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Evolution Part I:. Charles Darwin is known as the Father of Evolution. What we know now seems like common sense but in Darwin’s day, it wasn’t. So…..How did Darwin come up with his new and radical ideas that eventually led to the (controversial) Theory of Evolution? . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Evolution Part I:
Charles Darwin is known as the Father of Evolution.
What we know now seems like common sense but in Darwin’s day,
it wasn’t. So…..How did Darwin come up
with his new and radical ideas that eventually led to the (controversial)
Theory of Evolution?
After studying at Cambridge, Charles was recommended for a surveying trip on the HMS
Beagle.
He sailed around the world on the Beagle for 5 years, working as a naturalist.
On the voyage, Darwin noticed that everywhere he went,
the animals and plants differed vastly.
Yet, there were similarities
Patterns in the species suggested that the species had changed over time and had given rise to new and
different species.
The Galapagos Islands lie 500 miles west of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean,
directly on the equator.
Many of Darwin’s conclusions were
based on observations of
wildlife in the Galapagos Islands.
“Galapagos” means turtle.
Were the animals and plants created to match their environment?
Then, why didn’t the Galapagos finches look like the birds of the African continent, since the environments of both the Galapagos and
Africa were similar.
Darwin guessed that some of the birds
from South America migrated to the
Galapagos.
Once on the islands, the birds must have
changed over the years because each island was different
from the others….landscape
and flora.
Darwin called this…
or
(change in species over time)
Darwin concluded:Each species had descended, with changes,
from other species over time.
Descent With Modifications
…or Survival of the Fittest.
The mechanism by which evolution takes place.
Five basic components:
1. All species have genetic variation.
Nature has to have some variety in order to choose.
Look around you…are you all the same?
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Many that survive do not produce offspring.
The female green sea turtle lays a clutch of about 110 eggs. She may lay several clutches.
It is likely that less than 1% of the hatchlings will ever reach sexual maturity.
3. Since more organisms are produced than can survive, there is competition (struggle for existence).
Competition exists WITHIN and AMONG species.
foodWithin and Among Species for
And Within a Species for
water
mates
shelter space
Short-term natural disasters can have large impacts on competion. (drought, fires, floods, snowstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes)
Long-term changes in the environment also affect survival. (ice ages, biome shifts, global warming etc)
4. Survival of the fittest Some organisms are more suited to their environment as a result of variations in the species.
Fitness: the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. Fitness is a result of adaptations.
He who spreads the most genes wins!1st
Individuals that are fit to their environment survive and leave more offspring than those who aren’t.
5. Descent with modification: Living species today are descended with modifications from common ancestral species that lived in the past.
Over time, genes for less favored characteristics will be eliminated from the gene pool.
Example: giraffes and their increasingly longer necks.
Characteristics of fit individuals increase in a population over time.
Natural Selection: Survival of the Fittest
the variation has to already exist.
An adaptation is any inherited characteristic (a genetic variation) that can increase an organism’s chance of survival.
If the environment changes.
the variation may give an advantage to survive environmental change.
An organism does not change because of the need or desire to survive. The organism is either
born with the variation that enables it to survive or it dies.
Darwin published his theory in the book
November 24, 1859
And that is why Darwin is the father of Evolution
NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION• Camouflage
(Cryptic coloration)
NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION
• Mullerian Mimicry –untasty imitates untasty ….both benefit by making sure their predators gets the point.
• Monarch and Viceroy Butterfly
NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION
• Batesian Mimicry – palatable (tasty) mimics unpalatable (untasty)
• Coral vs. King Snakes: Red on yellow, kill a fellow, red on black friend of Jack
Natural Selection in Action• Warning Coloration (Aposematic
coloration)
NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION
• Disruptive Coloration
Natural Selection in Action
• Counter Shading
Natural Selection in Action
• Eye spots
Evolution Things to remember:
a. Populations evolve, not individuals.
b. Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution.
c. Evolution occurs by chance (NOT GOAL ORIENTED).
d. Organisms are born with adaptations, they can’t adapt because they need or want to
Part II
• Speciation • Causes of evolution• Rates of evolution
Species
– An organism that has the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring that looks like their parents.
Speciation is the creation of a new species
results from
which include
produced by produced byproduced by
which result in
which result in
Reproductive Isolation
Isolating mechanisms
Behavioral isolation Temporal isolationGeographic isolation
Behavioral differences Different mating timesPhysical separation
Independentlyevolving populations
Formation ofnew species
Occurs when 2 pop. are capable of interbreeding but have different courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies that involve behavior
Two or more species reproduce at different times
Two pop. Are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water
Speciation
results from
Reproductive Barriers
A reproductive barrier is any factor that prevents two species from producing fertile hybrids, thus contributing to reproductive isolation.
• Habitat/Geographical Isolation• Temporal Isolation• Behavioral Isolation• Mechanical Isolation• Gametic Isolation
Causes of Evolution1. Mutations - random changes in genetic material at
the level of the DNA nucleotides or entire chromosomes
2. Natural Selection - most important cause of evolution; measured in terms of an organism's fitness– The contribution an individual makes to the gene
pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals…the more fit, the more they contribute.
