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This Week:

EVOLVING STORY

Long-term history of societal

protection of some resources for

aesthetic, food security, religious

purposes

Mismanagement and corruption in

resource consumption – giving rise

to roots of conservation in North

America (not possible to arise just

anywhere)

Environmental values rising to a

greater dominance in industrialized

countries

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Today’s Outline of Topics

1. Differences between large scale, top-down control, versus

small scale, bottom-up control, of protected areas?

2. What resources do sacred groves provide communities?

3. Why have sacred groves persisted to today?

4. Why did the National Park model develop in post colonial US?

5. How US citizens drive the development of the National Park

model? How did the ARTS contribute to the formation of the

US conservation movement?

6. So what do 2 guys have to do with the formation of the first

US National Park model? Why does a worm have to do with

the conservation movement first being implemented in the US

[even though the ideas developed in Great Britain, Germany,

India?]

7. Why did the conservation movement not develop in Spain or

Portugal?

8. Introduce idea why Parks as protected areas continue to face

many problems in achieving their conservation goals?

Protected Areas are one of the earliest

and most widespread conservation

tools used by human societies

Wintu Sacred Site, Medicine Lake, CA3

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Today’s Outline of Topics

1. Differences between large scale,

top-down control, versus small

scale, bottom-up control, of

protected areas

http://dealerserviceacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/204-King-Crown.png

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Sacred groves =• few trees to several acres of forests or natural

vegetation dedicated to local folk deities or tree

spirits;

• set-up & controlled by local communities, village

NOTE: People believe that any kind of

disturbance or upsetting local deities or

spirits will offend them

RESULT of Disturbing spirits: they will

cause diseases, natural calamities or

failure of crops

Protected Area: Small scale, bottom up control

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TYPES OF SACRED GROVES:

1. Traditional Sacred Groves –place where

village deity resides and protects community,

also has survival resources that community

controls, protects its uses

2. Temple Groves –created around a

temple and conserved

3. Groves around burial or

cremation grounds

Protected Area: Small scale, bottom up control

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Last

remnants

of primary

forest left

in

Southern

Nigeria;

abode of

fertility

goddess

Once widespread

practice to establish

sacred groves outside all

settlements

1. Traditional Sacred Groves

http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/public-speaking-practice-and-

ethics/section_18/35e8bd11efe30d8b6b38b8a576175401.jpg

8http://www.joannalipper.com/sites/default/files/gallery-images/46dee1032b0e6c62e812949ced7933d0.jpeg;

http://nigerianwiki.com/images/2/2d/Oshogbo1.jpg

Osun Sacred Grove has last remnants of primary forest in southern

Nigeria. Grove lands have many sanctuaries, shrines, sculptures

and art works in honor of Osun - fertility goddess - and other Yoruba

deities. Is probably last sacred grove in Yoruba culture.

NOTE: primary forest means is old forest

that has not been cut down - not young

forest that has regrown back and looks old!

Suan Mokh monastery, Thailand

Sacred Forest Shrine,

India

2. Temple Groves

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Ayyanar temple near

Pondichery, India http://m9.i.pbase.com/o3/75/648575/1/121939169.L1arHdm6.Ayyanartemplene

arSalem4.JPG

India still has ~13,270 sacred

groves existing today

2. Temple Groves

Above Ayyanar idols near

Gobi, Sri Lanka

• Located at boundaries of

rural villages

• Guardian deities eternally

fights demons, evil spirits

that threaten a village

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Ayyanar_i

dols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg

QUESTION? What does this

tell you about whether they

are still revered today?

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Burial cairn at

Dunchraigaig,

Argyll, Scotland

• housed many

burial chambers

[one opened had

bones, many

ancient artifacts]

