Evolution in KitchenEvolution in Kitchen

Submitted bySubmitted by

Nidhi Suthar Nidhi Suthar Ph.D FRMPh.D FRM

Submitted toSubmitted to

Dr. Suman SinghDr. Suman Singh

Sr. Scientist AICRIPSr. Scientist AICRIP

Meaning of kitchenMeaning of kitchen

A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation

History of kitchenHistory of kitchenThe evolution of the kitchen is linked to the invention of the cooking range or stove and the development of water infrastructure capable of supplying water to private homes.

AntiquityMiddle Ages

IndustrializationRationalization

Technicalization

AntiquityAntiquity

Ancient Greece homes, a covered but otherwise open patio served as the kitchen.

Roman Empire they did their cooking in large public kitchens.

There were no chimneys.

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

• The "kitchen area" was between the entrance and the fireplace.

• European medieval kitchens were dark, smoky, and sooty places, whence their name "smoke kitchen”.

• Separate kitchen with chimney was introduced.

IndustrializationIndustrialization

• Second half of the 19th century induced other significant changes

• At the turn of the 20th century, electricity had been mastered

• The first electrical stove had been presented in 1893

• Industrialization also caused social changes

Social change due to IndustrializationSocial change due to Industrialization

• Kitchen in factory working class was badly aired and with insufficient lighting

• In upper classes kitchen as separate space and operated by servants

• The middle class tried to imitate the luxurious dining styles of the upper class

• Gas pipes were first laid in the late 19th century

• gas distribution would go through a coin meter.

RationalizationRationalization

• To streamline work processes, Taylorism and time-motion studies were used to optimize processes.

• The German kitchen brand 'Poggenpohl', established in 1892 by Friedemir Poggenpohl, introduced ergonomic work-top heights & storage chutes

The Frankfurt kitchen using Taylorist The Frankfurt kitchen using Taylorist

principlesprinciples

Developed in 1926, this kitchen measured 1.9 m by 3.4 m (approximately 6 ft 2 inby 11 ft 2 in, with a standard layout.

two purposes :

•to optimize kitchen work •to lower the cost of building

Causes of criticism of new concept Causes of criticism of new concept of kitchenof kitchen

• people were not accustomed to the changed processes

• it was so small that only one person could work in it

• some storage spaces intended for raw loose food ingredients

TechnicalizationTechnicalization• The idea of standardized

dimensions and layout developed

• The equipment used for standard kitchen : hot and cold water on tap and a kitchen sink and an electrical or gas stove and oven and refrigerator

• Swedish kitchen using unit furniture with wooden fronts for the kitchen cabinets.

• A trend began in the 1940s in the United States to equip the kitchen with electrified small and large kitchen appliances such as blenders, toasters, and later also microwave ovens.

• After the World War II, massive demand for –

- low-price, - high-tech

consumer goods

This led to Western European kitchens

being designed to accommodate new appliances such as refrigerators and electric/gas cookers. Stainless steel home

appliances popular in modern western kitchens

Open kitchenOpen kitchen• Starting in the 1980s, the

perfection of the extractor hood allowed an open kitchen again.

• The open kitchens,found with high ceilings (up to the roof) and were aired by skylights.

• The extractor hood made possible to build open kitchens where ,high ceilings and skylights were not possible.

Domestic kitchen planningDomestic kitchen planning

• The first ideas to optimize the work in the kitchen go back to Catharine Beecher's

• Beecher's "model kitchen"

was the first systematic design ,based on early ergonomics.

• The design included regular shelves on the walls, ample work space, and dedicated storage areas for various food items.

Beecher's "model kitchen" brought early ergonomic principles to the home

• Architecture of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1944 want to improve home building, with an emphasis on standardization for cost reduction.

• It was there that the notion of the kitchen work triangle was formalized –storage ,preparation and cooking

Few common kitchen formsFew common kitchen forms

Few common kitchen forms, commonly characterized by the arrangement of the kitchen cabinets and sink, stove, and refrigerator

• A single-file kitchen (or one-way galley) • The double-file kitchen (or two-way galley) • L-kitchen • U-kitchen

• block kitchen (or island)

Single-file kitchen Single-file kitchen (or one-way galley)(or one-way galley)

The double-file kitchen The double-file kitchen (or two-way galley)(or two-way galley)

L- shape kitchenL- shape kitchen

U- shape kitchenU- shape kitchen

Block kitchen Block kitchen (or island kitchen)(or island kitchen)

Modular KitchenModular KitchenModular kitchen normally constitutes wooden cabinets, countertops, internal accessories, electro eomestic gadgets like chimney, hob, built-in-oven, sink with or without drain board and in some cases a refrigerator, dishwasher or other gadgets.

Creating an ergonomic kitchenCreating an ergonomic kitchenBy James MahoneyBy James Mahoney

• Ergonomic kitchen is that should be planned to suit you

• Special consideration about specific heights, depths, widths & clearances

• Right kitchen design that creates a working environment

• The design should fit to your exact movements • Ergonomic kitchen take into careful though just

what your present and future physical abilities • kitchen that is comfortable and convenient both to

use.

Seven Essential principles for Seven Essential principles for design kitchendesign kitchen

The Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University – Equitable Use

– Flexibility in Use

– Simple and Intuitive Use

– Perceptible Information

Seven Essential principles for design kitchenSeven Essential principles for design kitchen

– Tolerance for Error

– Low Physical Effort

– Size and Space for Approach and Use

Kitchen Work TriangleKitchen Work TriangleIn the traditional kitchen the three main work sites are:In the traditional kitchen the three main work sites are:

• Refrigerator - the cold storage work site

• Sink - the cleaning/preparation work site

• Stove / Cooking Range - the cooking work site

Optimal Kitchen Counter Top Optimal Kitchen Counter Top HeightHeight

The most common height for a kitchen counter top is 3-feet (36-inches).

Optimal Toe Kick DimensionsOptimal Toe Kick Dimensions

The optimal depth for a toe kick in 3 inches. This provides an adequate recess to maintain balance while working at a counter top.

What is a Toe Kick For?What is a Toe Kick For?

A toe kick is a recess at the bottom of a base cabinet. It provides a recess for your feet so you can get close to the counter top without losing your balance.

Better Kitchen StorageBetter Kitchen StorageBBy Acorn Kitchensy Acorn Kitchens

Recommended ergonomic storage levels for storage items