Detergents

Evolution Of Hard Surface Disinfectants In Poultry OperationsS.T.Moubarak Cairo University

Introduction of a range of chemicals such as: - Copper sulphate (1767), Bleaching powder (1798),Hydrogen peroxide (1818), -Creosote (1836),- Iodine (1839),Chlorine water (1843),- Phenol (1860),- Quats (1916).

Disinfectants- A History Overview18th and 19th centuriesEvolution of chemical disinfectants in poultry industry

Antiseptic DisinfectantSurfactants

Surfactants

DISINFECTION

Scientific definition:A process (physical or chemical) designed to give a 5 log reduction of organisms (99.999% kills)

Microbial Kill SummaryLLDILDHLDChemical SterilantsEnveloped Viruses3 Log / 99.9%3 Log / 99.9%Vegetative Bacteria6 Log / 99.9999%6 Log / 99.9999%Fungi5 Log / 99.999%5 Log / 99.999%5 Log / 99.999%5 Log / 99.999%Non-Enveloped Viruses3 Log / 99.9%

3 Log / 99.9%Mycobacteria4 Log / 99.99%6 Log / 99.9999%6 Log / 99.9999%Spores6 Log / 99.9999%6 Log / 99.9999%8Microbial Sensitivity to Chemical Biocides

Classes of Organisms Ranked in order of Susceptibility to Disinfectants

Disinfectants Selection Criteria

Antimicrobial efficacyCorrosivityChemical hazardEnvironmental concernsStability

Biocidal Spectrum

Corrosivity

Chemical Hazard

Environmental Concerns

Stability

Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic AcidHydrogen PeroxideHydrogen peroxide was discovered in 1818 by the French chemist Louis-Jacques Thenard. He coined the famous term eau oxygenee to express his belief that it was oxygen diluted into water!

Hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 - was rapidly commercially available thereafter, and was primarily used for bleaching straw hats!Since that time, production has grown to currently over 3 million metric tons per year worldwide with a yearly growth of about 3%.Its main applications are pulp bleaching (50% of demand), chemical synthesis, and textile bleaching.

a clean oxidant.

H2O2 ------------> H2O +1/2 O2H2O2 and preparation of other oxidants Inorganic chemistry : Persalts (perborate, percarbonate, persulphates, metal peroxides, etc.) as well as sodium chlorite and chlorine dioxide. Organic chemistry : Epoxy products (oils, latex), organic peroxides, peracetic acid, sulphur derivatives, etc.Hydrogen peroxide and Food industry

Hydrogen peroxide is used to clean and disinfect packages in contact with food products. Its aseptic properties are also invaluable in the sterilization of drink packs (milk, fruit juice, etc.). % . . .3 %Hydrogen peroxide- 3 % 10 . 10 20 30 .6 %Hydrogen peroxide . (3 %) . 35 %50 %70 %Super D .50 %60 %70 %Standardgrade . .10 %30%35 %Technical grade- .- . .35 %50 %Food grade .30 %32%Electronic grade 30 %Reagent grade 90 % Highly Concentrated Oxidation potentials of various oxidisersOxidiserOxidation potentialFluorine3,0Hydroxyradicals2,8Ozone2,1Hydrogen Peroxide1,8potassium permanganate1,7Chlorine Dioxide1,5Chlorine1,4Peracetic Acid (PAA)Peracetic acidPeroxyacetic acidAcetic peroxideAcetyl hydroperoxideProxitane

It is an organic compound. a colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor like vinegar.

All commercially available PAA products contain an equilibrium of PAA, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and water.

Its formula is CH3CO3H.Peracetic Acid Preparation (peroxide group transfer)H2O2CH3COOHH HHHCCOOO+HydrogenPeroxideAceticAcidPeroxyacetic Acid

Main Uses of Peracetic AcidSanitation of Industrial Processing Equipement

Milk and Dairy plants.Meat, Poultry, Seafood, and egg plants.Fruit and Vegetable processing.Pulp and paper mills.Winery, breweriesControl of BiofilmIodineIodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois at 1811 in France.

