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GLv‡b wKQz ejvi Rb¨ Avcbviv †h Avgv‡K †W‡K‡Qb, GUv Avgvi Kv‡Q
A‡kl †MŠi‡ei| Avwg K…Zv_© †eva Kwi| GB cÖwZôvb- evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU
Ae e¨vsK g¨v‡bR‡g›U-Gi ¸iæZ¡ G‡`‡k wkLi¯úk©x; hw`I A‡bKUv Avov‡j
†_‡K hvq| A_©bxwZ hZ mPj nq, Kg©Kv‡Û hZ we¯Ívi I MfxiZv Av‡m, UvKvi
†jb‡`‡b ZZ ˆewPΨ I RwUjZv ev‡o| e¨vsK e¨e¯’v †mLv‡b cÖvq wbtk‡ã
†K›`ªf~wg‡Z P‡j Av‡m| GB e¨e¯’v Aek¨ ïayB wewnZ cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvq
AvU‡K _v‡K bv| Zv‡K Qvwo‡qI hvq| HwZ‡n¨i †hvMm~θ‡jv bvbvw`‡K Qovq|
Zviv Avevi bZzb-bZzb wPšÍv-fvebv, GgbwK dw›`-wdwK‡ii c_ Ly‡j †`q|
e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v cÖZ¨‡¶ bv n‡jI c‡iv‡¶ Zv‡`i m‡½ Rwo‡q hvq| cÖvšÍ †_‡K
†K›`ª, me RvqMv‡ZB gvby‡li Rxeb-hvc‡b Zv Acwinvh© n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K|
n‡q I‡V| ZviB welq-Avkq †evSvcov wb‡q GB cÖwZôv‡bi Kvievi| G‡K
D‡c¶v Kiv P‡j bv| mevB GUv Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡eb, Ges Gi AviI
kÖxe„w× NU‡e, GBwU Avwg AvšÍwiKfv‡e Kvgbv Kwi|
Avgvi GB K_v ejvi my‡hvM huv‡K ¯§iY K‡i, †mB AKvj-cÖqvZ KxwZ©gvb
e¨vsKvi, G.Gd.Gg. byiæj gwZb †h wbišÍi †cÖiYvi Drm n‡q Av‡Qb, Zuv‡K
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†hvMv‡hvMI ¶xY| ZvB byiæj gwZ‡bi gZ ¯§iYxq e¨w³Z¡ Avgvi A‡MvP‡i
†_‡K hvb| G e¨_©Zv meUvB Avgvi| ZvB ïiy‡ZB mevi Kv‡Q ¶gv †P‡q
wbB|
AvR GB e³…Zvgvjvi msKj‡bi †Mvovq Zuvi RxebK‡g©i msw¶ß cwiPq †c‡q
Avwg Awff~Z|1 gvÎ cÂvk eQ‡ii Rxeb (1928-1978)! wKš‘ KZ Kx K‡i‡Qb!
IB eq‡mB cÖkvmwbK `¶Zvq Kg©‡¶‡Î m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡i †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb| Zvi †P‡qI
eo K_v, IB `¶Zvi Ggb m„wókxj cÖv‡qvwMK weKvk NwU‡q‡Qb, hv evsjv‡`k
e¨vs‡Ki Kg©KvVv‡gv iPbvq I Zvi cwiPvjbvq ¯’vqx wbg©vY-Kjvi Qvc †i‡L
†M‡Q| GB evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae e¨vsK g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui cÖwZôv‡ZI wQj Zuvi
AMÖYx f~wgKv| Zuv‡K g‡b †i‡L cyY¨jvf Avgv‡`iB| Ges GB cÖwZôvb †h
Zvi AvbyôvwbK my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q, †m Rb¨ Zv‡K-I-Zvi cwiPvjKgÐjx‡KI
ab¨ev`|
Av‡iv GKRb‡K GB m‡½ cig kÖ×vq ¯§iY Kwi| Z‡e Zvi Av‡M AKc‡U Keyj
Kwi, GLv‡b evsjvq ejv wVK n‡e wKbv, Gwb‡q Avgvi wØav wQj| Av‡Mi
ev‡iv Rb e³vi wfZ‡i GMv‡iv RbB e‡j‡Qb Bs‡iwR‡Z| AwZ Zz‡Lvo AwZ `¶
`Lj Zuv‡`i IB fvlvq| Avwg Bs‡iwR fv‡jv Rvwbbv| evsjv‡ZI †h ¸wQ‡q
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wKš‘ cÖ_v fvOvi mvnmUzKz Kx K‡i cvB? GBLv‡bB mnvq nb cÖqvZ Aa¨vcK
W. †gvRvd&di Avng`| †`Ljvg, 2008-G Aóg byiæj gwZb ¯§viK e³…Zv
wZwb w`‡q‡Qb evsjvq| GLb Ae&w` IB GKwUB|2 fvlvq Zuvi cÖvÄjZv,
†hŠw³KZv I AšÍ‡f©`x †hŠw³K wbg©vY AbwZµg¨| Zey wZwb mvg‡b _vKvq
fimv cvB| eQi we‡kK Av‡M wZwb hLb wQ‡jb evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZ mwgwZi
mfvcwZ, ZLb wZwb Avgv‡`i evsjvq wjL‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Zb| ïay mwgwZi
Rb©v‡j bq, Ab¨vb¨ Av_©bxwZK gbbkxj PP©v‡ZI| AvR GLv‡b †mB-me g‡b
K‡i, wZwb †bB, GB Av‡¶c wb‡q Zuvi ¯§„wZi cÖwZ web¤ª cÖYwZ
RvbvB|
Zvic‡iI, A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cvwi bv, Ggb †KD †KD _vK‡Z cv‡ib, huv‡`i
Kv‡Q evsjv fvlv A‡Pbv, A_P GB wel‡q Zuv‡`i Ávb AMva| we‡`wk n‡j
Zuv‡K †W‡K G‡b K_vgvjvi mvim I wkqv‡ji M‡íi `kv nIqv m¤¢e| ZvQvov
Avgv‡`i wkw¶Z gnjI GB me cÖm½ wb‡q Bs‡iwR‡Z PP©vq hZUv Af¨¯Í,
evsjvq ZZUv bq| evB‡ii m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM eRvq ivLvi R‡b¨I Bs‡iwRB
Dc‡hvMx, Ges †m Kvi‡Y †mw`‡KB Avgv‡`i †SuvK| GUv A‡hŠw³K bq|
A_©bxwZi cÖ_g cv‡V weKívqb I DËivq‡bi aviYv Ggb AvPiYB m½Z e‡j
wb‡`©k K‡i| G¸‡jv Dwo‡q †`evi bq| ZvB cwiwk‡ó Avgvi AcUz Bs‡iwR‡ZB
hv ej‡Z PvB, Zvi GKUv mvigg© †`evi †Póv Kwi| PvB‡j Zuviv AMZ¨v Zv‡Z
Kvb †`‡eb, GQvov Avi Kx-B ev ej‡Z cvwi!
Av‡iv GKUv K_v ïiy‡Z e‡j ivwL| Bs‡iwR‡Z ÔgvwbÕ (Money) k‡ã †hgb
Zvi e¨envwiK iƒc Ges cÖ‡qv‡Mi Af¨šÍixY I AšÍR©vj †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †f‡m
I‡V, evsjvq IB-iKg †Kvb GKK k‡ã Zvi meUzKz Ges IB meUzKzBÑ dzwU‡q
†Zvjv †ek gykwKj| Ôgy`ªvÕ, ÔUvKv-KwoÕ, ÔUvKv-cqmvÕ, G‡`i me¸‡jvB
Lv‡U, wKš‘ me RvqMvq GKiKg bv| k‡ãi GB eûZ¡‡K ZvB †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨
nB| K_vUv wVKgZ ejv n‡jv wKbv, †mBwUB †`Levi| GUv fvlvi mxgve×Zvi
bq, Zvi wfbœZviB cwiPvqK| Zv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i †Kvb GKK k‡ãi
AwaKvicÖwZôv Ki‡Z †M‡jB eis weåvwšÍi AvksKv †ewk| Av‡iv wKQz k‡ãi
†ejv‡ZI GgbwU NU‡Z cv‡i|
GUvI RvbvB, welqwU Ggb, hv‡Z †Kvb mywbw`©ó I mywbwðZ wm×všÍ
Avgvi Avq‡Ëi evB‡i| Av‡`Š Zv m¤¢e Kx bv, G cÖkœI g‡b Rv‡M| Rxeb
MwZkxj, Ges cÖwZwU gyn~Z©
fwel¨‡Zi gyLv‡c¶x| †mLv‡b m¤¢vebvivwk GKvwaK, Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwUi b¨vq
`vwe K‡i Zvi Kj¨v‡Yi wbR¯^ MwZgyL| c~e©-wba©vwiZ KZ©e¨-AKZ©‡e¨i
ZvwjKv wb‡q ïiy Ki‡j, Ges wek¦v‡mi `yM© iPbv K‡i †mLv‡b e‡m gykwKj
Avmv‡bi gš¿ Rc Ki‡j g‡bi kvwšÍ wbwe©Nœ n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ mgvavb-m~Î
wKQzB Avgvi Kv‡Q aiv †`q bv| Avwg eo †Rvi Avgvi fvebv¸‡jv GLv‡b
mevi mvg‡b †g‡j ai‡Z cvwi| n‡Z cv‡i, G‡jv‡g‡jv-LvcQvov| Kg©Kzkj
byiæj gwZb ev cÖvÁ †gvRvd&di Avng` wbðq G‡Z Lywk n‡Zb bv| wKš‘
GQvov Ab¨fv‡e wKQz fvev ev Kiv Avgvi mv‡a¨ Kz‡jvq bv| ZvB e‡j
ÎywU-wePy¨wZi R‡b¨ ¶gv PvB bv| h‡_vwPZ kbv³ K‡i Zv‡`i mgywPZ mvRv
Avcbviv wb‡`©k Ki‡eb, GBwUB Kvg¨| †Kvb mvov bv RvM‡j eyS‡Z n‡e,
†MvUv Av‡qvRbB e¨_©| G‡Z wPšÍv G‡Mvq bv| Kv‡RI MwZ Av‡m bv|
Avgiv Rvwb UvKv-cqmv wb‡q e¨vs‡Ki Kvievi| A_©bxwZ‡Z eY©cwiP‡qi
ciciB Avgv‡`i †kLv n‡q hvq, UvKv hv K‡i, UvKv ZvB-B| Ges GB Kivi
ZvwjKvq cÖ_‡gB Av‡Q, Zv wewbg‡qi gva¨g| GB gva¨g nevi Kvi‡Y Zv
cY¨-ivwki cÖwZwUi g~‡j¨i mwVK cwigvcK| UvKvq gvb w¯’i nq e‡jB ci¯úi
m¤úK©nxb wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i GKB Kvj-we›`y‡Z Abvqvm wewbgq ˆbe©¨w³K
wbiew”QbœZvq m¤¢e nq| GQvov fwel¨‡Zi ‡`bv-cvIbvi wnmve UvKv‡Z wj‡L
ivLv P‡j| ZviB cwic~iK wn‡m‡e, UvKv Rwg‡q Zv‡Z eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi
cÖZ¨vwkZ †KbvKvUvq †h Kvw•LZ g~j¨-mÂq m¤¢e, Zvi aviYv GKUv M‡o w`‡Z
cv‡i| wb‡R †m †Kvb g~j¨-m„wó K‡i bv| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b I fwel¨‡Z me
Drcvw`Z g~‡j¨i cwigvc †m K‡i| mgv‡R GKR‡bi m‡½ A‡b¨i IB
g~j¨-wewbg‡qÑ mwÂZ, A_ev, AwR©ZÑ GKUv mym¤^× mvgÄm¨ †m Av‡b| ejv
hvq, gvby‡li mgvR-mf¨Zvi G mgvb eqmx| g~j¨-wewbgq, A_ev, g~j¨-mÂq
N‡U UvKvq `v‡gi wn‡m‡e| gvbyl ZviB m~‡Î AZx‡Zi m‡½ hy³ †_‡K
Kv‡R-K‡g© bZzb g~j¨-ms‡hvR‡b A_ev Ae¨vnZ bZzb-bZzb g~‡j¨i e¨env‡i
iß †_‡K fwel¨‡Zi c‡_ cv evovq|
AvcvZ`„‡ó UvKvi GB f~wgKvq ‡Kvb RwUjZv †bB, G‡K A‡b¨i c_ K‡i †`q
Zviv| me wgwj‡q gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©-ms‡hv‡M Drcv`b, e›Ub I
‡fvM-Dc‡fvM mPj iv‡L| Aek¨ G me©vs‡k memg‡q me©vZ¥K, Ggb `vwe
Ah_v_©| Av_©-mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZv, Zvi cwi‡ek I †cÖ¶vcU, GÕm‡ei Ici Zv
A‡bKLvwb wbf©i K‡i| †hLv‡b Lvgvi-A_©bxwZi AvbycvwZK ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK
†ewk, AwaKvsk K…lK-cwievi ¯^q¤¢i, †mLv‡b UvKvi cÖPjb Zzjbvq Kg|
Avgv‡`i GB evsjv‡`‡kB cÂvk eQi Av‡M kZKiv mËi fv‡Mi Ici A_©‰bwZK
wµqvKg© wQj gy`ªv-e¨env‡ii evB‡i| AvR Ae¯’vUv wVK
wecixZ| gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡b kZKiv cuPvËi fv‡Mi gZ Kg©KvÐ
gy`ªv-wbf©i| Ges IB gy`ªvi e¨env‡i e¨vcKZv, MfxiZv I ˆewPΨ
µgea©gvb| Z‡e †h †Kvb mg‡qB nv‡Z UvKv _vKv, A_ev UvKv e¨env‡ii
AwaKvi nv‡Z _vKv GKUv eo mnvq| ab-Hk¦‡h©i Zv mgv_©K| Ges GLv‡b
UvKvi IB Kvh©vewji ¯^Zù~Z©© ¯^qswµqv I avivevwnK Zvjwgj Zv‡K
Qvwc‡qI †MvUv mgvR‡K w¯’wZkxj iv‡L| hy×-weMÖn I ˆ`e`y‡h©vM bv n‡j
Zvi Ici wbwð‡šÍ wbf©i Kiv †hZ Av‡MB eis †ewk|
wKš‘ GB mvgÄm¨ Aek¨¤¢vex bq| RbmsL¨v, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, Drcv`b
†KŠkj I Drcv`b-Kg©KvÐ hw` Aweivg GK _vK‡Zv, Z‡e UvKvI Zvi mKj Kv‡R
AweKj I AwePj gwngvq GKB iKg _vK‡Zv| ev¯Í‡e †Zgb K`vwPr N‡U|
wewbgq-gva¨g, GB ¯^Ztwm× evZ©v Qvov Avi wKQzB UvKvi w¯’i bq|
cY¨ivwki UvKvq g~j¨gv‡b †ni‡di nIqv gv‡b wecixZ w`K †_‡K UvKvi
wb‡Ri g~j¨gv‡bB cwieZ©b NUv| fwel¨r †jb‡`‡bi wnmve Zvn‡j wbwðZfv‡e
w¯’i _v‡K bv| hw`I KvM‡R-Kj‡g I e¨envwiK wµqvK‡g© Zvi Ic‡iB wbf©i
Kiv Qvov MwZ †bB| UvKvq welq-Avk‡qi g~j¨gvb Avgiv †NvlYv Kwi; wKš‘
wb‡RB †m Aw¯’wZkxj n‡q c‡o|3 Zv‡K Avi AKg©K fvev hvq bv|
Kg©-m¤úv`‡b Zvi f~wgKv †Kej ga¨c`‡jvcx _v‡K bv| wb‡RB †m cÖejfv‡e
mKg©K n‡q c‡o| †Kbv-‡ePvi evRv‡i †m wb‡RI GKUv cY¨, †evanq me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cY¨ n‡q `uvovq| KviY, Zvi Ici KZ©„Z¡, Ges Zvi g~j¨gvb,
Ab¨ †h †Kvb µq‡hvM¨ welq nv‡Z cvevi ¶gZv eûjvs‡k wba©viY K‡i| evRvi
hZ Qovq, mgvR hZ Zv‡K gvb¨ K‡i, UvKvi ¸iæZ¡I ZZ ev‡o| ¯^qs GUv MwZi
