Evangelos Markatos, FORTH [email protected] CyberSecurity Research in Crete Evangelos Markatos Institute of Computer Science

Evangelos Markatos, FORTH

http://dcs.ics.forth.gr

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CyberSecurity Research in Crete

Evangelos MarkatosInstitute of Computer Science (ICS)

Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH)Crete, Greece

CyberSecurity



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Roadmap

• The problem:– The trust that we used to place on our network is slowly

eroding away• We are being attacked

– Viruses, Worms, Trojans, keyboard loggers continue to plague our computers

• What do people say about this?– Europe – ENISA – USA – PITAC

• What can be done? The DCS approach– Understand

• mechanisms and causes of cyberattacks – Automate

• Detection of, fingerprinting of, and reaction to cyberattacks • Summary and Conclusions



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The erosion of trust on the Internet

• We used to trust computers we interacted with on the Internet– Not any more…

• Address bar spoofing: – Do you know that the web server http://www.paypal.com is the real

one?



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• We used to trust our network – Not any more…

• Our network is the largest source of all attacks

• We used to trust our own computer– Not any more… (keyboard loggers can easily get all our

personal information)



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• We used to trust our own eyes with respect to the content we were viewing on the Internet– Not any more…– Phishing: sophisticated social engineering

• Attackers send users email • On behalf of a legitimate sender (e.g. a bank) • Inviting them to sign-up for a service • When users click they are requested to give their password • Which ends up in the attacker’s database



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A simple phishing attack



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A sophisticated phishing attack: Setting the stage

• Attackers send email inviting Bank of America customers to change their address on-line



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A phishing attack: hiding the tracks

• Bank of America web site opens in the background• Pop-up window (from www.bofalert.com!) requests user name and

password

Legitimate Web site

Pop-up Window



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The boiling cauldron of Security

• Security on the Internet is getting increasingly important– Worms, Viruses, and trojians, continue to

disrupt our everyday activities – Spyware and backdoors continue to steal our

credit card numbers, our passwords, and snoop into our private lives

– Keyboard loggers can empty our bank accounts if they choose to do so



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It used to be a problem of PCs

• Not any more…

• PocketPC virus: – Duts

• Mobile phone virus:– Cabir – Infects the Symbian

operating system




Mobile phone viruses: The Mosquitos virus

• Mosquitos Virus:– Attaches itself to an illegal copy of “Mosquitos” game– Once installed it starts sending potentially expensive

SMS messages to premium numbers – “free to download” but “expensive to play”




The CommWarrior Worm

• Once installed – Searches or

nearby phones– Sends itself to

the owner's address list through MMS

– Using random names

• Difficult to filter out




How much does it cost?

• Financial Cost: worms cost billions of euros to lost productivity– CodeRED Worm: $2.6 billion – Slammer: $1.2 billion– LoveLetter virus: $8.8 billion

• Could cyberattacks lead to loss of life? – What if a medical equipment gets infected by a worm?

• Wrong diagnosis? Wrong treatment? – What if a car gets infected by a worm?

• Could this lead to fatal car crash?

• How about Critical Infrastructures?• What if a Nuclear power plant gets infected?

– Would this lead to failure of safety systems? – Is this possible?




How much does it cost?

• Worms have penetrated Nuclear Power plants. • “The Slammer worm penetrated a private computer network at

Ohio's Davis-Besse nuclear power plant in January and disabled a safety monitoring system for nearly five hours”

Security Focus News

• Luckily no harm was made– The reactor was not operating at that time – There was a fall-back analog monitoring system

• Will we be so lucky next time?




What do people say about this? ENISA

• ENISA: European Network and Information Security Agency

• PSG: Permanent Stakeholders Group• Vision Document




ENISA Vision

• “The longer-term impact of … worm compromised hosts is likely to be greater in total than at present”

• “… Organized Crime and terrorists … introduce a level of sophistication and funding of (cyber)attacks that is far beyond what we have commonly seen in the previous 20 years of cyber security”

ENISA PSG i.e. things are bad and are going to get worse!




What does the community say about this?What should we do?

• Feb. 2005

• President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee (in U.S.)

• Cyber-Security Sub-committee – David Patterson, UC Berkeley– Tom Leighton, MIT, – and several others




Cyber-security Report

• Provide expert advice– In IT security




Research Priorities Identified

• They identified 10 Research Priorities• We should do Research in:

– Global Scale Monitoring (for cyber-attacks)– Real-time Data collection storage and analysis (for

cyberattacks)– Automated (cyberattack) discovery from monitoring

data – Develop forensic-friendly architectures

To summarize:

Monitor for cyber-attacks and detect them early




Cybersecurity Research in Crete

• At DCS we do just that

• Monitor, detect, and fingerprint – Cyberattacks




Project Coordination

• LOBSTER: Large Scale Monitoring of Broadband Internet Infrastructure– SSA, Research Networking Testbed, funded

by IST, 9 partners

• NoAH: Network of Affined Honeypots– SSA (Design Study), Research Infrastructure– Funded by DG Research, 8 partners




Publicity




What is a honeypot?

• An “undercover” computer– which has no ordinary users – which provides no regular service

• Or a few selected services if needed

– Just waits to be attacked…

• Its value lies on being compromised – Or in being exploited, scanned, etc.

• Honeypots are an “easy” target– But heavily monitored ones

• If attacked, they log as much information as possible




When was a honeypot first used?

• Widely publicized: The cuckoo’s egg– By Cliff Stoll

• Cliff Stoll noticed a 75-cent accounting error in the computer he managed – This led Cliff to discover an intruder named “Hunter” – Instead of shutting “Hunter” out, Cliff started to study him – He connected the modem lines to a printer – He created dummy “top-secret” directories to “lure”

“Hunter” into coming back – He was paged every time “Hunter” was in– He traced “Hunter” to a network of hackers

• Paid in cash and drugs and • Reporting directly to KGB




How do we receive attacks?

• Three types of sensors:– Traditional honeypots who wait to be attacked– Collaborating organizations who install low-

interaction honeypots and forward “interesting” attacks to NoAH core

– Honey@Home: A “screensaver” who forwards all unwanted traffic to NoAH

• Unwanted traffic received at – unused IP addresses – unused TCP/UDP ports




In Closing…

• In a week from today (May 17th) is the – World Telecommunication Day 2006 (WTD)

• Commemorates the founding of ITU

– WTD 200 is Dedicated to • “Promoting Global Cybersecurity”




In Closing…

• Let us take this opportunity – Of the World Telecommunication Day– Dedicated to promoting Global Cybersecurity – And promote cybersecurity and Internet

Safety• By promoting awareness • By empowering small organizations• By empowering people to contribute and make a

difference

• Thank you all...




CyberSecurity Research in Crete

Evangelos MarkatosInstitute of Computer Science (ICS)

Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH)Crete, Greece

CyberSecurity

Documents

Evangelos Markatos, FORTH [email protected] CyberSecurity Research in Crete Evangelos Markatos Institute of Computer Science