Modes of Selection (types of natural selection)
a. Stabilizing Selection - average phenotypes have a higher fitness over the extreme phenotypes
b. Directional Selection - phenotype at one extreme has a higher fitness over the average and the other extreme
c. Disruptive Selection - both extreme phenotypes have a higher fitness than the intermediate phenotypes
In this case, darker mice are favored because they live among darkrocks and a darker fur color conceals Them from predators.
These mice have colonized a patchy habitat made up of light and dark rocks, with the result that mice of an intermediate color are at a disadvantage.
If the environment consists of rocks of an intermediate color, both light and dark mice will be selected against.
Phenotypes (fur color)
Original population
Originalpopulation
Evolvedpopulation
Freq
uenc
y of
indi
vidu
als
Modes of Selection
Directional DisruptiveStabilizing
Causes of Evolution3. Mating Preferences - Organisms usually do not choose their mates at random, thus the selection process can cause evolution
4. Gene Flow - Transfer of genes between different populations of organisms. This situation leads to increased similarity between the two populations (Tends to reduce differences between populations over time)
5. Genetic Drift (Founder Effect & Bottleneck) - Situation that results in changes to a population's gene pool caused by random events, not natural selection. This situation can have drastic effects on small populations of individuals. Common on islands.
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Founder Effect
Bottleneck Effect
RATE OF EVOLUTION
Part III:Types of EvolutionExtinction
TYPES OF EVOLUTION• 1. Divergent Evolution - Multiple
species of organisms descended from the same common ancestor at some point in the past. – Method of evolution accounting for the
presence of homologous structures.– Adaptive Radiation.
• Ex. Darwin’s finches
• 2. Convergent Evolution - Because certain adaptations are more advantageous in different environments, unrelated organisms that live in similar environments will have similar features that perform similar functions.– Method of evolution accounting for the
presence of analogous structures.– Ex. Dolphins and shark
• 3. Coevolution –Organisms that are closely connected evolve together. – Method of evolution accounting for
specialists. • Ex. Monarch butterfly and milkweed plants• Insects and flowers
As the environment changes, organisms must have variations (adaptations) that will determine whether they can survive with the changes or they can’t and they die.
If an entire species cannot adapt, that species will then become extinct.No More, Finished, Bye-Bye!
There have been at least 5 MASS extinctions during Earth’s history where a huge % of the living species were destroyed
At least one of these mass extinctions has been attributed to meteor impact and it’s
consequences.
It is estimated that 1/5 or more of the world’s species will become extinct if the rainforests are destroyed.
Many scientists say that the
earth is currently
experiencing a mass extinction
crisis.
Part IV:Evidence of Evolution
Evidence for Evolution• 1. Fossil Evidence:
– Paleontology - Study of Fossils Fossil - preserved evidence of past life
– Fossil record: shows organisms that are no longer living and how they changed over time. a. Relative dating
– Which rock layer is the fossil found…If you know the age of one, the rest of them are about the same age.
– Index fossils: wide range, short time period b. Radioactive dating
– Measuring radioactive isotope vs. stable atom content
» Carbon 14
FOSSIL FORMATION
MORPHOLOGICAL HOMOLOGY (similarities)
• 2. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
– Structures that are similar because they are derived from a common ancestral structure
• A structure that serves the same function in two taxa, but is NOT derived from a common ancestral structure is said to be an
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE
3. Embryology (ontogenic) Homology
• As organisms develop, they go through many stages that are similar to other organisms.– The longer two organisms share developmental
stages, the more closely related they are to each other.
Evidence for Evolution
• 4. Molecular Homology-The comparison of different proteins (amino acids) can show how closely related species are to each other.
-The fewer differences in the genetic make-up, the closer related they are.
Evidence for Evolution
Evidence for Evolution
Hybridization of DNA can also show evolutionary relationships.
5. Vestigial Structures
• Structures that have marginal, if any, use to the organisms in which they occur. – Reduced in size. – Derived from an earlier ancestor that did
use/need this structure.
Evidence for Evolution
6. Biogeography
• The study of the geographical distribution of organisms. – Species that are related to each other tend to live
near each other. (fossils of ancestors are present too)
– As geography changes, populations are separated or combined with new populations.• Continent movement (collide and separate), rivers,
mountains, lakes, etc. separate populations
Phylogeny
Phylogeny: Studying the evolutionary histories and relationships of organisms
• Cladistics: a phylogenic study that assumes when probable groups of organisms diverged and evolved
Theropods
Allosaurus
Sinornis
Velociraptor
Archaeopteryx
Light bones3-toed foot;
wishboneDown
feathers
Feathers withshaft, veins,and barbs
Flight feathers;arms as long
as legs
Cladograms• “Family tree” that represents evolutionary
relationships (and not just physical appearances)
CLADOGRAM
Fur & MammaryGlands
Jaws
Lungs
Claws or Nails
Feathers
Hagfish Fish FrogLizard
Pigeon
Mouse
Chimp