to
proper grain filling.
Figure (29): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for hulling (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
2- Milling (%)
The results in Table (8) summarized the effect of different irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) on milling (%) as well
as their interactions during 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Regarding milling (%), results in Table (8) revealed highly significant
differences among irrigation regimes. Where irrigation every 6 days attained
the highest values (71.09 and 70.95 %) while irrigation every 4 days recorded
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 76.61 78.14 77.09
Giza 178 78.51 79.22 79.14
Sakha 104 79.31 80.67 80.63
Sakha 101 78.99 80.09 80.11
Hulling (%) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 0.52
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 76.70 78.00 76.96
Giza 178 78.42 79.08 79.00
Sakha 104 79.35 80.53 80.49
Sakha 101 79.03 80.12 79.97
Hulling (%) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 0.50
84
the lowest values (70.17 and 70.05 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. These results are in harmony with the data obtained by El-
Refaee et al., (2005a), El-Agamy, et al., (2007), El-Dalil (2007) and Mousa
(2014).
B) Tillage systems
Regarding to milling (%), data in Table (8) revealed no significant
differences between tillage systems in both seasons.
C) Rice cultivars
Data in Table (8) indicated that there were highly significant
differences among tested rice cultivars in milling (%) in both seasons.
Sakha104 recorded the highest values (71.92 and 71.79 %), followed by
Sakha101 while, Hybrid1 recorded the lowest values (68.94 and 68.81 %) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. these results may be due to the genetic
background of these rice cultivars. These results are in harmony with those
obtained by Mousa (2008) and Mousa (2014).
The interaction
Figure (30): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for milling (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 68.38 69.70 68.73
Giza 178 70.28 70.78 70.78
Sakha 104 71.25 72.23 72.27
Sakha 101 70.77 71.65 71.75
Milling (%) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 0 .48
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 68.26 69.56 68.60
Giza 178 70.16 70.64 70.65
Sakha 104 71.13 72.09 72.14
Sakha 101 70.65 71.51 71.62
Milling (%) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 0.48
85
Data in Figure (30) revealed highly significant effects on milling %
by the interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in
2011 and 2012 seasons. Sakha104 recorded the highest value (72.27 and
72.14 %) when it was irrigated every 6 or 8 days while the lowest milling %
(68.38 and 68.26 %) was recorded when Hybrid1 was irrigated every 4 days
in both season, respectively. Generally, Hybrid1 significantly decreased
when irrigation regimes increased from 6 to 8 meanwhile, no significant
change in Sakha101, Sakha104 and Giza178 milling % when the rice plants
irrigated every 6 or 8 days in both seasons.
3- Head rice percentage
The results in Table (8) summarized the effect of different irrigation
regimes (A), tillage systems (B) and rice cultivars (C) on head rice (%) as
well as their interactions during 2011 and 2012 seasons.
A) Irrigation regimes
Data in Table (8) indicated the existence of highly significant
differences among irrigation regimes in head rice (%) in 2011 and 2012
seasons. Irrigation every 6 days recorded the highest values (64.72 and 64.74
%) while the lowest values (63.45 and 63.40 %) were recorded by irrigation
every 4 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. This increase as a result
of the drought conditions happened during grain maturity which caused high
percentage of cracks in the endosperm. Accordingly, the hardness of the grain
decreased and those grains with degree of cracking eventually break up in the
milling process (El Dalil 2007). On the other hand, Nour et al., (1997)
reported that head rice percentage had no response to the irrigation regimes in
spite it was reduced as irrigation regimes increased but this reduction was not
significant.
B) Tillage systems.
Data in Table (8) revealed significant increase in head rice (%)
(64.12%) under conventional tillage (CT) in in compared to no tillage (NT)
(63.94%) in the second season. These findings are in agreement with Zein
EL-Din et al., (2008) who concluded that The highest head rice and lowest
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broken rice percentage were recorded in conventional tillage treatment (CT)
compared to reduced tillage treatment. In contrast, no significant differences
were found between tillage systems in the first season.
C) Rice cultivars
Regarding the effect of rice cultivars on head rice (%) data in Table
(8) showed highly significant differences between tested rice cultivars in the
two seasons. Where, Sakha 101 rice cultivar achieved the highest values
(66.24 and 66.01 %) followed by Hybrid 1 while Giza 178 attained the
lowest values (62.45 and 62.20 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
That may be due to varietal differences. These findings are in agreement with
El-Dalil (2007) and Mousa (2014).
The interaction
Figure (31): The interaction between irrigation regimes (A) and rice
cultivars (C) for head rice (%) in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
In Figure (31) head rice (%) was highly affected by the interaction
between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars (AxC) in both seasons. Under
irrigation every 8 days, Sakha 101 rice cultivar recorded the highest value of
head rice (%) (66.92 %) in the first season, while in the second season; Sakha
101 recorded the highest values (66.56 %) under irrigation every 6 days.
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 64.15 65.76 64.70
Giza 178 62.00 62.61 62.73
Sakha 104 62.49 63.88 63.88
Sakha 101 65.17 66.64 66.92
Head Rice (%) 2011
LSD 0.01 = 0.60
4 Days 6 Days 8 Days
H 1 64.17 65.91 64.09
Giza 178 61.87 62.61 62.12
Sakha 104 62.39 63.88 63.27
Sakha 101 65.15 66.56 66.31
Head Rice (%) 2012
LSD 0.01 = 0.56
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Meanwhile, the mean values of head rice (%) in Sakha 101 insignificantly
changed when irrigation regimes increased from 6 to 8 days in both seasons.
In contrast, the lowest value (62.00 and 61.87 %) was recorded when Giza
178 was irrigated every 4 days. That may be due to higher broken rice
percentages for both Giza 178 and Sakha 104 cultivars. As a direct result,
head rice (%) decreased under irrigation every 4 days. These findings are in
agreement with those obtained by El Dalil (2007) and Mousa (2014).
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I. SUMMARY
Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm in
Itay El-Baroud Agricultural Research Station, El-Behaira Governorate,
Agricultural Research Center (ARC); during 2011 and 2012 seasons to
evaluate the performance of Egyptian Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and
Sakha 101 rice cultivars under different irrigation regimes i.e.; 6000, 4560
and 3840 m3/fad.. as irrigation every 4, 6 and 8 days, respectively and two
tillage systems (conventional and zero tillage).
A split-split-plot design with three replications in the two seasons of
study where; the main plot were designated for irrigation regimes, (equal
dose of water (180 m3/fad..) was added every 4, 6 and 8 days) while; sub-
plots were designated for the two tillage systems and sub-sub-plots were
designated for rice four cultivars (Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha
101).
In case of, irrigation every 4 days the total amount of water used was
6000 m3/fad../season. Consequently, irrigation every 6 days consumes 4562
m3/fad./season while, every 8 days consumes 3844 m
3/fad./season. These
means that, 6000 m3
of water consumed in total rice plant duration equal
100% consequently, 4562 m3
equal 76% while, 3844 m3
equal 64%.
Irrigation regimes No. of
irrigations
Water used
(m3/fad./season)
Water
saving
Irrigation eve ry 4 days (I4) 24 6000 m3/fad./season ــــــ
Irrigation every 6 days (I6) 16 4562 m3/fad./season 24 %
Irrigation every 8 days (I8) 12 3844 m3/fad./season 36 %
At the rate of 10 kg/fad. of hybrid rice seeds and 60 kg/fad. of the three
rice cultivars, the seeds were soaked in excess water for 24 hours then
incubated for 48 hours to enhance germination. Pre-transplanting, seeds were
handily broadcasted to the nursery in 10th
of May in both seasons. Thirty days
old seedlings were transplanted at 20×20 cm distance between hills and rows.
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All amounts of nitrogen fertilizer in the urea form (46.5% N) was
applied in two doses; (2/3) as basal application in the dry soil before flooding,
while the second dose (1/3) was applied 30 days after transplanting.
Studied characters
(A)- Vegetative growth characters
1. Root volume (cm3)
2. Root length (cm)
3. Root/shoot ratio
4. Number of days of heading
5. Plant height in (cm)
6. Flag leaf area (cm2)
(B)- Yield and its components
1. Number of productive tillers/m2
2. Number of filled grains/panicle
3. 1000-grain weight in (g)
4. Unfilled grain percentage
5. Panicle weight in (g).
6. Panicle length in (cm)
7. Biomass yield (ton/fed).
8. Grain yield (ton/fed).
9. Harvest index (%)
(C)- Water relations characters
1. Reduction percentage (%)
2. Drought sensitivity index
3. Water use efficiency in (kg/m3).
(D)- Grain quality characters
1. Hulling percentage (%)
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2. Milling percentage (%)
3. Head rice percentage (%)
The results will be summarized as follow:
A- Vegetative growth characters.
1- Root volume (cm3)
Highly significant differences in root volume were detected as
influenced by irrigation regimes, tillage systems and rice cultivars as well as
their interaction in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Root volume was increased
significantly as irrigation water quantities increased and irrigation regime
decreased. Hence, the largest root volume was found when the rice plants
irrigated every 4 days (in 6000 m3/fad. rate of irrigation water) on the
opposite, the lowest root volume was measured at 8 days irrigation regime (in
3844 m3/fad. rate of irrigation water). Concerning tillage systems, maximum
root volume was obtained under conventional tillage which ranged between
58.57 and 58.81 cm3 in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. However, the
minimum value of root volume was found when rice plants were transplanted
in to non-tillage soil (56.23 and 56.47 cm3) in both seasons, respectively. The
largest root volume was obtained by Hybrid 1 (70.72 and 70.69 cm3),
followed by Giza 178 (58.61 and 58.97 cm3) in both seasons. While, the
lowest value of root volume was obtained by Sakha 104 rice cultivar (49.02
and 49.34 cm3) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. The largest root
volume (79.80 and 80.67 cm3) was recorded by Hybrid 1 when the rice plants
irrigated every 4 days while, the lowest value of root volume was obtained by
Sakha 104 under 8 days irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. The highest value of root volume (66.42 cm3) was obtained
from conventional tillage under irrigation every 4 days and the lowest value
of root volume (45.67 cm3) was obtained from zero tillage under 8 days
irrigation regime. Largest values of root volume (80.69 and 82.13 cm3) were
recorded by Hybrid 1 under conventional tillage with 4 days irrigation regime
while, the lowest values of root volume (37.56 and 37.86 cm3) were obtained
by Sakha 104 under zero tillage with 8 days irrigation regime in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively.