• can be 5,000

years old

• always

surrounded by a

grove of trees

Dunchraigaig, Scotland

3. Groves around burial or cremation grounds

http://www.megalithic.co.uk/a558/a312/gallery/Spirit_of_Place/Middle-

earth/NLargieS.jpg

Emperor Ashoka

273-232 BCEMauryan Empire,

India 321-185 BCE

Protected Areas: Large-

scale, top-down control

http://bladams.tripod.com/empire/mauryan_g/Picture015.jpg

Strong military – largest empire at this

time, united region of what is present

day India under one flag

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• developed a policy of

protecting natural resources

• assigned specific officials

tasked with protection duty

• first ruler in history to

advocate conservation

measures for wildlife

Emperor Ashoka

Ashoka converted to Buddhism

- established edicts for how to

interact with nature

Protected Areas: Large-

scale, top-down control

http://www.mrdowling.com/images/612chandragupta%20.png

Reference to his edicts are inscribed on 34 stones

Protected Areas: Large-scale, top-down control

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http://en.wikipedia.org/w

iki/Edicts_of_Ashoka#/m

edia/File:EdictsOfAshok

a.jpg

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Ashok’s Edict on Fifth Pillar:

Protect parrots, ruddy

geese, wild ducks, bats,

queen ants, terrapins,

boneless fish, fish,

tortoises, porcupines,

squirrels, deer, bulls, wild

asses, wild pigeons,

domestic pigeons, etc and

all four-footed creatures

that are neither useful

nor edible Forests not to be burnt or

creatures killed without

reason

One animal is not to be fed

to another

Protected Areas: Large-scale, top-down control

ORtranslated

Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE) tells us:

Roman Emperor Hadrian (117-138 CE) worried about

dwindling timber supply of the Lebanese and Ammanus Mts

[will hear about later - Epic of Gilgamesh]. He declared a

portion of this area as:

“Timber Reserve of the Roman Empire.”

“ARBORUM GENERA EST CETERA PRIVATA”

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Large-scale, top-down control

Bronze head

from a statue of

Hadrian, British

Museum

https://www.google.com/

“Timber Reserve of the Roman Empire.”

“ARBORUM GENERA EST CETERA PRIVATA”

Imagine! A timber reserve!

BUT not to conserve the environment &

timber didn’t belong to Hadrian

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Rock Boundary of the

forests of Emperor

Hadrian said: “four tree

species are reserved, the

rest are for private use”

Large-scale, top-down control

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Today’s Outline of Topics

2. What resources do sacred

groves provide communities?

Non-timber products: grazing for

domesticated animals, honey, beeswax,

medicinals (Forestris, Germany, 556 CE)

Hunting grounds - Normans England 1079,

China, Persia, Romania 1457

Conservation of soil and water : (1) Japan

1500’s; (2) Switzerland and Austria 1800’s

Materials collected or protected in Traditional

Sacred Groves were human survival resources:

Sacred groves resource uses & protected

Sacred Forest

Shrine, India

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Community rules conserved an

intact forest.

Allowed community to collect or

harvest from Protected Areas:

SOME SACRED GROVES: No dry

foliage & fallen fruits to be

touched

Deadwood or dried leaves may be

picked, but no cutting of live tree

or branches

Hunting and logging usually

strictly prohibited

Honey, medicinal plants can be collected by the community

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• Conservation of Biodiversity –

NOTE: often the last refuge of endemic species

in a geographical region

• Recharge of aquifers –

Ponds, streams or springs to meet water

requirements of local people. The vegetative

cover helps recharge aquifers.

• Soil conservation –

Vegetation cover in groves improves soil

stability & prevents soil erosion.

TODAY many ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF SACRED GROVES:

1/3 of the worlds largest cities rely on

protected watersheds for their water supply

Parts of West Africa, the only forest remaining is in

protected areas (Furniss 2005)

Benefits of protected areas still being provided to

society …

Where do you think the city of

Seattle gets its water???

ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF SACRED GROVES:

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Today’s Outline of Topics

3. Why have sacred groves persisted

to today?

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Sacred Forest Shrine, Indiahttp://www.e-

pao.net/education/images/Scientific_paper/2009/Groov

es_200910.jpg; http://www.sacredland.org/wp-content/gallery/sacred-groves/sacred-groves-map.jpg

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Globally, sacred groves

have survived for more

than two thousand years

~13,270 in India today

Why Early Protected Areas Survived:

Locally controlled by small,

flexible societies

Community members protect the

grove

Protection of sacred sites and

natural resources inseparable

Regulated by cultural taboos,

constraints passed down through

oral history

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Today’s Outline of Topics

4. Why did the National Park model

develop in post colonial US?

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OUR NEXT STORY: Why did the National Park idea

develop in the US and not in some other country?