evnb, Ges AMÖMwZi P¨v‡jÄ| fv‡jv-g›` wbf©i K‡i Kxfv‡e mgvR Zvi
†gvKvwejv K‡i, Zvi Ici| Aek¨ fvj-g›` †Kvb wbi‡c¶ ev¯ÍeZv bq| ¯’vb I
Kv‡j Pjgvb-eZ©gvb-gvbe-gvbexi mg¯ÍUvi ¯§„wZ-mËv-fwel¨r Zv‡Z wg‡k
_v‡K|
UvKv †h †Kej wewbgq-gva¨g _v‡Kbv, wb‡RI GKUv cY¨ n‡q `uvovq, Ges
GKBm‡½ IB cY¨-g~‡j¨ w`K wb‡`©k K‡i evRv‡ii Kviev‡ii, GBLv‡bB
cÖvmw½K n‡q I‡V e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vi wµqvKjvc| G ‡h †Kej AvaywbK Drcv`b
e¨e¯’v‡ZB cÖfve †d‡j, Zv bq, †gvNj Avg‡jI Avgiv †`‡LwQ, GK‡PwUqv
A_©jMœxKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Kxfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i UvKvi cÖPjb, Kxfv‡e Zvi
cÖfve c‡o ivR‡Kv‡li Ic‡iI|4 e¨emv-evwYR¨ I ¶gZvi ivRbxwZ `yóP‡µ
Rwo‡q c‡o| Zvi dj nq my`~icÖmvix| hw`I evRv‡ii nvjPvj ZLb mvaviY
gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mvgvb¨ fMœvsk gvÎ mivmwi ̄ úk© K‡i, Ges IB
Rxe‡bi Q‡K Zvi AuvPo †Zgb c‡o bv| mgv‡Ri IciZ‡j cvjve`j Aek¨ N‡U
P‡j| Gw`‡K AvR‡Ki ev¯ÍeZvq †hvMv‡hvM A‡bK †ewk wbweo|
Qv-‡cvlv-mv‡Z-cuv‡P †bB gvbe-gvbexi Rxe‡bI e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vi bvbvb
D‡`¨vM, Ges †mB m~‡Î UvKvi ZrciZv I g~j¨gvb cÖZ¨‡¶ ev c‡iv‡¶ kÖ‡gi
Pvwn`v I †RvMv‡b ‡QvU-eo bvbv iKg ‡XD Zz‡j Aweivg cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i
P‡j| †h‡nZz mewKQzi g~‡j cÖZ¨vkvi wnmve-wbKvk, ZvB cwiYvg AwbwðZ|
Zey †mLv‡b D‡Ïk¨i †hŠw³K wfwË we‡ePbvq †bIqv P‡j| IB we‡ePbvq
e¨w³MZ jvf-‡jvKmv‡bi ZvwM‡`i m‡½ mvwe©K Kg©cÖev‡ni m¤¢ve¨ wPÎwUI
gv_vq ivLv Riæwi| KviY, †kl wePv‡i e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vq mdjZvi ev wedjZvi
cwiYvg-dj mvgwóK|
Avgv‡`i GB evsjv‡`‡k cÖk¯Í gy`ªvi kZKiv cÖvq Avwk fvM e¨vsK-FY
mÄvZ|5 avi †`Iqv-‡bIqvB e¨vs‡Ki Kvievi| UvKv cY¨ nq †mB myev‡`|
RbM‡Yi mÂq e¨vsK Rgv †i‡L Zv‡`i my` †`q| Avevi IB m‡qi UvKv evowZ
my‡` LvwU‡q jvf K‡i| GB Zvi e¨emv, Ges GBfv‡e wewnZ gy`ªv Qvwc‡q
mgv‡R UvKvi we¯Ívi| e¨emv fvj P‡j hw` mÂq I F‡Yi Pvwn`v, ̀ yB-B
†ZwR _v‡K| Zvi gv‡b Avq-cÖe„w× nvi †Rviv‡jv n‡Z n‡e, wewb‡qvM
Pvwn`vI Av‡iv †ewk nv‡i evo‡Z n‡e| wewb‡qvM evo‡j Kg©-wb‡qvM ev‡o|
MY-gvby‡li Avq ev‡o, A_ev Zvi bZzb m„wó nq| A_©bxwZ mPj _v‡K|
G‡Mvq| gvSLv‡b †_‡K e¨vsK GB †MvUv cÖwµqv‡K mgwš^Z K‡i| GUv m¤¢e nq
ZLbB, hLb e¨vs‡Ki Ges e¨vsK-RvZxq cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ici gvby‡li Av¯’v
_v‡K|6 mÂq Zv‡`i †Lvqv hv‡ebv, my‡`i UvKv Zviv h_vixwZ cv‡e,
wewb‡qvM wVK wVK NU‡e, Ges †mLv‡b †KD RvwjqvwZ Ki‡e bv, GB wek¦vm
A¶yYœ _vKvi Ic‡iB wbf©i K‡i e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZv, Kj¨vYKiZv I
MwZkxjZv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zv †MvUv A_©bxwZi ¯^v‡¯’¨i j¶Y¸‡jvB wPwb‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i| ev¯Í‡e Zv †`qI| Ges GBLv‡bB Av‡m †MvUv mgv‡Ri ‡cÖ¶vc‡U Zvi
Av‡cw¶K †hŠw³KZv, MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I Kvh©KvwiZvi cÖkœ| KviY †h ‡Kvb mg‡q
†h †Kvb Ae¯’vq wm×všÍ-we›`y A_ev we›`y-mgwó GKK-Ae¯’v Zz‡j ai‡jI
m¤¢ve¨ cQ›`-‡¶‡Î AmsL¨ we›`yi mgvnvi| †mLv‡b †Kvb&Uv DËg, GUv
Kxfv‡e hvPvB Kwi? Kv‡ji gvÎv †hvM Ki‡j cÖkœ Av‡iv eûw`‡K-eûgy‡L
hvq| mevi wePv‡i AMÖvwaKvi GK _v‡K bv| d‡j RwUjZv ev‡o| AwbðqZvq
Av‡cw¶K DËivq‡bi K_vB hZUv m¤¢e fvev hvq| Ges †mLv‡bI ¯’vb I Kv‡ji
cÖZ¨qivwk memgq Awfbœ _vK‡e, GgbwU Avkv Kiv AbywPZ|
¯úóZ UvKvB †hLv‡b cY¨, Ges UvKvq-UvKvi-‡hvMd‡j †hLv‡b Kviev‡i
mdjZv ev wedjZvi cwiPq, †mLv‡b †KejB MvwYwZK wnmv‡e jvf-‡jvKmvb‡K
gyL¨ we‡ePbvi welq aiv A‡hŠw³K bq| wKš‘ jv‡fi m‡½ m¤úK© SuywKi,
SuywKi m‡½ UvKv nvZQvov Ki‡Z mg‡qi †h Kovi, Zvi| Zv UvKv Rgv ivLv,
Avi FY †`Iqv, `y‡Uv‡ZB| SuywK
†ewk n‡j my‡`i nviI †ewk| UvKvi e¨env‡ii †Kbv-‡ePvq ZvB Zvi
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cwigv‡c Zdvr Zvi ̀ v‡g Kg-‡ewk NUvq| wbðqZv hZ Kg, `vg ev my` ZZ
†ewk| e¨vs‡Ki Kviev‡i wbU jvf aiv c‡o UvKvi Kviev‡i †gvU †jb‡`‡b
my` w`‡q Avi my` wb‡q Kx cwigvY DØ„Ë Zvi nv‡Z _v‡K, ZvB w`‡q| A_P
GB UvKvi wKQzB Zvi wb‡Ri bq| A‡b¨i mÂq Rgv †i‡L ‡mBwUB †m evowZ
jv‡fi Avkvq LvUvq| SuywKUv †m †bq| Avi mewKQz wVK-VvK Pj‡j SuywK
†bevi cwiYv‡g †h jvf, †mUv Zvi cÖvc¨| G‡Z Ab¨vq wKQz †bB| e¨vs‡Ki
ag©vag, ev e¨vswKs Gw_K&m& G‡K †K›`ªxq wba©viK e‡j gvb¨
K‡i| Avi †`Iqv F‡Yi UvKv hw` mgv‡R Drcv`bkxjLv‡Z Lv‡U, ‡mBm‡½
KvR-K‡g©i I RbM‡Yi †ivRMv‡ii we¯Ívi N‡U, Z‡e Zv‡Z †MvUv mgv‡RiB
DcKvi ev‡o| Aek¨ Avgiv a‡i wbB, UvKvi e¨env‡i cuywR m„wó n‡e,
cuywRi wewb‡qvM kÖ‡gi Kg©‡¶Î evov‡e, KvR Drcv`‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e,
Drcv`b †fv‡M, m‡q I cybiyrcv`b Kg©Kv‡Ð cÖe„w× Avb‡e|
e¨vcviUv wKš‘ mij‡iLvq N‡U bv| SuywK I cÖZ¨vkvi gvb KL‡bvB w¯’i
A‡¼ wb‡`©k Kiv hvq bv| Ges A_©bxwZi cÖ_g cv‡VB Rvbv hvq, wnmvegvwdK
e¨vs‡Ki m¤ú‡`i ¯Íi-web¨v‡m Zvi Zvij¨ I DcvR©b ¶gZvi wfZ‡i GKUv
wecixZ-gyLx m¤úK© memgq KvR K‡i P‡j| d‡j cÖZ¨vwkZ jvf nv‡Z Avm‡Z
cv‡i, bv-I cv‡i, Avevi ev¯Í‡e jv‡fi A¼ cÖZ¨vkv‡K Qvwo‡qI †h‡Z cv‡i|
G¸‡jv gv_vq †i‡LB e¨vs‡Ki FY-wewb‡qvM| GBwUB Zvi Kvievi| ïay GB
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K G‡Z Ab¨vq wKQz †bB|
wKš‘ Ab¨vq gvïj †MvYvi †h mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K, GUv A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq
bv| GB gvïj †Mv‡Y †MvUv †`k A_©vr †`‡ki Avcvgi RbMY| AZ¨waK jv‡fi
Avkvq †ewk SuywK wb‡q mvgjv‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨vsK MÖvn‡Ki Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z
e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i| GKUv †_‡K Avi GKUv| Zv‡Z UvKvi evRv‡i, Ges cwiYv‡g
cuywRi evRv‡i hw` am bv‡g, Z‡e †MvUv A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’viB gyL-_ye‡o
covi Avk¼v| m¤¢ve¨ cwiYvg Zvi fqven| G e¨vcv‡i mZK© bv _vKvUvB
GLv‡b Aciva| GKKfv‡e, A_ev wgwjZfv‡e Zvi `vq G‡m c‡o e¨vsK I Abyiƒc
FY`vb cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ici| Zv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vq Ici
†_‡K wbP ch©šÍ evRv‡ii cÖwZwU Kg©Kv‡Û mZK© _vKv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni GK
mve©¶wYK `vwqZ¡| Ges e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v ej‡Z GLv‡b ïay miKvwiÑ Aby‡gvw`Z
e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡”Q bv, hviv UvKv AvgvbZ wb‡q
MÖvnK‡`i ivZvivwZ eo‡jvK Kivi ¯^cœ †`wL‡q e¨emv duv‡`, Zv‡`i
KvÐ-KviLvbvI gv_vq ivLv n‡”Q| Z‡e G kyayB cwiYvgev`x
(Kb&wmK¨y‡qbwmqvj) bq; KviY cwiYvg wbwðZ bq| cÖwZwU wm×v‡šÍi
†cQ‡b AmsL¨ D‡Ïk¨ I AmsL¨ wµqv| Zv‡`i Kvh©-KviY-m¤ú‡K©i wgwjZ
iƒ‡ci GKK †Pnviv Luy‡R cvIqv cÖvq Am¤¢eB| AZGe G me wKQz g‡b
†i‡L wbqgbxwZi QK GKUv hw` Lvov Kwi, Z‡e IB QKB KZ©e¨‡K wbwðZ K‡i
†eu‡a w`‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RI mywbw`©ó k„•Ljv Av‡m| Avi wKQz fvevi cÖ‡qvRb
K‡i bv| KZ©e¨m~ÎB h‡_ó (wWA‡›UvjwRK¨vj)|7 wKš‘ ¯’v‡bi e¨vcKZvq I
Kv‡ji AeviYxq-AcÖwZnZ we¯Ív‡i K‡g©i MwZgyL KZ©‡e¨i wkjxf~Z
wb‡`©kbv‡K cvk KvwU‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Ges †h‡Z cvivUvB Rxe‡bi I ¯^v‡¯’¨i
j¶Y| Kv‡RB Gfv‡eI †Kvb mgvav‡bi cÖvgvY¨ aviYv cÖwZôv Kiv hvq bv|
hw`-wKš‘i e„‡ËB (nvB‡cv‡_wUK¨vjÑKwÐkbvj) NyicvK †L‡Z nq| GKwU ÔnuvÕ
AmsL¨ ÔbvÕ-Gi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vi fv‡jv-g›`i we‡ePbvq
G¸‡jv Av‡iv cÖvmw½K|
GB †h e¨vs‡Ki Kviev‡i, jv‡fi †cQ‡b †QvUvÑAvgvbZKvix I
wewb‡qvMKvix Df‡qiBÑ GUv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wb‡Ri-wb‡Ri n‡jI Zvi cÖwZwµqv †h
Qovq mgv‡Ri meiKg Kv‡R, Ges IB Kv‡RiI Av‡Q Kvh©-KviY-m¤úK©-m¤^‡Ü eû
NUbvq-eûiK‡gi mÂviY, Zv‡Z GK RvqMvq ivk nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq a‡i me wKQzi
`vq gv_vq †bIqv gvbylx mv‡a¨i evB‡i g‡b nq| Avevi †Kv_vI †Kvb `vq
†bB, GUvI GK `vwqZ¡nxb evZ©v| A‡bK mgq wb‡R‡`i ARv‡šÍB Avgiv GB `vq
e‡q †eovB| G †_‡K wb¯Ívi †bB| Kv‡ji Dby‡b ev¯Íe ¯^qs
R¡vjvq-‡cvovq-D‡ë-cv‡ë †m× K‡i, fv‡R| Zv‡Z b¨vq-Ab¨vqI bvbv RvqMvq
bvbvfv‡e †fvj cvëvq| wbqg-bxwZi h_v_©ZvI ‡Kvb AåvšÍZv `vwe Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| Av‡cw¶K ev¯Í‡e IB `vwe ¯^qs g~wZ©gvb AmsMwZ| Gw_K&m ev
mybxwZi KZ©e¨-ZvwjKv ZvB cÖ‡nwjKvB †_‡K hvq| Zv e¨vsK-Gi Kviev‡i
jvf-‡jvKmv‡bi we‡ePbv‡ZI| Ges Zvi wcQ‡b mgvR-ms¯‹v‡i,
wek¦vm-Awek¦vm-AvPvi-AvPiY †h cÖZ¨qwmw× NUvq, Zv-I `y‡f©v‡Mi exR
†cuv‡Z, exR Qovq, hw`I mgvR-weåvwšÍi AvbyK~j¨ Zv‡Z A¶yYœB _v‡K|
jvf-‡jvKmv‡b Drcvw`Kv kw³i m¤úK©-web¨v‡mi MwZ-cÖK…wZ QvovI
cvc-cy‡Y¨i AjxK KíbvI Xz‡K c‡o| G‡Z Kv‡R-K‡g© Ab_©B ïay Xz‡K c‡o
bv, A‡kl webwói Zv KviY nq| wek¦v‡mi `yM© b¨vq-Ab¨v‡qi †hŠw³K
cÖevn‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i|
L„óc~e© cÖvq wZbk eQi Av‡M †KŠwUj¨ iPbv K‡ib ivwóªK A_©-e¨e¯’vi
cÖ_g AvKiMÖš’ ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ|8 Zuvi wZ³ gšÍe¨ wf¶vq KL‡bvB j¶¥xjvf N‡U
bv| IB mg‡qi †cÖ¶vc‡U Gi Zvrch© n‡jv, †hLv‡b cÖhyw³‡Z wfZi †_‡K