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2-Root length (cm)
Highly significant differences in root length were detected as
influenced by irrigation regimes, tillage systems and rice cultivars as well as
their interaction in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Results showed highly significant
differences among the three irrigation regimes. Root length was significantly
increased as irrigation water quantities increased and irrigation regime
decreased. Hence, the longest root lengths (27.50 and 27.38 cm) were found
when the rice plants irrigated every 4 days, followed by (25.25 and 25.39 cm)
measured in 6 days irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
On the opposite, the shortest root system (18.69 and 18.84 cm) was measured
at 8 days irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Maximum
root lengths were obtained under conventional tillage which ranged between
24.56 and 24.59 cm in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. However, the
minimum values of root lengths were found when rice plants were
transplanted in untilled soil (23.06 and 23.15 cm) in both seasons,
respectively. The largest root lengths were obtained by Hybrid 1 (32.79 and
29.03 cm), followed by Giza 178 (24.49 and 24.52 cm) in both seasons.
While, the lowest values of root length were obtained by Sakha 104 rice
cultivar (20.50 and 20.64 cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Hybrid
1 was significantly surpassed the other rice cultivars in root length under the
three irrigation regimes, where recorded the longest root system (33.27 and
33.43 cm) under 4 days irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. While the shortest root lengths (16.12 and 16.54 cm) were
obtained by Sakha 104, followed by Sakha 101 (16.88 and 16.96 cm) under 8
days irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Giza 178
significantly surpassed Sakha 101 and Sakha 104 under all irrigation regimes
in both growing seasons. Despite, the highest values of root length were
recorded by conventional tillage with irrigation every 4 days, the positive
effect of conventional tillage on root length was clearly increased under 6
days irrigation regimes than 4 and 8 irrigation regimes in compared to zero
tillage in 2012 season.
3-Root/shoot ratio
Highly significant differences in root/shoot ratio were detected as
influenced by irrigation regimes, tillage systems and rice cultivars as well as
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their interaction in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Significant variations were found
in the root/shoot ratio where, the highest root/shoot ratios (0.703 and 0.702)
were found when the rice plants irrigated every 4 days, followed by (0.697
and 0.702) measured in 6 days irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. However there were no highly significant differences were
observed between 4 and 6 days irrigation regimes in 2012 season. On the
opposite, the lowest root/shoot ratios (0.641 and 0.649) were measured at 8
days irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. The highest
root/shoot ratio was obtained under conventional tillage which ranged
between 0.684 and 0.688 in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. However,
the lowest value of root/shoot ratio was found when rice plants were
transplanted in untilled soil (0.676 and 0.681) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. The highest values of root/shoot ratio were obtained by Hybrid
1 (0.720 and 0.725), followed by Giza 178 (0.707 and 0.713) in both seasons,
respectively. While, the lowest values of root/shoot ratio were obtained by
Sakha 104 rice cultivar (0.622 and 0.628) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Hybrid 1 recorded the highest values of root/shoot ratio (0.727
and 0.733) under 6 irrigation regime in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
On the other hand, Sakha 104 was severely affected under 8 days irrigation
regimes compared with the other irrigation regimes, where, the lowest
root/shoot ratio (0.508 and 0.522) was obtained by Sakha 104 under 8 days
irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
4-Number of days to heading (days)
Highly significant differences were found among irrigation regimes
on heading date in both seasons, where irrigation every 8 days delayed
heading date up to (110.33 and 110.71 days) while irrigation every 4 days
recorded the shortest period (105.75 and 105.25 days) from sowing to 50 %
heading in 2011 and 2012 seasons respectively. In addition, tillage systems
showed significant effect on days to heading in both seasons, where
conventional tillage recorded the shortest period (107.89 and 107.64 days)
while zero tillage delayed heading date up to (108.53 and 108.11days) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. The effect of rice cultivars showed
highly significant differences on days to heading in both seasons. The longest
periods from sowing up to 50 % heading (114.00 and 114.00 days) were
recorded by Sakha101 rice variety, however Sakha 104 rice variety recorded
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the shortest periods (103.83 and 103.28 days) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. The longest period was recorded by Sakha 101 (116.67 days)
when irrigated every 8 days but the shortest period was recorded by Sakha
104 (100.67 days) under 4 days irrigation regime in 2011 growing season.
5- Plant height (cm)
The effect of irrigation regimes on plant height (cm) was highly
significant in the two seasons of study. Where, irrigation every 4 days
recorded the highest values (105.08 and 106.08 cm), followed by irrigation
every 6 days (99.17 and 100.04 cm). On the contrary, irrigation every 8 days
recorded the lowest values (93.00 and 91.00 cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. In addition, significant effect of the two tillage systems was
found on plant height (cm). The tallest plants were recorded under
conventional tillage (99.08 and 100.42 cm), while the shortest plants (97.75
and 99.00 cm) were recorded under zero tillage in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Regarding the rice cultivars performance, highly significant
differences were observed in plant height among the four rice cultivars under
study in both seasons. Sakha 104 recorded the highest values (105.83 and
106.61 cm), followed by Hybrid 1 (103.67 and 105.17 cm) without
significant differences in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. On the
contrary, Sakha 101 recorded the lowest values (89.22 and 90.33 cm) in 2011
and 2012 seasons, respectively. The interaction between irrigation regimes
and rice cultivars was significant on plant height (cm) in both seasons where,
Sakha 104 under irrigation every 4 days recorded the highest value (114.00
and 115.00 cm) whereas irrigation every 8 days with Sakha 101 recorded the
lowest value (81.00 and 83.00 cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
Also, plant height was significantly affected by the interaction between
tillage systems and irrigation regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Where, the
highest values of plant height were recorded under 4 days irrigation regimes
with no significant differences between the conventional and zero tillage
(105.00 cm and 106 cm) in both seasons, respectively. On the other hand,
zero tillage was recorded the lowest value of plant height (89.58 and 91.58
cm) under 8 days irrigation regime in both seasons, respectively.
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6- Flag leaf area (cm2)
Highly significant differences between the mean values of flag leaf
area (cm2) were estimated in both seasons as affected by different irrigation
regimes. Where, irrigation every 4 days recorded the highest values (30.46
and 30.58 cm2), while; irrigation every 8 days recorded the lowest values
(21.56 and 21.72 cm2) in the two seasons, respectively. In addition,
significant differences between the mean values of flag leaf area (cm2) were
estimated in both seasons as affected by different tillage systems. Where,
conventional tillage recorded the highest values (27.29 and 27.47 cm2), while
zero tillage recorded the lowest values (26.93 and 27.07cm2) in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. Obviously, highly significant differences in flag
leaf area (cm2) among Hybrid 1, Giza 178 and both Sakha 104 and Sakha 101
rice cultivars, while, no significant differences were observed between the
last two rice cultivars in both seasons. Where, the largest values of flag leaf
area (29.90 and 30.03 cm2) were recorded by Hybrid 1, followed by Giza 178
(28.69 and 28.87 cm2). On the contrary, the lowest values of flag leaf area
were obtained by Sakha 101 (24.79 and 24.97 cm2) in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. Significant interaction between irrigation regimes and
rice cultivars were observed in 2011 and 2012 seasons, where Hybrid 1
recorded the highest values of flag leaf area (33.24 and 33.36 cm2), followed
by Giza 178 (32.23 and 32.30 cm2) under irrigation every 4 days, while,
Sakha 101 under irrigation every 8 days recorded the lowest values of flag
leaf area (19.35 and 19.56 cm2) in 2022 and 2013 seasons, respectively. In
addition, Flag leaf area was significantly differed by the interaction between
irrigation regimes and tillage systems in both seasons. It is important to
mention that, there were no significant differences between conventional and
zero tillage systems under continuous flooded conditions (4 days irrigation
regimes) while, conventional tillage significantly increased flag leaf area
values under both 6 and 8 irrigation regimes compared with zero tillage.
Hence the highest values of flag leaf area was recorded by conventional and
zero tillage systems under 4 days irrigation regimes in both seasons, the
values ranged from 30.41 to 30.51 cm2 and from 30.58 to 30.59 cm
2 in both
seasons, respectively. While, the lowest values of flag leaf area (21.90 and
22.11 cm2) were obtained from zero tillage under 8 days irrigation regimes in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
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B- Yield and its components.
1- Number of productive tillers/m2
Highly significant differences were found between irrigation regimes
on number of productive tillers/m2 where, negative effect on number of
productive tillers/m2 was found when irrigation regimes were prolonged to 8
days. Irrigation every 4 days recorded the highest number of productive
tillers/m2 (723.77 and 730.60), followed by irrigation every 6 days (700.08
and 706.38) Meanwhile; no significant differences were observed between
irrigation every 4 and 6 days in 2012 season. On the contrary, irrigation every
8 days resulted the lowest values of number of productive tillers/m2 (465.78
and 456.78) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Also, significant
differences were existed between conventional and zero tillage on number of
productive tillers/m2 in 2011 season, while no significant effect was found in
the second season. Where, conventional tillage resulted the highest values
(635.24) in 2011 seasons, whereas the lowest number of productive tillers/m2
were under zero tillage. Regarding rice cultivars performance, highly
significant differences among rice cultivars under study were observed in
number of productive tillers/m2 in both seasons. Hybrid 1 significantly
surpassed the other rice cultivars in number of productive tillers/m2
(665.57)
in 2011 seasons while no significant differences were found among Hybrid 1,
Giza 178 and Sakha 101 in the second season. The lowest values of
productive tillers number were obtained by Sakha 104 (572.07 and 557.74) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Concerning the interaction between
irrigation regimes and rice cultivars, highly significant variations were found
for number of productive tillers/m2 in both seasons. The largest number of
productive tillers/m2 (746.81 and 755.14) was produced by Hybrid 1 under
irrigation every 4 days irrigation regimes. On the other hand, the lowest
numbers of productive tillers/m2 (401.41 and 339.91) were obtained by Sakha
104 when rice plants were irrigated every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively.
2- Number of filled grains/panicle.
