EWB PROJECT: · Web viewcement 36 $36 Gutters 21 $21 4" PVC-40 161 $161 6" PVC-40 70 $70 4"-6" coupling 24 woven mesh 76 4" elbow 38 4" Wye joint 12 2" PE pipe 50 5mm PE lining 143

Document 525PRE-IMPLEMENTATION REPORT

CHAPTER: North Carolina State UniversityCOUNTRY: BoliviaCOMMUNITY: AsanquiriPROJECT: Bolivia Water SanitationTRAVEL DATES: May 14 – May 31 2012

PREPARED BYAndrew Santos Audrey TimmelBenjamin Lord Zachary Leonard

Chrsitina Williams Snehal PatelKevin Keller Morgan WestbrookJames Hardy

REVIEWED BYKia Whittlesey Sara Allen William Rice

March 11th 2012

ENGINEERS WITHOUT BORDERS-USAwww.ewb-usa.org

http://www.ewb-usa.org/

Document 525 - Pre-Implementation Report Rev. 3-2012North Carolina State UniversityAsanquiri, BoliviaBolivia Water Sanitation

Table of ContentsPre-Implementation Report Part 1 – Administrative Information...................................................5

1.0 Contact Information..........................................................................................................52.0 Travel History...................................................................................................................53.0 Travel Team (Should be 8 or fewer):................................................................................6

Table 2.3 – Team Member Responsibilities............................................................................65.0 Budget...............................................................................................................................6

5.1 Project Budget...............................................................................................................65.2 Donors and Funding......................................................................................................9

6.0 Project Discipline............................................................................................................107.0 Project Location..............................................................................................................109.0 Professional Mentor/Technical Lead Resume................................................................10

Pre-Implementation Report Part 2 – Technical Information.........................................................111.0 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................112.0 PROGRAM BACKGROUND........................................................................................113.0 FACILITY DESIGN.......................................................................................................15

3.1 Description of Proposed facilities...............................................................................153.2 Description of Design and Design Calculations..........................................................16

3.2.1 Rainwater Harvesting System Description..........................................................163.2.2 Septic Tank Description.......................................................................................173.2.3 2009 Rain Water Harvesting Modification..........................................................193.2.4 Connecting the 2012 Rainwater Harvesting System to Septic Tank...................203.2.1 Connecting the Lower Spring to Septic Tank......................................................20

3.3 Drawings.....................................................................................................................204.0 PROJECT OWNERSHIP...............................................................................................215.0 CONSTRUCTION PLAN..............................................................................................226.0 SUSTAINABILITY........................................................................................................28

6.1 Background.................................................................................................................286.2 Operation and Maintenance.........................................................................................306.3 Education.....................................................................................................................30

7.0 MONITORING...............................................................................................................317.1 Monitoring plan for current project.............................................................................317.2 Monitoring of past-implemented projects...................................................................32

8.0 COMMUNITY AGREEMENT/CONTRACT...............................................................349.0 COST ESTIMATE..........................................................................................................35

9.1 Implementation............................................................................................................359.2 Labor...........................................................................................................................359.3 Assessment..................................................................................................................359.4 Travel, Food, &Board.................................................................................................36

10.0 SITE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES...........................................................................37Background Information........................................................................................................3710.1 Data to be Collected.................................................................................................38

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11.0 PROFESSIONAL MENTOR ASSESSMENT...........................................................4011.1 Professional Mentor Name......................................................................................40

Cornelia K. Whittlesey, P.E.......................................................................................................4011.2 Professional Mentor Assessment.............................................................................4011.3 Professional Mentor Affirmation.............................................................................40

Appendix A: Professional Mentor Resume...................................................................................41Appendix B: Supply and Demand Analysis..................................................................................44Appendix C: Design Calculations.................................................................................................49Appendix D: Design Drawings......................................................................................................53Appendix E: 2009 Maintenance Checklist....................................................................................70Water Quality Issues......................................................................................................................70Appendix F: Workshop Lesson Plan.............................................................................................78

Table of Figures & TablesTable 2.1: Summary of alternative analysis..................................................................................14Figure 2.2.......................................................................................................................................14Figure 3.1: Building plans for the professors’ dormitory..............................................................15Figure 3.2: Macario shows the exterior of the septic tank.............................................................16Figure 3.3: Interior of the tank.......................................................................................................18Figure 3.5: Completed rainwater harvesting system in summer 2009..........................................19Figure 3.6: 2009 rainwater harvesting system...............................................................................19Table 5.1: List of possible contractors during years 2009 - 2011.................................................22Table 5.2: Construction Tasks by time and number of members required....................................23Table 5.3: Construction Schedule by travel date...........................................................................27Table 6.1: Positive and negative indications of project feasibility................................................28Table 7.1: Presentation of metrics of success................................................................................31Table 7.2: Past metrics of success.................................................................................................32Table 10.2: Assessment objectives explained in more detail below.............................................38C.1: Determination of pipe schedule needed and possibility of pipeline failure...........................49C.2 First Flush Diverter Sizing......................................................................................................50C.3 Hydraulic pipeline calculations...............................................................................................52Figure D.1: Plan view of CECTFIA,.............................................................................................53Figure D.2: Close plan view of 2012 system.................................................................................54Figure D.3: Profile view 2012 rainwater harvesting to septic tank...............................................55Figure D.4: Profile view 2012 lower spring tank to yellow tank..................................................55Figure D.5: Profile view 2012 yellow tank to septic tank.............................................................56Figure D.6: 2012 first flush diverter..............................................................................................57Figure D.7: 2012 first flush diverter wooden support and anchoring............................................58Figure D.8: 2012 first flush diverter wooden support and PVC pipe connection.........................59Figure D.9: 2012 front gutters.......................................................................................................60Figure D.10: 2012 cut away gutters...............................................................................................61Figure D.11: 2012 rainwater harvesting to pipeline connection (PVC to PE)..............................62

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Figure D.12: 2012 septic tank side view.......................................................................................63Figure D.13: 2012 septic tank effluent valve.................................................................................64Figure D.14: 2012 septic tank overflow........................................................................................65Figure D.15: Drawing of the entrance for pipes to the septic tank...............................................66Figure D.16: Drawing of the entrance for pipes to the septic tank................................................67Figure D.17: 2009 first flush modification front side view...........................................................68Figure D.18: 2009 first flush modification front view..................................................................69

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Pre-Implementation Report Part 1 – Administrative Information 1.0 Contact Information

Name Email Phone Chapter Name or Organization Name

Project Lead Andrew Santos [email protected]@ewbncsu.org

919- 491-9931 North Carolina State University (NCSU)

President Nate Klingerman

[email protected] 704-989-8776 NCSU

Mentor #1 Kia Whittlesey [email protected] 347- 301-4535 NCSUFaculty Advisor Detlef Knappe [email protected] 919-515-8791 NCSUHealth and Safety Officer

Andrew Santos [email protected] 919-491-9931 NCSU

Assistant Health and Safety Officer

Benjamin Lord [email protected] 919-495-7553 NCSU

Technical Lead Benjamin Lord [email protected] 919-495-7553 NCSUEducation Lead/Translator

Andrew Santos [email protected] 919- 491-9931 NCSU

NGO/Community Contact

Luc Mattheij [email protected] 00591 - 4 - 4248283

CECTFIA

2.0 Travel History Dates of Travel Assessment or

ImplementationDescription of Trip

December 28, 2006 to January 8, 2007

Assessment Visited 9 communities supported by Save the Children in the nearby region in Bolivia. Collected and analyzed water samples.

August 27, 2009 to September 26, 2009

Implementation Implemented rain catchment system in the CECTFIA in Asanquiri, Bolivia

May 19, 2011 to June 3, 2011

Assessment & Monitoring

Assessed functionality of the rainwater catchment system, community involvement and the project’s future.

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3.0 Travel Team:

Table 2.3 – Team Member Responsibilities

# Name E-mail Phone Chapter

1 Andrew SantosS [email protected] 919- 491-9931 NCSU2 Zachary LeonardS [email protected] 910-616-6897 NCSU3 Audrey TimmelS [email protected] 919-360-0297 NCSU4 Snehal PatelS [email protected] 919-901-9263 NCSU

6 Benjamin LordS [email protected] 919-495-7553 NCSU

7 Kia WhittleseyM [email protected] 704-999-1477 NCSU

S Student : M Mentor

4.0 Health and Safety

A site specific Health and Safety Plan is submitted separately. The travel team will follow this HASP plan.