†Kvb cwieZ©b †bB, Drcv`‡b cÖmvi N‡U †Kej K…wlKv‡R, Ges m„ó g~‡j¨i
Av‡cw¶K e„w× N‡U evwY‡R¨, †mLv‡b j¶¥xi evm evwY‡R¨B, A‡a©K Zvi
K…wlKv‡R Avi ZviI A‡a©K ivR‡mevq, wKš‘ wf¶v m¤ú`-m„wói †Kvb KviY nq
bv| Bw½ZUv GLv‡b ¯úó| eY©-wefvRb cÖ_vq eªv²YivB GKgvÎ
cikÖgRxex| ¯úó K‡i ej‡j wf¶vbœ‡fvRx| Zv‡K gnË¡ w`‡Z kv¯¿PP©vq
AwaKv‡ii †`vnvB w`‡q Zv‡`i nvRvi iKg †KŠkj| †`e-eªv²‡Yi
gwngv-KxZ©‡b AK¬všÍ _vKv| GB AcP‡qi fr©mbv cvB Dcwbl‡`I|9 Z‡e
†h‡nZz Drcv`b-e¨e¯’vq †Kvb cwieZ©b Av‡m bvÑ cvVvb ev †gvNj Avg‡jI
bv, ZvB ag©xq cwiPq hvi †hgb †nvK bv †Kb, eY©-wefvRb cÖ_v I Zvi
Abyl½x, cikÖgRxexi Drcv`b-e›U‡b Askfv‡M m¤§vbRbK f~wgKv A¶yYœB †_‡K
hvq| †`e-w؇R fw³ I Zv‡`i AbyK~‡j ̂ elg¨ nqZ ZLb A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q wQj
cyY¨-jvf-I-gvbm-Z…wßi Dcvq| mvgvwRK g~j¨gv‡bi m~PK‡KI Zv IB
†cÖ¶vc‡U wbwðZfv‡e Ea©¡Mvgx K‡i| Qvc c‡o Zvi UvKv-cqmvi evRv‡iI|
Drcv`bkxj wb¤œe‡Y©i Rbmgy`‡qi Kv‡Q cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e UvKv avi w`‡j
†hLv‡b my‡`i nvi wQj kZKiv cuvP, D”Pe‡Y©i Abyrcv`K f`ªR‡bi KvQ †_‡K
Zv PvIqv n‡Zv kZKiv `yB-nv‡i| hyw³Uv †evanq GBiKg: Drcv`‡b jv‡fi
Avkv _v‡K my‡`i †P‡q Av‡iv †ewk| ciMvQv‡`i †m my‡hvM †bB| Zv‡`i
_vKvUvB eo K_v| mgv‡Ri w¯’wZkxjZvi R‡b¨; ciKv‡ji fvebvq Avi mevB‡K
wbwðšÍ Kivi R‡b¨| wKš‘ mgvR-Kj¨vY G‡Z GZUzKz ev‡obv| fwel¨r‡K eis
Zv wec`-msKzj K‡i| BwZnvm †mB-iKgB †`Lvq| we›`ygvÎ KiyYv K‡i bv|
hw`I cyY¨‡jvfx gvby‡li mg_©b Zv cvq| ZLb| wfbœZi †cÖw¶‡Z Abyiƒc
Kv‡Ð Avgv‡`i †`‡k GLbI| †cQ‡b _v‡K cðvrgyLx Kv‡qwg-¯^v‡_©i
K~U‡KŠkj| ¶gZvi ivRbxwZ‡Z Zvi cÖfve Kg bq| Ges Zv Awk¶v-Kzwk¶v
wbi‡c¶|
AvVv‡iv kZK †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ evsjvq mgvR-i‚cvšÍ‡ii w`‡K `„wó w`‡j
mewKQz aiv bv co‡jI welqwUi MwZ-cÖK…wZi Avfvm GKUv cvIqv hvq| ZLbI
Bs‡iR‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nqwb| eo-eo ivRv-Rwg`vi hviv ZvivB, wb‡Ri
wb‡Ri GjvKvq m‡e©me©v| beve-ev`kv‡`i ermivwšÍK cvIbv wgwU‡q w`‡jB
Zuviv Lywk| ¶gZvi cvkv †Ljvq bv Rov‡j, A_ev, cvwicvwk¦©K NUbv-Rv‡j
eva¨ bv n‡j Zuv‡`i Kv‡iv ivRf~wg‡Z Da©Zb ¶gZvi bvK Mjvevi †Kvb KviY
mPivPi †Pv‡L c‡o bv| GB ivRcyiyliv B”QvgZ †`‡evËi-eª‡²vËi f~-m¤úwË
wewj‡q‡Qb| wewj‡q‡Qb cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ Dcvmbvj‡qi R‡b¨I|
AwaKvskB wb®‹i| Ki w`‡Z n‡jI bvg-gvÎ|10 c‡i evsjv-wenvi-Dwol¨vi
†`Iqvwb GK‡PwUqv B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z Avmvi ci m~h©v¯Í AvB‡b ev
`k-kvjv e‡›`ve‡¯Íi KovKwo‡Z Rwg`vwi Qv‡i-Lv‡i †M‡Q, Z‡e eªv²Y ev
fRbvj‡qi f~-m¤úwËi Ici †Zgb †Kvb nvZ c‡owb| A‡bK KwirKg©v D”Peskxq
Rwg`vi B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ e¨emv‡ZI UvKv LvwU‡q DØ„Ë mÂq K‡ib|
1793-‡Z wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy n‡j Zuviv †KD †KD nv‡Z-Avmv KuvPv
UvKvq Rwg †K‡bb| mv¤úª`vwqK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K welqwU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q,
GgbwU ejv hvq bv|
cÖvK-e„wUk Avg‡jI Rwgi gvwjKvbvi mv¤úª`vwqK wb‡ekb wfbœ-iKg wQj
bv| Z‡e wcivwg‡Wi gv_vq beve-ev`kvi Ae¯’vb GKiKg wbwðZ wQj| Zvic‡iI
¶gZvi hv`ye„‡Ë hvuiv cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †c‡Zb, Zuv‡`i mv¤úª`vwqK cwiPq
mvaviYZ †Kvb mg‡qB cÖavb n‡q I‡Vwb| ivqZ‡`i Kv‡Q Rwgi cÖvw߇hvM¨ZvI
†Zgb †Kvb mgm¨v n‡q †`Lv †`qwb| KviY, K…wlKv‡R RbmsL¨vi Abycv‡Z
Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi cwigvY h‡_óB wQj| mvwe©K we‡ePbvq IB mg‡qi
mgvR-ev¯ÍeZvq ˆelwqK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ˆbwZK gvb`Û †h cwiKwíZfv‡e D‡c¶v
Kiv n‡qwQj, GK_v ZvB AåvšÍfv‡e `vwe Kiv †ek KwVb n‡q c‡o|
Z‡e ˆel‡g¨i I mvgvwRK Ab¨v‡qi wel Xz‡K c‡o GB c‡_B| D”Pe‡Y©i
A‡bK Rwg`v‡iiB mvgvwRK gh©v`v eRvq ivL‡Z nvj-jvOj ̄ úk© Kiv eviY|
Zuviv wbf©i K‡ib †RvZ`vi‡`i Ici| †RvZ`vi‡`i mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM
ivqZ‡`i m‡½| Rwgi AwaKvi Zv‡`i bq| nq Zviv eM©v-Pvlx, bqZ
LvRbv-‡`qv cÖRv| g~j¨ m„wó K‡i ZvivB| wKš‘ g~‡j¨i jf¨vsk †ewkifvM
P‡j hvq Abyrcv`K Rwg`vi‡`i I Zv‡`i cÖvwZôvwbK Kg©KZ©v‡`i c‡K‡U|
mvgvwRK b¨vq bxwZ Kvh©Z Ab¨vq‡KB cÖkÖq †`q| `„wó-weå‡g mv¤úª`vwqKZv
†`Lv †`q Ae‡RKwUf †Kv-wi‡jwUf n‡q| G‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk gvi Lvq
mn‡R-AvµvšÍ me‡P‡q-`ye©j, nvo-fvOv-‡L‡U RxweKvi A‡š^lY K‡i hviv,
ZvivB| Rwg`vwi cÖ_viI D‡”Q` nq Aek¨| wKš‘ fz³‡fvMx wfbœ m¤úª`v‡qi
Mixe Pvlx-w`bgRy‡iiv IB cÖ_vi †Kvb mnvqK kw³ wQj bv| Amv¤úª`vwqK
†PZbvq Zv‡`i m‡½ wb‡qB Rwg`vwi i‡`i WvK †`Iqv †hZ| Zv nqwb|
b¨vq-bxwZI wØLwÐZ n‡q‡Q| nv‡Z hv G‡m‡Q, Zv‡Z Kj¨vY wbwðZ nqwb|
Drcvw`Kv kw³i weKvk N‡Uwb| eÂbvB ïay †e‡o‡Q| A_P Gi g~‡j †_‡K †M‡Q
†`e-w؇R-ag©cÖwZôv‡b, †m †hgbB †nvK, KvÐÁvbnxb-cðvrgyLx AvbyM‡Z¨i
aviv| D‡ËwRZ Kiv hvq Zv‡K mvgvwRK b¨v‡qi hyw³-KvVv‡gv iPbv K‡iB|
Ges Zv †h G‡Kev‡i Ag~jK _v‡K, Zv-I bq| b¨vq-Ab¨v‡qi ï× wePvi †evanq
bvMv‡ji evB‡iB †_‡K hvq| mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK ¶gZvi cyÄxfe‡bi cÖwµqv
Zv‡K Av‡iv †Nvjv‡U K‡i †Zv‡j| e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vq UvKvi PjvPj IB cÖwµqvi
GKUv mnR nvwZqv‡i cwiYZ nq, hw`I GB PjvPj GKKfv‡e Avcbv †_‡K †Kvb
wbqg-bxwZi jsNb NUvq bv| GUv AvR‡Ki GB evsjv‡`‡kI cÖKUfv‡e ev¯Íe|
Abyrcv`‡Ki n‡q, wek¦v‡mi bv‡g A_ev Zv‡`i cÖ_vi AbyKi‡Y wRwMi †Zvjv
hvq| e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vI Zv‡Z mvq w`‡Z, A_ev Zvi m‡½ mg‡SvZv Ki‡Z eva¨
nq| RbM‡Yi cQ›`ivwk‡Z Zvi g~j Mfx‡i|
DwbkÕk mvZPwj¬‡k Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨vkv †R‡MwQj, wecyj K…wlRxex gvbyl
AvZ¥kw³‡Z, Ges, AvZ¥-AwaKv‡i ejxqvb n‡q Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GwM‡q hv‡e,
ivóªxq cÖwZôvbmg~n Zv‡`i kÖxe„wׇZ mnvqK n‡e| cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e
e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v eis Dj&‡Uv Zv‡`i mÂq‡K, wbqg †g‡bB, cwðg f~L‡Ð
¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i P‡j, UvKvi AwZ-g~j¨vqb cwðgL‡Ð wkívq‡b cuywRcY¨
Avg`vwb‡Z mnvq nq, wKš‘ Avgiv Avgv‡`i K…wlcY¨ ißvbx †_‡K b¨vh¨ g~j¨
†c‡Z ewÂZ nB| GLv‡bI e¨vs‡Ki †hvMv‡hvM Avgv‡`i VKvq, hw`I A_©bxwZi
ZË¡-KvVv‡gvq ZviI b¨vqmsMZ †hŠw³KZv †g‡j| G‡`‡ki gvby‡li ¯^cœf½
NU‡Z †`wi nq bv| Z‡e cðvrgyLx a¨vb-aviYvi weiwZnxb cÖPviYv Zv‡`i
weåvšÍI K‡i P‡j| GKvˇi evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨y`‡qi c‡iI Zv‡Z ‡Q` c‡owb| GB
Øvw›ØK ev¯ÍeZvq b¨vq-Ab¨vqI Zvj‡Mvj cvwK‡q hvq| KviY, wewfbœRb
wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ †kl wePv‡i MYgvby‡li
†L‡q c‡i euvPvi, I Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e euvPvi my‡hvM hw` m„wó nq, Ges
Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mBwUB b¨v‡qi c‡¶ AwfhvÎv e‡j MY¨ Kiv hvq|
HwZn¨-jvwjZ wPivqZ w¯’iwe›`yi wcQzUvb GLv‡b Kvg¨ bq, hw`I n‡Z cv‡i
Zv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q g‡bvni| mvgvwRK, I, wek¦vm-ZvwoZ A‡bK Af¨vm I Kg©KvÐ
wecyj AcP‡qi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| cuywRi eûRvwZK we¯Ív‡ii cÖ‡ivPbvq DËi
Dcwb‡ewkK I DËi-AvaywbK a¨vb-aviYv Zv‡K cÖkÖqI †`q| KviY, Zv‡Z
iv‡óªi `ye©jZv ev‡o, I, gy³c` cyuwRi GKvwacZ¨ Qovq| evRviI Zvi
AbyMZ n‡q c‡o| wKš‘ gvbyl Zvi Kivi Ges nevi AwaKvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
†ewk-‡ewk nviv‡Z e‡m| G‡Z b¨vq wech©¯Í n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †Kv_vI †Kv_vI
my‡hvMmÜvbx DU‡Kv bvMwiKPµ Zv‡ZB DrK‡l©i †hvMm~Î ‡`L‡Z cvb| GUv
AvgivI nv‡o nv‡o ‡Ui cvB| †`wk-we‡`wk cÖfveej‡qi KZ©viv †cQb †_‡K
KjKvwV bv‡o| Zv‡`i AwfmwÜ Avgv‡`i fv‡jv-g‡›`i wePv‡i Xz‡K c‡o| wKš‘
Avgiv †ewkifvMB Zv †Ui cvB bv| Ávbcvcx‡`i K_v Aek¨ Avjv`v|
e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v wewb‡qvM Gi AvIZvi evB‡i _v‡K bv| RvZxq I
AvšÍR©vwZK ms‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y Ggb A‡bK FY`vb Kg©m~Px Aby‡gv`b cvq, Ggb
A‡bK Kg©wb‡qvM DrmvwnZ nq, hv cÖK…Zc‡¶ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq Av`‡k©i ˆbwZK wfwˇKB cÖkœwe× K‡i| e¨vcviUv ïayB
e¨emvq jvf-‡jvKmv‡bi wnmve-wbKv‡k aiv c‡o bv| ¶gZv-we¯Ív‡ii QjvKjvq
bvbv m~‡Î bvbv D‡`¨v‡M Zv Xz‡K c‡o| Qovq| gMR †Kbv-‡ePv‡ZI Kv‡R
jv‡M| Dchy³ `v‡gi Avkvq A‡b‡K †h nv-wc‡Z¨k K‡ib, GI A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq
bv| n-h-e-i-j Ae¯’v GKUv hw` ˆZwi nq, Z‡e Zv GB A¯^”Q f½uyi ev¯Íe
cvUvZ‡b cv ivLviB cwiYvg| myKzgvi iv‡qi Ômv`v‡K e‡jwQm jvj,
jvj‡K
e‡jwQm Kv‡jvÕ, ZviI cÖ`k©bx †Pv‡L c‡o w`b-ivZ| B‡jKUªwbK gva¨‡gi
my‡hvM wb‡Z gywL‡q _v‡Kb ¯^v_©v‡š^lx e¨¯ÍevMx‡kiv|
Avjv`v-Avjv`vfv‡e mybxwZ-`yb©xwZi cÖPwjZ gvcKvwV‡Z †d‡j G‡`i A‰bwZK
ejvi my‡hvM nqZ †Zgb _v‡Kbv| wKš‘ gvby‡li RxebhvÎvq Qvc †dj‡Z
b¨vq-Ab¨v‡qi wePv‡i G‡`i wK Aby‡gv`b Kiv hvq? †Kvb-‡Kvb e¨vsK ev
e¨vsK-RvZxq cÖwZôvb Gm‡e ïayB wK ga¨¯’? bv wK ZvivI DrmyK-D‡`¨vMx
cvKv †L‡jvqvo?