Concerning the effect of irrigation regimes, data in Table (5) revealed
that, number of filled grains per panicle was significantly affected by
irrigation regimes in both seasons. Irrigation every 4 days recorded the
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highest number of filled grains / panicle (134.33) in the first season, while;
irrigation every 6 days produced the highest number of filled grains / panicle
(136.38) in the second season. Meanwhile, no significant differences were
found between irrigation every 4 and 6 days in both seasons. On the other
hand, irrigation every 8 days recorded the lowest number of filled grains /
panicle (102.29 and 102.63) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
Significant differences were existed between conventional and zero tillage on
number of filled grains / panicle in 2012 season, while no significant effect
was found for the same trait in 2011 season. Where, conventional tillage
resulted the highest values (125.67) in 2012 seasons while, the lowest
number of filled grains / panicle (124.44) recorded under zero tillage. Highly
significant differences also were observed between tested rice cultivars on
number of filled grains / panicle in both seasons. Hybrid 1 produced the
highest number of filled grains / panicle (149.06 and 150.22), followed by
Giza 178 then Sakha 101 while, Sakha 104 recorded the lowest values
(112.94 and 114.72) in 2012 and 2013 seasons, respectively. In addition,
number of filled grains / panicle significantly differed by the interaction
between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars in both season, where Hybrid 1
achieved the highest number of filled grains / panicle (163.33 and 165.33)
when the plants irrigated every 6 days while; the lowest values (77.50 and
78.17) were recorded by Sakha 104 with 8 days irrigation regimes in 2011
and 2012 seasons, respectively.
3- 1000-grain weight (g)
Highly significant differences were found among irrigation regimes in
1000-grain weight in both seasons. Where, the highest values (23.87 and
24.04 g) were recorded by 4 days, followed by 6 days irrigation regimes. On
the other hand, irrigation every 8 days gave the lowest values of 1000-grain
weight (21.39 and 21.49 g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
Regarding tillage systems effect, no significant differences were recorded
between conventional and zero tillage on 1000-grain weight in both seasons.
Highly significant differences were observed among the four rice cultivars
under study on 1000-grain weight. Sakha 101 rice cultivar recorded the
highest values (24.79 and 24.94 g), followed by Sakha 104, while Giza 178
recorded the lowest values (20.59 and 20.76 g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. In addition, 1000-grain weight (g) significantly differed by the
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interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars in both seasons. The
highest values of 1000-grain weight (26.00 and 26.02 g) were obtained by
Sakha 101under irrigation every 4 day. On the other hand, the lowest values
(19.59 and 19.58 g) were obtained by Giza 178 with 8 days irrigation regimes
in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
4- Unfilled grains percentage. (%)
Concerning the effect of irrigation regimes, Significant effect was
found on unfilled grains % in both seasons, where irrigation every 8 days
recorded the highest values (9.68% and 9.64%), followed by irrigation every
6 days in the two seasons, respectively whereas the lowest values (7.83% and
7.87%) were recorded by irrigation every 4 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Regarding tillage systems, no significant difference were found
in unfilled grains % in both seasons. There were significant differences
among rice cultivars in unfilled grains % in both seasons. Sakha 104 recorded
the highest values (10.22% and 10.31%), followed by Sakha 101 while
Hybrid 1 recorded the lowest values (6.84% and 6.89%) in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. The interaction between irrigation regimes and rice
cultivars was significant on unfilled grains % in both seasons. Hybrid1 rice
variety attained the lowest values (5.33 and 5.33 %) when it was irrigated
every 5 days. On the other side, both Sakh 101 and Sakha 104 recorded the
highest values (10.93 and 11.00 %) when they were irrigated every 8 days in
2011 and 2012, respectively
5- Panicle weight (g)
Highly significant differences among irrigation regimes on panicle
weight in both seasons. Where, the highest values (3.07 and 3.08 g) were
recorded by 4 days, followed by 6 days irrigation regimes. On the other hand,
irrigation every 8 days gave the lowest values of panicle weight (3.37 and
2.31 g) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Furthermore, insignificant
differences were found between tillage systems on panicle weight in both
seasons. Regarding rice cultivars effect, highly significant differences among
rice cultivars where; Hybrid 1 recorded the highest values of panicle weight
(2.97 and 2.99 g), followed by Sakha 101. On the other hand; Sakha 104
recorded the lowest values of panicle weight (2.39 and 2.49 g) in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. Concerning interaction, panicle weight was
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significantly differed by the interaction between irrigation regimes and rice
cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Under irrigation every 4 days, Hybrid1
recorded the highest values (3.31 and 3.33 g), followed by Sakha 101,
conversely Sakha104 recorded the lowest values (2.11 and 2.27 g) when it
was irrigated every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
6- Panicle length (cm)
Highly significant differences were found among irrigation regimes in
panicle length in both seasons. Where, the highest values (21.83 and 22. 54
cm) were recorded by 4 days, followed by 6 days irrigation regimes. On the
other hand, irrigation every 8 days gave the lowest values of panicle length
(18.30 and 18.78 cm) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Furthermore,
no significant differences were found between tillage systems on panicle
length (cm) in both seasons. Regarding rice cultivars, highly significant
differences were found among rice cultivars where; Hybrid 1 recorded the
longest panicles (21.80 and 22.29 cm), on the other hand; Sakha 104
recorded the shortest panicles (19.29 and 19.88 cm) in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. In 2011 season, no significant difference was found
between Sakha 104 and Giza 178 rice cultivars. Concerning interaction,
panicle length was significantly differed by the interaction between irrigation
regimes and rice variety in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Under irrigation every 4
days, Hybrid1 recorded the highest values (23.83 and 24.39 cm), followed by
Sakha 101. Conversely, Sakha104 recorded the lowest values (17.36 and
17.71 cm) when it was irrigated every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. 1105382459780484
7- Biomass yield (ton/fad.).
Irrigation regimes highly significantly effected on biomass yield in
both seasons of study. It is evident that this character was decreased
significantly by prolonged irrigation regimes in the two seasons. The highest
values (9.78 and 10.27 ton/fad.) were detected at 4 days and it decreased
significantly at 6 or 8 days. Furthermore, significant differences were found
between tillage systems on biomass yield in the first season while,
insignificant differences were found in the second season. Where,
conventional tillage achieved the highest values (9.10 and 9.64 ton/fad.),
while the lowest values (8.99 and 9.53 ton/fad.) were recorded by zero tillage
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in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Biomass yield was significantly
affected by different rice cultivars in the two seasons of study, where the
cultivars are ranged as follow; Hybrid 1, Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 101
based on biomass productivity in both seasons. Hence, the highest values
(9.83 and 10.38 ton/fad.) were recorded by Hybrid 1, while; the lowest values
(8.43 and 8.93 ton/fad.) were obtained by Sakha 101 in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. Mainly, interaction between irrigation and rice
cultivars was significant in biomass yield (ton/fad.) in both seasons. Hybrid 1
produced the highest values of biomass yield (10.96 and 11.63 t/fad.),
followed by Giza 178 with Irrigation every 4 days. However, no highly
significant differences were observed between Giza 178 and Sakha 101 under
4 or 6 days irrigation regimes, while under 8 days irrigation regimes, Giza
178 significantly surpassed Sakha 101 in both seasons. On the contrary,
Sakha 101 with irrigation every 8 days recorded the lowest values (7.38 and
8.00 t/fad.) in both seasons. The interaction between irrigation regimes and
tillage systems where it has significant effect on biomass yield in 2012
season. Significant and positive change in biomass yield as affected by
conventional tillage under 8 days irrigation regimes meanwhile, no
significant effect were observed with irrigation 4 and 6 days.
8- Grain yield (ton/fad.).
Grain yield was significantly affected by irrigation regimes in both
seasons, where prolonged irrigation caused a remarkable reduction in grain
yield. Irrigation every 4 days achieved the highest grain yield (4.23 and 4.52
t/fad.), followed by irrigation every 6 days which yielded (4.08 and 4.30
t/fad.) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. On contrast, irrigation every 8
days recorded the lowest values (2.88 and 3.18 t/fad.) in the two seasons,
respectively. Furthermore, significant differences were found between tillage
systems on grain yield in both seasons. Where, the highest values (3.78 and
4.03 ton/fad.) were achieved by conventional tillage while, the lowest value
(3.68 and 3.97 ton/fad.) were recorded by zero tillage in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. Highly significant differences were found between
tested rice cultivars on grain yield t/fad., in both seasons. Hybrid1 rice variety
attained the highest grain yield (4.15 and 4.42 t/fad.), followed by Giza 178
while Sakha104 recorded the lowest values (3.42 and 3.66 t/fad.) in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. Mainly, interaction between irrigation and rice
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cultivars was highly significant for grain yield (ton/fad.) in both seasons.
Hybrid 1 produced the highest values of grain yield (4.55 and 4.88 t/fad.),
followed by Giza 178 with Irrigation every 4 days. In addition, no significant
differences were observed between Giza 178 and Sakha 101 under 4 or 6
days irrigation regimes, while under 8 days irrigation regimes, Giza 178
significantly surpassed Sakha 101 in both seasons. On the contrary, Sakha
104 with irrigation every 8 days recorded the lowest values (2.36 and 2.71
t/fad.) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
9- Harvest index (%).
Regarding the effect of irrigation regimes, result indicated that harvest
index was reduced significantly by prolonged irrigation in the two seasons.
The highest values (43.41 and 44.21 %) were estimated at 4 days while the
lowest ones (35.99 and 36.88 %) were computed at 8 days in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. Furthermore, harvest index significantly affected by
tillage systems in 2011 season while, no significant differences were found
between the mean values of harvest index in the second season. The
conventional tillage had better influence on the harvest index where recorded
the highest values (41.25) while, the lowest values (40.51) were obtained by
zero tillage in 2011 seasons. In addition, highly significant differences
between mean values of harvest index as affected by rice cultivars were
obtained in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. In respect to harvest index,
the rice cultivars ranged as follow; Sakha 101, Hybrid 1, Giza 178 and Sakha
104 in both seasons. Sakha 101 resulted the highest harvest index (42.25 and
43.15 %), on the other hand, Sakha 104 recorded the lowest harvest index
(38.13 and 38.80 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Significant
interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars was found in harvest
index in both seasons. Sakha 101 performance in the harvest index sharply
changed from the highest values (46.71 and 47.43%) under 4 days irrigation
regime to the lowest values (35.87 and 36.45%) under 8 days irrigation
regimes in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. First order of significant
interaction for harvest index was recorded between irrigation regimes and
tillage systems in 2011 season. Significant differences were found between
the two tillage systems under drought stress conditions (8 days) where,
conventional tillage was better than zero tillage in 2011 season. Meanwhile,
111
no significant differences were found under 4 and 6 days irrigation regimes in
2011 season.
C- Water relations characters
1- Reduction percentage (%).