5.0 Budget

5.1 Project Budget

Project City/Region and Country => Potosi, Bolivia

EWB-USA Chapter =>North Carolina State University Student Chapter

Year => 2012

Trips Planned 1

Planned Month for Trip May

Type of Trip (1) I

Trip type: A= Assessment; I= Implementation; M= Monitoring & EvaluationDirect Costs Project Budget Total BudgetTravel

Airfare $5,720 $5,720

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Gas $11 $11Rental Vehicle $0 $0

Taxis/Drivers $99 $99Misc. $0 $0

Sub-Total $5,830 $5,830Travel Logistics

Exit Fees/ Visas $810 $810Inoculations $720 $720

Insurance $123 $123Licenses & Fees $0 $0

Medical Exams included with inoculations $0

Passport Issuance $0 $0Misc. $0 $0

Sub-Total $1,653 $1,653Food & Lodging

Lodging $643 $643Food & Beverage (Non-alcoholic) $553 $553

Misc. $0 $0Sub-Total $1,196 $1,196

Labor In-Country logistical support $0 $0

Skilled labor(gutter installation) $29 $29Skilled labor(concrete support) $32 $32

Sub-Total $61 $61EWB-USA

Program QA/QC(1) $3,675 $3,675Sub-Total $3,675 $3,675

Project Materials & Equipment (details needed)

cement 36 $36

Gutters 21 $21

4" PVC-40 161 $161

6" PVC-40 70 $70

4"-6" coupling 24

woven mesh 76

4" elbow 38

4" Wye joint 12

2" PE pipe 50

5mm PE lining 143

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Check valve 10

Gate valve 71

Metal plumbing 21

PVC cement 11

Hub and cap 40 $0

Sub-Total $785 $288Misc. (details needed)

Report Preparation $0 $0Advertising & Marketing $0 $0

Postage & Delivery$5 $5

Misc. $0 $0Sub-Total $5 $5

TOTAL $13,205 $12,707

EWB-USA National office use:

Indirect Costs EWB-USA Program Infrastructure(1) $1,225 $1,225

Sub-Total $1,225 $1,225TOTAL $14,430 $13,932

Note (1): These rows are calculated automatically based on type of trip.

Non-Budget Items:Additional Contributions to Project Costs Community

Labor $65 $65Materials $0 $0

Logistics(food and lodging) provided $0Cash $0 $0

Other $0 $0Sub-Total $65 $65

EWB-USA Professional Service In-Kind

Professional Service Hours 0 ---Hours converted to $$(1) $0 $0

Sub-Total $0 $0

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GRAND TOTAL (Project cost) $14,495 $13,997

Funds Raised for Project by SourceActual Raised to Date

Source and Amount (Expand as Needed)

Engineering Societies $0 $0Corporations $0 $0

University $1,200 $1,200Rotary $0 $0

Grants - Government $0 $0Grants - Foundation/Trusts $0 $0Grants - EWB-USA program $4,500 $4,500

EWB-USA subsidy $3,900 $3,900Company $1,750 $1,750

Individuals $2,020 $2,020Special Events $1,000 $1,000

3M $136 $136misc. $0 $0Total $14,506 $14,506

5.2 Donors and Funding

Donor Name Type (company, foundation, private, in-kind)

Account Kept at EWB-USA?

Amount

Boeing Company Yes 4500Zappa-Tec Company Yes 1500Info Gel Company Yes 500E-Council Appropriation University No 1200Total Amount Raised: 7700

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6.0 Project Discipline(s): Check the specific project discipline(s) addressed in this report. Check all that apply.

Water Supply_x__ Source Development_x__ Water Storage_x__ Water Distribution____ Water Treatment____ Water Pump

Sanitation____ Latrine____ Gray Water System____ Black Water System

Structures____ Bridge____ Building

Civil Works____ Roads____ Drainage____ DamsEnergy____ Fuel____ ElectricityAgriculture____ Irrigation Pump____ Irrigation Line____ Water Storage____ Soil Improvement____ Fish Farm____ Crop Processing Equipment

Information Systems____ Computer Service

7.0 Project LocationLongitude: 66⁰ 07.658’ WLatitude: 17⁰55.737’ S

8.0 Project ImpactNumber of persons directly affected: 38Number of persons indirectly affected: 150

9.0 Professional Mentor/Technical Lead Resume

See Appendix A

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Pre-Implementation Report Part 2 – Technical Information1.0 INTRODUCTION

The CECTFIA (Centro de Capacitación Técnica y Formación Integral de Asanquiri) Asanquiri campus is a technical school located in the Andes mountain range in Potosí, Bolivia. The nearest major city is Cochabamba. The community of students and staff experiences a three month long dry season, resulting in malnutrition and poor hygienic practices. CECTFIA is working to combat malnutrition, educating surrounding communities on how to grow and cook nutritious food. The goal of the project is to augment the community’s water supply and storage capacity, particularly during the dry months, so that the beneficiary community has 40 L per capita per day; this proposed 2012 implementation trip strives to provide 30 lppd. Implementation will most likely continue after the proposed 2012 implementation trip

This report presents the Engineers Without Borders-USA NC State Bolivia Water Sanitation Project’s plan to implement a rainwater harvesting system in 2012. The report includes the calculations and drawings of the system design, a plan for the construction while in country, further assessment for an underdeveloped spring source, and a method for educating and including the community in the construction, design, operation, maintenance and monitoring.

2.0 PROGRAM BACKGROUND

Work on the project in Bolivia began in 2005 when the NCSU chapter of EWB-USA selected the project proposed by Save the Children Canada for water treatment in the Arampampa region in Bolivia. The team researched the climate, culture, geography, political status, characteristics and pertinent issues of the region. Through the project description and the information gathered through correspondence, the initial goal of the 2005 EWB-USA NC State team was to help treat the water in one of nine communities near Arampampa. The EWB-USA NC State Bolivia Project sent a team of four members and one mentor to Bolivia from December 2006 to January 2007 to assess the need of the communities in the region and to determine how they could best help the residents. During the trip, the team surveyed and took water samples from nine different locations throughout the municipality. The water was evaluated with four criteria: turbidity, pH, arsenic, and coliforms. Analyzing data from the assessment trip, the group determined that the Centro de Capacitación Técnica y Formación Integral de Asanquiri (CECTFIA), a vocational school for young adults, had the greatest capacity to sustain an implemented project and to use the project to reach out to the surrounding communities.

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CECTFIA, founded in 2004, is more than a vocational school; it is an NGO that is directly involved in outreach, and water and nutrition education in 14 communities in the Arampampa. CECTFIA and Save the Children have an ongoing partnership, with CECTFIA using buildings built by Save the Children, and Save the Children originally sponsoring the organization. CECTFIA does not earn its funds from Save the Children, however; its money is raised through Terre des Hommes, a fact which was clarified in more recent communication.

The assessment team discovered that the CECTFIA’s main problem was water availability during the region’s dry season. Upon returning to the United States, the team began researching methods to implement both a water treatment system and a water harvesting system for the CECTFIA. After the 2005 assessment trip, the entire travel team graduated and was no longer involved with the project. This created difficulties for the remaining students who lacked first-hand knowledge of the region.

In spite of the abscense of first-hand experience, the project team began researching methods to implement water harvesting and treatment systems for CECTFIA, testing various water treatment methods including biosand filtration and solar disinfection. Biosand filtration was determined to be the most viable treatment method because of the availability of the needed materials. By analyzing the rainfall data in the Arampampa region and studying various water capture and source development methods, the team determined that a rainwater catchment system was the optimal water harvesting model. Once selected, the team also tested various methods for construction of the catchment system and filtration.

A second trip planned for spring 2008 was postponed to August 2009 due to civil unrest in the country, further distancing the first assessment trip and the follow-up implementation. During August of 2009 a team of four students and two professionals traveled to the CECTFIA in order to implement the rainwater harvesting system and the solar disinfection system. The team installed a rainwater catchment system was implemented on a 55.2 square meter roof. The system was connected to a 5000 L tank which stores water collected during the wet season for use during the dry season. Additionally the team repaired existing tanks near CECTFIA, maximizing their efficiency. Upon arriving in Bolivia, the team found that the community was more concerned with water quantity and wanted to have more available to supplement the stored water during the dry season; they did not want or need to have their water treated. Responding to the changed priorities, the travel team simply found a bigger water collection tank than originally planned and did not implement any filtering system.

This discovery prompted the redefinition of the project’s goal. To improve the students’ ability to stay hydrated, nourished and hygienic during the dry season; EWB-USA NC State Bolivia Project strives to help CECTFIA reach its goal of supplementing the water

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supply to allow 40L/person/day during the months of August, September and October, and increased capacity during the rest of the year.

Learning from past trips, an effort to communicate better with the community and Mr. Mattheij became a central focus of the team. The team dealt with similar issues with turnover from traveling members after the 2009 trip as after the 2005 trip. Efforts to increase contact with Mr. Mattheij in Bolivia provided new opportunities to be explored in the upcoming trip. Possibilities included improvements to the existing rainwater catchment system, analysis of its current operations, and potential expansion to the nearby region of Santiago. Dr. Knappe, a civil engineering professor at NCSU, was a key component in helping the team determine the methods that were used in analyzing the implemented rainwater harvesting system as well as how the team will assess the area for future projects suggested by Mr. Mattheij.

In May 2011 three NC State students and a professional mentor went on a two-week assessment & monitoring trip to CECTFIA. During the trip they assessed the condition of the rain water harvesting system installed during the previous implementation trip and collected data to aid in future project implementation. While at the school, the team incorporated students and professors in data collection and established additional contacts for improved communication.

After all analyzing the data collected during the May 2011 assessment trip the team completed an alternative analysis of four options: development of an upper spring source, installment of a rainwater harvesting with a purchased tank, improvement of open catchements and installment of a rainwater harvesting system with an old septic tank, the currently proposed project. This report was submitted to EWB-USA in January 2012. Based on the research, data and conversations with the community, the team selected to implement a rainwater harvesting system, out of three options. The team analyzed the choices based on the solutions’ capital, operation and maintenance costs, demand of water met, time demanded to construct and maintain, and the community’s preference. Table 2.1 summarizes the results of the alternative analysis.

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Table 2.1: Summary of alternative analysis results based on the six weighted criteria.