Avgiv Ni-‡cvov Miy| Kv‡RB K_vUv gv_vq bv-G‡m cv‡i bv| d‡Zn P›`
RMr ‡kV wQ‡jb AvVv‡iv-kZ‡K fviZ-weL¨vZ e¨vsKvi| ¯^qs †gvNj ev`kv
1723 L„óv‡ã Zuv‡K ÔRMr †kVÕ Dcvwa †`b, Ges Zv eskvbyµwgK _vK‡e e‡j
digvb Rvwi K‡ib|11 wZwb evOvwj wQ‡jb bv wKš‘ gywk©`vev‡` Zuvi cÖavb
Kvh©vjq ¯’vcb K‡ib (cjvwki hy‡×i cÖavb Kzkxje cÖvq mevB wQ‡jb
AevOvwj, evOvwj ivRv-ivRiv‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv f~wgKv wQj wbZvšÍ
cvk¦©P‡ii| evOvwj Av‡e‡M GK_vUv Avgiv cÖvqkB fz‡j hvB)| cjvwki
hy‡×i `yó Pµv‡šÍ RMr ‡kV gnZve P‡›`i f~wgKv Kx wQj Ges Zvi cwiYvg
Kx n‡qwQj, Zv ïay GLv‡b g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡Z PvB| AvR‡Ki cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq
†Kvb RMr ‡kV †bB; wKš‘ Avgv‡`i `vwi`ª¨‡KB g~jab K‡i Awfbe gnvRwb
e¨emv duv`vq AvšÍR©vwZK jwMœKviK‡`i g`Z& Lye †Mvcb _v‡K bv| Zvi
mvd‡j¨i Abb¨ mvaviY fveg~wZ©-GKUv †MvUv we‡k¦ ˆZwi nq| ZviB Abymi‡Y
Avgv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v‡K †X‡j mvwR‡q Zvi KZ©„Z¡ wb‡R‡`i nv‡Z
ivLvi Z_vKw_Z DËi-AvaywbK cÖqvm Lye fv‡jvfv‡eB †Pv‡L c‡o| ivRvi
Mv‡q †Kvb †cvlvK _vK ev bv-_vK, Pviw`K †_‡K ˆ`eevYx n‡Z _v‡K Zuvi
†ek me‡P‡q my›`i| Zuvi QK Kj¨vY-a‡g©i weKv‡ki cÖK…ó Dcvq|
ev¯Í‡ei b¨vsUv †Q‡j hv-B ejyK bv †Kb, we`¨v-w`M&MR-abya©i‡`i
GKUv e¨vÛ-cvwU© evRbv evRv‡Z Kmyi K‡ib bv| wKš‘ GUv wK fv‡jv?
A_©bxwZi b¨vq, mgv‡Ri b¨vq, MYgvby‡li, we‡kl K‡i `wi`ªZi gvby‡li
Kj¨vY I gvbmgyw³ Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi G wK Av`k© c_? bv wK †gvNj `iev‡i
digvb cvIqv B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi gZ evB‡ii ¯^v_©evnx P‡µi nv‡Z
wb‡R‡`i fwel¨r mu‡c w`‡q WzMWzwM evwR‡q DÃe„wË †LuvRv? †mKv‡ji RMr
†kV †Kvb Avw_©K Awbqg K‡ib wb| gy`ªvi cÖPjb evwo‡q evRv‡i
†Kbv-‡ePvq MwZ G‡b ÒAvKv‡jÓi nvZ †_‡K ‡`k‡K i¶v K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘
Zv‡ZB wK Zvui eskai gnZve P›` RMr †k‡Vi cjvwk Kv‡Ði KjsK †gvPb nq?
bev‡ei Avw_©K Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z †Kvb Kmyi K‡ib wb hw`I| AvR †MvUv
we‡k¦i Kg©cÖev‡n cuywR I cÖhyw³i PgKcÖ` RUvRv‡j mybxwZ-`ybx©wZi
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K‡Vvifv‡e †g‡b Pjvi †Kvb weKí †bB| Zv‡Z k„sLjv, Revew`wnZv I
¯^”QZvi ¸iæZ¡ GLb Av‡Mi †P‡qI †ewk; Ges Zv µgea©gvb| Drcv`‡b, e›U‡b
I †fv³vi AvPi‡Y A‡_©i e¨env‡i cÖhyw³MZ iƒcvšÍi, AwfbeZ¡, `ªæZZv I
we¯Ívi †hfv‡e mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡i gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi †Pnviv cvj‡U
w`‡q‡Q, Ges Av‡iv w`‡”Q, Zv‡Z wewa-weav‡bi cÖ‡qv‡M Uvb-Uvb D‡ËRbvi
fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLv AwZ Avewk¨K n‡q c‡o‡Q| IB fvimvg¨I MwZkxj| Kv‡RB
Zvj †gjv‡Z †c‡iwQ e‡j nvZ-cv ¸wU‡q e‡m _vKvi Dcvq †bB| A_©‰bwZK
Kg©KvÐ †hb cÖmvigvb wek¦eªþv‡ÐiB Zzjbxq ms¯‹iY| †Kv_vI wbq‡gi
GZUzKy wePz¨wZ NU‡jB †MvUv Av‡qvRb ûogyo K‡i †f‡O covi Avk¼v| Avevi
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c‡` Zvi m¤¢vebv| cÖ‡Z¨‡K g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avwg GKUz myweav wbB, Avi
†KD bv Rvb‡j †MvUv e¨e¯’vq Zv mgy‡`ª †Mv®ú` Zyj¨, †Kv_vI wKQy
Avm‡e-hv‡e bv, A_P Zvi †gvU Pvc n‡Z cv‡i wecyj| †MvUv A_©-e¨e¯’v‡KB
Zv ZQbQ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| e¨vswKs-Lv‡Z Ôgi¨vj n¨vRvW©Õ GK mve©ÿwYK
gv_ve¨_vi KviY|12
GLv‡b †hvM nq AviI GKUv welq: Av¯’v I `¶Zvi mgš^q| e¨vs‡Ki ag©B
n‡jv c‡ii a‡b Kvievi| wewb‡qv‡M c¶cvwZZ¡ NUv ¯^vfvweK| N‡UI|
AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb-eÜz-evÜe †ewk my‡hvM cvq| wewfbœ †`‡k Gfv‡e eo-eo
e¨emvqx cÖwZôvb I IB cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM M‡o I‡V|
cÖfvekvjx †MvôxPµ Gfv‡eB `vbv euv‡a| evRvi-wbqš¿‡Yi ¶gZv hw` Zv‡`i
nv‡Z P‡j hvq Z‡e AevK nevi wKQz †bB| N‡UI GiKg| mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡`i
nv‡Z wRw¤§ n‡q c‡o| cY¨ I kÖ‡gi evRvi `y‡UvB Zv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y P‡j hvq|
PU&Rjw` AwZwi³ gybvdv Zviv Dïj K‡i wb‡Z _v‡K| `vg Zviv B”QvgZ
evovq| †fv³vi DØ„Ë-Dc‡hvM I kÖ‡gi Av‡cw¶K gRywi µgvMZ n«vm cvq|
Drcv`b `¶Zv d‡j m‡e©vËg we›`y‡Z †cŠuQvq bv|
GKUv ARynvZ e¨vsK Aek¨B Lvov Ki‡Z cv‡i| hv‡`i Ici Zvi Av¯’v
†ewk, ZvivB FY eȇb AMÖvwaKvi cvq| GUv A‰bwZK bq| KviY A‡b¨i UvKvi
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wecbœ n‡q c‡o| †Kvb SuywK KZUv †bIqv hvq, †mUv Zv‡K fve‡ZB nq| wKš‘
cwiYv‡g ˆelg¨ cÖkÖq cvq| Zv‡K b¨vqm½Z ejv P‡j bv| Ges GB ˆelg¨
e¨vsK-‡mev‡KI msKzwPZ K‡i| we‡kl myweav‡fvMx Pµ Zvi `Lj †bq| KZ©„Z¡
K‡i| IB KZ©„Z¡ eRvq ivL‡Z cÖwZØ›Øx wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i cÖ‡ek †VKvq| d‡j
Drcv`b e„wׇZ e¨vNvZ N‡U| Ges Drcv`‡bi gvb c‡o hvq| GUv ïay hyw³i
K_v bq| ev¯Í‡eI N‡U GiKg| e¨vsK, wewb‡qvMKvix I Drcv`bKvixi Aïf
AuvZvZ A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvЇK cÖ‡kœi gy‡L †V‡j †`q| †hgb, Avgiv †`wL,
Avgv‡`i †`‡kB M„nvqb I Avevmb D‡`¨v‡M, †`wL cvBKvwi evRv‡i Aïf
ZrciZvq| e¨vsK GLv‡b Zvi `vq Gov‡Z cv‡i bv| A_P Zvi Kviev‡ii †cQ‡b
_v‡K cvi¯úwiK Av¯’vi Avk¦vm| Ges GB Avk¦v‡mi †cQ‡b _v‡K Zv‡`i
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki DU‡Kv jv‡fi nvZQvwb| wKš‘ Av¯’vi Ab¨ gvÎvI GKUv Av‡Q|
†mUv, Rbmgwói mvwe©K DcKv‡i Zvi KvieviI †h wKQz †hvM K‡i, Zvi| GB
RvqMvq hw` e¨w³-we‡k‡li ev †Mvôx-we‡k‡li w`‡KB †Kej e¨vs‡Ki †mev
Suy‡K _v‡K, Z‡e AvcvZ`„wó‡Z `¶Zvi gvcKvwV‡Z DZ&‡i ‡M‡jI mvgvwRK
`vwq‡Z¡i wePv‡i Zv NvUwZi GgbwK ¶wZi KviY n‡q †`Lv †`Iqv wewPÎ bq|
Avgv‡`i cvwK¯Ívwb Rvgvbvq cÖKUfv‡e †ZgbwU N‡UwQj| c‡iI †h GB
cÖeYZvi m‡½ jo‡Z n‡”Q bv, Zv bq| wewfbœ wecixZgyLx ZvwM‡`i m‡½
e¨vsK-e¨emv‡KI †evSvcov Ki‡Z nq| UvKvi Zvij¨ I e„w×i cÖZ¨vkvi, Ges
Zvi ev¯Íevq‡bi wnmve-wbKv‡ki e¨vcviUv-‡Zv Av‡QB| GB e¨w³ I mgwói
Av‡cw¶K DcKvi-AcKv‡ii welqwUI D‡c¶v Kiv P‡j bv| c~Y©
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i Avcbv †_‡K Zvi mgvavb wg‡j hvq, GB wek¦vm
wb‡q AvZ¥Zzwó‡Z †fvMv ‡Kvb Kv‡Ri K_v bq| ev¯Í‡e Zv AaivB †_‡K hvq|
cwiYv‡g gvi Lvq mvgvwRK b¨vq-wePvi|
m¤ú~Y© wecixZ wPÎ GKUv cvB Avgiv mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZi
ZË¡-KvVv‡gvq|13 e¨w³-D‡`¨vM‡K g`Z& †`evi †Kvb my‡hvMB †mLv‡b
†bB| †Kej mvgvwRKfv‡e wba©vwiZ Drcv`b Kvh©µ‡g wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi
†jb‡`‡bi I Zvi cÖwZkÖywZi e¨vcviUv Zvi gva¨‡g N‡U| e¨w³i †Kvb
D‡j¬L‡hvM¨ wewb‡qvM †bB| fwel¨‡Zi Aby‡gvw`Z †fvM-Pvwn`v c~i‡Y eo
†Rvi Zvi Rgv‡bv UvKv †m e¨vs‡K ivL‡Z cv‡i| mgvR-A_©bxwZ‡K Zv
cÖfvweZ K‡i bv| j¶¨, mvgvwRK b¨vq cÖwZôv, †hLv‡b A_©-we‡Ë AwaKv‡i
‰elg¨-I-Zvi e›U‡b c¶cvwZZ¡, ev, Zvi m¤¢vebv, Kg©‡¶‡Î gvby‡l gvby‡l
e¨eav‡bi †Kvb Am½Z my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| c~e©wba©vwiZ Av`k©
e¨e¯’v me©Rb gvb¨ GK Kvg¨ we›`y‡Z w¯’i _vK‡j GB mgvavbm~Î AMÖvn¨
Kiv KwVb| wKš‘ ev¯Íe Zv‡Z mvq †`q bv| RbmsL¨vi †Pnviv cÖwZgyn~‡Z©
e`jv‡”Q| Zv‡`i cQ›`-AcQ‡›`i †PnvivI GK _vK‡Qbv| Ici †_‡K GLv‡b †Kvb
wm×všÍ Pvwc‡q w`‡j †eu‡P _vKvi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi ci Zv‡Z
MY-gvby‡li AvMÖ‡ni cÖwZdjb †h A‡bK mg‡qB N‡U bv, Zvi †kvKven cwiPqI
Avgiv †c‡qwQ| cwiKwíZ Drcv`b cÖwµqvq mÂq Av‡M †_‡K wVK Kiv| ‡mB
Abyhvqx c‡Y¨i `vg wba©viY| †mUv w¯’i nq mvsMVwbK wm×v‡šÍ| a‡i †bIqv
nq, msMVb mevi K_v fv‡e| KvD‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Z Pvq bv| evRv‡ii KjKvwV
†b‡o †KD Ab¨vq jv‡fi my‡hvM †b‡e, †NuvU cvwK‡q K…wÎg `y®úÖvc¨Zvi
m„wó Ki‡e, GUvI †m
n‡Z †`qbv| bxwZ wn‡m‡e Aek¨B mvay| wKš‘ cÖkœ I‡V cY¨-ZvwjKvi
Av‡cw¶K g~j¨ wVK Kiv wb‡q| mevi g‡bvMZ AwfcÖvq cwigv‡ci `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z
nq bxwZ-wba©viK‡`i| †mUv wK KLbI m¤¢e? †RvMvb wVK K‡i evRv‡i †eu‡U
†`Iqv, Avi, Avkv Kiv, mewKQz
Lv‡c Lv‡c wgj‡e| Lye KgB Ggb N‡U| e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M mvgvj †`evi
my‡hvM †bB| Kv‡iv G Kvi‡Y e¨vsK-FY †bevi cÖ‡qvRbI ZvB AevšÍe|
cÖhyw³-iƒcvšÍi I cÖe„w× `y‡UvB †K›`ªxq wm×v‡šÍi cwiYvg, SuywK wKš‘
Gov‡bv hvq bv| Zv A‡bK I Awbw`©ó| wKš‘ †KD Zv GKKfv‡e †bq bv| GB
ÔGKKÕ we‡kl e¨w³i ev GKvwaK e¨w³i wgwjZ †RvU, `yB-B n‡Z cv‡i| bxUdj
`uvovq GB, e¨vsK evRvi‡K PvOv Kivq †Kvb f~wgKv iv‡Lbv| am Avbv‡ZI
KjKvwV bvovi my‡hvM Zvi _v‡Kbv| Ae¨eüZ m¤ú‡`i fvÛvi hw` h‡_ó _v‡K,
Z‡e GUv †Kvb mgm¨v nqbv| Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cwiKwíZ mye¨envi NwU‡q
µgea©gvb Drcv`‡bi cÖZ¨vwkZ QweI dzwU‡q †Zvjv hvq| wKš‘ bZzb cÖhyw³,
mÂq, cuywR I Drcv`‡bi SuywK wb‡Z †M‡jB mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| †mLv‡b
¯’weiZv A_©bxwZ‡K MÖvm Kivi AvksKv| ¯^vaxb e¨vsK e¨e¯’vq
wbqg-Kvby‡bi i¶vKeP †g‡b wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM †mLv‡b cÖe„w×i c_ Ly‡j
w`‡Z mnvq n‡Z cv‡i| ev¯Í‡e AwaKvsk †¶‡Î †ZgbwUB NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| hw`I
mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡Z mvg¨-fvebvq ̧ iæZ¡ Av‡ivc †h D”PZi b¨vq
cÖwZôvi AvMÖ‡niB †hŠw³K dmj, GK_v LvwiR K‡i w`‡Z cvwibv|
Zvn‡j UvKv‡K cY¨ K‡i jv‡fi e¨emvq UvKvi PjvP‡j †hvMvb †`Iqv
†`v‡li wKQz bq| Ges GUv GKZidvI bq| SuywKi RvqMvUv ixwZgZ fvevq|
A_P SuywK wb‡Z bv cvi‡j UvKv wb‡q †Kvb e¨emvB evRv‡ii AwbðqZvq
`uvovq bv| cuywR m„wói my‡hvMI ˆZwi nqbv| e¨vsK FY GLv‡b eo f~wgKv
iv‡L| Avevi UvKv gvi hvevi AvksKvUvI †mB ms‡M †_‡K hvq| cwiw¯’wZ
hw` Ggb nq, avi wb‡q ev avi w`‡q e¨vsK Zvi K_v ivL‡Z e¨_© n‡jv, Ges
cwiYv‡g †MvUv evRvi Aw¯’i n‡q co‡jv, Z‡e ¶wZi AvksKv Avi ïay e¨w³MZ
_v‡K bv| Zv †MvUv A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡Z Qovq| Ges Zv ixwZgZ Ab¨vq| `vqx
GLv‡b gvby‡liB jvMvgnxb †jvf| GB †jv‡fi wbqš¿Y, e¨vsK e¨e¯’vq