Highly significant differences were found for reduction percentage as
affected by irrigation regimes and rice cultivars as well as their interaction in
both seasons. Where the highest values of reduction percentage (30.04 and
26.21 %) were recorded by irrigation every 8 days, whereas irrigation every 6
days caused 3.57 and 5.14 % reduction percentage in 2011 and 2012
seasons, respectively. In addition, conventional tillage (CT) gave the lowest
value (10.40 %), whereas no tillage increased the reduction percentage to
(12.01 %). Also, irrigation every 8 days cased the highest values of reduction
percentage (38.66 and 32.21 %) with Sakha 104, followed by Sakha 101
(33.08 and 31.73 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, no
significant differences were found between the two cultivars in both seasons.
In general, no significant differences among rice cultivars were found in
under 6 days in both seasons.
10- Drought sensitivity index (DSI)
Evidently, highly significant differences were found in DSI among
irrigation regimes in both seasons. The mean values of DSI increased from
0.04 to 0.30 and 0.05 to 0.26 when irrigation regimes increased from 6 to 8
days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Significant differences were
found in DSI between the two tillage systems in 2011 season. The highest
value (0.12) was recorded by zero tillage, while conventional tillage gave the
lowest value (0.10) in 2011 season. In contrast, no significant differences
were found in 2012 season. Highly significant differences in DSI were found
between tested rice cultivars in both seasons. No significant differences were
found between Sakha 104 and Sakha 101 in DSI, where the mean values
ranged as follow; 0.14 and 0.13 in the first season and 0.13 and 0.12 in
second season, respectively. In contrary, Hybrid 1 gave the lowest values
(0.08 and 0.08), followed by Giza 178 in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed between
Hybrid 1 and Giza 178 in the second season. It is worthy to note that, DSI
was significantly differed by the interaction between irrigation regimes and
112
rice cultivars in both seasons. Under irrigation every 8 days, Sakha 104 gave
the highest values (0.39 and 0.32), followed by Sakha 101 (0.33 and 0.32) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. On the other hand, Giza 178 recorded
the lowest values (0.03 and 0.06) under irrigation every 6 days in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. First order of significant interaction in DSI was
recorded between irrigation regimes and tillage systems in 2011 season.
Significant difference between the two tillage systems under drought stress
conditions (8 days) where, zero tillage increased the mean value of DSI up to
0.32 compared with 0.28 was obtained from conventional tillage in 2011
season.
11- Water use efficiency (WUE= kg/m3).
Highly significant differences were found among irrigation regimes
on WUE in both seasons. Where, increasing irrigation regimes from 4 to 6
days increased the mean values of WUE, consequently the highest values
(0.90 and 0.94 kg/m3) were obtained under irrigation every 6 days, followed
by irrigation every 8 days which recorded (0.75 and 0.83 kg/m3). However,
irrigation every 4 days recorded the lowest values (0.71 and 0.76 kg/m3) in
both seasons, respectively. Also, significant differences were found between
the two tillage systems in WUE (kg/m3) in both seasons. The highest values
(0.80 and 0.85 kg/m3) were recorded by conventional tillage compared with
zero tillage which gave 0.77 and 0.83 kg/m3 in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Regarding to rice cultivars effect, highly significant differences
were found between rice cultivars in WUE (kg/m3) in both seasons. Hybrid1
recorded the highest values (0.88 and 0.93 kg/m3), followed by Giza 178
while Sakha 104 gave the lowest values (0.71 and 0.77 kg/m) in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. Further, WUE (kg/m3) was significantly affected
by the interaction between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars in both
seasons. Under irrigation every 6 days, Hybrid 1 gave the highest values
(0.97 and 1.01 kg/m3), followed by Giza 178 and Sakha 101 in 2011 and
2012 seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, no significant differences between
Giza 178 and Sakha 101 were found in both seasons. On the other hand,
Sakha 104 recorded the lowest values (0.62 and 0.71 kg/m3) under irrigation
every 8 days in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
113
D- Grain quality characters.
1- Hulling percentage (%).
Highly significant differences were found among the mean values of
hulling % as affected by irrigation regimes in both seasons. Where, highest
values (79.53 and 79.43 %) were recorded by 6 days irrigation regimes while,
the lowest values (78.35 and 78.38 %) were obtained by 4 days irrigation
regimes. In addition, no significant differences were found between tillage
systems in both seasons. Obviously, the existence of significant difference
between rice cultivars in both seasons. Sakha104 gave the highest values
(80.20 and 80.12 %), followed by Sakha101. However, Hybrid1 recorded the
lowest values (77.28 and 77.22 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
Regarding the interaction between irrigation and rice cultivars, it was
significantly differed for hulling % in both seasons. The highest values
(80.67 and 80.53 %) were recorded by Sakha104 when rice plants were
irrigated every 6, while Hybrid1 with irrigation every 4 days recorded the
lowest value (76.61 and 76.70 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively.
2- Milling percentage (%).
The milling % was significantly affected by irrigation regimes where
irrigation every 6 days attained the highest values (71.09 and 70.95 %) while
irrigation every 4 days recorded the lowest values (70.17 and 70.05 %) in
2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Regarding tillage systems, no
significant differences in milling % were found in both seasons. There were
highly significant differences among tested rice cultivars on milling % in
both seasons. Sakha104 recorded the highest values (71.92 and 71.79 %),
followed by Sakha101 while, Hybrid1 recorded the lowest values (68.94 and
68.81 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Further, milling % was
significantly differed by the interaction between irrigation regimes and rice
cultivars in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Sakha104 recorded the highest value
(72.27 and 72.14 %) when it was irrigated every 6 or 8 days, while the lowest
milling % (68.38 and 68.26 %) were recorded when Hybrid1 was irrigated
every 4 days in both season, respectively.
114
3- Head rice percentage (%).
The existence of highly significant differences among irrigation
regimes on head rice % is observed in 2011 and 2012 seasons. Irrigation
every 6 days recorded the highest values (64.72 and 64.74 %) while the
lowest values (63.45 and 63.40 %) were recorded by irrigation every 4 days
in 2011 and 2012 seasons, respectively. Significant increase in head rice %
(64.12%) under conventional tillage in in compared to zero tillage (63.94%)
in the second season. In contrast, no significant differences were found
between tillage systems in the first season. Regarding the effect of rice
cultivars on head rice %, highly significant differences were found among
rice cultivars in the two seasons. Where, Sakha 101 rice cultivar achieved the
highest values (66.24 and 66.01 %), followed by Hybrid 1 while Giza 178
attained the lowest values (62.45 and 62.20 %) in 2011 and 2012 seasons,
respectively. Head rice % was significantly differed by the interaction
between irrigation regimes and rice cultivars in both seasons. Under
irrigation every 8 days, Sakha 101 rice cultivar recorded the highest value
(66.92 %) in the first season, while in the second season; Sakha 101 recorded
the highest values (66.56 %) under irrigation every 6 days. In contrast, the
lowest value (62.00 and 61.87 %) was recorded when Hybrid1 was irrigated
every 4 days.
CONCLUSION
1. Under water deficit condition Hybrid 1 and Giza 178 can grow better
compared with Sakha 101 and Sakha 104.
2. Conventional tillage (tilled soil) has more advantage than zero tillage
particularly under water scarcity.
3. Irrigation every 6 or 8 days achieved the highest water use efficiency,
but irrigation every 6 days gave better grain yield in compared to
irrigation every 8 days, which reduced the grain yield sharply.
RECOMMENDATION:
Based on this investigation and under same conditions, we can
recommend under water scarcity, with Egyptian Hybrid Rice 1 and Giza 178
conditions and conventional tillage as follow; twice plowing and harrowing
then carefully dry leveled. That can increase water use efficiency and get
high grain yield under irrigation every 6 days.
115
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1
انهخص انعزبي
–حطخ اجحس اضساػ١خ ثئ٠زب اجبسد بضسػخ اجحض١خ ثأجش٠ذ رجشثزب حم١زب ث
ره ثذف 1021 ، 1022 اضساػخ شوض اجحس اضساػ١خ خالي س –حبفظخ اجح١شح
رحذ 202سخب 201سخب 271ج١ضح 2ج١ صش رم١١ أسثؼخ اصبف االسص
0110 1230 3000 مبد بئ١خ صالس 0
ػ ا٠ب 1 3 1/فذا زى بثبد اش و
ظب خذخ ،ب صساػخ االسص ثذ خذخ مبسخ ثبخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ اص ثب ازا،
.شوض اجحس ازذس٠ت ف األسص ثسخب احشس شرب زؼبذرب ص ازس٠خ اجبفخ
الد اش ذح١ش صػذ ؼ ،شمخ شر١ ف صالس ىشسادامطغ ااسزخذ رص١
210)اش ثى١خ ١ب زسب٠خ رمذس ثـ 0
أ٠ب( ف امطغ اشئ١س١خ. 1 3 1/فذا/س٠ ره و
غ ف امطغ رحذ اشمخف ف امطغ اشمخ أخ١شا صػذ األصب ظب اخذخ ث١ب صع
خ ا لذ ر اسزخذا و١خ صبثز ١ب اش ف فزشح اشز اش٠خ اال لج اشز لذسب الحظ
2310 0
/فذا ف و ؼذالد اش.