Capital Cost

O & M Cost

Demand of Water Met

Maintenance Man Hours

Construction Man Hours

Community Preference

Total

Source Weight 2 2 3 1 1 3

Upper Spring 1 1 4 1 1 2 24

RH - New Tank 2 3 2 4 3 1 26

RH - Septic Tank 4 2 3 3 4 4 40

Open Catchments 3 4 1 2 2 3 30

Each source was given a score 1-4, 4 being the highest, and each category was given a weight 1-3, 3 being the most important. Figure 2.2 gives a schematic of the current water system, relative placement of the 2009 system and the proposed project. Detailed explanation is included in section 3. The proposed rainwater harvesting system will bring the community closer to the project’s goal, future improvements will also be necessary. Based on the increasing motivation and independence shown by CECTFIA, we hope some of those improvements will be done by CECTFIA.

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Figure 2.2: Schematic of the CECTFIA water system, including the 2012 proposed additions

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3.0 FACILITY DESIGN

3.1 Description of Proposed facilities

It is the goal of this project to provide 40 L/capita/day. The goal of this specific trip is to reach 30 L/capita/day. Based on the supply – demand analysis, see Appendix B, the limiting factor is storage. Therefore, to increase the amount of storage, the old un used septic tank will be utilized to store water from the most relied source, the lower spring. To add more supply, at higher quality, a rainwater harvesting system is also proposed. With this system the community will have 30 L/capita/day all year, except for the months of August and September where there will be 25 and 15 lppd of supply respectively.

The project consists of two main components: the rainwater catchment system and the storage tank, an abandoned concrete septic tank. The rainwater catchment system consists of gutters to collect rainfall from the roof, a first flush diverter to separate the initial dirty water from the roof, and piping to the septic tank. The gutters will be made of galvanized steel and will run the length of the building at the bottom of each side of the dual-pitch roof. The system will be implemented using the professors’ dormitory, seen in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Building plans for the professors’ dormitory. Units in meters.

The abandoned septic tank is a rectangular concrete tank cast into the mountain beside and is below the professors’ dormitory and above the CECTFIA’s gardens. It was originally constructed as a septic tank for a flushing toilet in the professors’ dormitory, but the entire plumbing system was quickly abandoned shortly after installation, in 2000,

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because they viewed it as a waste of water, and disconnected in favor of the school’s composting latrines approximately 11 years ago. Over time, the tank collected runoff from the mountain and members of the school punched a hole in the concrete to drain and use the collected water for irrigation. The implementation team plans to utilize this as a storage tank for the proposed rainwater harvesting system on the professors’ dormitory, and as additional storage for CECTFIA’s most reliable water source, the lower spring. Preparation of the septic tank involves patching the hole, installing effluent and cleanout valves (an overflow already exists), cleaning and lining the tank, refitting the lid, and connecting pipe from the rainwater harvesting system.

Figure 3.2: Macario shows the exterior of the septic tank

Additionally the project intends to improve the 1st flush diverter from the 2009 implementation rainwater harvesting project.

3.2 Description of Design and Design Calculations

3.2.1 Rainwater Harvesting System Description

The rainwater catchment system will be implemented on the professors’ dormitory, a building with a dual-pitch roof with a surface area of 1,761 ft2. The building was selected due to its proximity to the septic tank and its large roof area. The monthly yield of rainwater from the roof was calculated from the product of the roof area and local rainfall estimates provided by Mr. Mattheij . A detailed analysis of monthly yield with calculations can be found in Appendix B. The system will consist of galvanized steel gutters running the length of the building, each angled downwards to the north side of the

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building. At the lower end of each gutter, a downspout will lead to a T-joint, connecting downward to a first flush diverter, and outwards to a pipeline leading to the septic tank. On the western side of the building, the outlet of the first flush will be connected to a T-joint leading to a buried PVC pipe connecting the system across the building.

The first flush diverters will divert a total of 17 gallons of water, with an equal volume on each side (8.5 gallons). According to the Texas Water Development Board, an optimal volume to divert is 10 gallons per 1000 square feet of roof. The system fits this sizing requirement with 17 gallons of water being diverted for a roof area of 1761 square feet. The sizing calculations for the first flush diverter can be found in Appendix C.

Each diverter will be constructed of a vertical 6 foot length of 6 inch PVC pipe supported on the bottom by a 90-degree elbow piece resting on a concrete base. At the top of the diverter will be a reducing coupling connected to the 4 inch T-joint. A rubber or plastic ball between 4 and 6 inches in diameter will be placed in the diverters to seal off the initial diverted water from the rest of the rainfall. A small hole will be drilled in the bottom of the diverter to allow the system to drain between rain events and reduce maintenance requirements during the rainy season when the school is uninhabitated.

Each diverter and subsequent downspout will be supported by a 4”x4” wooden post sunk 3 feet in the ground with concrete filling the hole detailed in drawing, found in appendix D. The PVC pipe will be attached with metal tube clamps to the posts.

The downspouts will lead to a buried 4” PVC pipe that will have a 4” to 2” PVC coupling, followed by a transition fitting from 2” PVC pipe to 2” polyethylene piping that will lead to the septic tank. This polyethylene piping will be buried 1.5 feet under the very rocky ground with a 3 inch of sand radius around the pipe for protection. The area around the pipe line is already fenced off, so large animals and machinery will not be able to trample the earth around the pipe itself.

3.2.2 Septic Tank Description

Before the travel team arrives, CECTFIA personnel have agreed to dig a 1.5’ trench between the septic tank and professors’ dormitory. 2” diameter polyethylene pipe will connect the rainwater harvesting system and the septic tank over the 52.5’ length with a 30’ drop in elevation. According to hydraulic calculations that can be found in Appendix C, the maximum flowrate dictated by the headloss of this system is 0.3363 cubic feet per second. With a 2” polyethylene pipe, this is equivalent to a maximum pipeline velocity of 15.4 ft/s. The pipeline will enter the septic tank through a 2” pipe fitting cast into a new tank lid, allowing a free jet discharge of the water into the tank.

As mentioned in section 3.1, a hole was punched in the concrete wall of the septic tank to drain collected water approximately 10 years ago. This hole will be utilized by the

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implementation team to install an effluent valve system for the tank. Because the bottom of the tank is close to the ground (approximately 6 to 8 inches), a cleanout ball valve will be at the same elevation as the bottom of the tank while a T-joint in effluent pipe will rise 1.0 feet to a globe valve. This globe valve will be higher from the ground and allow greater accessibility for buckets.

Because the tank was once used as a 0073eptic tank and because of minor seepage and, a 5 mm polyethylene sheet will be used as a tank liner. Cracks in the tank are no wider than 1 cm, which is why applying a concrete layer is not necessary. By using a tank liner, the amount of maintenance required for the tank is reduced and less water will be used for cleaning, and is commonly used in the Arampampa area. Additionally, the sheet will be able to accommodate the irregular shape of the tank as seen in Figure 3.3. The liner will be installed by heat fusing sheets of polyethylene and supporting it along the upper edge of the tank with metal concrete clamps. The water temporarily held in the tank for agricultural use has not been tested for water quality.

Figure 3.3: Interior of the tank

The current overflow is a 2” PVC pipe approximately 5’ from the bottom of the tank. Because the entire tank will be lined, a new overflow will need to be installed. The new overflow will be constructed of 1.5” PVC pipe to fit through the old pipe without drilling a new hole. It will consist of a U-shaped dip once inside the tank to prevent mosquitoes or other insects from getting inside the tank and contaminating the water. Both the overflow and the effluent valves will be fit in the liner through threaded PVC fittings. Overview and detailed drawings of the tank and valves can be found in Appendix D.

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3.2.3 2009 Rain Water Harvesting Modification

As documented in the 2011 522-Post Assessment report, the first flush diverter for the 2009 rainwater harvesting system failed due to an insufficient connection to the main tubing, see figure 3.6. Figure 3.5 being the system as implemented. To fix the first flush the community formed a tight connection, using both a mechanical connection and PVC cement, with a used caulk tube. This first flush only diverts no more than 400 mL of water and cannot be drained, so it essentially does not contribute at all. In line with the communitiy's initiative to fix the broken the first flush the implementation team will make the needed upgrades to the existing first-flush.

The physically the system failed because the connection was not secure enough, the fit was not tight. From a developmental standpoint, insufficient education was carried out, resulting in an insufficient solution implemented by the community. To prevent this from reoccurring, an extensive lesson plan is developed, see Section 6. Physically, the wooden supports for the first flush is added, along with the plan to apply correct amounts of PVC cement and wait time for the piping. See the 2011 522 for more information on the 2009 rainwater harvesting system.

Figure 3.5: Completed rainwater harvesting system in summer 2009

Figure 3.6: 2009 rainwater harvesting system in 2011. Notice the size of the first flush diverter, and

the water tight seal. The red rust coloring on the pipe has not corroded the pipe and has been rubbed off.

Three main components will contribute to the improvement of the 2009 Rainwater harvesting system. The first component will add an angled steel mesh screen to the gutter

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above the outlet hole. This mesh screen will prevent large debris from entering the piping system. Angling the mesh reduces clogging of the gutters near the effluent.

Secondly we will replace the first flush diverter, using the same dimensions, 4 feet of 4in diameter PVC pipe, as installed by the 2009 implementation team. At the bottom it will have a cap and a drilled hole, similar to the rainwater harvesting system designed for the septic tank. The first flush diverter-piping connection will be secured better assuring that the PVC cement sets for the recommended time.