Origin of name: from the Greek word "iodes" meaning "violet". Iodophors Preparations that bind iodine to a solubilising agent or carrier. The water-soluble complex allows the slow release of a low concentration of free iodine. This helps to minimise the negative side effects of using free elemental iodine. Modern iodine preparations

The two most commonly used iodophors Povidone iodine (PVP-I): a chemical complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone (also known as povidone and PVP) and elemental iodine.

Cadexomer iodine: an iodine and polysaccharide complex. Iodophors as Hard surface DisinfectantComponents:IODINESURFACTANTACID

33Iodinelevels from 1.5 - 2.9 % available iodine

34SurfactantNecessary to solubilise and control the release of Iodine in solution, and to improve the penetration of Iodine in soiled conditionsThe most expensive component

35How do we control the release of Iodine ?By creating MICELLES36Micelle Formation

Controlled releaseWithout surfactant, the penetration and dispersion of Iodine is very poor and inactivation occurs only on the surface of organic matter.38AcidsNecessary to stabilise the Iodine in solution.Essential to maintain a low pH for destruction of Viruses and Fungi.Prevents water salts affecting the disinfectantMixed acid systems are less corrosive than single acids.

39Hard Surface Disinfectants based on Aldehydes and Quaternary Ammonium CompoundsS.T.MoubarakAldehydes and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Aldehydes: Formaldehyde or Glutaraldehyde and/or Glyoxal.QAC: - Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride - Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride - Octyldecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride - Dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloridePine oilAlcoholsTerpineol, Terpine derivatives.

GlutaraldehydeGlutaraldehyde is manufactured in Germany by BASF and in the USA by Union Carbide Corporation.

It is usually sold commercially as a 45% or 50% aqueous solution.Glutaraldehyde C5H8O2(Synonyms)1,5-pentanedial1,3-diformylpropaneGlutaralGlutardialdehydeGlutaric dialdehydeCHO-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO

Biocidal Mechanism of GlutaraldehydeThe cell walls of all living organisms contain free amine groups (lysine and arginine) that serve as the reactive site for glutaraldehyde attack. (crosslinking of the free amine groups)

Effect of pH

The principal health effects of Glutaraldehyde Irritation of the skin, eye and respiratory tract.

Skin sensitization Occupational asthmaQACs General formula R1 R3 N. . . . . . . . . . X R2 R4

Where R1-4 represent(s) alkyl or aryl substituents and X represents a halogen, such as bromide, iodide, or chloride

Alkyl groups !!! CnH2n+1AlkaneFormulaAlkyl groupFormulamethaneCH4methyl group-CH3ethaneCH3CH3ethyl group-CH2CH3propaneCH3CH2CH3n-propyl group-CH2CH2CH3butaneCH3CH2CH2CH3n-butyl group-CH2CH2CH2CH3The properties of the quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats) vary by:

- the number and length of the alkyl chains - introduction of various active groups in the molecules - selection of the corresponding anion (chloride, bromide, etc.)

Mode of Action of QACsQACs irreversibly bind to the phospholipids and proteinsof the membrane, therebyimpairing permeability.

Mode of Action of QACs- The antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium with an alkyl chain is related to lipophilia and peaks between C12 and C16 (for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains).

ConclusionQuaternary Ammonium Compounds with a carbon chain between 12 and 16 are more efficientGlutaraldehyde and QACsThis combination yields a synergistic effect between the QAC and glutaraldehyde, and is most efficacious when the ratio of QAC to glutaraldehyde is :approximately three parts QAC to one part glutaraldehydePhenolic CompoundsTHE COMPONENTSThree Major Groups1- Phenolic: Synthetic (p-tertiary amylphenol,o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol and o-phenylphenol)

2- Cresylic/Phenolic Combination 3- Saponified Cresylic (Saponified cresylic acids)

Other Oxidizing Compounds

Potassium peroxy monopersulphateMain Uses of Oxidizing CompoundsIndications include practically everything !!

Increasing popularity

Environment friendlyGolden age for Microbicidal Science Many questions remain unanswered, such as: The significance of microbicide resistance, The fine mechanism of action of microbicides, the possibility of (primary action sites) And the effect of microbicides on emerging pathogens and microbial biofilms. Thank You !!