3000 أ٠ب 1وبذ و١خ ا١ب اسزخذخ ف حبخ اش و 0
أ٠ب 3 و/فذا/س
1231ثغذ 0
0111 ثغذ أ٠ب 1/فذا/س ث١ب و 0
١ى ؼذي ازف١ش ف ١ب /فذا/س
اش ف و ؼبخ وب ٠:
ؼبالد اش
و١خ ا١ب ؼذد
اش٠بد
(0
)
ابء اسزخذ )0
اسجخ /فذا/س(
ائ٠خ بء
ازفش ب لج اشز
)صبثذ( االجب ب ثؼذ اشز
1010 0 2310 س٠خ 210X11 أ٠ب 1اش و 0
3000 0
____
1110 0 2310 س٠خ 210X23 أ٠ب3اش و 0
1231 0
11 ٪
1230 0 2310 س٠خ 210X 21 أ٠ب 1اش و 0
0111 0
03 ٪
30ثؼذي 2وج/فذا صف ج١ صش 20صسػذ رمب األسص ثؼذي
ش١ػسبػخ ز 11سبػخ ص وشب ذح 11ازمب ذح ر مغ جبل األصبف، /فذاوج
ر ثذاس ازمب ثبشز ف اؼبشش شش ب٠ ف و اس١. مذ اشزالد ،اإلجبد
إ األسض اسزذ٠خ ح١ش اسزخذذ غش٠مخ اشز ا١ذ ازظ ػ ب٠ 00ػش ذػ
2
جسح/ 12 ػذد اجس ١ىس ث١ اسطس اجس 10×10سبفبد 1
وبذ ى االصبف
22 سبحخ امطؼخ ازجش٠ج١خ1
غ اؼ ا احصي اسبثك ف و اس١ ( 2×0)
.امح ف و اس١
١زشج١( ػ دفؼز١ األ 1362ف صسح ٠س٠ب )خ أظ١فذ األسذح اؼذ١
، وب ر اجشاء ج١غ ٠ اشز 00)اضش اجبل( ثؼذ )صض اى١خ( ػ اششال اضب١خ
اؼ١بد اضساػ١خ اشز حز احصبد حست ازص١بد اف١خ حصي االسص اصبدسح
. شوض اجحس ازذس٠ت ف األسص )شوض اجحس اضساػ١خ(
قذ حى دراست انصفبث اآلحيت فـ كم ي انسيـ
ان صفــبث -أ
(0حج اجع اجزس/جس )س .2
غي اجع اجزس/جس )س( .1
سجخ اجزس/ الفشع .0
)٠( حزـ ازض١ــش اضساػخ ػــذد األ٠ـب .1
غــي اجــبد ثبسز١زش )س( .2
ســبحخ سلخ اؼ ثبسز١زش اشثغ )س .31
)
انحصــل يكبح -ة
ػــذد افــشع احبخ ســبث/ .71
ػــذد احجــة ازئخ/سجــ .1
ص األــف حجـ ثبجــشا )ج( .9
احجة افبسغخ )%(سجــخ .20
)ج( ص اسجخ .22
غــي اسجخ ثبسز١زش )س( .21
(غــ/فــذا)حصــي احجــة امـش .20
(غــ/فــذا)حصــي احجــة .21
)%( د١ احصـــبد .22
انعالقبث انبئيت -ج
اسجخ ائ٠خ مص احصي )%( .2
ؼب احسبس١خ جفبف .1
3
وفبءح اسزخذا ا١ب )وج/ .00
)
انصفبث انخكنخيت -د
ج و لطؼخ رجش٠ج١خ ره 200ر أخز ػ١ ػشائ١خ األسص اشؼ١ش لذسب
٠:الجشاء ػ١بد ازمش١ش ازج١١ط حسبة اسجخ ائ٠خ حجة اىبخ وب
)%( سجخ ازمشــ١ش - 2
)%( سجخ ازج١١ط - 1
)%( سجخ احجــة اىبــخ - 0
كبج أـى انخــبئح انخي حـى انحصـل عهيـب
انصفــبث انخضــزيت -أال:
(3حدى اندع اندذر/خر )سى .1
اخذخ األصبف و ؼبالد اش ظ أظــشد ازبئج جد فشق ؼ ث١
ثبالظبفخ ا ازفبػ ث١ب ف و اس١ ح١ش حمك اش و أسثؼخ أ٠ب أػ حج جزس،
أب ف١ب ٠زؼك ثبخذخ فمذ أػطذ ‘ أ٠ب 1ث١ب رحمك أل حج جزس ػب ر س اجبربد و
س 21,12، 21,27اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ أفع حج جزس)0
مبسخ ثؼذ اخذخ ح١ش سجذ /جسح(
س 23,17، 23,10ال حج جزس )0
/جسح( ف و اس١. أب رأص١ش األصبف ػ حج
، 70,71ػ ثبل األصبف اسزخذخ ح١ش أػط أػ ام١ ) 2اجزس فمذ رفق ج١ صش
س 70,390
س 21,97، 21,32از أػط ) 271/جسح( ص اصف ج١ض 0
/جسح( أب
س 19,01، 19,01فمذ أػط ال حج جزس ) 201اصف سخب 0
/جسح( ف و اس١
ػ ازا.
أب ػ ازفبػ ث١ األصبف ؼبالد اش ثبالظبفخ ا ازفبػ اضالص فمذ اظش
11,20، 10,39اخزالفبد ؼ٠خ ف اس١ ح١ش ر احصي ػ اوجش حج جزس )
س0
ا٠ب غ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ف ح١ أػط 1رحذ ظب اش و 2/جسح( ج١ صش
س 03,13، 23,07اصغش حج جزس ) 201اصف سخب 0
أ٠ب رحذ 1/جسح( ػذب ر س٠ و
اؼبخ ثذ خذخ.
طل اندع اندذر/خر )سى( .2
صبفاأل اخذخ ظ اش ؼبالد و ث١ خؼ٠ بلفش جد ازبئج أظــشد
جزسا ل١خ ؼك ػأ ٠بأ سثؼخأ و اش حمك ح١ش اس١ و ف ث١ب ازفبػ وزه
4
س ر ػب ذرحممس( 21,11، 21,39) جزسا ل١خ ؼك لث١ب أ س( 17,01، 17,20)
س( 11,29 11,23ػك ) فعأ ازم١ذ٠خ اخذخ ػطذأ فمذ اخذخ ػ بأ ،ا٠ب 1 و اجبربد
11,79، 19,00) جزس ػك وجشأ 2ج١ صش ػطأ ح١ اخذخ ف ثؼذ مبسخ جزس
ف و اس١. 201 سخب صف س( 10,20، 10,31) جزس ػك لأ ثغ س(
١جغ أوجش ػكوب ازفبػ ث١ األصبف ؼبالد اش ؼ٠ب ف و اس١
ث١ب ثغ أل ػك ٠بأ 1 و س٠ ر ػذب 2صش اج١ ( س 00,10، 00,17) جزس
بح١خ اخش وب .ا٠ب 1رحذ اش و 201س( صف سخب 23,21، 23,21جزس )
ح١ش ر احصي ػ أوجش ام١ ؼك 1021الد اش اخذخ ؼ٠ب ف س ازفبػ ث١ ؼب
س( اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ػذ س اجبربد و أسثؼخ ا٠ب. 17,13اجزس )
سبت اندذر/ نالفزع .3
و ؼبالد اش ظ اخذخ االصبف ث١ خؼ٠ بلأظــشد ازبئج جد فش
ثبالظبفخ ا ازفبػ ث١ب ف و اس١، ح١ش حمك اش و أسثؼخ أ٠ب أػ ل١خ سجخ
أ٠ب، أب 1( ػذ س اجبربد و 0,319، 0,312( ال سجخ )0,701، 0,700اجزس فشع )
( ف ح١ أػط 0,311، 0,311افع سجخ جزس/افشع )ػ اخذخ فمذ أػطذ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ
ال 201( ث١ب سج اصف سخب 0,712، 0,710اوجش سجخ جزس/افشع ) 2ج١ صش
( ف و اس١. 0,311، 0,311سجخ )
اظش ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش اخزالفب ؼ٠ب ف و اس١ زى أػ
ا٠ب، 3ػذب ر س٠ و 2( ر رحم١مب ثاسطخ ج١ صش 0,700، 0,717 جزس/افشع )سج
1( ػذ اش و 0,211، 0,201ال سجخ جزس/افشع ) 201ػ ام١ط أػط اصف سخب
ا٠ب ف و اس١.
عــذد األيـبو حخـ انخشيــز .4
ح١ش ١اسو ف ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اشا ١خب ػبأظــشد ازبئج جد فشل
ث١ب حممذ ؼبخ ٠ب( 220,72، 220600ا رأخ١ش ازض١ش ا )أ٠ب 1ؼبخ اش و أدد
طشد ف و ٪ ا20 اضساػخ حز ٠ب( 202,12، 202672) أ٠ب ألصش فزشح 1اش و
خ اخش وب ربص١ش اخذخ ؼ٠ب ػ ػذد اال٠ب حز ازض١ش بح١‘ اس١ ػ ازا
٠ب( 207,31، 207,19ح١ش أدد اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ا ازجى١ش ف ازض١ش ح١ش سجذ )
رأصشد صفخ ػذد األ٠ب حز ازض١ش ثبألصبف اذسسخ ح١ش % اطشد، لذ 20اضساػخ حز
٪ 20 اضساػخ حز ٠ب( 221600، 221600)أغي فزشح 202حمك اصف سخب
5
ػ ف و اس١ ٠ب( 200,11، 200610) أل ام١ 2ث١ب سج ج١ صش
.ازا
زى اغي 1022سج ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش اخزالفب ؼ٠ب ف س
ػذب ر س٠ 202حم١مب ثاسطخ اصف سخب ٠ب( ر ر 223,37% اطشد )20فزشح حز
أ٠ب ف ٠1ب( ػذ اش و 200,37ال ل١خ ) 201أ٠ب غ ام١ط اػط اصف سخب 1و
و اس١.