myb©xwZi PP©vq cÖv_wgKZv cvq| Zv me©vs‡k msMZ I Aek¨ cvjbxq|
Av‡MB e‡jwQ, e¨vs‡K UvKvi Zvij¨-I-Zvi e„w×i m¤¢vebvi †h m¤úK©,
Zv ci¯úi wecixZgyLx| ̀ yB-Gi wfZ‡i mvgÄm¨ eRvq ivLv e¨vsK-e¨emv‡q
g~j K_v| Z‡e GLv‡b †SuvKUv hw` ïay UvKv †_‡K UvKv evbvevi Ic‡iB
c‡o, Z‡e e¨w³MZ †Kvb Ab¨vq ev fzjÎywU bv n‡jI UvKvi wewb‡qv‡M
cvi¯úwiK Av¯’vi I cuywR †Kv_vq me©vwaK jvfRbK, Zv †`Lvi cÖeYZv
UvKv‡K Av‡iv UvKvi w`‡K †V‡j| mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨ Zv m„wó K‡i, A_ev Zvi
AbycvZ evovq| G‡K b¨vq ejv P‡j bv| hw`I A_©bxwZ‡K mPj ivLvq I
we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î `¶Zv m„wó‡Z G‡K D‡c¶vI Kiv hvq bv| GB
Dfq-msK‡Ui gy‡L c‡o e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v wb‡q Avgv‡`i fve‡Z nq| GUv we‡kl
¸iyZ¡ cvq, †hLv‡b `vwi‡`ªi ms‡M jovBUvI GKUv mvgvwRK ̀ vwqZ¡|
cvkvcvwk ¶gZvi I my‡hvM-myweavi †K›`ªxfeb GB jovB‡K K‡i AviI Zxeª|
Ggb wK wkw¶Z bvMwiK-mgv‡RI Zvi welwµqv Qovq|
GQvov e¨vsK-Gi cÖPwjZ wewagvjvi duvK Mwj‡qI N‡U Pj‡Z cv‡i- Ges
ev¯Í‡e N‡UI A‡bK Abvm„wó| †h D‡Ï‡k¨ F‡Yi Aby‡gv`b cvIqv, Zvi GKUv
†Lvjm mvg‡b †i‡L we‡kl cÖfve-cÖwZcwË LvwU‡q F‡Yi UvKv AwaKZi jvfRbK
Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ K‡i †MvUv A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K †emvgvj K‡i †`evi cÖ‡jvfb,
I, my‡hvM †c‡jB Zvi Ac‡Póv e¨vsK-Kg©Kv‡Ð GK mve©¶wYK gv_ve¨_vi
KviY| mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK ÿgZv-Pµ I †`wk-we‡`wk Kv‡qwg ¯^v_© cÖkÖq
w`‡j, Zv Avq‡Ëi evB‡iI P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| A_©bxwZi †MvUv KvVv‡gv‡Z Zvi
cÖfve covi AvksKv| AíwKQz gvby‡li nv‡Z m¤ú‡`i †K›`ªxfeb Zvi Awbevh©
cwiYwZ| Zv‡Z mvgvwRK b¨vq I w¯’wZkxj AMÖMwZ fxlYfv‡e wech©¯Í n‡j
AevK nevi wKQz †bB| Gi m‡½ hw` †hvM nq †Ljvwc F‡Yi Kvievi I Aïf
dUKvevwRi AvuZvZ, Z‡e e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v ̄ ^qs GK fqven wech©‡qi nvwZqvi
n‡q ̀ uvovq| G e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i †h, †Kvb AwfÁZv †bB Zv bq| eis Zv
Avgv‡`i‡K fxZ-mš¿¯Í K‡i iv‡L|
Rb& iDjm&-Gi ÔG w_‡qvwi Ad Rvw÷mÕ14 ‡K Avgiv GB †cÖw¶‡Z
we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z cvwi| Zuvi Kv‡Q me gvby‡li mgvb AwaKvi GKwU mgv‡R
b¨vq wePv‡ii cÖ_g AjsNbxq kZ© Ges GBwUi ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡bB wZwb
Ry‡o †`b ˆel‡g¨i kZ©: (1) †gav I †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ, Ges (2) cÖ‡qvR‡bi
wfwˇZ, †hgb, AbMÖmi gvby‡li R‡b¨, `wi`ªZi gvby‡li R‡b¨, we‡kl
myweav| wØZxqwU‡K wZwb e‡jb ÔwWdv‡iÝ wcÖwÝcj&Õ| cÖK…Zc‡¶, G‡Z
weivRgvb mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨ †h Ab¨vq Zv‡KB mycwiKwíZ D‡`¨v‡M
ms‡kvab Ki‡Z PvIqv n‡q‡Q| mevi R‡b¨ mgvb G bq| wKš‘ mgv‡R IB mgZvi
b¨vqÑAv¶wiK A‡_© mgZv bqÑcÖwZôvB Gi j¶¨|
e¨vsK RvZxqKiY bxwZ‡K GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Kiv hvq| evRvi
†hLv‡b Amv‡g¨i Dci `uvwo‡q, †mLv‡b A_©-we‡Ëi ¯^vfvweK MwZ A_©-we‡Ëi
w`‡KB| Zvi cÖwZdjb N‡U e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qv‡MI| FY †c‡Z †M‡jI Avw_©K
m¶gZv `iKvi| Zv bB‡j my‡`-Avm‡j UvKv †diZ cvevi Av¯’vi RvqMvUv
`ye©j †_‡K hvq| d‡j weËevbivB FY cvq, FY LvUvq Ges MY gvby‡li
cÖ‡qvR‡bi w`‡K bq, gybvdvi w`‡KB bRi _v‡K cÖ_g| Zv‡ZI Kg©m„Rb N‡U|
wKš‘ Zv Suy‡K c‡o †mB me cY¨ Drcv`‡b, hv‡`i †Kbvi Avw_©K ¶gZv
cÖZ¨vwkZ †fv³v‡`i Av‡Q| A_©vr †Kbvi gZ UvKv hv‡`i Av‡Q, Zv‡`i
K_v †f‡eB Drcv`b| evRv‡ii Ôˆelg¨Õ ¸wYZK nv‡i evo‡Z _v‡K| mZ¨
K_v, c~Y©-cÖwZ‡hvwMZv evRv‡i _vK‡j, GgbwU N‡U bv| wKš‘
c~Y©-cÖwZ‡hvwMZv GKUv gixwPKv| Zvi gvqvq Avgiv fy‡j _vwK| evRvi
wKš‘ A¶g‡`i `~‡i †V‡j| `~‡i ‡V‡j IB evRv‡ii m‡½ Rwo‡q _vKv
e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vI| Zvi wbqg-Kvby‡b hw` †Kvb AmsMwZ bv _v‡K Ges UvKv
UvKvi KvR hw` Aev‡a K‡i P‡j, Zvic‡iI|
cwiw¯’wZ mvgvj w`‡Z e¨vsK-RvZxqKi‡Yi gZ P~ovšÍ e¨e¯’vI KL‡bv
KL‡bv †e‡Q wb‡Z nq| Z‡e ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M ÔiDj&m&-Gi
ˆelg¨-bxwZÕ Kvh©Ki Kivi wbðqZvI †mLv‡b Riæix| ïay me gvby‡li mgvb
MYZvwš¿K AwaKv‡ii bvgZv cvV bq, †mB m‡½ cÖ‡qvRb ivóªxq Av_©-mvgvwRK
cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni ̀ ¶Zv, Revew`wnZv I j¶¨ wel‡q m‡PZbZv| †h †KvbwU‡Z
NvUwZ A‡_©i AcPq‡K cÖkªq †`q| `ybx©wZI gv_v Pvov †`evi my‡hvM cvq|
MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq e¨vsK-RvZxqKi‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨B Zv‡Z wech©¯Í n‡q
c‡o|
Ô‰el‡g¨Õi GB bxwZ, Ges †mB m‡½ †MvUv mgv‡Ri mvwe©K DÌv‡bi †hŠw³K
wfwË, wKš‘ Zv‡Z webó nq bv, ev¯Í‡ei b¨vqI Zv‡K D‡c¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi ci me evwYwR¨K e¨vsK-RvZxqKi‡Yi bxwZ Avgiv MÖnY
K‡iwQjvg, Kvw•LZ dj Avkvbyi~c †g‡jwb| e¯‘MZ I †PZbvMZ †h AeKvVv‡gv
cÖ‡qvRb, Zv h‡_ó wQj bv| Af¨vm jvwjZ avivq my‡hvM myweavq jvfevb
hviv, e¨w³MZ ¯^v_©wmw×i my‡hvM-mÜv‡b Zrci hviv, Zv‡`iI Amn‡hvwMZv
wQj| Ab¨vqI GB me c‡_ Xy‡K c‡owQj| †Ljvwc F‡Yi Kz-ms¯‹…wZ wkKo
Mvovi my‡hvM cvq| Zv †_‡K gyw³ GLbI †g‡jwb| ‡kl ch©šÍ †e-miKvix
e¨vsK‡KI `iRv Ly‡j w`‡Z nq| Zv †hgb A‡_©i I A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi
cªPj‡b mvejxjZv I `¶Zv evovevi Rb¨, †ZgbB Av_©mvgvwRK ¶gZvq
cwieZ©gvb mgxKiY ivwk‡K cÖkwgZ Kivi Rb¨| mgvR Zvi m‡½ Av‡cvl K‡i‡Q|
†mUv hw` mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZi cÖZ¨¶ cÖwZdjb n‡q _v‡K Z‡e ejvi wKQy †bB|
wKš‘ b¨vq ïay eZ©gv‡bB w¯’i _v‡K bv| Zvi fwel¨r kvLv-cÖkvLv wb‡qI
Zv‡K fve‡Z nq|
GBLv‡bB Av‡m evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki gy`ªv e¨e¯’vcbvi MZvbyMwZK c‡_
†_‡KI Av‡iv Zv‡K cÖmvwiZ I †Kv_vI †Kv_vI Zvr¶wYK wecixZgyLx Kivi
cÖqv‡mi cÖvmw½K we‡ePbvi K_v| Rb ivDj&m&-Gi ˆelg¨-bxwZ‡K G
gvb¨ K‡i Ges Gi mvwe©K j¶¨ A‡šÍ¨v`q, mvgvwRK DaŸ©Zb I D‡Øvab| Avgiv
Rvb‡Z cvwi, Ô..... evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Zvi wewae× `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cvkvcvwk
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dvBbvwÝqvj BbK¬zkb Kvh©µg‡K †eMevb Kivi R‡b¨ K…wl,
GmGgB (¯§j GÛ wgwWqvg G›UvicÖvBR) mn Drcv`bgyLx A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ
I cwi‡ekevÜe LvZ¸‡jv‡Z ch©vß I `„k¨gvb F‡Yi †hvMvb wbwðZ K‡i‡Q|
evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cybtA_©vqb Kg©m~wPi cwiwaI we¯Í…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡cw¶Z eM©vPvlx‡`i R‡b¨ cÖ_gev‡ii gZ 500 †KvwU UvKvi GKwU
D™¢vebxg~jK cybtA_©vqb Kg©m~wP †bqv n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi cªvq
A‡a©KB bvix nIqvq A_©bxwZi g~j‡mªv‡Z bvix‡`i AskMÖnY evov‡bv I
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Ly‡j w`‡Z K…wl I GmGgB Lv‡Z ̄ ^í my‡` bvix‡`i‡K cÖvwZôvwbK FY
myweav wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki MÖvgxY Rbc‡`i mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q
e¨vswKs †mev †cuŠQv‡Z e¨vsK¸‡jvi MÖvgxY kvLv †Lvjvi Ici †Rvi †`qv
n‡”Q| ....ejv P‡j ... AšÍf©yw³g~jK cÖe„w×i GK kw³kvjx wfwË ˆZix Kiv
m¤¢e n‡q‡QÕ|15
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SzuwKi ivk †U‡b a‡i jvf‡K me©vwaK Kiv‡K cÖv_wgKZv w`‡q †h cÖZ¨¶ I
c‡iv¶ Znwej mvRv‡bvi D‡`¨vM Zvi m‡½ G mivmwi Lvc Lv‡ebv, Ggb aviYvB
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PvwjKv-kw³| ‡Kv_vI †Kvb ¯^-we‡iva wK Z‡e †`Lv †`q? e¨vs‡Ki b¨vq I
mgv‡Ri `vwe wK G‡K A‡b¨i m‡½ msMwZ nvivq? G cÖ‡kœi gy‡LvgywL nevi
Av‡M GUvI Aek¨ g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, e¨vsKI GKUv mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb|
gvwjKvbv †hgb †nvK, e¨w³MZ jvf hvi hZ ‡nvK, Zvi Kvievi hw` mgv‡R
A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û †Kvb mvov bv RvMvq, hw` Zvi ˆewP‡Î¨ I we¯Ív‡i †Kvb
†ni‡di bv N‡U, Z‡e Zvi mdjZvi I wedjZvi w¯’wZc‡Îi g~j¨vqb †_‡K, Zv
h‡_ó m‡šÍvlRbK n‡jI, Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb cy‡ivcywi h_vh_ n‡q‡Q, GgbwU
wbwðZ K‡i ejv mnR n‡e bv| e¨vs‡Ki b¨vq G‡K ¸iyZ¡ bv w`‡j ZviI ‰bwZK
öjb N‡U e‡j gvb‡Z nq|
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Z‡e †m Av‡iv SuywK †bevi K_v fv‡e, Kviev‡i †ewk †ewk UvKv Xv‡j|
Zv‡Z evRvi †ZwR nq| e¨vsK †_‡K F‡Yi Pvwn`v ev‡o| DcKvi wKš‘
cÖZ¨‡¶-c‡iv‡¶ Ab¨‡`i wfZ‡iI Qovq| Avgv‡`i †cvkvK wk‡í †hgb, eû
†g‡qi KvR †Rv‡U, mgvRI Zvi m‡½ Zvj wgjv‡Z eva¨ nq| wk‡í e¨w³MZ jvf
I Av‡iv jv‡fi cÖZ¨vkv wbPzZjv‡ZI Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| G
RvZxq D‡`¨v‡M e¨vsK-e¨emvI Drmvn †hvMvq| AvuZvZ GKUv ‰Zix nq, †mB
AvuZvZ †_‡K, †kªYx ej‡ev bv, †MvwôPµ AvKvi †c‡Z _v‡K| hw`I ev¯Íe
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zvi Avewk¨KZvI †g‡b wb‡Z nq|
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†cQ‡b †Qv‡U| Zvi e›Ub Avi mylg _v‡K bv| Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv hLb A‡bK‡K
evB‡i wQU‡K †d‡j ZLb Zv‡`i wU‡K _vKvB KwVb n‡q c‡o| e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi
mvaviY wbq‡g Zviv Avi we‡ePbvq Av‡m bv| hw`I KL‡bv KL‡bv
¶zav-wbe„wËi R‡b¨I Zv‡`i gnvR‡bi KvQ †_‡K UvKv avi Kiv Qvov MZ¨šÍi
_v‡K bv| ¯^í I gvSvwi cyuwRi Pvwn`v †gUvevi cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v I‡V Zvi
c‡i| Z‡e Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †fvM-Pvwn`v I cuywR Pvwn`v cÖvq mgv_©K| KviY
kª‡gi Kg©¶gZv m„wó bv n‡j, cuywRi e¨envi AevšÍi n‡q c‡o|
e¨vs‡Ki mvaviY bxwZgvjvq Giv Zvi Kg©Kv‡Û we‡ePbvi AvIZvq c‡o bv|
Ggb †Kvb m¤ú` G‡`i †bB, hv euvav w`‡q Giv FY †c‡Z cv‡i| A_P Gi d‡j
FY myweav cÖvw߇Z ïay †h †bwZevPK ˆel‡g¨i m„wó nq, Z-B bq, Zv
R¨vwgwZK nv‡i †e‡o P‡j| abx-Mwi‡ei ZdvZ& cÖKU †_‡K cÖKUZi n‡Z
_v‡K| evRvi m¤úbœ gvby‡li Pvwn`vi w`‡K Suy‡K c‡o| †h‡nZz Zv‡`i