The Park Concept vs Sacred Groves :

• Parks designed as public space using public

lands held in trust by a government

• Parks designed for public recreation, or as

wilderness areas - not to protect locally

consumed resources by local communities

• Parks are large scale, top-down controlled

Large-scale, top-down control

We have to go back to European

colonial period in North American!!!

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THE STORY: Why US is Credited with Developing

the Model of Parks still Used Today

Lets pick up these threads and connections ….

2 NEGATIVES: Colonization of North America by European

colonialists

[1] did not pay attention to indigenous community rights

(stole their lands & resources)

[2] was over-exploiting publicly owned forests & resources

in un-environmental way

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THE STORY: Why US is Credited with Developing

the Model of Parks still Used Today

17751850 1810

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1st NEGATIVE:Indigenous Peoples were Dispossessed

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THE STORY: Why US is Credited with Developing

the Model of Parks still Used Today

To control new conquered lands, US government

gave federal or public domain:

• Land given away in place of money

• Land given away to US citizens to settle it for the US government: sovereignty

– Dispossess land from American Indians

– Establish and control borders against the Spanish, Mexicans, French, British, and Canadians

• Privatization: minimize government control of citizens

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How the land was disposed off is what stimulated

the development of conservation values!!!

SLIGHT DETOUR to understand 2nd

Negative

33http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2011/02/23/from-the-archive-frontier-life-in-the-west/2713/

Title: The last large bull train on its way

from the railroad to the Black Hills Summary: Train of oxen and three wagons

in open field. 1890. Repository: Library of Congress Prints

and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 #

Title: "Horse Shoe Curve." On Burlington

and Missouri River. Buckhorn Mountains in background Bird's-eye view of a train on

tracks, just beyond a marked curve. 1891. Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

Washington, D.C. 20540 #

Which mode of transportation

will get you faster to the west?

Which approach will take

months of travel?

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One Approach to Dispose Federal Lands was:

Railroad Land Grants - 1850-1871

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SLIGHT DETOUR to understand 2nd

Negative

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Yellowstone images commissioned by railroads for travel

brochures depicted beautiful & wide vistas. Who would not be

captured by the thought of living or visiting lands that were

visually so heavenly? Photos . Images of Yellowstone commissioned by the railroads (//plainshumanities.unl.edu/peattie/images/figures/ep.nov.jtw.intro.06.jpg)

What is MISSING in these photos??

SLIGHT DETOUR positive impact of 2nd

Negative

• Corruption and misallocation

– Give-aways to railroads

– Lands not given away according to best use

• Deforestation

– Railroads sold land to

timber barons

– Timber barons had a

cut and run policy

• Fires

– Drought

– Sparks from train

engines

– Slash (waste) from timber harvest created additional

fuel36

Impact of Railroad Land Grants:

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2nd NEGATIVE:Resource use un-environmental,

corruption widespread, public land

resources benefited a few individuals

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THE STORY: Why US is Credited with Developing the Park Model

RESULT: This caused public outcry and call

for change & conserving resources

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Today’s Outline of Topics

5. How US citizens drove the

development of the National

Park model?

How did the ARTS contribute to

the formation of the US

conservation movement?

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The arts raised people’s

consciousness of nature and

its aesthetic value which

supported the idea of

establishing public PARKS!!!

This was still not sufficient to get the public

to vote for setting up parks but showed that

people were developing nature values for

public lands

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Emily

Dickinson

1830 - 1886

To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee-

One clover, and a bee,

And revery.

The revery alone will do

If bees are few.

Nature

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Art became one of the threads that connects us to

our beginnings – to the “eternal nature”:

Art: The Hudson River School

e.g. Thomas

Cole (1801-

1848)

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Art became one of the threads that connects us to

our beginnings – to the “eternal nature”:

Literature, e.g. James

Fennimore Cooper

“The last of the Mohicans”

1826. To the delight of

several generations of

young readers who were

to see the wilderness

in a new light.

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Art became one of the threads that connects us to

our beginnings – to the “eternal nature”:

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Music too was part of our link

with nature:

e.g. Amy Beach, American

composer 1867-1944

“…I had visions of nature, forests, sometimes

vast open spaces, sometimes mountains,

always idyllic, organic; I became aware of my

soul..." (Dallas News 2003)

The Gaelic Symphony

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Art became one of the threads that connects us to

our beginnings – to the “eternal nature”:

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Today’s Outline of Topics

6. So what do 2 guys have to do

with the formation of the first

US National Park model?