Lastly, as we plan to do with the new design will support the first flush with a 9’ piece of 4” by 4” lumber, to further support the system.

3.2.4 Connecting the 2012 Rainwater Harvesting System to Septic TankIn order to connect the 2012 rainwater harvesting system to the storage tank, the 4” PVC from the catchment system must connect to the 2” polyethylene pipe that will lead to the storage tank. A mechanical bolt-type couplings to join the PVC and PE pipes together. These couplings produce a pressure seal around each end of pipe and would provide enough pullout resistance to exceed the yield strength of the PE pipe. Since the two pipes have differing diameters, we would attach a coupling to 4” PVC and convert it to a 2” PVC pipe, so that the mechanical coupling can simply adapt two different pipes with a 2” diameter.

3.2.1 Connecting the Lower Spring to Septic TankAs of now water is being pumped from the lower spring to the yellow tank for drinking water, the blue tank for agricultural use and some other sources, see figure 2.2. There is also a connection from the yellow tank to the blue tank. This connection will be diverted from the blue tank to the septic tank instead. This proposal was suggested by and accepted by the community. This system will help separate drinking water from the agricultural water. But with the implementation of a new storage tank, a line is needed to connect the tank to the lower spring so that it can store an optimal amount of drinking water. In order to do this we have come up with several options. The plan profile views in Appendix D detail this connection

The following calculations are provided in Appendix C of this report:C.1 : Determination of pipe schedule needed and possibility of pipeline failure.C.2 First Flush Diverter SizingC.3 Hydraulic pipeline calculations

3.3 Drawings

The following drawings are provided in Appendix D of this report:Figure D.1: Plan view of CECTFIA,.............................................................................................53

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Figure D.2: Close plan view of 2012 system.................................................................................54Figure D.3: Profile view 2012 rainwater harvesting to septic tank...............................................55Figure D.4: Profile view 2012 lower spring tank to yellow tank..................................................55Figure D.5: Profile view 2012 yellow tank to septic tank.............................................................56Figure D.6: 2012 first flush diverter..............................................................................................57Figure D.7: 2012 first flush diverter wooden support and anchoring............................................58Figure D.8: 2012 first flush diverter wooden support and PVC pipe connection.........................59Figure D.9: 2012 front gutters.......................................................................................................60Figure D.10: 2012 cut away gutters...............................................................................................61Figure D.11: 2012 rainwater harvesting to pipeline connection (PVC to PE)..............................62Figure D.12: 2012 septic tank side view.......................................................................................63Figure D.13: 2012 septic tank effluent valve.................................................................................64Figure D.14: 2012 septic tank overflow........................................................................................65Figure D.15: Drawing of the entrance for pipes to the septic tank...............................................66Figure D.16: Drawing of the entrance for pipes to the septic tank................................................67Figure D.17: 2009 first flush modification front side view...........................................................68Figure D.18: 2009 first flush modification front view..................................................................69

4.0 PROJECT OWNERSHIP

The project is owned by CECTFIA, the local nonprofit organization. A detailed description of CECTFIA’s goals and function in the Aramapampa region are defined in the project background section, 3.0. The beneficiary community is the Asanquiri CECTFIA campus technical school for young adults. It is a boarding school where both students and professors stay for 5-7 days a week. The male students pay 70 USD a year while female students attend free of charge; funds from tuition cover about 10% of CECTFIA’s income. The rest of CECTFIA’s income depends on the foreign NGO, Terre de Hommes. The current funding will last three more years, with a second three year contract being likely, according to EWB-USA NCSU’s main in-country contact, Mr. Mattheij. CECTFIA has committed to purchasing the concrete required for construction, and will be purchasing or placing orders on materials before the team arrives.

The current CECTFA water system is maintained first and foremost by Roly Rolando Quispe Soraide, professor of Agronomy, and Professor José Luis Gonzalez, head technical professor, is second in line. Professor Quispe Soraide depends on governmental funding, if his contract demands him to be relocated, Professor José Luis Gonzalez. Naturally the 2012 rainwater harvesting system will be maintained and operated by Professors Quispe Soriade and Gonzalez. The demands of these roles are clearly stated in the community agreement, Section 8.0. Professor Gonzalez and Mr. Mattheij, the main contact and CECTFIA director, were involved during the alternative analysis and design stages of the proposed project. Both staff members have been involved for seven years, therefore the EWB-USA NCSU project team is confident in their role as owners.

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5.0 CONSTRUCTION PLAN

EWB-USA NC State is communicating with the community as well as the main in-country contact, to get as much complete on the project prior to travel as possible. The community will continue to have active involvement in implementing the designs during the trip. However, the team will oversee all construction throughout the implementation trip, except for the installation of the gutters at the professor’s dormitories and the excavation of the pipeline trench

The team is hiring a local contractor to install and fix the gutters along the roof of the professor’s dormitory, as per request of the community. In the event that the gutters fail, the community will possess a warranty to repair the problem immediately. Mr. Mattheij has told us that, in past experience, such contractors commonly charge approximately $15.00 per day for such services, making it both a feasible and practical solution. While the contactor is working, two team members will be available to supervise the worker and aid them in any possible way. Table 5.1 lists the possible contractors and their relevant projects. All of them have experience with demolition and reconstruction of concrete. Because the team has agreed to follow the community’s wishes in hiring a contractor for the installation of the gutters, an agreement has been made to evenly split the cost of the contractor between the community and EWB- USA NC State.

Table 5.1: List of possible contractors during years 2009 - 2011First

NameLast

Name Community Experience

FelixMamani Vargas Santiago

Animal farm in Santiago

Teodoro Quillo Jatun K'asa

2009 Water Tank construction in Asanquiri

MarioChoque Pablo Choqlla

Duck Pen in Asanquiri

Mario Ramos AsanquiriGreenhouse construction

Gonzalo Fiorilo Vacas

NGO water projects Contractor

Preparado por : Luc Mattheij

Fecha: 11 de febrero 2012

On site, the community has agreed to dig trenches extending from the rain-water harvesting tank at the professor’s dormitory downhill to the septic tank above the school’s gardens. By doing this prior to travel, time and labor can be saved while the

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team is in-country. It is also much easier to dig into the tough, rocky terrain during the wet season, reducing difficulty of labor.

The team is purchasing all necessary materials in-country. EWB- USA NC State has identified and contacted multiple hardware stores in the regional city, Cochabamba, that carry the materials and tools required to complete our project. Additionally, CECTFIA has a supply of tools and some construction materials at the site, which they have offered for the project. Thick polyethylene sheeting will be ordered for the tank lining, as well as tank valves. Our contact, Mr. Mattheij, has agreed to transport some of the larger materials such as piping to CECTFIA prior to the team’s arrival. The team will bring surveying and water testing materials, as well as any additional equipment necessary for assessment from the United States.

Although each individual team member has limited knowledge of the construction needed for the construction of the implementation design, the travel team will take the necessary steps to supplement this lack of knowledge. General concrete construction will researched prior to travel, including constructing subscale concrete lids, as well installing pipes into concrete. The team will also practice heat-sealing the polyethylene lining for the tank to ensure that it will be made perfectly water-sealed in a lasting fashion. The mentor for the travel team, Kia Whittlesey, will also aid in the construction, using her 30 years of experience in similar projects as a precedent for the current project.

Table 5.2: Construction Tasks by time and number of members required Non Travel Days in Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Team

Mem

ber 1

Buffe

r

2

3

4

5 6 Key PVC Piping and Education Upper Spring Assessment First Flush Piping & Support Buffer

Surveying Gutters

Open Catchments Interviews

Septic Tank Lid, Piping & Lining Visit Santiago

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In Table 5.3 a schedule for construction is presented using the same tasks. The time needed to dig the trenches is not included in Table 5.2 because it is done by CECTFIA, and does not demand in country time of the travel team.

Table 5.3: Construction Schedule by travel date

Task23-

Apr - -14-

May15-

May16-

May17-

May18-

May19-

May20-

May21-

May22-

May23-

May24-

May25-

May26-

May27-

May28-

May29-

May

CECTFIA digs trench

Gutters PVC Piping &

Education

First Flush Surveying

Open Catchment

Septic Tank Upper Spring

Interviews Visit Santiago

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6.0 SUSTAINABILITY

6.1 Background

The sustainability of this project has improved over the past two years. This has mainly been due to increased credibility on both sides of the project. CECTIFA has increased the level of communication with EWB-USA NCSU and understands the importance and demands of an EWB-USA project. The project team has been more successful in securing funds and organizing travel, and improving communication. All the supplies will be purchased from Fischer Ferreteria (Fisher Hardware) hardware store in Cochabamba, Bolivia. This local availability of materials allows the professors of CECTFIA-Asanquiri to repair their rainwater catchment systems as required. After the implementation trip, the professors should have sufficient knowledge of the system to implement a similar rain water catchment system in the local community. Table 6.1 presents a modified analysis of sustainability concerns raised after the 2011 assessment trip.

Table 6.1: Positive and negative indications of project feasibility by priority (adapted from 522)Affirmations Priority Concerns

CECTFIA staff, instructors, and students demonstrated interested in improved water supply and quality. Specific instances include:

Mr. Mattheij’s inquiries about system replication in other communities served by CECTFIA

CECTFIA-Asanquiri teachers asking for EWB-USA NC State team input on water catchment construction

CECTFIA-Asanquiri students were responsive to team-taught lessons about catchment system function

High EWB-USA NCSU’s project planning process and omission of alternatives contributed to the failure of the 2009 implementation team’s compromised first flush design.