msL¨vbycvZ µgn«vmgvb, ZvB evRv‡ii AvqZ‡bI ms‡KvPb †`Lv †`q| Zv
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„wׇZ ̄ ’weiZv Av‡b| e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v‡ZI Zvi Qvc `ywb©ix¶¨
_vKvi K_v bq| gvbweK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K G ˆbwZKfv‡e mg_©b Kiv hvq bv|
evRvi LwÛZ n‡q covq A_©‰bwZK avivq AMÖMwZi m¤¢vebvi wePv‡iI G
†hŠw³KZv nvivq|
GBLv‡bB Av‡m AšÍf©yw³g~jK Dbœqb †KŠk‡ji cÖvmw½KZv I Zv Avï
ev¯Íevq‡b cÖv‡qvwMK cš’v-c×wZ D™¢ve‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| g‡b nq evsjv‡`k
e¨vsK Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡iB Zvi mvwe©K gy`ªvbxwZ‡Z FY`vb †KŠk‡j
†gŠwjK wKQy ms‡hvRb Pvjy K‡i‡Q| Zv ÔÔiDj&m&-Gi
ˆelg¨-bxwZ‡KIÕÕ Kvh©Ki i~c w`‡Z AMÖmi nq Ges G `xN©Kvjxb m¤¢vebvi
wePv‡i mvwe©Kfv‡e cÖe„w×-AbyK~jI e‡U| KviY, Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q Pvwn`vi
MwZkxj we¯Ívi evRvi‡K m‡ZR I m¤cÖmvwiZ K‡i, †K›`ª I cÖv‡šÍi
ms‡hvM-m~Î eûgyLx I Aeva nevi my‡hvM cvq|
wKš‘ e¨vsK-Gi †h g~j PvwjKv kw³, Zvi gy`ªv-e¨emv‡q gybvdv
m‡e©v”PKiY fvebv, Zvi m‡½ wK G msMwZ nvivq? F‡Yi wbivcËvi e¨vcviUvI
wK bgbxq n‡Z wM‡q ¸wj‡q †djvi AvksKv †`Lv †`q bv? evRvi hw` we¯Í…Z
nq Ges F‡Yi gva¨‡g `wi`ªZi RbM‡Yi e¨q¶gZv hw` ev‡o, hw` jvfRbK Kv‡R
UvKv LvwU‡q Ae¯’v †divevi my‡hvM Zviv K‡i †bq, Z‡e my`-Avm‡j
e¨vs‡Ki `vq-‡`bv †kva KivI Zv‡`i Avq‡Ëi †fZ‡i _vKv m¤¢e| d‡j
e¨vs‡Ki †gvU gybvdvq Uvb covi K_v bq| Avi mvgvwRK jvf-‡jvKkv‡bi K_v
we‡ePbv Ki‡j G‡Z Av‡cw¶K DcKvi Zzjbvq evoviB K_v| e¨vsK-RvZxqKi‡Yi
GUv wQj Ab¨Zg j¶¨| cÖvwZôvwbK ̀ ye©jZv, mvgvwRK Am‡PZbZv
I AwfÁZvi Afve Zv‡Z evav n‡q `uvovq| G‡Z Zvi †hŠw³KZv ¶zYœ nq
bv| Aek¨ e¯‘MZ Ae¯’v AbyK~j bv n‡j G Kv‡R Av‡m bv| Avgv‡`i ga¨cš’vi
w`‡K SuyK‡Z nq|
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nv‡iI Zvi DaŸ©gyLx cÖfve covi K_v|16 wKš‘ Zvic‡iI Ab¨ weKí e¨e¯’vi
Zzjbvq e¨vsK †_‡K avi wb‡j, MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q my‡hvM-e¨q hw` Kg nq, Z‡e
FY Pvwn`vi I cwi‡kv‡ai AvMÖ‡n †bwZevPK cÖfve covi m¤¢vebv wb‡q Lye
‡ewk DwØMœ nevi cª‡qvRb c‡o e‡j g‡b nq bv| F‡Yi wbivcËvI Zzjbvq
n«vm cv‡e, GUv a‡i †bqv hvq bv| gvV-ch©v‡qi AwfÁZv GB Abygvb‡K
mg_©bB K‡i| e¨vs‡Ki b¨vq I mvgvwRK b¨vq ci¯úi we‡ivax Ae¯’v‡b P‡j
hvq bv, eis G‡K A‡b¨i cwicywó‡Z mnvq nq| Z‡e `¶ cwiPvjb e¨e¯’v I
cvi¯úwiK `vqe×Zv _vKv PvB| GUv eû gvby‡li ms‡hv‡M, we‡kl K‡i hw`
wecixZgyLx e¨w³MZ I mvgwóK ¯^v‡_©i ms‡hvM NUv‡Z PvIqv nq, Zvi
c~e©kZ©| e¨vs‡Ki cÖPwjZ a¨vb-aviYvi we¯Ívi N‡U| wKš‘ Zvi †gŠwjK j¶¨
†_‡K †Kvb wePz¨wZ N‡U bv| hw`I IB j‡¶¨i msÁv‡K e¨vcKZi †cÖ¶vc‡U
¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| ‰bwZKfv‡e Gi AvZ¨wšÍKZv †Kvbµ‡gB LvwiR Kiv hvq bv|
Z‡e ˆbe¨©w³K g~j¨gvbB GLv‡b cÖvavb¨ cvq| GUvI †Lqvj Kwi mvwe©K
e¨vswKs Kviev‡i GB Awfbe ms‡hvRb GLbI cÖvwšÍK ch©v‡qB i‡q †M‡Q| Z‡e
GiB Abymi‡Y, e¨vsK bq, GbwRI-I bq, Avevi e¨vsK-I e‡U, GbwRI-I e‡U
Ggb nuvmRviyi h‡_”Q wePiY AvšÍR©vwZK cÖkÖq †c‡jI RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z
¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv I mgAwaKvi bxwZi ¯^v‡_© h‡_vwPZ KZ©„c‡¶i wbqš¿‡Y
Avbv cÖ‡qvRb| Ges Zv mvgvwRK b¨vq cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨B|
Avgiv ZvB e‡j MZvbyMwZK fv‡jv-g›` ev DwPZ-AbywP‡Zi aviYv‡K Lv‡Uv
K‡i †`LwQ bv| ïay ej‡Z PvB, Zvi wPivPwiZ †Kvb bxwZgvjvi mÜvb cvIqv
`y®‹i, ¯’v‡b I Kv‡j Zv Av‡cw¶K| Ges A‡bK mg‡qB Zv e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^
GLwZqvi‡K AwZµg K‡i| e¨vsK-RvwjqvwZ, e¨vs‡Ki UvKv bq-Qq K‡i
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wewawb‡l‡ai †eovRvjI h_vh_ nIqv evÃbxq| wKš‘ Gme kZ© c~iY n‡jI A‡bK
mgq g~j Acivaxiv aiv-‡Quvqvi evB‡i †_‡K hvq| ïay ZvB bq, ¶gZvi
cÖfve-ej‡q D¾¡j DcMÖ‡ni gZ weivR K‡i| ïay e¨vsK-e¨e¯’&vcbv wb‡q
gv_v Nvwg‡q Zv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Avbvi c_ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv| †Kvb †`‡kB
bv| Gi m‡½ RwoZ ¶gZvi mZZ wµqvkxjZv, Zvi AšÍR©vj I wewfbœ
ms‡hvM-†iLvi m¤úK©-m½g| ‡m¸‡jv wb‡q K_v ejv AvcvZZ Avgv‡`i Avq‡Ëi
evB‡i| GKKfv‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vsK ev mvgwMÖKfv‡e e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v eo-‡Rvi
mZK© cªnivi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zvi g~j a‡i Uvb w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
Zvic‡iI e¨vsK Zvi wbR¯^ ̀ vq Gwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv e¨w³MZ
I cÖvwZôvwbK, `yB-B| gvV ch©v‡q m‡iRwg‡b Z_¨-msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q
A‡bK RvqMvq †`Lv hvq, wbiej¤^ MÖvgxY FYMÖnxZviv nvRvi UvKv cvevi
Kov‡i nv‡Z cvq bqk UvKv| GgbUvB †Kv_vI †Kv_vI Pj n‡q hvq| mgq I
Pvwn`vi ZvwM‡` FY-MÖnxZvi my‡hvM-e¨q Av‡iv †ewk| Kv‡RB Zv‡K idv
Ki‡Z nq G‡ZB| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki gnr e¨vcK D‡`¨vM wKš‘ Zjv †_‡K boe‡o
n‡q hvq| Zv cÖkÖq cvq Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡ÎI Abyiƒc ZrciZv †_‡K| GgbwK
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gZ cÖwZôv‡bI| bxUdj `uvovq GB, †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki e`‡j
hvevi, e`‡j †`evi †gŠwjK cÖ‡Yv`bv ïiy‡ZB †nuvPU Lvq| A_©g~‡j¨ bv
n‡jI RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨vkvi gvcKvwV‡Z Gi MyiyZ¡ Kg bq| GUv a‡i wb‡qB Avgiv
†Kej e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi †¶Î Kxfv‡e cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i,
Kxfv‡e Zv‡K Av‡iv Kg©¶g I DbœqbgyLx Ki‡Z cv‡i, Kxfv‡e AwaKvi ewÂZ
gvby‡li my‡hvM I m„wókxjZvi m¤¢vebv evov‡Z cv‡i, G¸‡jv wb‡q
wePvi-we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvwi| Avi GB K_vUzKz gv_vq †i‡L b¨vqbxwZi
avivevwnKZvq c_ I MšÍe¨ wb‡q Avgvi fvebvUzKz ïay, LvcQvov n‡jI,
Avcbv‡`i mvg‡b Zz‡j awi, Ges GB Zz‡j ai‡Z cvivq K…Zv_© †eva Kwi|
A‡Üi nvwZ-‡`Lv e‡j A‡b‡Ki g‡b n‡e, Avwg Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Ki †Rv‡o gvR©bv
wf¶v Kwi|
UxKv I wb‡`©wkKvt
1. Ethics in Banking, Essays in Honour of Nurul Matin,
Bangladesh Institute of Bank Management, Dhaka-2011.
2. H, c„. 170-202.3. Avgiv †`wL, wewbgq gva¨g I g~j¨ cwigvcK,
UvKvi GB `yB mvaviY f~wgKv Avi
mnve¯’v‡b-mgwe›`y‡Z _v‡K bv, ¯’vb I Kv‡ji cÖfv‡e UvKvi g~‡j¨i
cwieZ©b N‡U| Ggb wK GKB mg‡q wewfbœ-‡gqv‡`i Kg©Kv‡Û wewfbœ g~j¨
wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v M‡o IVvi †cQ‡b UvKvi AšÍi mËvi GB
g~j¨-wewfbœZv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| b¨vq-Ab¨v‡qi mij-cv‡V †Kvb
GKK gvb, d‡j, AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o|
4. N.K Sinha (ed), The History of Bengal (1757-1905), University
of Calcutta, 1967, p.19. Av‡iv †`Lyb, iRZKvšÍ ivq, cjvkxi lohš¿ I
†mKv‡ji mgvR, BwZnvm MÖš’gvjv 3, Avb›` cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv, 1994, c„.
149-154.
5. Bangladesh Bank, Annual Report, 2011-2012, p. 229,231.6.
Professor Nurul Islam, ‘Ethics in Banking’, BIBM, Dhaka,
2011, p. 134-140.
7. AgZ©¨ †mb Zuvi Idea of Justice MÖ‡š’ (Allen Lane, London,
2009) G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, bvbv cÖkœ Zy‡j‡Qb, Zuvi gZ
K‡i mgvavbI mvwR‡q‡Qb| weZ‡K©i AeKvk Aek¨ †_‡KB hvq; Ges _vKvUvB
¯^v‡¯’¨i j¶Y|
8. R.P Kangle, Kautilya’s Arthasastra, Univesity of Bombay,
Bombay, 1970.
9. Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl`, 1/12/2-5; gyЇKvcwbl`, 1/12/7-8;-‡`Lyb
Dcwblr MÖš’vejx cÖ_g I wØZxq fvM, D‡Øvab Kvh©vjq, 1381.
10. GB `vb-a¨vb wQj AZxe cy‡Y¨i KvR| ci¤úivMZ b¨vq fvebvq we‡kl
mg_©b‡hvM¨, bv‡Uv‡ii ivYx-fevbxi ev ûMwji nvwR gynv¤§` gnwm‡bi
wbt¯^v_© `vb wQj wKse`wšÍ Zzj¨| wKš‘ fwel¨‡Zi mgvR-Øvw›ØKZv‡K-
eûjvs‡k mvgvwRK Ab¨vq‡K-Am‡PZbfv‡e Zviv jvjb K‡i‡Q|
11. ‡gvNj ev`kvn& gn¤§` kvn& 1723 mv‡ji GK digv‡b UvKvi
e¨vcvix d‡Zn& P›`‡K ÔRMr‡kVÕ †LZve cÖ`vb K‡ib| Bs‡iR HwZnvwmK
ievU© Ag© Zuvi m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ K‡ib, ‘The greatest banker in the known
world’| (DׄwZ, mykxj †PŠayix, `Merchants, Companies and Rulers,
Bengal in the Eighteenth Century, The Journal of the Social History
of the Orient, Vol. XXXI, p. 91; Av‡iv †`Lyb, iRZKvšÍ ivq, c~‡e©v³,
c„. 160)
12. GUv †h me mg‡q e¨w³MZ Avovj Luy‡R mij myweavi m‡e©v”PKiY,
ïaygvÎ Zv bq| my‡hvM-mÜv‡b m‡PZb bóvwgI †hvM nq| we‡kl K‡i Avgv‡`i
mvwn‡Z¨ Gi cÖwZdjb evievi †Pv‡L c‡o| evsjvq ciïiv‡gi MÇwjKv-q
M‡Ðwiivg evUcvwiqv †Kvb Aev¯Íe PwiÎ bq|
13. L. Ya. Berri (ed), Planning a Socialist Economy, Vol.1,
Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1977.
14. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press,
1971.
15. AvwZDi ingvb, ÔcÖv°_bÕ, e`‡j hvIqv evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, AMÖMwZi
Pvi eQi (2009-2012), 2013, c„. 11-12.
16. Nurul Islam, Thoughts on Microfinance and All That,
Pallikarma Sahayak Foundation, 2012.
cwiwkó
Ethical Considerations in the Business of Banking[A Brief and
Stray Account of the Summary of the Original
Bengali Version]
It is in many cases an elusive proposition to ascertain
conclusively what is good, and, what is not, in human conditions at
a given place in a particular point of time. For, those human
conditions are continuously changing; and an act of piety or of
noble intent may in the end lead to dichotomous or thorny issues to
cause more harm that good in the society at large. Individual
well-beings also give way to multiple options, fraught with
uncertainties, not all of them leading to satisfactory outcomes. To
give an emphatic verdict is, therefore, almost impossibility.