طــل انبــبث ببنسخيخز )سى( .5
ث١ ؼبالد اش اؼ٠خ ػب١خ فشلبأشـبسد ازـبئج ف و اس١ ا جد
أ٠ب 3اش و برال س( 202601، 203601) أ٠ب أػ ام١ 1ح١ش سجذ ؼبخ اش و
، 90600) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ اش و س( 99627، 200601از سجذ )
ف و اس١ ػ ازا، ا٠عب وب ؼبالد اخذخ أصش ؼ ػ غي س( 92617
س( مبس ثؼذ اخذخ ف و 200,11، 99,01د ح١ش سجذ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ أػ ام١ )اجب
ث١ األصبف اخزجشح اؼ٠خ ػب١خ فشلبأظشد ازبئج جد اس١ ػ ازا، وب
202ث١ب سج اصف سخب س( 202610، 203632) أػ ام١ 201اصف سخب ح١ش سج
.ف و اس١ ػ ازا صفخ غي اجبد س( 12600، 10600) ام١أل
أػط ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش فشلب ػب١خ اؼ٠خ ف و اس١
س( ث١ب 222,00، 221,00ا٠ب ) 1اغي اجبربد رحذ ظب اش و ١201حمك اصف سخب
أ٠ب، ف ارجب 1رحذ ظب اش و 202س( سجذ صف سخب 10,00، 12,00ال ام١ )
آخش وب ازفبػ ث١ ؼبالد اش ظ اخذخ ؼ٠ب ح١ش سجذ أػ أسرفبع طي اجبد
ا٠ب رحذ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ف ح١ سجذ أل اسرفبع 1س( ػذ اش و 203,00، 202,00)
أ٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا. 1اش و س( ػذ 92,21، 19,21)
يسبحت رقت انعهى ببنسخيخز انزبع )سى .62
)
ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ح١ش سجذ ؼبخ اش ا ب ػب١خأظحذ ازبئج جد فشل
س 02627، 02611) أ٠ب أػ ام١ 3و 1
ث١ب أ٠ب، 1ثذ فشق ؼ٠خ ػ ظب اش و (
س 02670، 19629) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1ذ ؼبخ اش و سج1
صفخ سبحخ سلخ اؼ ف و (
ح١ش ظ اخذخجد فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ ا أشبسد ازبئج أ٠عب ، وب اس١ ػ ازا
س 01611، 03671) أػ ام١ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خسجذ 1
ام١أل ؼبخ ػذ اخذخث١ب سجذ (
س 10611، 10611)1
فمذ جذدأب ػ رأص١ش األصبف ػ ازا، ف و اس١ (
6
س 00,00، 19,90أػ ام١ ) 2ح١ش سج اج١ صش ؼ٠خ ث١ األصبف اخزجشح1
( ف
س 11,97، 11,79ال ام١ ) 202ح١ سج اصف سخب 1
.ازا( ف و اس١ ػ
وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ؼ٠ب ف و اس١ ١حمك اج١
س 00,11، 00,03ا٠ب ) 1اػ ام١ رحذ اش و 2صش 1
، 29,23( ث١ب ال ام١ )
س 29,021
أ٠ب، بح١خ 1رحذ ؼذي اش و 202( از سجذ ثاسطخ اصف سخب
زفبػ ث١ ؼبالد اش ظ اخذخ ؼ٠ب ح١ش سجذ ػذ اخذخ أل ام١ أخش وب ا
س 12,12، 12,01)1
أ٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا ف ح١ ٠سج 1( ػذ اش و
أ٠ب . 1أ فشق ؼ ث١ ظ اخذخ رحذ ؼبخ اش و
:انحصل يكبحت -ثبيب:
وانحـبيهت نهســببم/عــذد انفــزع .12
ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ح١ش سجذ ا ب ػب١خث١ــذ ازـبئج ازحصـ ػ١ـب جد فشل
فشػب/ 700,30، 710677) أ٠ب أػ ام١ 1ؼبخ اش و 1
( غ ػذ جد فشلب ؼىخ ث١
123671، 132671) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ اش و ا٠ب، 3 1ؼبالد اش و
فشػب/1
ؼذد افشع احبخ سبث/ (1
، وب أدد اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ف و اس١ ػ ازا
ػذد افشع احبخ سبث/ا ص٠بدح 1
فشػب/ 302,11)1
، 1022س ف ( مبسخ ثؼذ اخذخ
ألصبف رحذ أظشد ازبئج جد فشلب ػب١خ اؼ٠خ ث١ افمذ ٠زؼك ثزأص١ش األصبف ف١بأب
ف ػ األصبف األخش رحذ اذساسخ 2ج١ صش اذساسخ ف و اس١ ح١ش رفق ا
فشػب/ 332,27اس األي ح١ش أػط أػ ام١ )1
( ث١ب ٠ى بن فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ ج١
ال 201ف اس اضب، ػ ام١ط سج اصف سخب 202سخب 271ج١ض 2صش
ام١ ؼذد اخفبد احبخ سبث/1
فشػب/ 227,71، 271,07) 1
( ف و اس١ ػ
. ازاوبذ االخزالفبد اشاجؼخ زفبػ ث١ األصبف ؼبالد اش ؼ٠خ ف و
722,21، 713,12أ٠ب ) 1اػ ام١ رحذ ظب اش و ١2حمك اج١ صش اس١
فشػب/1
فشػب/ 009,92، 102,12( ث١ب أل ام١ )1
رحذ 201( سجذ ثاسطخ اصف سخب
ا٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا. 1اش و
عــذد انحبــــة انخهئـــت/سبهـــت .2
ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ح١ش ا ب ػب١خازحص ػ١ب إ جد فشلأشبسد ازبئج
ف ح١ أػطذ حج/سج( ف اس االي 201600) أ٠ب أػ ام١ 1اش و خسجذ ؼب
حج/سج( ف اس 203,01) أ٠ب أػ ل١خ ؼذد احجة ازئخ ف اسجخ 3ؼبخ اش و
7
أ٠ب ف و 3 1أ ٠جذ فشق ؼ ث١ ربص١ش و ؼبز١ اش و اضب ػب ث
ؼذد حج/سج( 201,03، 201,19) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ اش و اس١،
بأشبسد ازبئج أ٠عب جد فشلف و اس١ ػ ازا، وب احجة ازئخ/سجخ
212,37) أػ ام١ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خح١ش سجذ 1021ظ اخذخ ف س خ ث١ ؼ٠
ف ؼذد احجة ازئخ/اسجخ حج/سج( 211611) أل ام١ ػذ اخذخث١ب سجذ حج/سج(
رأصشد صفخ ، أ٠عب 1022ث١ب ٠الحع ا ربص١ش ؼ ظ اخذخ ف س و اس١
أػ ام١ 2ذد احجة ازئخ/سجخ ؼ٠ب ثبألصبف اخزجشح ح١ش سج ج١ صش ػ
221691، 221671)أل ام١ 201ث١ب سج اصف سخب حج/سج( 219603، 220611)
.ػ ازا ف و اس١حج/سج(
اؼ٠خ ف و اس١ أظش ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش اخزالفب ػب
حج/سج( 230,00، 232,00ا٠ب ) 3اػ ام١ رحذ ظب اش و ١2حمك اج١ صش
1رحذ اش و 201حج/سج( سجذ ثاسطخ اصف سخب 77,20، 71,00ث١ب أل ام١ )
أ٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا.
)خى(س األنـــف حبـــت ببندزاو .3
ػ ؼبالد اشرأص١ش ؼ٠خ ث١ ا ب ػب١خازبئج ازحص ػ١ب جد فشل أظحذ
ث١ب ج( 11,01، 10,17) أ٠ب أػ ام١ 1اش و خح١ش سجذ ؼب صفخ ص األف حج
ص االف حج ف و ج( 12,09، 12,19) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1سجذ ؼبخ اش و
و ظ اخذخ ف ؼ٠خ ث١ بجد فشلا ػذ أشبسد ازبئج أ٠عب ١ ػ ازا، وب اس
سخب ؼ٠ب ثبألصبف اخزجشح ح١ش سج اصف ص االف حج رأصشد صفخ ، وب اس١
10673، 10629)أل ام١ 271ج١ضح ث١ب سج اصف ج( 11,91، 11679)أػ ام١ 202
.ػ ازا ف و اس١ج(
ث١ ازفبػ ث١ األصبف ؼبالد اش اخزالفبد ػب١خ اؼ٠خ ف و اس١
( ث١ب ال ج 13,01، 13,00ا٠ب ) 1أػ ام١ رحذ ظب اش و ١202حمك اصف سخب
أ٠ب ف و 1ذ اش و رح 271( سجذ ثاسطخ اصف ج١ضح ج 29,29، 29,21ام١ )
اس١ ػ ازا.
ببنسبه )%( انحبــــة انفــــبرغت سبت .4
أ٠ب 1أظشد ازبئج جد فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ح١ش سجذ ؼبخ اش و
%( ف 7617، 7610) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ اش و %( 9631، 9631) أػ ام١
ظ اخذخ جد فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ ا ػذ أشبسد ازبئج أ٠عب و اس١ ػ ازا، وب
8
ازبئج جد فشلب ػب١خ اؼ٠خ ث١ ظشدأ، أب ػ ربص١ش االصبف فمذ و اس١ف
١ ح١ش اصدادد سجخ ثبسج ف و اس احجة افبسغخ سجخاألصبف اخزجشح صفخ
202%( رال اصف سخب 20,0، 20,11زص ا ) 201احجة افبسغخ ف اصف سخب
، 3,11ال سجخ حجة افبسغخ ) 2فشلب ؼ٠خ ث١ و اصف١ ث١ب سج اج١ صش
%( ف و اس١. 3,19
٠ب ف و اس١ ١سج اج١ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ؼ
، 20,90ا٠ب، ث١ب اػ ام١ ) 1( رحذ ظب اش و % 2,00، 2,00ال ام١ ) 2صش
أ٠ب ف 1رحذ ظب اش و 201سخب 202( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ اصف١ سخب % 22,00
ػ ازا. 1021، 1022س
س انسبــهت ببندزاو )خى( .5
ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ح١ش ا ب ػب١خازـبئج ازحص ػ١ب جد فشل ظحذأ
أ٠ب 1ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ اش و ج( 0601، 0607) أ٠ب أػ ام١ 1اش و خسجذ ؼب
أظشد ف و اس١ ػ ازا، ف ح١صفخ ص اسجخ ج( 1602، 1607)أل ام١
ظ اخذخ ف و اس١، وب أ رأص١ش األصبف وب ث١ خق ؼ٠ازبئج ػذ جد فش
، 1,97ص اسجخ ) أػ 2ػب اؼ٠خ ػ صفخ ص اسج، ح١ش أػط اج١ صش
ػ ف و اس١ج( 1619، 1690)أل ام١ 201اػط اصف سخب ج( ث١ب 1,99
.ازا
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ األصبف ؼبالد اش ػب اؼ٠خ ف و
أ٠ب ث١ب 1( رحذ اش و ج 0,02، 0,00اػ ام١ ) 2 اس١ ١سج اج١ صش
أ٠ب ف و 1رحذ اش و 201اصف سخب ( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ ج 1,17، 1,22ال ام١ )
اس١ ػ ازا.
طل انسبهت ببنسخيخز )سى( .6
فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش صفخ غي اسجخ )س( ازحص ػ١ب أظحذ ازبئج
س( ث١ب 11,21، 12,10ا٠ب اػ ام١ ) 1، ح١ش اػطذ ؼبخ اش و ف و اس١
أظشد فمذ ا٠ب، ف ح١ 1س( ر احصي ػ١ب ؼبخ اش و 21,71 ، 21,00ال ام١ )
ف١ب ٠زؼك ثزأص١شظب اخذخ ف و اس١، اب ث١ خؼ٠ قازبئج ػذ جد فش
ؼ٠خ ث١ األصبف اخزجشح ح١ش سج ج١ ا ب ػب١خأظشد ازبئج جد فشلفمذ األصبف
، 29,19) أل ام١ 201ث١ب حمك اصف سخب س( 11619، 21610) م١أػ ا 2صش
غي اسجخ ف و اس١ ػ ازا.صفخ س( 29611
9
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ؼ٠ب ف و
أ٠ب، ث١ب 1( رحذ اش و س 11,09، 10,10اػ ام١ ) 2اس١ ١سج ج١ صش
1رحذ ؼبخ اش و 201اصف سخب ( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ س 27,72، 27,03ال ام١ )
أ٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا.