CECTFIA’s overall active outreach in areas complementary to water supply and sanitation, such as nutrition and the implementation of greenhouses, signals growing influence to make positive long-term changes in the region.

The beneficiary community depends largely on external funding; the students’ tuition 70 USD/person/year does not cover all the costs. This makes maintaining a project potentially metastable.

CECTFIA-Asanquiri is proactively supplementing their agricultural

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water storage through the construction of water catchments, modification of existing water systems and greenhouse roofs, and the reconnection of tanks. Over the past year the director of CECTFIA has begun to understand EWB-USA’s requirements for project approval at multiple stages, and the importance of CECTFIA’s role in earning approval. Communication with Mr. Mattheij has become more sincere.The Asanquiri community at large, town leaders, the schoolteacher and general population, in addition to the health clinic nurse, showed interest in improved water supply and quality.

Medium Overall function of the system may be compromised due to differing measures of success between the chapter and the CECTFIA community, which views suboptimal performance of the catchment system as still workable and not “broken.” This is evidenced with their first flush diverter solution, which preserved the appearance of the system as it was installed, but was too small to serve its purpose.

The CECTFIA-Asanquiri community showed initiative and basic understanding of system function by installing an improvised first flush diverter. The EWB-USA NCSU team expanded its contacts within the CECTFIA-Asanquiri community in addition to other non-profit organizations with chapters in Cochabamba, including Save the Children-Canada and the Rotary Club.

Low Scarcity of public and private transportation, materials availability, and distances between communities has the potential to make future implementations extremely difficult.

The inclusion of female students in CECTFIA-Asanquiri academic programs and involvement with the catchment system demonstrates a commitment to equal educational opportunities for all and the chance to expand knowledge of the system into residential communities.

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6.2 Operation and Maintenance

Two checklists for the community’s maintenance of the tanks and piping systems have been designed. The checklists focus on cleaning guidelines, placing emphasis on timing. Each section of the water catchment system has been outlined with the suggested time frame for maintenance review. If used diligently, this will allow the professors to observe any problems, and possibly their source, before a serious malfunction occurs. The list for the 2009 Rainwater Harvesting System has been translated into Spanish and the 2012 rainwater harvesting system maintenance list is in the process of being translated. See Appendix E for the complete English language checklists.

As mentioned before, the majority of the responsibility to operate and maintain the system falls on the professors of CECTFIA, which has a defined line of command, discussed in the ownership section, 4.0. The checklist materials are intended for Professor Quirade to record the state of the system, and for future curricular opportunities, mainly for the second year students. The professors will be responsible for the maintenance of the system. If a problem occurs that they do not feel confident in repairing it is their responsibility to hire a competent contractor. They do the most of the maintenance for the school and should be qualified to fix any problems.

6.3 Education

The 2011 Monitoring trip gave a total of three guest lectures during their trip. Topics of these lectures include: the design process, English, monitoring the 2009 rainwater harvesting system, and testing for turbidity and pH. The implementation team expects to give at least two lectures covering similar topics to the new class of students. More importantly, a workshop will be held for the professors, students and select, relevant leaders from surrounding communities. These leaders will be determined by Mr. Mattheij and the project team closer to travel.

Lesson plans have been created for the workshop scheduled to be held before the major construction. This workshop will focus on training the professors and interested students in the proper maintenance of the water systems, and will give an overview of the system design, the proper cleaning methods for the tank linings, and the suggested pipe maintenance. The checklists and the training in the workshop will allow the professors to properly care for the water systems. See appendix F for the workshop lesson plans.

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7.0 MONITORING 7.1 Monitoring plan for current project

Monitoring of the system is essential to the sustainability of the project and is very dependent on the community’s position and education, as presented in the previous section. To affirm successful continuation of the project, measureable and defined metrics, and the associated data, are presented below in Table 7.1. Overall success of the project will be gauged by accomplishing the goal of 30 lppd.

Table 7.1: Presentation of metrics of success by subject for the 2012 Implementation project

Subject Metrics

1 Rainwater catchment System

1. System is installed as planned.2. System functions as intended and meets percentage of

demand met set by the team.3. The system is maintained by the community and information

is logged according the maintenance checklist.4. Meets % demand of dry months projected in Appendix

B.2 Communication 1. Contact with Luc is consistent and explicit. Contact being

made at least once a month2. Information is easily transferred.3. EWB-USA NCSU is informed of malfunctions or changes

made to the system4. Education for the community is effective and there is

understanding of the design system.

3 Water System Assessment

1. Assess the area to get enough data (land survey/ soil)2. Find efficient way to use water between agricultural and

potable use (depends on community)

Data required to develop metrics1. Catchment System:

a. Design for catchment system is well done and meets the TAC’s standards.b. Find equipment/ transportation within budget, based on hardware store contacts

and estimates.c. Sufficient performance of system, through email.d. Completed logs for water quality, maintenance, and system checks are sent via email

2. Communication:a. Consistent e-mail contact between contact and project leadb. Conference calls when necessary

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c. Prepared plans and lessons for community that allows for the understanding of design of the system. Feedback from professors on changes made.

3. Water System:a. Data from soil using augers and research materials.b. Accurate Measurements of area from surveying using poles and sightsc. Assert the importance of separation, form an understanding of the community’s use through interviews.

7.2 Monitoring of past-implemented projects

Past Metrics of Success

Table 7.2: Past metrics of success with conditions and time constraintsSubject Metric Conditions Time

1 Community Communication

Project is deemed successful if meaningful contact is maintained between EWB-USA NC State and CECTFIA members and affiliates

Contact is made to either the director of CECTFIA or a teacher based at the school

More than 4 months prior to the trip

1 contact every 6 weeks

< 4 months prior to the trip

1 contact every 3weeks

2 Instructional Aspects

Successful if water maintenance logs are completed on a periodic basis by CECTFIA students, staff and/or affiliates.

The roof, tank, gutters, gravel pit, and first flush system will be periodically reviewed and maintained.

All system components will be maintained according to check sheet guidelines.

3 Water System CECTFIA will adapt and optimize their aggregate sources of water, including the catchment system constructed by EWB and their open catches to best meet their needs on an as-needed basis.

A metric of CECTFIA, not the project, as we did not make suggestions outside of our allowed EWB-USA areas.50% increase water storage capacity.

By end of project as determined by project committee

4 Catchment System

Improve the system functionality rating

130 L (volume of provisional first flush) with support

By the next site trip or within two years.

Data required to develop metrics1. Community Communication

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a. Email contact between project lead and CECTFIA

b. Letters (supplemental to email)

2. Instructional Aspects

a. Completed catchment system maintenance logs

b. Completed catchment system check sheets

c. Results of water quality tests performed on the tank

3. Water System

a. Establish a baseline of past water usage during the last month of the dry season

b. Annually compare the amount of water used during this time to the baseline

established in 3.a

c. Any added area to roof-catchment and open catch regions multiplied by the

rainfall, in conjunction with additional spring water storage multiplied by

estimated flow rate, will imply increased usage

4. Catchment System

a. Design measurements of a first flush diverter of increased volume, greater water

release mechanism capability, and data-based structural integrity

5. Dimensions of any additional water storage tank or catch, using a tape measure or

surveying rod, calculate the volume of this storage add it to the previous total and then

divide by the total storage.

6. Get a basic loss of water rate due to evaporation, or seepage, depending on

storage technology. This data will be collected by professors, this will be a question of

time over a week or a month.

7. Take water quality measurements of the system on next trip and compare to those

taken most recently by CECTFIA staff and/or students.

*There are currently 8 students, maximum students in a year was 12.

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8.0 COMMUNITY AGREEMENT/CONTRACTAgreement between CECFTIA and the NCSU chapter of EWB-USA

This contract is between el Centro de Capacitación Técnica y Formación Integral Asanquiri (CECTFIA) and the NC State University Chapter of Engineers Without Borders-USA for the purpose of setting guidelines for the rainwater harvesting system and the pipeline system.

The Staff of CECFTIA agrees to the following: CECTFIA allows EWB-USA NCSU to work on the Bolivia Water Sanitation Project. CECTFIA will continue to carefully manage their water supply. CECTFIA will and currently has a qualified professor on staff who will be in charge of both systems

implemented by EWB-USA NCSU. CECTFIA will maintain, clean and, if necessary, fix the 2009 rainwater harvesting system based on

maintenance schedule provided by EWB-USA NCSU. CECTFIA will maintain, clean and, if necessary, fix the 2012 rainwater harvesting system based on

maintenance schedule provided by EWB-USA NCSU. CECTFIA confirms that they have enough funding to support the maintenance of the systems for at least

the next five years. CECTFIA will maintain monthly contact with EWB-USA NCSU at least until 2017. CECTFIA will notify EWB-USA NCSU of any system failures or changes. CECTFIA will include system cleaning and maintenance in the second year curriculum. CECTFIA will dig a trench from the professor’s dormitory to 2012 storage tank prior to the EWB-USA

NCSU team’s arrival.

