Evolution of Airplane

8/3/2019 Evolution of Airplane

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Amit Anand

400907031



History Dream as old as mankind

Reflected in imaginations & dreams

Daedus & Icarus have their mentions in the Greekmythology

Flying horse-Pegasus(greek) , Garuda(indonesian),Pakshiraj(indian mythology)



Mere Attempt At Copying Nature





Era of the 17th

Century Seventeenth century saw various attempts in the

form of lighter than air balloons.

Filled with hot gas or hydrogen Amount of hot gas blown into the balloon determined

the flight and range .

Not a feasible solution





Eighteenth & Nineteenth Century Eighteenth &Nineteenth century saw the invention of

various things .

Completely changed human life. But still there wasn’t anything substatntial done in

the field of aviation uptill now

An englishmen Sir George Cayley conceived a flying

machine with fixed wings,propulsion sysytem &moveable control surfaces.



Cayley was fascinated by birds and kites.

He would carefully study and observe the different

flying mechanisms in birds Concluded that the lift function and the thrust

function in the birds were distinct.

Built the first airplane – a kite mounted on a stick

with a moveable tail.





Cayley glider replica flown



Works of Otto Lilienthal Period of experimentation began in 1891 with Otto

Lilienthal.

Began his experiments with a hang glider

Worked on the ideas of cayley

Believed that the ideas of distinct thrust function andlift function could be imitated by employing differentsystems on the aircraft.

Developed 19 different gliders

Died in a gliding accident but his work paved the wayfor engineers to come including the wright brothers.



Lilienthal’s Gliders



A Fairy Tale Story of two honest , straightforward & hardworking

Americans who accomplished something magical &fantastic .

Created a craft of stick & fabric that mounted the airlike the chariots of gods opening the sky to allhuman kind.

Driving force behind the Wright brothers



Analogies Various sources from where they derived analogies

were-:

1. Birds2. Kites

3. Flying carpets from the Arabian nights

4. Fishes



Starting At The Top Carefully studied what others had done

Tried to understand the failures & limitations of

previous work Broke the orthodox style of thinking , discarded

various superstiotions & carefully put togethervarious bits & parts of info scattered here and there

Began with a glider & then only moved to the idea ofa powered airplane.



General Rule Of Designing



Wright brothers built their several aircrafts and testedit.

They conducted field test which revealed certainvital stats i.e. how far it can fly , how long it remainedairborne ,how sensitive it is to air bornedisturbances.



Doing It ‘Wright’ Tested individual components instead of designing

and building the whole aircraft

Earlier researchers had showed that airplane can becontrolled by designing it in such a way that onewing tips up & other tips down .

Wright bros. Concentrated on a 5 foot biplane-

kite,showed that twisting the wings had the intendedeffect in causing the kite to roll.



1900-1902 They tested several gliders but none of them were

very successful

They knew they just couldn’t go on making glidersand testing them as it was too costly and also wasuncertain

They came up with a wind tunnel in which the lift and

drag could be quantified Tested 80-200 different wing shapes



In 1902 they finally came up with a design which wasthe first effective heavier than air aircraft .

Although the longest flight that the glider was to evermake was only 662 feet on the ground, it wastravelling into stiff air



1903-The Historic Year They knew they were very close , nw all eyes were

on the powered airplane

The brothers developed a 4 cylinder gasoline engine, returned to the tunnel to test the propellor shapesand finally designed the 1903 aircraft.



Quantitative Analysis Blue points depicts the

progress made during

the period 1894 to 1905

for the non wright flights

Against the backdropwe see the wright bros.efforts to develop anairplane in green.theirfirst aircraft was approx.

equal to the best aircraftthat had beendeveloped so far.



Thanks

Documents

Evolution of Airplane