)طــ/فــذا( (انحبــة انقــش) انبينخ حصــلان .7
أ٠ب إ اخفبض وج١ش ف احصي اج١ج 1إ 1أدد ص٠بدح فزشاد اش
ف احصي اج١ج ػذب رؼشظذ جبربد األسص إ األوجشخفبض اال ح١ش ثغ)غ/فذا(
غب/فذا( ره مبسخ ثظب اش و 7690، 1632ح١ش حممذ )أ٠ب 1إجبد بئ ػذ اش و
غب/فذا( ف و اس١ ػ 20,17، 9,71مك أػ حصال ث١ج١ب )أ٠ب ح١ش ح 1
ث١ب ،1022ظ اخذخ ف س جد فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ ا أشبسد ازبئج أ٠عب ازا، وب
ث١ب غ/فذا( 9,20) أػ ام١ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خح١ش سجذ ٠سج رأص١شا ؼ٠ب ف اس ازب
، وب ف و اس١حصي احجة امش غب/فذا( 1697) أل ام١ ػذ اخذخسجذ
2أظحذ ازبئج جد فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ األصبف اخزجشح ح١ش سج اصف ج١ صش
1692، 1,01) أل ام١ 202ث١ب سج اصف سخب غب/فذا( 20,01، 9610) أػ ام١
.ػ ازا حصي اج١ج ف و اس١ غب/فذا(
أب ػ رأص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ؼ٠ب ف و
أ٠ب 1غب/فذا( رحذ اش و 22,30، 20693أػ ام١ ) 2اس١ ١سج اج١ صش
رحذ ؼبخ اش 202اصف سخب غب/فذا( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ 1,00، 7601ث١ب ال ام١ )
أ٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا، أ٠عب اظشد ازبئج ؼ٠خ ازفبػ ث١ ؼبالد اش 1و
ح١ش أػطذ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ حصال أػ احجة 1021ظ اخذخ ف اس اضب
أ٠ب، ث١ب رسج أ٠خ فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ ظب 1رحذ ؼبخ اش و ثؼذ اخذخامش مبسخ
٠ب.أ 3 1اخذخ رحذ ؼبز اش و
يحصــل انحبــة )طــ/فــذا( .8
رأصش حصي احجة )غ/فذا( ؼ٠ب ثؼبالد اش ح١ش أدد إغبخ فزشاد اش إ
1621، 1610أ٠ب أػ ام١ ) 1جذ ؼبخ اش و ح١ش س اخفبض حظ ف احصي
ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ غب/فذا( 1610، 1601أ٠ب، ح١ش حممذ ) 3غ/فذا( رزب ؼبخ اش و
أظحذ ػ ازا، ف و اس١ غب/فذا( 0621، 1611) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1اش و
اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ أػ ح١ش سجذ ؼبخ اخذخ،ؼبالد جد فشق ؼ٠خ ث١أ٠عب ازبئج
اؼبخ ثذ خذخ أل ام١ ، ث١ب أػطذحصي احجةصفخ غب/فذا( 1,00، 0,71ام١ )
أظشد ازبئج جد فشلب ػب١خ ػ ازا، وب ف و اس١غب/فذا( 0,97، 0,31)
11
1611، 1622) أػ ام١ 2ج١ صش اح١ش سج رحذ اذساسخاؼ٠خ ث١ األصبف
حصي احجة صفخ غب/فذا( 0633، 0611) أل ام١ 201ث١ب سج اصف سخب غب/فذا(
.ػ ازا ف و اس١
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ؼ٠ب ف و
أ٠ب 1غب/فذا( رحذ ظب اش و 1,11، 1622اػ ام١ ) 2س١ ١سج اج١ صش ا
رحذ ؼبخ اش 201اصف سخب غب/فذا( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ 1,72، 1603ث١ب ال ام١ )
ا٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا ثصفخ ػبخ مص حصي احجة ثشذ ف و 1و
ج١ 271ا٠ب مبسخ ثبصف١ ج١ض 1زجبػذ فزشح اش و 201سخب 202اصف١ سخب
ف و اس١. 2صش
دنيـــم انحصـــبد .9
أشبسد ازبئج ا جد فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ف و اس١ ػ صفخ
اد ا اخفبض ؼب احصبد ا٠ب 1ا 1ح١ش ا رجبػذ فزشاد اش د١ احصبد
أظحذ ( ف و اس١ ػ ازا،٪ 03,11، 02,99( ا )٪ 11,12، 10,12)
اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ أػ ام١ ح١ش سجذ ؼبخ اخذخؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد بازبئج جد فشل
1022س ف ( ٪ 10,22ث١ب ثذ اخذخ أػطذ أل ام١ ) صفخ د١ احصبد( ٪ 12,12)
أظحذ ازبئج جد فشق ، وب 1021ف ح١ ٠ى بن ربص١ش ؼ ظ اخذخ ف اس
أػ ام١ 202ح١ش سج اصف سخب ١ اسو ؼ٠خ ث١ األصبف اخزجشح ف
صفخ د١ (٪ 01,10، 01620) أل ام١ 201سخب ث١ب سج اصف (٪ 10,22، 11612)
ف و اس١ ػ ازا. احصبد
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ؼ٠ب ف و
ا٠ب ث١ب 1( رحذ اش و ٪ 17,01، 13672أػ ام١ ) 202اس١ ١سج اصف سخب
رحذ ؼبخ اش و 202اصف سخب ( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ فس ٪ 03,12، 02,17 )ال ام١
أ٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا، أب ثبسجخ زفبػ ث١ ؼبالد اش ظ اخذخ فىبذ 1
فمػ ح١ش ادد اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ا ص٠بدح ؼ٠خ ف ؼب احصبد رحذ 1022ؼ٠خ ف س
أ٠ب ف س 3 1ا٠ب ث١ب ٠ظش أ٠خ فشق ؼ٠خ رحذ ؼبز اش 1ؼبخ اش و
1022. انعالقبث انبئيت -ج
(٪انسبت انئيت نقص انحصل ) .1
ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ف و اس١ لب ػب١خ اأشـبسد ازـبئج إ جد فش
ث١ب ( ف مص احصي٪ 13,12، 00,01است ) أ٠ب أػ 1ؼبالد اش و سججذح١ش
11
( ف و اس١ ػ ازا، ٪ 2,21، 0,27است )أ٠ب أل 3سجذ ؼبخ اش و
ح١ش 1022اظبفخ ا ره وب ربص١ش ظ اخذخ ؼ٠ب ػ ؼب احسبس١خ جفبف ف س
( ٪ 20,10امص ف احصي مبسخ ثؼذ اخذخ ح١ش سجذ ) سبذ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ف رم١
أظشد ث١ب ٠جذ أ فشق ؼ ث١ ظ اخذخ ف اس اضب، وب 1022ف اس
أػ ام١ 201سخب ؼ٠خ ث١ أصبف األسص ح١ش حمك اصف ب ػب١خ اازبئج جد فشل
( ثذ فشق ؼ ث١ ٪ 22,93، 21,20) 202 اصف سخبرال (٪ 21,90، 21,17)
( رال اصف ٪ 7,20، 7,11ؼب احسبس١خ جفبف ) أل ام١ 2ث١ب سج ج١ صش
.ػ ازا ف و اس١ثذ فشق ؼ ث١ اصف١ 271ج١ض
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ػب اؼ٠خ ف و
ا٠ب ث١ب 1( رحذ اش و ٪ 01,12، 01,33أػ ام١ ) 201 اس١ ١سج اصف سخب
ا٠ب 3رحذ ؼبخ اش و 271( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ اصف ج١ض ٪ 0,11، 2,92ال ام١ )
و اس١ ػ ازا، أب ثبسجخ زفبػ ث١ ؼبالد اش ظ اخذخ فىبذ ؼ٠خ ف
ح١ش ادد اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ا اخفبض ؼ ف اسجخ ائ٠خ مص احصي 1022ف س
ذ أ٠ب، ث١ب ٠ظشأ فشق ؼ رح 1رحذ ؼبخ اش و ٪ 17,37ا ٪ 02,72
.1022ا٠ب ف س 3ؼبخ اش و
يم انحسبسيت نهدفبفبيع .2
ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ف و اس١ ا ب ػب١خأشـبسد ازـبئج إ جد فشل
3ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ اش و (0,13، 0,00ام١ ) أ٠ب أػ 1ح١ش سجذ ؼبالد اش و
( ؼب احسبس١خ جفبف ف و اس١ ػ ازا، اظبفخ 0,02، 0,01) أ٠ب أل ام١
ح١ش سبذ 1022ا ره وب ربص١ش ظ اخذخ ؼ٠ب ػ ؼب احسبس١خ جفبف ف س
( ف 0,20اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ف رم١ ؼب احسبس١خ جفبف مبسخ ثؼذ اخذخ ح١ش سجذ )
أظشد ازبئج ث١ب ٠جذ أ فشق ؼ ث١ ظ اخذخ ف اس اضب، وب 1022اس
، 0,21) أػ ام١ 201سخب ؼ٠خ ث١ أصبف األسص ح١ش حمك اصف ا ب ػب١خجد فشل
( ثذ فشق ؼ ث١ اصف١ ث١ب سج ج١ 0,21، 0,20) 202 اصف سخب رال (0,20
ثذ فشق 271( رال اصف ج١ض 0,01، 0,01ؼب احسبس١خ جفبف ) ام١ أل 2صش
.ػ ازا ف و اس١ؼ ث١ اصف١
وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ػب اؼ٠خ ف و اس١ ١سج
( 0,03، 0,00 ث١ب ال ام١ )ا٠ب 1( رحذ اش و 0,01، 0,09أػ ام١ ) 201اصف سخب
أ٠ب ف و اس١ ػ 3رحذ ؼبخ اش و 271ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ اصف ج١ضح
ح١ش 1022ازا، أب ثبسجخ زفبػ ث١ ؼبالد اش ظ اخذخ فىبذ ؼ٠خ ف س
12
رحذ 0,11ا 0,01جفبف ادد اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ ا اخفبض ؼ ف ؼب احسبس١خ
.1022ا٠ب ف س 3أ٠ب، ث١ب ٠ظشأ فشق ؼ رحذ ؼبخ اش و 1ؼبخ اش و
كفبءة اسخخذاو انيب )كدى/و .33
)
ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ف و اس١ ب ػب١خ اأشـبسد ازـبئج إ جد فشل
وج/ 0691، 0690) أ٠ب أػ ام١ 3اش و خح١ش سجذ ؼب0
أ٠ب 1ؼبخ اش و ( ر١ب
وج/ 0,10، 0,72)0
وج/ 0673، 0672) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ اش و (0
)
رأصشد صفخ وفبءح اسزخذا ا١ب ؼ٠ب وب ف و اس١ ػ ازا،ىفبءح اسزخذا ا١ب
وج/ 0,12، 0,10)أػ ام١ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خح١ش سجذ ثؼ١بد اخذخ0
ثؼذ ثبمبسخ (
وج/ 0,10، 0,77) اخذخ0
ب ػب١خ أظشد ازبئج جد فشل، أ٠عب ف و اس١(
وج/ 0690، 0611) أػ ام١ 2ؼ٠خ ث١ أصبف األسص ح١ش حمك اصف ج١ صش ا0
)
وج/ 0677، 0672) أل ام١ 201 ث١ب سج اصف سخب، 271رال اصف ج١ض 0
ىفبءح (
اسزخذا ا١ب )وج/0
.ػ ازا ( ف و اس١
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ػب اؼ٠خ ف و
وج/ 2,02، 0,97أػ ام١ ) 2 اس١ ١سج اج١ صش 0
ا٠ب 3( رحذ اش و
وج/ 0,72، 0,31ث١ب ال ام١ ) 202ص سخب 271رال اصف ج١ض 0
( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ
ا٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا. 1رحذ ؼبخ اش و 201اصف سخب
خكنخيت:انصفــــبث ان -ثبنثب:
ز سبــت انخقشيــ .1
ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ف و ا ب ػب١خجد فشلازحص ػ١ب زـبئجا أظحذ
، 79,10ا٠ب اػ سجخ رمش١ش ) 3ح١ش اػطذ ؼبخ اش و ،سجخ ازمش١ش صفخ اس١
( ف و اس١ ٪ 71,01، 71,02ا٠ب اػط ال سجخ رمش١ش ) 1( ث١ب اش و ٪ 79,20
ف و ؼبالد اخذخ ؼ٠خ ث١ بأظشد ازبئج ػذ جد فشلػ ازا، وب
أشبسد ازبئج إ جد فشق ؼ٠خ ث١ أصبف األسص ح١ش سج اصف سخب ، وب اس١
77611، 77611) أل ام١ 2ث١ب سج ج١ صش (،٪ 10621، 10610) أػ ام١ 201
.ػ ازا سجخ ازمش١ش ف و اس١صفخ ( ٪
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ػب اؼ٠خ ف و
ا٠ب ث١ب 3( رحذ اش و ٪ 10,20، 10,37أػ ام١ ) 201 اس١ ١سج اصف سخب
13
ا٠ب 1رحذ ؼبخ اش و 2( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ اج١ صش ٪ 73,70، 73,32ال ام١ )
ف و اس١ ػ ازا.