The NC State University Chapter of EWB-USA agrees to the following: The NC State University Chapter will work with CECTFIA to design and develop improvements to their

water system. The NC State University Chapter upholds the highest quality of engineering for the CECTFIA community. The NC State University Chapter’s first priority is safety. The NC State University Chapter will provide materials not obtained by the community for construction of

the project. The NC State University Chapter will teach current CECTFIA students, professors, and community leaders

how to maintain their system. The NC State University Chapter will seek input from CECTFIA staff during the design phase. The NC State University Chapter will provide as-built drawings to CECTFIA after project completion. The NC State University Chapter will strive to use materials and labor assessable to the community. The NC State University Chapter will provide documentation of designs and maintenance routines for any

implemented system for CECTFIA.

On behalf of, and acting with the authority of the staff and students of CECFTIA and the NC State University Chapter of EWB-USA, the under-signed agree to abide by the above conditions.Director of CECTFIA: Luc Mattheij ________________________

EWB-USA NCSU BWS Project Lead: Andrew Santos ________________________

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9.0 COST ESTIMATE9.1 Implementation

Item Unit price Dimension Quantity total (BO)total (USD)

cement 50.00 BO/bags 5 250.00 35.71Gutters 150.00 gutter/system 1 150.00 21.424" PVC-40 376.00 BO/4 m 3 1128.00 161.146" PVC-40 487.00 BO/4 m 1 487.00 69.574"-6" coupling 167.00 1 167.00 23.85woven mesh 178.00 BO 3 534.00 76.284" elbow 66.00 BO 4 264.00 37.714" Wye joint 87.00 BO 1 87.00 12.422" PE pipe 350.00 BO/30m 1 350.00 50.005mm PE lining 231.00 BO/8mx6m 1 231.00 33.00Checkvalve 70.00 BO 1 70.00 10.00Gate valve 250.00 BO 2 500.00 71.42Metal plumbing 150.00 BO/meter 1 150.00 21.42PVC cement 80.00 BO/16 oz 1 80.00 11.42Hub and cap 140.00 BO/hub+cap 2 280.00 40.00 total 675.42

9.2 Labor

Task unit price units Quantity total (BO)total (USD)

Gutters 300.00 person/day 1 300.00 43.00Concreting 200.00 person/day 1 200.00 29.00 Total 71.00

9.3 AssessmentItem Cost (USD)Surveying rods lent for freeSights lent for freeGPS lent for freeCompass lent for freePetri films donatedAuger CECTFIA ownedAquarium test strips 10.00

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total 10.00

9.4 Travel, Food, &Board

Item Cost (USD)Vaccinations and medications 720.00SteriPen let for freeIodine Tablets 7.00Box for Tube and Rods 8.00First Aid Kit let for freeentrance fees 540.006.5 Plane Tickets 5720.00Taxi to hostal from Airport 10.00Hostal: Tambo del Oro(2 nights, 4 people) 51.00Meals (8 meals for 6 people) 240.00Bus to Cochabamba (Mopar), 4 people 14.00Groceries 39.001 tank of gas for Luc 11.00Hostal: Buenos Aires (2 nights), in Cocha., 4 people 34.00Meals (5) 120.00Meal with Luc 26.00Bus to La Paz (Boliviar), 4 people 23.001 night in Hostal, 4 people 26.00Taxi to Airport 10.00EWB Report Costs 1000.00 Total 8599.00

Total Trip Cost Estimate = 9,470.00 USD

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10.0 SITE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

Background InformationThe “upper spring” is located 1.5 km away from CECTFIA near the top of a ridge. The spring was developed before the year 2001; CECTFIA does not have records of its development. It consists of a spring box and a storage tank at the spring source and is connected via exposed high-density polyethylene piping to CECTFIA. Over time, the storage tank sprang leaks, losing much of the water to the ground. Additionally, the professors at the school claim that the spring changes position, one account states that the spring moved because of an earthquake.

Figure 10.1: Location of the upper spring on the mountain side. Top left shows the spring box and storage tank. Bottom right shows current spring water collection site (May 2011)

To prevent further leaking, the connection from the spring box to the storage tank was disconnected by professors at the school to allow the water to run down the mountain and collect in a small plastic-lined hole. This unprotected catchment is shown in the bottom right of Figure 10.1. In the catchment lies the end of the pipe, through which water travels to the school. In order to fully utilize the upper spring further assessment is needed.

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10.1 Data to be Collected

Table 10.2: Assessment objectives explained in more detail belowGeneral

AreaSpring

BoxSpring Tank Piping Catchment

Water Quality X X XLook for Sources of Contamination X

Structural Analysis X X XDesign Information X XFlow Rate X X XExplore for Additional Spring Outlets X

Surveying X X X XSoil Analysis X X

Water Quality: Water samples will be collected from each source indicated and tested for the following metrics: pH, nitrates, nitrites, hardness, alkalinity, turbidity, total coliforms, E. coli, ammonia, phosphates, and iron. Turbidity data will be collected using a turbidity tube. Bacteria (E. coli and coliform) will be collected onto agar in petri dishes and tested after incubation, and all other data will be gathered using aquarium strips

Look for Sources of Contamination: On previous assessment trips, data showed that there were high amounts of coliforms. It is suspected that this is due to animal contamination. Therefore, we will check for sources of contamination in the general area, particularly the area above the spring.

Structural Analysis: The concrete tank and spring box will be evaluated for cracking or other damage. Special attention will be given to the inlet, cleanout and overflow of each tank. The pipe and its connections will be assessed for damage.

Design Information: Detailed notes on the design will be taken of the spring box and spring tank. Dimensions and positions of the inlet, output tap and overflow for each will be recorded.

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Flow Rate: The flow rate of water in the piping, spring box, and catchment will be recorded measuring the amount of water collected over aspecific time interval.

Explore for Additional Spring Outlets: There is a possibility of additional spring outlets on the mountain, one of which may be near the catchment. Suitable locations for an additional outlet will be noted by water seepage and shallow digging. If water is found we will set up a make shift pipe to funnel the water through for testing. We will leave the pipe there for regular testing by the professors of the school.

Surveying: the area will be surveyed by measuring distances and elevation changes. Surveying will be conducted using a magnifying hand level, surveying rod, compass, and tape measure. Horizontal distances will be measured using the tape measure, and elevation changes will be measured by subtracting the height of the sight at the reading point from the level reading on the surveying rod.

Soil Analysis: The difficulty of burying pipes will be assessed with a shovel and pick axe used on the mountainside.

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11.0 PROFESSIONAL MENTOR ASSESSMENT

11.1 Professional Mentor Name

Cornelia K. Whittlesey, P.E.

11.2 Professional Mentor Assessment

This project has been driven by the committed involvement of the students in the North Carolina State Chapter of Engineers Without Borders with assistance from their school advisors. Andrew Santos led the project team and coordinated each individual’s role in preparing the final design project. Much of the training for this project has come through independent research performed by each of the involved students and collaborative team meetings to discuss design alternatives. Kia Whittlesey, PE has been involved in the review of the design since the beginning of February 2012.

Andrew Santos initiated frequent communications to more completely partner with Luc Mattheij and CECTFIA staff for a project that is supported by the community it serves and meets that community’s most immediate needs for potable water during the dry winter season.

EWB-USA NC State received advise on spring assessment by Dr. Greg Jennings, NC State Professor of Agricultural Engineering, advise on material availability from Ariel Gamboa, level II Civil Engineer in Bolivia, advise on construction from Nicolas Massie, Engineer Officer in the US Army, and advise on drawings from Sara Allen.

11.3 Professional Mentor Affirmation

I, Cornelia K. Whittlesey, acknowledge my involvement in the pre-implementation design and accept responsibility for the course that the project is taking.

Appendix A: Professional Mentor Resume

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Cornelia K. Whittlesey, P.E. Nickname Kia

[email protected] Dishman Road, Mount Ulla, NC 28125

704.999.1477

Professional engineer specializing in storm water, erosion control and municipal engineering

Professional ExperienceRain Dance EngineeringOwner October 2010 - presentProjects include providing an assessment of repairs and recommended maintenance for storm water facilities at the U.S. National Whitewater Center and managing the redesign of a storm water quality facility for a mini-storage facility in Cornelius, NC.

Mecklenburg County, Land Use and Environmental Services Agency (LUESA) Senior Engineer May 1997 – June 2010Oversaw plan review and construction inspection for land development activities and single-family building permitting in county outside of the City of Charlotte jurisdiction. Managed satellite offices for LUESA staff. Coordinated with the planning and public works departments of six towns.

City of Charlotte, Engineering DepartmentWater Quality Engineer March 1993 – May 1997Administered the city’s NPDES Storm Water Discharge permit activities. Managed contract for design of major neighborhood storm drainage improvement. Provided leadership in public education activities. Planning Division Head February 1985 – March 1993Responsible for feasibility studies, developing alternatives and cost estimates for building, roadway and neighborhood improvement projects. Incorporated GIS into mapping services.Hydrologic Engineer February 1984 – February 1985Team leader responsible for storm drainage and erosion control permit approval. Reviewed development plans and conducted hydrologic analyses.Civil Engineer I March 1980 – February 1984Gained experience in planning and designing roadway improvements and construction inspection.

Bigger and Agnew

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mailto:[email protected]


Engineer-in-Training May 1979 – February 1980 Team leader in inspecting condition of bridges. Designed and analyzed structural bridge members. Designed building structures.

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EducationBachelors of Science in Civil Engineering, Summa Cum Laude North Carolina State University

AwardsOutstanding Erosion and Sedimentation Control Program by North Carolina Sedimentation Control Commission, 2000 Blue Thumb Award by The Water Quality Coalition, 1997

CertificationsCertified Professional in Storm Water Quality, 2005 - 2010 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sedimentation Control, 2001 – 2010

Professional MembershipInternational Erosion Control Association, 2001 to presentAmerican Public Works Association, 1994 – 2007Served in various roles in the North Carolina Chapter including President of the Water Resource Division, Board of Directors & Education Committee. Nationally, co-chaired a Livable Communities Task Force.