Despite this predicament, or, may be, because of this, we probe
very seriously into practical happenings and try to workout or
analyse the paths of consequences- hypothetical or actual- to
thrive for attaining the best possible options for the present to
explore the uncertainties in the future in order that we may move
on a track for optimal development, even though that optimality
remains a subject of continuous dispute. This has a distinct
bearing on the study of banking, which, though a very old practice
in its primitive form with a static circular flow of production,
causing the charge of interest an act of unethical extortion, has
assumed a pivotal character in a developing economy where money
itself becomes a commodity which facilitates not only exchange of
goods and services, but also the expansion of production activities
with the spread and transformation of values from the present into
the future through the operations of the market. This entails the
creation of expectations which are also absorbed in the functioning
of money. It is thus characterized by a multiplicity of interests,
each ascribing
an impact of its own. Even standardized money as a result, does
no more remain unique while its face value at a moment of time does
not change. Banking activities, by the very nature of their
practices, have to take care of these diverse issues to make the
ethical questions relating to them all the more intriguing.
It is to be understood in this context that there is nothing
eternal in the attributes of virtue or piety. They are basically
related to the time and place of occurrence and are expected to
have a spill over into the future, a possibility which in a
changing world remains highly problematic. The legendary Rani
Bhavani of Natore, for example, gifted away vast blocks of land in
the name of God to the people belonging to the superior caste as an
act to comply with spiritual obligation. This was in the eighteenth
century, even prior to the rule by the East India Company. Natore
had under its jurisdiction nearly one-third of the whole of Bengal.
Such acts, irrespective of religious denomination and the groups of
beneficieries were widely spread in other parts of the region as
well and were considered of great merit and special virtue. But it
had an inherent contradiction. The land owners did not till the
soil as they were not sanctioned to do so because of their superior
caste position or of their aristocratic ruling status in the
society. They farmed out their properties to actual cultivators and
extracted from then the surplus to live quite comfortably, often
luxuriously on that. A cleavage was created in the society; it was
even widened with the enactment of the Permanent Settlement in
1793. The consequences have not been to the good of the people. Had
there been a common cause made by the cultivators to fight
exploitation, the situation could have turned for a better social
transformation. But the collective consciousness of the people did
not respond that way, and remained rooted on the whole in the old
values as dictated in the scriptures, 1500 to 2000 years old, with
corresponding vested interests, that might have been suitable for
societies, emerging from areas of intellectual darkness. Sectarian
ideas based on faiths, as a
consequence, got an opportunity to flourish and led to the
tumultous events of the 20th century. The down-trodden and the
under-privileged remained the worst sufferers all over this period,
even though spectacular achievements took place.
This has a bearing on our thoughts here, as we are yet to shun
off dead woods or wastes of older rituals and habits that run
contrary to, or, sometimes cohabiting with modern knowledge, based
on the achievements in science and technology and also on the
aspirations for growth, accommodating and benefitting every section
of people in the society. If the banking institutions show a bias
in favour of old beliefs and work in special categories, then
however much they are successful, as we examine the balance sheets
of their track-records, they encourage people to remain
intellectually and morally stunted and also create incoherence in
the society. In the context of the present day demands on our
thoughts and actions, this can not be called ethically fair.
As we all know, the banks deal in money. The instrument is
credit. Deposit accumulation from private beings or social bodies,
and, deposit creation through the disbursement of loans from its
accumulated account of funds are their basic functions. There is a
time-tag attached to each deal. The greater the time-scale, the
more is the risk or liability which demands to be compensated
accordingly. This is how the rate of interest – multiple values for
multiple levels in time and quantity – enters into the game and
keeps it in motion. The difference between what the bank earns on
the loans it creates and what it gives on deposits it accumulates
is its profit. The object of the bank is to maximise it in the
given circumstances. So long as it remains transparent and
consistent with the laws, as enshrined on the basis of the will of
the people, that is reflected in a democratic choice, there is
nothing wrong in it. In addition – and this is of critical
importance- by way of credit creation, it creates money, which
helps expand the operation of the market in the matter of buying
and selling of goods and services
which contribute to production and consumption, and also to
saving and subsequent capability to invest in the process. This
remains at the heart of the operations of a modern economy, and
should not be said to hurt any-body’s conscience. Interest
payments, one way or the other, are prices of risks involved. As a
practice, they should not be treated as unfair.
But if a bank, or, a pseudo-bank, like a micro-credit
organization, even if of high international repute, takes advantage
of market inelasticities as also of existing institutional
rigidities, and play on the interest rates to earn supernormal
profit at an exorbitant rate, which may attract foreign investors
as well to join in, it may not be said to be appropriate or
ethical, despite its success creating waves all over the world.
Jagat Seth House in the eighteenth century was, on record,
recognized as the biggest banker on earth, but it can not absolve
them of the mischief, they committed in their conspiratorial role
in the battle of Plassey in 1757. Their power and influence was the
result of their success as a banker. Banking ethics thus transcends
the boundary of market operations for profit only. Even as recent
as during the period of Pakistan rule, the banking operations,
though on the surface impeccable, were instrumental in draining out
the surplus the then East Pakistan peasants earned through their
exports and using it to build up the industrial base in West
Pakistan. The banking and industrial houses collaborated and joined
in the power clique of that state. This can not be called ethically
fair, although it was found to comply with all the provisions of
the laws then in operation in the land. It could also be defended
on grounds of a kind of text-book prescriptions.
However, for banks, to optimize under the prompting of two
opposing motivations, liquidity and profitability, is a necessary
objective for functioning in a market which is open to future
expectations. The actual outcomes, as it happens with any venture
under risk and uncertainty, may be different from predictions, but
the market conditions demand to be transparent and subject to
the
set of regulations which are equally applicable to all the
operators in the business. Any underhand deal or illicit practices
for personal ends of one or a gang is grossly unfair and should be
treated as a criminal act to be dealt with accordingly. This does
not come in the purview of right or wrong to be pursued by a bank.
Notwithstanding this, the social functionings may at times bring
that into the fore. This has to be dealt with on a wider
perspective taking many other socio-economic parameters into
consideration.
But in this conceptual framework profit is understood as
accruing to an individual or a group of individuals forming a
company. Social benefit is indirect, and in its calculation of
profit, the bank is not obliged to take that into account. Herein
comes a problem of delivering ‘fair justice’in the process. John
Rawls in his book, A Theory of Justice (1971) to make feasible the
condition of equal rights to every man and woman, introduces his
‘difference principle’ suggesting that the less advantaged people
be given more benefits in order that in the end the distribution of
wellbeing among the entire population tends to be equalised. If we
take a broader view of profit from this point of view, taking the
entire society into consideration, then the relative good to the
less privileged ones as a result of policy initiatives is also
counted in the determination of the resultant. ‘Profit’ in the
aggregate for the society as a whole is then to have a broader
perspective.
Keeping this in view, we look at the new initiatives of the
Bangladesh Bank. In order to implement a policy of ‘inclusive
growth’, as spelt out by its Governor, Atiur Rahman, it has given
special emphasis on the member banks giving out loans for small and
medium scale enterprises to the people belonging to the lower
strata in the society, particularly in rural areas with women
getting special attention in the arrangement. The share croppers
with little means to provide collateral are also brought under the
scheme for productive loans with a provision for recycling them for
longer term benefits. Apparently these do not maximise ‘profit’ as
we
understand it. But they are surely in the direction of
optimizing social benefit, which, no-doubt, contributes to
enhancing long term profit in a broad sense of the term. This, to
my mind, is an act in the right direction to raise the ethical
standard of our banking system.
However, the importance of trust and responsibility in the
behavioral pattern of every member in the business can not be
softened or wished away. Fairness in policies and actions become
meaningful only if they are allowed to operate in a congenial
atmosphere with little to worry about relating to these basic
habits in the development of social relationships on a macro-level
in the population. Any kind of sectarianism stands in the way and
frustrates the move towards better ethical conduct in the business
of banking. Simultaneously it can not be made to operate without a
regulatory authority either. It would be too risky to make it free
for all, where resources and opportunities are limited, and
allurements are many. The regulatory authority has, therefore, to
work as the watch-dog, to see that the evils of imperfect
competition are contained and the norms of the forward-looking
ethical conduct are maintained; and if possible, improved upon as
time brings about inevitable transformations in social
relationships. The governments in a democratic set up and the
central bank, both have a role to play in this direction.
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gy`ªv-wbf©i| Ges IB gy`ªvi e¨env‡i e¨vcKZv, MfxiZv I ˆewPΨ
µgea©gvb| Z‡e †h †Kvb mg‡qB nv‡Z UvKv _vKv, A_ev UvKv e¨env‡ii
AwaKvi nv‡Z _vKv GKUv eo mnvq| ab-Hk¦‡h©i Zv mgv_©K| Ges GLv‡b
UvKvi IB Kvh©vewji ¯^Zù~Z©© ¯^qswµqv I avivevwnK Zvjwgj Zv‡K
Qvwc‡qI †MvUv mgvR‡K w¯’wZkxj iv‡L| hy×-weMÖn I ˆ`e`y‡h©vM bv n‡j
Zvi Ici wbwð‡šÍ wbf©i Kiv †hZ Av‡MB eis †ewk|
wKš‘ GB mvgÄm¨ Aek¨¤¢vex bq| RbmsL¨v, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, Drcv`b
†KŠkj I Drcv`b-Kg©KvÐ hw` Aweivg GK _vK‡Zv, Z‡e UvKvI Zvi mKj Kv‡R
AweKj I AwePj gwngvq GKB iKg _vK‡Zv| ev¯Í‡e †Zgb K`vwPr N‡U|