سبـت انخبيـــض .2
حممذ ؼبخ اش ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبالد اش ح١ش ا ب ػب١خأشبسد ازبئج إ جد فشل
70627أ٠ب أل ام١ ) 1(، ث١ب حممذ ؼبخ اش و ٪ 70692، 72609أ٠ب أػ سجخ ) 3و
أظشد ازبئج ػذ جد فشلب ػب١خ اؼ٠خ ( ف و اس١ ػ ازا، وب ٪ 70602،
ؼ٠خ ث١ ا ب ػب١خأظحذ ازبئج جد فشل، وب ف و اس١ ؼبالد اخذخ ث١
ث١ب حمك (٪ 72679، 72691) أػ ام١ 201سخب ح١ش حمك اصف رحذ اذساسخاألصبف
ف و اس١. (٪ 31612، 31691) أل ام١ 2ج١ صش
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ األصبف ؼبالد اش ػب اؼ٠خ ف و
أ٠ب 1ا 3( رحذ اش و ٪ 71,21، 71,17أػ سج ) 201اس١ ١سج اصف سخب
( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ اج١ ٪ 31,13، 31,01ثذ فشق ؼ ث١ اؼبز١، ث١ب أل سج )
ا٠ب ف و اس١ ػ ازا. 1رحذ ؼبخ اش و 2صش
سبـت انحبــة انكـبيهـــت .3
الد اش ح١ش حممذ ؼبخ اش و ؼ٠خ ث١ ؼبا ب ػب١خأظشد ازبئج جد فشل
، 30612) أ٠ب أل ام١ 1ث١ب سجذ ؼبخ اش و (٪ 31671، 31671) أ٠ب أػ ام١ 3
ػ ازا، اب ثبسج زبص١ش اخذخ فمذ سجخ احجة اىبخ ف و اس١ (٪ 30610
( ٪31,21( ا )٪ 30,91رحذ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ )ص٠بدح ف سجخ احجة اس١خ أظشد ازبئج
ف ف اس اضب مبس ثبؼبخ ثذ خذخ ث١ب ٠ى بن ربص١ش ؼ ؼبالد اخذخ
ؼ٠خ ث١ أصبف األسص اخزجشح ح١ش ا ب ػب١خث١ذ ازبئج جد فشلاس االي، ف ح١
، 2ج١ صش ( رال ٪ 33,02، 33,11حجة اىبخ ) اػ سجخ 202سخب حمك اصف
صفخ سجخ احجة اىبخ ف و (٪ 31610، 31612) أل ام١ 271ج١ضح ث١ب سج اصف
.ػ ازا اس١
أب ػ ربص١ش ازفبػ فمذ وب ازفبػ ث١ االصبف ؼبالد اش ػب اؼ٠خ ف و
ا٠ب ف اس 1( رحذ اش و ٪ 33,91أػ ام١ ) ١202سج اصف سخب اس١
( رحذ ؼبخ اش ٪ 33,23اػ ام١ ) 202فمذ حمك اصف سخب 1021اب ف اس 1022
رحذ ؼبخ 2( ر رسج١ب ثاسطخ اج١ صش ٪ 31,00، 32,17أ٠ب ث١ب ال ام١ ) 3و
ف و اس١ ػ ازا. ا٠ب 1اش و
14
يهخص انخبئح:
امذسح ػ ا ثىفبءح ػب١خ رحذ ظشف مص 271ج١ضح 2أظش اج١ اصش .2
.202سخب 201ا١ب مبسخ ثبصف١ سخب
أػطذ اخذخ ازم١ذ٠خ )حشس رس٠خ ازشثخ غجمب زص١بد شوض األسص ثسخب( لذسح .1
حصي أػ مبسخ ثؼذ اخذخ خبصخ رحذ ظشف شح ا١ب.أفع ػ ا
أ٠ب 3أ٠ب ح١ش أ اش و 1أ 3رحسذ وفبءح اسزخذا ا١ب رحذ ظب اش و .0
أ٠ب مصب شذ٠ذا ف ٠1زسجت ف مص حصي احجة ثشذح ث١ب أحذس ظب اش و
حصي احجة.
انخصيت:
ز اذساسخ رحذ ز اؼبالد ثضساػخ األسص اج١ اصش ٠ز ازص١خ خالي
رحذ ظشف شح ابء غ خذخ األسض ج١ذا ثبحشس شر١ زؼبذر١ 271اصف ج١ضح 2
ازس٠خ اج١ذح از٠ػ، ح١ش ٠ؤد ا رم١ أصش اجبد اجفبف ػ جبربد األسص ٠سب ف سفغ
أ٠ب. 3ة رحذ ظب اش و ازبج١خ افذا حصي احج
جقييم بعض أصناف األرز جحث مقننـــات مائية ونظم خذمة مخحلفة
مقدمة منرسالة
عزيز فؤاد السيد أبو العز (8991جامعة المنوفية ) - كمية الزراعة -بكالوريوس العموم الزراعية
(4002جامعة االسكندرية ) -محاصيل كمية الزراعة -ماجستير العموم الزراعية
لمحصول عمي درجةتطمبات كجزء من الم في العموم الزراعية دكتوراه الفمسفة
(المحاصيل)
:لجنة اإلشـراف
السيد حامد الصعيدى أ.د.
)مشرفا رئيسيا( طنطاجامعة –كمية الزراعة المحاصيل ورئيس قسم ستاذأ
رجب عبدالغنى عبيد أ.د.
.مركز البحوث الزراعية –معهد بحوث المحاصيل الحقمية – متفرغ رئيس بحوث
أ.د. طو احمد شمبى ( اهلل ) رحمو .جامعة طنطا –أستاذ المحاصيل المتفرغ كمية الزراعة
4082
طنطاجامعة كمية الزراعة
قسم المحاصيل
جقييم بعض أصناف األرز جحث مقننـــات مائية ونظم خذمة مخحلفة
مقدمة منرسالة
بو العزأزيز فؤاد السيد ع (8991جامعة المنوفية ) -كمية الزراعة -بكالوريوس العموم الزراعية
(4002االسكندرية )جامعة -محاصيل كمية الزراعة -ماجستير العموم الزراعية
لمحصول عمي درجةتطمبات كجزء من الم في العموم الزراعية الفمسفة اهدكتور
(المحاصيل)
41/84/4082التاريخ:
طنطاجامعة كمية الزراعة
قسم المحاصيل
موافقــــون : والمناقشةالحكم لجنة . رمضان علي الرفاعيأ.د
-كمية الزراعة -قسم المحاصيل - المتفرغ أستاذ المحاصيل .جامعة طنطا
..............
عبذ الجواد نصار أ.د. محمذ أحمذ –كمية الزراعة -قسم االنتاج النباتى -أستاذ المحاصيل
.)سبا باشا( جامعة االسكندرية..............
أ.د. رجب عبذ الغني عبيذ
مركز البحوث - معهد المحاصيل الحقمية -رئيس بحوث متفرغ .الزراعية
..............
أ.د. السيذ حامذ الصعيذى
............ .اجامعة طنط - كمية الزراعة -قسم المحاصيل أستاذ ورئيس
جقييم بعض أصناف األرز جحث مقننـــات مائية ونظم خذمة مخحلفة
مقدمة منرسالة
بو العزأعزيز فؤاد السيد (8991جامعة المنوفية ) -كمية الزراعة -قسم البساتين –بكالوريوس العموم الزراعية
(4002جامعة االسكندرية ) - كمية الزراعة -محاصيلالقسم -ماجستير العموم الزراعية
لمحصول عمي درجةتطمبات كجزء من الم
في العموم الزراعية دكتوراه الفمسفة (المحاصيل)
قسم المحاصيل
كلية السراعة
جامعة طنطا
4082
طنطاجامعة كمية الزراعة
قسم المحاصيل