Civic ActivitiesNorth Carolina Water For People, 2011 to presentStephen Minister, 2008 to presentOur Towns Habitat for Humanity, Board of Directors, 1997 – 2006Boy Scouts of America Explorer Scout Post leader, 1993 - 1995

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Appendix B: Supply and Demand Analysis

Defining the community’s water usage and supply is an integral aspect of any water project. Unfortunately this analysis had been incomplete until more comprehensive data was acquired from CECTFIA. This information was mostly collected during the 2011 Assessment trip and the months after through email and phone calls.

The proposed project will meet 30 lppd demand every month of the year, except in August, September and October, where 78%, 58% and 92% respectively , of the demand is met. This added supply and storage from the system will reduce the demand of water not met by 50%. This analysis delves out the details behind the demand and the supply at CECTFIA.

Demand

CECTFIA’s demand is presented below:

Population# of people Units

Jan-Feb 1.5 peopleProfessors 6 peopleStaff 2 peopleFamily next door 4 peopleMario 4 peopleNear-by families 12 peopleStudents 10 peopleCECTFIA_pop 38 peopleoff season 22 people

Demand type Volume UnitsDrinking 2 L/capita/dayHygiene 18 L/capita/daycooking M-F 100 L/day/CECTFIAcooking S-S 40 L/day/CECTFIAVisitors a day 8 people/dayaverage water 8 L/dayDaily Visitor use 64

visitor use/day

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The direct beneficiaries of the project include the CECTFIA Staff and Students. However though more recent conversations it was established that some surrounding nearby families do use and depend on CECTFIA’s water system, this includes a Family that lives next to the Kitchen, Mario (CECTFIA graduate student and volunteer) and his family, and 3 other families down the mountain. Because CECTFIA is by the main road, many people walk by and fill their water bottles or buckets; this is accounted in the visitor use. The off season population represents the users during the months of January and February when the school is not in session, coincidentally the time of the year with the most rainfall. Cooking, drinking and hygiene demand estimates were supplied by Mr. Mattheij. CECTFIA’s Agricultural use is not well defined, according to Professor Jose Luis Gonzalez who says:

a) La época de lluvias empieza generalmente a mediados de noviembre y se extiende hasta mediados o fines del mes de marzo (aunque este año las primeras lluvias se empezaron a registrar a fines del mes de diciembre, atribuible seguramente al efecto del cambio climático). Precisamente durante este periodo entramos en vacaciones y dejamos las parcelas sembradas, por lo tanto el agua de riego para los cultivos depende exclusivamente de la lluvia.

b) La cantidad de agua disponible durante este periodo (en toda la zona) podría ser medible, si se contase con instrumentos como un pluviómetro y un tanque tipo A, con los que no contamos ni se cuenta dentro todo el municipio.

A reasonable estimate is presented below along with the other demands.

Month Days Agriculture(L) Cooking(L) Drinking(L) Hygiene(L) Visitors(L)Total Demand(L)

January 31 5,000 0 1,364 12,276 1,984 20,624February 27.25 5,000 0 109 10,791 1,744 17,644March 31 5,000 2,569 2,356 21,204 1,984 33,113April 30 5,000 2,486 2,280 20,520 1,920 32,206May 31 5,000 2,569 2,356 21,204 1,984 33,113June 30 4,800 2,486 2,280 20,520 1,920 32,006July 31 4,800 2,569 2,356 21,204 1,984 32,913August 31 4,500 2,569 2,356 21,204 1,984 32,613September 30 4,500 2,486 2,280 20,520 1,920 31,706October 31 4,500 2,569 2,356 21,204 1,984 32,613November 30 5,000 2,486 2,280 20,520 1,920 32,206December 31 5,000 0 2,356 21,204 1,984 30,544Total 364.25 58,100 22,786 24,729 232,371 23,312 361,298

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Supply

To calculate the Supply we used flow rates for the upper spring and lower spring from professor Jose Luis Gonzalez:Month Lower

(mL/min)Upper (mL/min) Upper correction

January 1200 800 320February

1200 800 320March 1040 600 240April 880 300 120May 720 300 120June 560 200 80July 480 50 20August 400 10 4September

400 10 4October 400 10 4November

560 200 80December

800 700 280Seasonal Flow rates from the Lower and Upper springs by month, with a correction for the upper spring inefficiency

The correction for the upper spring output values are from the spring box, the water is actually collected lower down, yielding an efficiency of 40% (see section 10.0 for more details).

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MonthLower Spring (L)

Upper Spring (L)

2009 Rainwater (L)

Total Supply (L)

Demand (L)

Stored Surplus (L)

% Demand Met

Demand met (L)

Demand not met (L)

January 53,568 10,714 38,012 102,293 20,624 16,372 100% 20,624 0February 53,568 10,714 36,856 101,138 17,644 16,372 100% 17,644 0March 46,426 8,035 26,479 80,940 35,340 16,372 100% 35,340 0April 39,283 4,018 9,149 52,450 34,200 16,372 100% 34,200 0May 32,141 4,018 843 37,002 35,340 16,372 100% 35,340 0June 24,998 2,678 0 27,677 34,200 9,848 100% 34,200 0July 21,427 670 0 22,097 35,340 0 90% 31,945 3,395August 17,856 134 0 17,990 35,340 0 51% 17,990 17,350September 17,856 134 1,291 19,281 34,200 0 56% 19,281 14,919October 17,856 134 5,693 23,683 35,340 0 67% 23,683 11,657November 24,998 2,678 19,131 46,808 34,200 12,608 100% 34,200 0December 35,712 9,374 42,758 87,844 35,340 16,372 100% 35,340 0

Current System: Water supply by source of and determination of % demand met.

Storage Volume (L)

lower storage 5658yellow 2724.8white 2112upper storage N/A2009 Rainwater 5000Gray 876.8Total 16371.6

Storage available in current system, CECTFIA does not run the Yellow and White tanks at 100% efficiency, we plan to include management education.

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MonthLower Spring (L)

Upper Spring (L)

2009 Rainwater (L)

2012 Rainwater (L)

Total Supply (L)

Demand (L)

Stored Surplus (L)

% Demand Met

Demand met (L)

Demand not met (L)

January 53,568 10,714 38,012 36,436 138,729 20,624 29,440 100% 20,624 0February 53,568 10,714 36,856 29,319 130,457 17,644 29,440 100% 17,644 0March 46,426 8,035 26,479 26,750 107,690 35,340 29,440 100% 35,340 0April 39,283 4,018 9,149 3,992 56,442 34,200 29,440 100% 34,200 0May 32,141 4,018 843 124 37,126 35,340 29,440 100% 35,340 0June 24,998 2,678 0 0 27,677 34,200 22,917 100% 34,200 0July 21,427 670 0 0 22,097 35,340 9,674 100% 35,340 0August 17,856 134 0 0 17,990 35,340 0 78% 27,664 7,676September 17,856 134 1,291 474 19,755 34,200 0 58% 19,755 14,445October 17,856 134 5,693 8,917 32,600 35,340 0 92% 32,600 2,740November 24,998 2,678 19,131 14,152 60,960 34,200 26,760 100% 34,200 0December 35,712 9,374 42,758 20,059 107,903 35,340 29,440 100% 35,340 0

2012 System: Water supply by source of and determination of % demand met including the catchment of the professors dormitory and the additional storage provided by the septic tank.

Storage Volume (L)lower storage 5658yellow 3406white 2640upper storage Not usable2009 Rainwater 5000Gray 1096septic 11640Total 29440

Total Storage with the Septic Tank

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Appendix C: Design Calculations

C.1: Determination of pipe schedule needed and possibility of pipeline failure.

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C.2 First Flush Diverter Sizing

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C.3 Hydraulic pipeline calculations

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Appendix D: Design Drawings

Figure D.1: Plan view of CECTFIA, blue lines are existing connections, red lines are proposed connections. Scale 1:805 feet

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Figure D.2: Close plan view of 2012 system.

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Scale 1:494 feet

Figure D.3: Profile view 2012 rainwater harvesting to septic tank

Figure D.4: Profile view 2012 lower spring tank to yellow tank

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Figure D.5: Profile view 2012 yellow tank to septic tank

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Figure D.6: 2012 first flush diverterPage 57 of 78


Figure D.7: 2012 first flush diverter wooden support and anchoring

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Figure D.8: 2012 first flush diverter wooden support and PVC pipe connection

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Figure D.9: 2012 front gutters. Dimensions in feet unless otherwise specified. The slope is in a very low range, and can not be discerned in drawing.

Figure D.10: 2012 cut away gutters

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Figure D.11: 2012 rainwater harvesting to pipeline connection (PVC to PE)Page 62 of 78


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Figure D.12: 2012 septic tank side view

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Figure D.13: 2012 septic tank effluent valve

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Figure D.14: 2012 septic tank overflow

Figure D.15: Drawing of the entrance for pipes to the septic tank.