Why does a worm have to do

with the conservation

movement first being

implemented in the US [even

though the ideas developed

in Great Britain, Germany,

India]?

Despite:

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BUT Establishing First US National Park

was not a easy sell to the public in 1860s

the US public was fed up with un-

environmental uses of public lands

wide-scale corruption with few people making

lots of money

they had more time for recreation, i.e., to

become a tourist in nature!!

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Evidence of Lack of Public Support:

Bills to create the Park Service failed continually

in Congress

Public didn’t know about parks or care about

their condition

Public visitation was low.

Establishing First US National Park was

not a easy sell to the public in 1860s

BUT OUR STORY changed in 1870s due

to 2 men!!

RESULT 1st Park: Yellowstone National Park

established in 1872

First reservation of wildlands to be visited for

recreation purposes only

Establishing First US National Park was

not a easy sell to the public in 1860s

Stephen Mather –

Congress charmer

Horace Albright –

the administrator

Park system

only

happened

because two

men

managed to

get US

Congress to

visit these

lands with

lavish

outings/

picnics.

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Establishing Yellowstone National Park in 1872

was a war on Native Americans• Established on federal government set aside land, i.e.,

public domain lands

• Native Americans were relocated who had used the park

area going back more than 11,000 years (NPS 2012)

But who

owned public

domain lands

before the

Euro-

American

settlers

arrived?

However,

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Since US federal government was at war with Native

Americans, military enforced access to new Park territories.

US Calvary managed, guarded gates & borders of

Yellowstone until 1917

Native Americans were not allowed to enter Yellowstone

National Park to practice their traditional culture until 12

years ago

Left picture: War Department Station at Old Faithful; Haynes; ~1917. ); Right

picture: Colonel Gardiner - took part in the Nez Perce retreat across

Yellowstone National Park; Photographer unknown; ~1877 (Source: NPS 2012)

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Campaign hats still

worn by US National

Park Service rangers

Since federal troops

sent to protect

resources of the first

national parks were

cavalry troopers,

including the 9th

Cavalry's Black "Buffalo

Soldiers, “park rangers

adopted the cavalry

soldier's campaign hat

as a symbol of

authority.

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Official park regulations

discouraged tourists feeding

bears, but Albright realized it

was a popular attraction

needed to develop public

support for Parks.

Horace Albright & feeding bears, Yellowstone

National Park, 1922http://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/parks/yellowstone/3/

Yellowstone's superintendent & Director of

the National Park Service

Eventually, to

preserve wildlife

in natural state,

bears were

weaned from

tourist handouts

& nightly

feedings at

garbage dumps.

So the US got its 1st National

Park but what did it take to

implement the 1st

conservation movement in the

US?

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It took a WORM!!

Shipworms

are mollusks

that live in

wood: their

shell is

modified into

a wood-

drilling bit

that eats

wood as a

food

British needed

to find a

solution to

shipworms!

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So how did the British Navy deal with the

shipworm problem?

THE SOLUTION:

They found a tree species,

Teak [Tectona grandis], resistant to

fungi, insects, shipworms that was

native & in plentiful supply in India

and Burma –

in conquered forests

of the British Empire!

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In studying history, we

know that important events

are connected

So what did the British

Navy have to do with

Germany and India, and the

development of a US

conservation movement ??

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NOTE: Remember Native

Americans already had

strong conservation values

that were ignored by the

European colonizers

TWO OF THE CONNECTIONS: One of the most respected

German foresters (Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) was appointed

Inspector General of Forests by Queen Victoria (became Sir

Dietrich Brandis!)

Empress of India Sir Dr. Dietrich Brandis57

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Brandis in setting out to

intensively manage the teak

forests of India established large

management areas which he

called “Conservancies”

Forest officers in charge in

charge of the conservancies,

he called “Conservators”

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ANSWER:

-Scarcity of timber

supplies to build ships

-Ships did not last long

because of the shipworm

Why does Great Britain care about Indian forests?