wewbgq-gva¨g, GB ¯^Ztwm× evZ©v Qvov Avi wKQzB UvKvi w¯’i bq|
cY¨ivwki UvKvq g~j¨gv‡b †ni‡di nIqv gv‡b wecixZ w`K †_‡K UvKvi
wb‡Ri g~j¨gv‡bB cwieZ©b NUv| fwel¨r †jb‡`‡bi wnmve Zvn‡j wbwðZfv‡e
w¯’i _v‡K bv| hw`I KvM‡R-Kj‡g I e¨envwiK wµqvK‡g© Zvi Ic‡iB wbf©i
Kiv Qvov MwZ †bB| UvKvq welq-Avk‡qi g~j¨gvb Avgiv †NvlYv Kwi; wKš‘
wb‡RB †m Aw¯’wZkxj n‡q c‡o|3 Zv‡K Avi AKg©K fvev hvq bv|
Kg©-m¤úv`‡b Zvi f~wgKv †Kej ga¨c`‡jvcx _v‡K bv| wb‡RB †m cÖejfv‡e
mKg©K n‡q c‡o| †Kbv-‡ePvi evRv‡i †m wb‡RI GKUv cY¨, †evanq me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cY¨ n‡q `uvovq| KviY, Zvi Ici KZ©„Z¡, Ges Zvi g~j¨gvb,
Ab¨ †h †Kvb µq‡hvM¨ welq nv‡Z cvevi ¶gZv eûjvs‡k wba©viY K‡i| evRvi
hZ Qovq, mgvR hZ Zv‡K gvb¨ K‡i, UvKvi ¸iæZ¡I ZZ ev‡o| ¯^qs GUv MwZi
evnb, Ges AMÖMwZi P¨v‡jÄ| fv‡jv-g›` wbf©i K‡i Kxfv‡e mgvR Zvi
†gvKvwejv K‡i, Zvi Ici| Aek¨ fvj-g›` †Kvb wbi‡c¶ ev¯ÍeZv bq| ¯’vb I
Kv‡j Pjgvb-eZ©gvb-gvbe-gvbexi mg¯ÍUvi ¯§„wZ-mËv-fwel¨r Zv‡Z wg‡k
_v‡K|
UvKv †h †Kej wewbgq-gva¨g _v‡Kbv, wb‡RI GKUv cY¨ n‡q `uvovq, Ges
GKBm‡½ IB cY¨-g~‡j¨ w`K wb‡`©k K‡i evRv‡ii Kviev‡ii, GBLv‡bB
cÖvmw½K n‡q I‡V e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vi wµqvKjvc| G ‡h †Kej AvaywbK Drcv`b
e¨e¯’v‡ZB cÖfve †d‡j, Zv bq, †gvNj Avg‡jI Avgiv †`‡LwQ, GK‡PwUqv
A_©jMœxKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Kxfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i UvKvi cÖPjb, Kxfv‡e Zvi
cÖfve c‡o ivR‡Kv‡li Ic‡iI|4 e¨emv-evwYR¨ I ¶gZvi ivRbxwZ `yóP‡µ
Rwo‡q c‡o| Zvi dj nq my`~icÖmvix| hw`I evRv‡ii nvjPvj ZLb mvaviY
gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mvgvb¨ fMœvsk gvÎ mivmwi ̄ úk© K‡i, Ges IB
Rxe‡bi Q‡K Zvi AuvPo †Zgb c‡o bv| mgv‡Ri IciZ‡j cvjve`j Aek¨ N‡U
P‡j| Gw`‡K AvR‡Ki ev¯ÍeZvq †hvMv‡hvM A‡bK †ewk wbweo|
Qv-‡cvlv-mv‡Z-cuv‡P †bB gvbe-gvbexi Rxe‡bI e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vi bvbvb
D‡`¨vM, Ges †mB m~‡Î UvKvi ZrciZv I g~j¨gvb cÖZ¨‡¶ ev c‡iv‡¶ kÖ‡gi
Pvwn`v I †RvMv‡b ‡QvU-eo bvbv iKg ‡XD Zz‡j Aweivg cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i
P‡j| †h‡nZz mewKQzi g~‡j cÖZ¨vkvi wnmve-wbKvk, ZvB cwiYvg AwbwðZ|
Zey †mLv‡b D‡Ïk¨i †hŠw³K wfwË we‡ePbvq †bIqv P‡j| IB we‡ePbvq
e¨w³MZ jvf-‡jvKmv‡bi ZvwM‡`i m‡½ mvwe©K Kg©cÖev‡ni m¤¢ve¨ wPÎwUI
gv_vq ivLv Riæwi| KviY, †kl wePv‡i e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vq mdjZvi ev wedjZvi
cwiYvg-dj mvgwóK|
Avgv‡`i GB evsjv‡`‡k cÖk¯Í gy`ªvi kZKiv cÖvq Avwk fvM e¨vsK-FY
mÄvZ|5 avi †`Iqv-‡bIqvB e¨vs‡Ki Kvievi| UvKv cY¨ nq †mB myev‡`|
RbM‡Yi mÂq e¨vsK Rgv †i‡L Zv‡`i my` †`q| Avevi IB m‡qi UvKv evowZ
my‡` LvwU‡q jvf K‡i| GB Zvi e¨emv, Ges GBfv‡e wewnZ gy`ªv Qvwc‡q
mgv‡R UvKvi we¯Ívi| e¨emv fvj P‡j hw` mÂq I F‡Yi Pvwn`v, ̀ yB-B
†ZwR _v‡K| Zvi gv‡b Avq-cÖe„w× nvi †Rviv‡jv n‡Z n‡e, wewb‡qvM
Pvwn`vI Av‡iv †ewk nv‡i evo‡Z n‡e| wewb‡qvM evo‡j Kg©-wb‡qvM ev‡o|
MY-gvby‡li Avq ev‡o, A_ev Zvi bZzb m„wó nq| A_©bxwZ mPj _v‡K|
G‡Mvq| gvSLv‡b †_‡K e¨vsK GB †MvUv cÖwµqv‡K mgwš^Z K‡i| GUv m¤¢e nq
ZLbB, hLb e¨vs‡Ki Ges e¨vsK-RvZxq cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ici gvby‡li Av¯’v
_v‡K|6 mÂq Zv‡`i †Lvqv hv‡ebv, my‡`i UvKv Zviv h_vixwZ cv‡e,
wewb‡qvM wVK wVK NU‡e, Ges †mLv‡b †KD RvwjqvwZ Ki‡e bv, GB wek¦vm
A¶yYœ _vKvi Ic‡iB wbf©i K‡i e¨vsK e¨e¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZv, Kj¨vYKiZv I
MwZkxjZv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zv †MvUv A_©bxwZi ¯^v‡¯’¨i j¶Y¸‡jvB wPwb‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i| ev¯Í‡e Zv †`qI| Ges GBLv‡bB Av‡m †MvUv mgv‡Ri ‡cÖ¶vc‡U Zvi
Av‡cw¶K †hŠw³KZv, MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I Kvh©KvwiZvi cÖkœ| KviY †h ‡Kvb mg‡q
†h †Kvb Ae¯’vq wm×všÍ-we›`y A_ev we›`y-mgwó GKK-Ae¯’v Zz‡j ai‡jI
m¤¢ve¨ cQ›`-‡¶‡Î AmsL¨ we›`yi mgvnvi| †mLv‡b †Kvb&Uv DËg, GUv
Kxfv‡e hvPvB Kwi? Kv‡ji gvÎv †hvM Ki‡j cÖkœ Av‡iv eûw`‡K-eûgy‡L
hvq| mevi wePv‡i AMÖvwaKvi GK _v‡K bv| d‡j RwUjZv ev‡o| AwbðqZvq
Av‡cw¶K DËivq‡bi K_vB hZUv m¤¢e fvev hvq| Ges †mLv‡bI ¯’vb I Kv‡ji
cÖZ¨qivwk memgq Awfbœ _vK‡e, GgbwU Avkv Kiv AbywPZ|
¯úóZ UvKvB †hLv‡b cY¨, Ges UvKvq-UvKvi-‡hvMd‡j †hLv‡b Kviev‡i
mdjZv ev wedjZvi cwiPq, †mLv‡b †KejB MvwYwZK wnmv‡e jvf-‡jvKmvb‡K
gyL¨ we‡ePbvi welq aiv A‡hŠw³K bq| wKš‘ jv‡fi m‡½ m¤úK© SuywKi,
SuywKi m‡½ UvKv nvZQvov Ki‡Z mg‡qi †h Kovi, Zvi| Zv UvKv Rgv ivLv,
Avi FY †`Iqv, `y‡Uv‡ZB| SuywK
†ewk n‡j my‡`i nviI †ewk| UvKvi e¨env‡ii †Kbv-‡ePvq ZvB Zvi
Zvi‡j¨i ZviZg¨, A_©vr wewnZ gy`ªvq Zv nv‡Z cvevi wbðqZvq mg‡qi
cwigv‡c Zdvr Zvi ̀ v‡g Kg-‡ewk NUvq| wbðqZv hZ Kg, `vg ev my` ZZ
†ewk| e¨vs‡Ki Kviev‡i wbU jvf aiv c‡o UvKvi Kviev‡i †gvU †jb‡`‡b
my` w`‡q Avi my` wb‡q Kx cwigvY DØ„Ë Zvi nv‡Z _v‡K, ZvB w`‡q| A_P
GB UvKvi wKQzB Zvi wb‡Ri bq| A‡b¨i mÂq Rgv †i‡L ‡mBwUB †m evowZ
jv‡fi Avkvq LvUvq| SuywKUv †m †bq| Avi mewKQz wVK-VvK Pj‡j SuywK
†bevi cwiYv‡g †h jvf, †mUv Zvi cÖvc¨| G‡Z Ab¨vq wKQz †bB| e¨vs‡Ki
ag©vag, ev e¨vswKs Gw_K&m& G‡K †K›`ªxq wba©viK e‡j gvb¨
K‡i| Avi †`Iqv F‡Yi UvKv hw` mgv‡R Drcv`bkxjLv‡Z Lv‡U, ‡mBm‡½
KvR-K‡g©i I RbM‡Yi †ivRMv‡ii we¯Ívi N‡U, Z‡e Zv‡Z †MvUv mgv‡RiB
DcKvi ev‡o| Aek¨ Avgiv a‡i wbB, UvKvi e¨env‡i cuywR m„wó n‡e,
cuywRi wewb‡qvM kÖ‡gi Kg©‡¶Î evov‡e, KvR Drcv`‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e,
Drcv`b †fv‡M, m‡q I cybiyrcv`b Kg©Kv‡Ð cÖe„w× Avb‡e|
e¨vcviUv wKš‘ mij‡iLvq N‡U bv| SuywK I cÖZ¨vkvi gvb KL‡bvB w¯’i
A‡¼ wb‡`©k Kiv hvq bv| Ges A_©bxwZi cÖ_g cv‡VB Rvbv hvq, wnmvegvwdK
e¨vs‡Ki m¤ú‡`i ¯Íi-web¨v‡m Zvi Zvij¨ I DcvR©b ¶gZvi wfZ‡i GKUv
wecixZ-gyLx m¤úK© memgq KvR K‡i P‡j| d‡j cÖZ¨vwkZ jvf nv‡Z Avm‡Z
cv‡i, bv-I cv‡i, Avevi ev¯Í‡e jv‡fi A¼ cÖZ¨vkv‡K Qvwo‡qI †h‡Z cv‡i|
G¸‡jv gv_vq †i‡LB e¨vs‡Ki FY-wewb‡qvM| GBwUB Zvi Kvievi| ïay GB
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K G‡Z Ab¨vq wKQz †bB|
wKš‘ Ab¨vq gvïj †MvYvi †h mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K, GUv A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq
bv| GB gvïj †Mv‡Y †MvUv †`k A_©vr †`‡ki Avcvgi RbMY| AZ¨waK jv‡fi
Avkvq †ewk SuywK wb‡q mvgjv‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨vsK MÖvn‡Ki Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z
e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i| GKUv †_‡K Avi GKUv| Zv‡Z UvKvi evRv‡i, Ges cwiYv‡g
cuywRi evRv‡i hw` am bv‡g, Z‡e †MvUv A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’viB gyL-_ye‡o
covi Avk¼v| m¤¢ve¨ cwiYvg Zvi fqven| G e¨vcv‡i mZK© bv _vKvUvB
GLv‡b Aciva| GKKfv‡e, A_ev wgwjZfv‡e Zvi `vq G‡m c‡o e¨vsK I Abyiƒc
FY`vb cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ici| Zv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vq Ici
†_‡K wbP ch©šÍ evRv‡ii cÖwZwU Kg©Kv‡Û mZK© _vKv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni GK
mve©¶wYK `vwqZ¡| Ges e¨vsK-e¨e¯’v ej‡Z GLv‡b ïay miKvwiÑ Aby‡gvw`Z
e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡”Q bv, hviv UvKv AvgvbZ wb‡q
MÖvnK‡`i ivZvivwZ eo‡jvK Kivi ¯^cœ †`wL‡q e¨emv duv‡`, Zv‡`i
KvÐ-KviLvbvI gv_vq ivLv n‡”Q| Z‡e G kyayB cwiYvgev`x
(Kb&wmK¨y‡qbwmqvj) bq; KviY cwiYvg wbwðZ bq| cÖwZwU wm×v‡šÍi
†cQ‡b AmsL¨ D‡Ïk¨ I AmsL¨ wµqv| Zv‡`i Kvh©-KviY-m¤ú‡K©i wgwjZ
iƒ‡ci GKK †Pnviv Luy‡R cvIqv cÖvq Am¤¢eB| AZGe G me wKQz g‡b
†i‡L wbqgbxwZi QK GKUv hw` Lvov Kwi, Z‡e IB QKB KZ©e¨‡K wbwðZ K‡i
†eu‡a w`‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RI mywbw`©ó k„•Ljv Av‡m| Avi wKQz fvevi cÖ‡qvRb
K‡i bv| KZ©e¨m~ÎB h‡_ó (wWA‡›UvjwRK¨vj)|7 wKš‘ ¯’v‡bi e¨vcKZvq I
Kv‡ji AeviYxq-AcÖwZnZ we¯Ív‡i K‡g©i MwZgyL KZ©‡e¨i wkjxf~Z
wb‡`©kbv‡K cvk KvwU‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Ges †h‡Z cvivUvB Rxe‡bi I ¯^v‡¯’¨i
j¶Y| Kv‡RB Gfv‡eI †Kvb mgvav‡bi cÖvgvY¨ aviYv cÖwZôv Kiv hvq bv|
hw`-wKš‘i e„‡ËB (nvB‡cv‡_wUK¨vjÑKwÐkbvj) NyicvK †L‡Z nq| GKwU ÔnuvÕ
AmsL¨ ÔbvÕ-Gi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK-e¨e¯’vi fv‡jv-g›`i we‡ePbvq
G¸‡jv Av‡iv cÖvmw½K|
GB †h e¨vs‡Ki Kviev‡i, jv‡fi †cQ‡b †QvUvÑAvgvbZKvix I
wewb‡qvMKvix Df‡qiBÑ GUv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wb‡Ri-wb‡Ri n‡jI Zvi cÖwZwµqv †h
Qovq mgv‡Ri meiKg Kv‡R, Ges IB Kv‡RiI Av‡Q Kvh©-KviY-m¤úK©-m¤^‡Ü eû
NUbvq-eûiK‡gi mÂviY, Zv‡Z GK RvqMvq ivk nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq a‡i me wKQzi
`vq gv_vq †bIqv gvbylx mv‡a¨i evB‡i g‡b nq| Avevi †Kv_vI †Kvb `vq
†bB, GUvI GK `vwqZ¡nxb evZ©v| A‡bK mgq wb‡R‡`i ARv‡šÍB Avgiv GB `vq
e‡q †eovB| G †_‡K wb¯Ívi †bB| Kv‡ji Dby‡b ev¯Íe ¯^qs
R¡vjvq-‡cvovq-D‡ë-cv‡ë †m× K‡i, fv‡R| Zv‡Z b¨vq-Ab¨vqI bvbv RvqMvq
bvbvfv‡e †fvj cvëvq| wbqg-bxwZi h_v_©ZvI ‡Kvb AåvšÍZv `vwe Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| Av‡cw¶K ev¯Í‡e IB `vwe ¯^qs g~wZ©gvb AmsMwZ| Gw_K&m ev
mybxwZi KZ©e¨-ZvwjKv ZvB cÖ‡nwjKvB †_‡K hvq| Zv e¨vsK-Gi Kviev‡i
jvf-‡jvKmv‡bi we‡ePbv‡ZI| Ges Zvi wcQ‡b mgvR-ms¯‹v‡i,
wek¦vm-Awek¦vm-AvPvi-AvPiY †h cÖZ¨qwmw× NUvq, Zv-I `y‡f©v‡Mi exR
†cuv‡Z, exR Qovq, hw`I mgvR-weåvwšÍi AvbyK~j¨ Zv‡Z A¶yYœB _v‡K|
jvf-‡jvKmv‡b Drcvw`Kv kw³i m¤úK©-web¨v‡mi MwZ-cÖK…wZ QvovI
cvc-cy‡Y¨i AjxK KíbvI Xz‡K c‡o| G‡Z Kv‡R-K‡g© Ab_©B ïay Xz‡K c‡o
bv, A‡kl webwói Zv KviY nq| wek¦v‡mi `yM© b¨vq-Ab¨v‡qi †hŠw³K
cÖevn‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i|
L„óc~e© cÖvq wZbk eQi Av‡M †KŠwUj¨ iPbv K‡ib ivwóªK A_©-e¨e¯’vi
cÖ_g AvKiMÖš’ ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ|8 Zuvi wZ³ gšÍe¨ wf¶vq KL‡bvB j¶¥xjvf N‡U
bv| IB mg‡qi †cÖ¶vc‡U Gi Zvrch© n‡jv, †hLv‡b cÖhyw³‡Z wfZi †_‡K
†Kvb cwieZ©b †bB, Drcv`‡b cÖmvi N‡U †Kej K…wlKv‡R, Ges m„ó g~‡j¨i
Av‡cw¶K e„w× N‡U evwY‡R¨, †mLv‡b j¶¥xi evm evwY‡R¨B, A‡a©K Zvi
K…wlKv‡R Avi ZviI A‡a©K ivR‡mevq, wKš‘ wf¶v m¤ú`-m„wói †Kvb KviY nq
bv| Bw½ZUv GLv‡b ¯úó| eY©-wefvRb cÖ_vq eªv²YivB GKgvÎ
cikÖgRxex| ¯úó K‡i ej‡j wf¶vbœ‡fvRx| Zv‡K gnË¡ w`‡Z kv¯¿PP©vq
AwaKv‡ii †`vnvB w`‡q Zv‡`i nvRvi iKg †KŠkj| †`e-eªv²‡Yi
gwngv-KxZ©‡b AK¬všÍ _vKv| GB AcP‡qi fr©mbv cvB Dcwbl‡`I|9 Z‡e
†h‡nZz Drcv`b-e¨e¯’vq †Kvb cwieZ©b Av‡m bvÑ cvVvb ev †gvNj Avg‡jI
bv, ZvB ag©xq cwiPq hvi †hgb †nvK bv †Kb, eY©-wefvRb cÖ_v I Zvi
Abyl½x, cikÖgRxexi Drcv`b-e›U‡b Askfv‡M m¤§vbRbK f~wgKv A¶yYœB †_‡K
hvq| †`e-w؇R fw³ I Zv‡`i AbyK~‡j ̂ elg¨ nqZ ZLb A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q wQj
cyY¨-jvf-I-gvbm-Z…wßi Dcvq| mvgvwRK g~j¨gv‡bi m~PK‡KI Zv IB
†cÖ¶vc‡U wbwðZfv‡e Ea©¡Mvgx K‡i| Qvc c‡o Zvi UvKv-cqmvi evRv‡iI|
Drcv`bkxj wb¤œe‡Y©i Rbmgy`‡qi Kv‡Q cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e UvKv avi w`‡j
†hLv‡b my‡`i nvi wQj kZKiv cuvP, D”Pe‡Y©i Abyrcv`K f`ªR‡bi KvQ †_‡K
Zv PvIqv n‡Zv kZKiv `yB-nv‡i| hyw³Uv †evanq GBiKg: Drcv`‡b jv‡fi
Avkv _v‡K my‡`i †P‡q Av‡iv †ewk| ciMvQv‡`i †m my‡hvM †bB| Zv‡`i
_vKvUvB eo K_v| mgv‡Ri w¯’wZkxjZvi R‡b¨; ciKv‡ji fvebvq Avi mevB‡K
wbwðšÍ Kivi R‡b¨| wKš‘ mgvR-Kj¨vY G‡Z GZUzKz ev‡obv| fwel¨r‡K eis
Zv wec`-msKzj K‡i| BwZnvm †mB-iKgB †`Lvq| we›`ygvÎ KiyYv K‡i bv|
hw`I cyY¨‡jvfx gvby‡li mg_©b Zv cvq| ZLb| wfbœZi †cÖw¶‡Z Abyiƒc
Kv‡Ð Avgv‡`i †`‡k GLbI| †cQ‡b _v‡K cðvrgyLx Kv‡qwg-¯^v‡_©i
K~U‡KŠkj| ¶gZvi ivRbxwZ‡Z Zvi cÖfve Kg bq| Ges Zv Awk¶v-Kzwk¶v
wbi‡c¶|
AvVv‡iv kZK †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ evsjvq mgvR-i‚cvšÍ‡ii w`‡K `„wó w`‡j
mewKQz aiv bv co‡jI welqwUi MwZ-cÖK…wZi Avfvm GKUv cvIqv hvq| ZLbI
Bs‡iR‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nqwb| eo-eo ivRv-Rwg`vi hviv ZvivB, wb‡Ri
wb‡Ri GjvKvq m‡e©me©v| beve-ev`kv‡`i ermivwšÍK cvIbv wgwU‡q w`‡jB
Zuviv Lywk| ¶gZvi cvkv †Ljvq bv Rov‡j, A_ev, cvwicvwk¦©K NUbv-Rv‡j
eva¨ bv n‡j Zuv‡`i Kv‡iv ivRf~wg‡Z Da©Zb ¶gZvi bvK Mjvevi †Kvb KviY
mPivPi †Pv‡L c‡o bv| GB ivRcyiyliv B”QvgZ †`‡evËi-eª‡²vËi f~-m¤úwË
wewj‡q‡Qb| wewj‡q‡Qb cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ Dcvmbvj‡qi R‡b¨I|
AwaKvskB wb®‹i| Ki w`‡Z n‡jI bvg-gvÎ|10 c‡i evsjv-wenvi-Dwol¨vi
†`Iqvwb GK‡PwUqv B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z Avmvi ci m~h©v¯Í AvB‡b ev
`k-kvjv e‡›`ve‡¯Íi KovKwo‡Z Rwg`vwi Qv‡i-Lv‡i †M‡Q, Z‡e eªv²Y ev
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Rwg`vi B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ e¨emv‡ZI UvKv LvwU‡q DØ„Ë mÂq K‡ib|
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