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Figure D.16: Drawing of the entrance for pipes to the septic tank (Option, if wall fitting is unavailable)

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Figure D.17: 2009 first flush modification front side viewPage 68 of 78


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Figure D.18: 2009 first flush modification front view

Appendix E: 2009 Maintenance Checklist2009 Rainwater Harvesting System Maintenance Overview

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Seasonal TasksBefore the Rainy Season During the Rainy Season After the Rainy Season / Full

TankClean the tank. Drain the first flush downpipe

after every rain.Make sure tank is secured.

Clean the roof. Check and clean the roof. Make sure no animals, mosquitoes, or light can enter the tank.

Clean the gutters. Check and clean the gutters.Clean the downpipe. Check and clean the downpipe.

System ComponentsFirst Flush System/Downpipe Roof Gutters

(once a month) (once a month) (once a month)Release any un-drained water from the downpipe.

Sweep away dirt, debris, or other material.

Check for rust, leaks, and areas where water can puddle or pool.

Remove leaves, dirt, and other debris from the pipe and drainage hole.

Clean the roof. Check for loose or shaky gutters.

Clean the ball and cap. Examine roof for weak spots, rust, leaks, or “problem areas.”

Make sure gutter screens have no holes, rips, tears, or blockages.

Replace cap. Trim branches of nearby trees that hang directly over the roof.

Sweep away dirt, debris, leaves, or anything clogging the gutters.

After every rainfall: Remove cap and release any remaining water from downpipe. Remove leaves, dirt, and debris from bottom of pipe. Replace cap, and allow for water draining.

System ComponentsTankRoof

GuttersFirst Flush System/Downpipe

Water Quality IssuesIf “yes” to any of the following questions, please refer to the “Troubleshooting” portion of the manual. “Yes” answers indicate that something is not working correctly and must be fixed.

Are there algae, plants, or anything living in the water?

Does the water look cloudy, muddy, or foamy?

Is the water a different color, such as greenish, yellowish, or brownish?

Are there small particles like dirt, pebbles, dead plant materials, or other sediment in the water?

Do oils or other liquids appear in the water?

Is there trash in or around the water tank? Is trash burned nearby?

Does the water have a strong odor? Does it smell strongly chemical, or like rotten eggs or something decaying?

Is the pH measurement unusually high or low?

Have there been complaints about the taste of the water? Have people suffered frequent diarrhea, vomiting, or nausea?


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System ComponentsPipes Tank

(once a month) (once a year, end of dry season)Check for leaks in any of the joints Clean and disinfect the tank.If pipes are leaking replace pvc Check tank cover for cracks or leaks. Use the replacement method shown in the workshop with the pvc cement.

Make sure tank is secured from animals, the environment, and people.


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How to Disinfect the Tank with Bleach

Tank should be almost empty BEFORE disinfecting.

1. Drain all water from the tank.2. Close the tap.3. Rinse dirt from the inside of

the tank with water.4. Wash the inside surfaces of

the tank.5. Open the tap to drain the dirty

wash water from the tank.6. Make a disinfecting bleach

solution of 5 milliliters of bleach per liter of water added. Mix well. Make enough solution to completely cover

7. Let the solution sit inside the covered tank 3-5 hours.

8. Drain tank completely.9. Rinse inside of tank with clean

water until the smell of bleach is gone.

Rainwater Harvesting System Diagrams

Figure 1: Front view of tank and first flush system

Figure 2: Side view of tank, first flush system, and sand box in relation to building

Not Sure What to Do?Contact Luc Mattheij, CECTFIA, or the local Save the Children representative for help.


Rainwater Catchment System Maintenance Checklist

Check off each box as task is completed. Record all notes and observations below. Print name clearly and write the date.

First Flush System / Downpipe Release water from the downpipe. Remove leaves, dirt, and other debris. Clean the ball and cap. Replace the cap. After every rainfall, drain water from pipe and remove leaves, dirt, and debris.

Roof Sweep away dirt, debris, or other material. Clean the roof.

Examine roof for weak spots, rust, leaks, or “problem areas.”

Pipes Check for leaks or weak spots due to sun or damage

Gutters Check for rust, leaks, and areas where water can puddle or pool. Check for loose or shaky gutters.

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Notes and Observations

____Yes ___No Algae, plants, or other things are living in the water. ____Yes ___No The water smells bad.

____Yes ___ No The water looks cloudy, muddy, or foamy. ____Yes ___No The water is an unusual color.

____Yes ___No Small particles are floating in the water. ___Yes ___No People say that the water tastes bad.

____Yes ___No It looks like oil or another liquid is in the water. ____Yes ___No The pH is too high or too low.

___Yes ___No People have been having frequent diarrhea, vomiting, or nausea

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Make sure gutter screens have no holes, rips, tears, or blockages. Sweep away dirt, debris, leaves, or anything clogging the gutters.

Tank Clean and disinfect tank.

Check tank cover for leaks or cracks. Make sure tank is secured.

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Maintenance completed by:Name:Date:

Rainwater Catchment System Maintenance LogRecord all maintenance work on this sheet. Write your name, date task completed, check tasks done as necessary, and include brief notes and

observations.

Name Date F G R T P NotesRicardo Mejia 28/4/11 √ √ √ √ √ May need to replace pipe joint soon. Water quality good.

Maintenance Log Reviewed by__________________________ on ________________________. (name) (date)

T Tank* F First Flush* R Roof *G Gutter*P Pipes

Sources Used:1. Seasonal Tasks

a. Source: de Haas, Sander, and Borst, Lucas, in cooperation with the Rundugai Catholic Mission.(Nov 2008) “Rainwater Harvesting Maintenance Manual.” Water Supply of Rundugai, Tanzania. SamSam Water. http://www.samsamwater.com/projects/41/data/Rainwater_harvesting_maintenance_manual_-_english.pdf

2. System Componentsa. Source: Schweickart, Marielle, and Murphy, Maggie. (2009). “Maintaining Your Rainwater Harvesting System.” Rice

University Lesotho Sustainability Assessment, 2009. Research, The Lesotho Sustainability Project. Rice University’s James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. http://bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/research/poverty-energy/Lesotho.html.

3. Water Quality Issuesa. The Clean Water Team Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and Assessment. (2010). “Visual

Assessment Fact Sheet: Sensory Observations of Water Quality and Aquatic Habitat.” State Water Resources Control Board. State of California. http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt/guidance/4210.pdf

4. Diagramsa. Robinson, Akeem; Love, Chris; Touma, Danielle; Chan, Natalie; and Robertson, Tamara. (3/11/2010). “Document 526

Post Implementation Report: Bolivia-Asanquiri-Water Supply.” North Carolina State University Chapter. Engineers Without Borders.

Appendix F: Workshop Lesson PlanIntroductions, go over plan details.1) Gutters

http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt/guidance/4210.pdf

http://bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/research/poverty-energy/Lesotho.html

http://bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/research/poverty-energy/Lesotho.html

http://www.samsamwater.com/projects/41/data/Rainwater_harvesting_maintenance_manual_-_english.pdf

2) First FlushThe first flush is a simple way to improve the quality of the water. It is a simple pipe, connected to the piping before the water

gets to the tank. When the rain comes, it washes debris off of the room and into the gutters. Some of it tries to make it into the tank. The first water to go towards the tank will be full of this dirt and will fall into the “first flush pipe”. Once this pipe is full the rest of the water will bypass it and go straight into the tank. This prevents a lot of contamination of the water, and improves it’s over all quality. After each rain this pipe should be emptied so that it can be used again the next time.

3) The PipesThe PVC pipes that are being installed are to carry the water from one place to another. UV rays from the sun can damage

PVC, so a coat of light-colored, water-based paint should be put on them as a protective measure. Maintain the fenced area and ensure that large animals and machinery do not enter, to protect pipeline.

4) The LiningA polyethylene lining will be placed inside the tank as a step to improve the quality of the water even more. This lining will

need to be cleaned twice a year. How to do that will be explained later.

5) The Drainage Area of the TankWhere the tap for the water is on the tank, beneath it there is an area that has been carved out in order to catch any remaining

debris. This area collects debris as the water is pulled toward the tap, the debris sinks down and is trapped in this carved out area. In order for this to be efficient it will need to be cleaned out. How often does this need to happen? – how is this going to happen if there is water in the tank, without releasing the water in the tank?

6) The TapThe tap is controlled by a valve.

“Zoom In”Cleaning and maintaining the tank.

1) open the lid of the tank and leave it open for ventilation purposes2) drain the tank3) using a ladder, climb into the tank (no shoes, be clean, wear gloves)

4) sweep the sediment into the drainage area... leaving about 150mm of water in the tank

5) clean/flush the tank with water (DO NOT USE CHEMICALS OR SOAP). If using a hose, use low pressure, DO NOT use a brush with stiff bristles. If a brush is used it should be a soft one. (reasons)

6) before refilling, be sure to empty the drainage area.7) refill the tank

*** If a whole or a crack is found in the lining it should be patched. There are patching kits available.Maintaining the PVC

- Any PVC that is found broken or with cracks should be replaced. This will be gone over in more detail while inputting the initial pipes.

o Show how to replace pipes.o All pipes should have one coat of light-colored water-based paint to protect it from the sun.

Maintaining Valves = replacing

The students in the workshop should be able to “teach” the instructors in the workshop how to do these tasks when it is finished.

Documents

EWB PROJECT: · Web viewcement 36 $36 Gutters 21 $21 4" PVC-40 161 $161 6" PVC-40 70 $70 4"-6" coupling 24 woven mesh 76 4" elbow 38 4" Wye joint 12 2" PE pipe 50 5mm PE lining 143