Evolution of contemporary diplomacy

A brief evolution of CD Permanent residents, 15-17 cnt.

Diplomatic structure (embassies, MFA), 17-18 cnt.

Old diplomacy and its congress system, 19 cnt.

Global Diplomacy, 20 cnt.

Open Multilateral Diplomacy, 20-21 cnt

The beginnings of the Contemporary Diplomacy are to send a permanent

ambassador during the peaceful times.

I) 15-17th centuries:

The contemporary diplomacy was started in Northern Italy during the fifteenth century and spread to the rest of northern and western Europe in the following hundred years.>>

WHY? The system of cities as independent states – Venice,

Milan, Florence, Naples; The strongest trade ties; Сultural development was higher than in the rest

European states; The threat of war from France

The Sources of the Contemporary Diplomacy.

I) 15-17th centuries:

Italians introduced one of the modern methods of diplomacy is the resident (permanent) ambassador:

representative of a man sent him>> fragmentation phenomenon

secretary was available; Salary was absent >> rich + elite family roots Embassies were not available Security was not provided till 18th century Three types of ambassadors: Special envoy, ad hoc,

resident

I) 15-17th

Some specific characteristics of the 15-18th diplomacy transferred to today’s diplomacy:

The duties of ambassadors – to get domestic info. and transfer it to the native state through diplomatic reports;

SecrecyCentral and provincial diplomacies (Europe is center,

Poland (Rzeczpospolita), Russia, Turkey and Muslims were defined as a province)

Idea of the symbolism – to demonstrate something (influence, money)>>

Ceremony (a mode of behavior) became today’s protocol: is to demonstrate the definite intentions of a boss (a city, church, state) >>

I) 15-17th

Precedence in diplomatic protocol was and is a priority smb.over smb. for ambassadors in a country, precedence is

determined by the order in which they presented their credentials to the host government.

who is more influential in diplomatic corps? A Russian diplomat or English diplomat??? >> doyen, dean

A struggle between diplomats >> an idea of equality was likely to be articulated at the end of 30 years war, 1648

The Sources of the Contemporary Diplomacy

II) 17-18th centuriesPermanent diplomatic embassies

New development of the diplomatic net: Europe, Poland, Russia and Ottoman Empire >>

The development of Ministries (Department, Offices and etc) of Foreign Affairs in Europe:

France – in the 17th: State secretary; archives; regional departments;

Russia – College of Foreign Ministry from 1620es: regional divisions, domestic issues

II) 17-18th centuries

Development of diplomatic theory:France – the source of negotiations by

Testament Politique by Richelieu, 1638 + “How to negotiate with kings…” by F. Callier,

1740s Idea of negotiations as a basis for diplomacyTraining of diplomats: practice as attaches;

1712-Political Academy

The Sources of the Contemporary Diplomacy

III)Old diplomacy and its congress system, 1815-1914

Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, France, Russia-Admitted equality instead of precedence among

themselves after wars – 1757-1763, 1801-1815Vienna congress, Oct. 1814-June 1815 Meetings (planned, private) to prevent the wars,

revolutions and so on in the peacetime. The central powers singed an agreement that

“....they was going to live and act in Europe in accord or harmony...”

European concert – a planned summits, conference to implement international relations in Europe

Holly Alliance as a mechanism of army interventions to prevent revolutions = UN peacekeeping operations???

Congress system is private ties among kings and officials: Alexander I, Metternich, Castlereagh

Alexander I and Metternich Holly Alliance

III)congress system

It produced:1) New development of diplomatic structures:-1802- Ministry of Foreign Affairs with career diplomats-1819 – German foreign service on Wilhemstrasse with

career diplomats1853 – French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Quai d’Orsay

building with strong patronage system1854 – British Foreign Service with strong patronage

system2) First diplomatic law (Vienna convention, 1815)-rank of diplomats (ambassador, envoy, minister, agents

and chargers d’affairs)

III)congress system

• 3) functions of diplomats will be transferred in Diplomatic Law, 1961, 1963

to cultivate friendly relations

to negotiate on daily questions;

to clear the intentions of powers

to accumulate information

to give policy advise

Old diplomacy and beginnings of the global diplomacy

IV) 19-20th centuriesGlobal diplomacy:

Japan (1867, 1905) and US (1898) became engaged in European relations +

European states arranged diplomatic missions in Africa and Asia and clash of cultures

Commercial consuls are to promote the trade interests:

1880 – Great Britain; Otto Von Bismarck and tariffs’ war with Russia

1880es; Military attaches are to provide a native

government with data concerning the developments in arms

The number of military attaches is an index of pre-war situation and tension

IV) 19-20th centuries: circulation of Mass-media and the “end” of the Old Diplomacy

• Public opinion was defined by diplomats as the influential tool of politics

• Press-services + analyzing public opinion abroad within the MFA:– French MFA created the first Press-service in

1886;– Russian MFA analyzed much more than

others foreign mass media– Bribes for journalists– The first published diplomatic documents– The first interview of diplomats by journalists

only in the end of 19th cnt.

IV) how the traditional diplomacy was undermined: Soviet Russia, Germany, United States

1) Lenin opened for public all MFA archives

Compilation of Secret Documents from the Archive of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (Editor -Nikolai Markin)

2) Germany:

Berliner Tageblatter, since January 1918.

Grosse Politik - contained diplomatic correspondence between the German and other European states relative to the beginning of the First World War.

These actions can be compared with the doings of Wikileaks -

The public saw its absence in high politics

IV) how the traditional diplomacy was undermined: Soviet Russia, Germany, United States

3) W. Wilson’s the 14 Points articulated by him on the Paris Peace Conference:

“Open conferences, after which there shall no private international understanding of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view”

These ideas were determined not only by Wilson’s idealism and by new aims of American global diplomacy but also by the disclosures happened in Europe

NEW diplomacy came as an Open Diplomacy (International Organizations implied participation a

public)• League of Nations (1919-1946):

– The aim of creation was to solve the conflicts by peaceful tools

– The main misfortune was “.... To solve conflicts by peacefully, if conflicting sides submit jointly a request for resolving a conflict...”

NEW diplomacy

• Efficiency of League of Nation on diplomacy:– A precedent of multilateral diplomacy >> UN– Openness of diplomacy– International Arbitration, Tribunal and Mediation are

the tools of diplomacy– Frequent Conferences, summits became a diplomatic

tools to react rapidly on a conflicts >>– Preventive diplomacy and collective security

diplomacy – a system of alliances to prevent the aggressive intentions of actors

– However >>• League of Nations created a deviant diplomacy as a

tool not implement agreements and promises:– Hitler and European countries before the 2 WW

United Nations: new diplomacy?

1945 – establishment based on the ideas of necessity to apply a super power by the combined forces to keep the peace.Cooperation (that means “common interests) through collective actionsForce of powerful states (UN Security Council) and diplomacy will lead to peace >>Charter VI – “Pacific settlement of disputes” and Charter VII –“Actions with respects of Threats…” implies the application of armed force for self-defense and international enforcement action

New diplomacy: what kinds of methods were created for today

– Mediation – is a methods to stop a conflict on the different stages (US as a mediator in Israel-Palestine conflict) through pressure, talks, sanctions

– Preventive diplomacy is to find a compromise in the period of pre-conflict situation

– Collective security diplomacy – a system of alliances to prevent the aggressive intentions of actors (Hitler and Europe, Iran and world) >>

– Peacekeeping operations as the next step in today diplomacy

• Opinion (often) – MD and UN are destabilizing the world, because

–1) the states do not try to resolve a conflict themselves

–2)UN is used by powerful states to promote their resolutions

–3) Mediators, observation missions are only harmful, because they contribute to maintain the rival positions by the conflicting sides

Old and NEW diplomacy: what kind of diplomatic methods did they create?

-permanent resident (ambassador) as a bilateral diplomacy

-negotiations, system of congresses

- multilateral diplomacy as a tool to prevent, to mediate

- Idea about collective security became the main strategy of contemporary alliances

Reading materials:how to find

• http://ushistory.ru/diplomacy/diplomacy.zip

• Download the files

homework

• Read files # 1, 2, 3, 4 (the only big load for you)

• These files are chapters from: Hamilton K., and Langhorne Richard. The Practice of Diplomacy. London, N.Y., 1995

• Test (four questions) will be

2 of October