Pinchot started “ Conservation Movement”

In 1899, the young

American, Gifford

Pinchot, met Dietrich

Brandis, now retired

Pinchot formed a firm,

devoted attachment to

Dr. Brandis that lasted

until his death in 1907

In 1907, Pinchot was

appointed by Teddy

Roosevelt as Chief of the

new U.S. Forest Service

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Today’s Outline of Topics

7. Why did the conservation

movement not develop in Spain

or Portugal?

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Big point: There is the inherent right of

Latin American people to enter and hold

government land or neighboring land

(even by force). If the land is held long

enough title is given to the holder.

= SQUATTERS RIGHTS

How did this

“Squatters Rights”

come about?

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To understand Latin American

squatters right’s we have to

go back in time to the

1st century through 15th century

in Spain and Portugal

Squatters Rights =

basis of subsistence farming

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The Moors of Northern Africa invaded the Iberian

Peninsula in 710

And they stayed there for 800 years!!

In 710, a scouting

party of 7000 Muslim

Berbers led by a

general named Tariq

iban Ziyad entered

southern Spain and

met with little

resistance as they

established control of

the coastline. He

captured Roderic’s of

Spain’s kingdom

without a large army.

63"Tariq-ibn-Ziyad---w" by Original: ?Modifications: Cornischong at Luxembourgish Wikipedia - Transferred from lb.wikipedia to

Commons.Source:http://www.histoiredesjuifs.com/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=1333 (ënner Creative Commons). Licensed under CC BY-

SA 1.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tariq-ibn-Ziyad---w.jpg#/media/File:Tariq-ibn-Ziyad---w.jpg

Tariq iban Ziyad

The Moorish Castle’s

Tower of Homage,

symbol of Muslim

rule in Gibraltar"The Moorish Castle" by James Cridland from

London, UK - The Moorish Castle. Licensed under CC

BY 2.0 via Commons -

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Moorish_Castle.jpg#/media/File:The_Moorish_Castle.jpg

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Alhambra, Grenada, Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra

Castle and fortress

complex

constructed during

the mid 14th

century by the

Moorish rulers of

the Emirate of

Granada

Alhambra

Spain

Green area owned

by The Caliphate

of Cordova c.

1000 - Part of

present day

Portugal & Spain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania#/media/File:

Al_Andalus_-_2.png

Years65

One example:

Francisco Pizzaro

and a few soldiers

destroyed the entire

Inca Empire

A legacy: any person

could hold on to land by

force if necessary and lay

claim to the land

Conclusion: after 800 yrs or 30 generations (700 - 1500),

Spain & Portugal became nations of fighters: the best

and most brutal fighters the world had ever known!

(1)

(2)

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So now you know why the

Conservation Movement could not

have originated in Spain or Portugal

and in the lands they conquered

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68

Today’s Outline of Topics

8. Introduce idea why Parks as

protected areas continue to to

face many problems in

conservation?

Lets go back to the unique MODEL of PARKS

Developed in America:

FACT:

1960’s to present - GLOBAL Exportation of National

Park Model around the world; MANY DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES TRYING TO MIMIC THIS MODEL today

SO why does the PARK

MODEL need to change??

See Reading: With U.S. as a Model, China

Envisions Network of National Parks – NYT June 10, 2015

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/11/world/asia/china-envisions-network-of-national-parks-with-us-as-a-

model.html?_r=0

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Results of US PARK MODEL concept:

Parks viewed as

scenic vistas &

public

playgrounds,

wilderness

1. People separate from

protected areas. Top-

down management, no

local knowledge

2. Parks became

biological islands

TODAY Protected Areas cover 13% of

the earth’s surface today (March 2010)but not including local people in its

management has been disastrous for

conservation

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Despite 13% of the world in protected area

designations in 2010, biodiversity continues to

decline on a global scale

-IUCN World Parks Congress

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EVOLVING STORIES

Mismanagement and corruption in

resource consumption – roots of

conservation movement in North

America

Environmental values rising to a

greater dominance for some

1st Park in US but excluding

people since assumed they only

degrade environments, on public

lands, no local rules

Protected areas provided early people

materials to construct first shelters to

live as a community and energy [fire],

food, water for their survival

Next class FEAR of forest and their

Over-exploitation by Foreigners

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