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Exam 1 is next week Wed. March 2rd. Practice questions will be posted on the webpage this Friday Review session on Tuesday (3/1) evening - time/room TBA. Major groups within Eudicots. Monocots. Basal Eudicots. Caryophyllids. Rosids. Asterids. Eudicots. Next: Caryophyllidae. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Exam 1 is next weekWed. March 2rd
Practice questions will be posted on the webpage this Friday
Review session on Tuesday (3/1) evening- time/room TBA
Major groups within Eudicots
Monocots BasalEudicots
Caryophyllids Rosids Asterids
Eudicots
Next: Caryophyllidae
Caryophyllaceae
Opuntia
Lewisia
Polygonaceae Chenopodium
More floral terms
connate/fusedsyncarpous
free and distinctapocarpous
Gynoecium fusion examples
Fusion of the gynoecium
monocarpousapocarpoussyncarpous (fused carpels)
1 carpel multipleunfused carpels
increasingly fused carpels -->each with 3 locules (chambers)
Placentation (arrangement of ovules within ovary)
lateral axile parietal free central
basal
apical
loculeseptum
Subclass Caryophyllidae
Monocots BasalEudicots
Caryophyllids Rosids Asterids
Eudicots
Next: Caryophyllidae
Caryophyllaceae
Cactaceae
Lewisia
Polygonaceae Chenopodium
Key featuresIn Montana: 9th largest --> 14 genera, ~65 species
Life history: annual or perennial herbs, several weedy
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
SaponariaSilene acaulis
Leaves: opposite, simple & entire
nodes often swollen
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Arenaria
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Inflorescences: often solitary
Flowers: regular, usually bisexualsome Silene unisexual (dioecious)
Silene
Stellaria
Flower charactersSepals: 5, often connate
Petals: 5, unfused
Stamens: 5 or 10; usually free & distinct
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Agrostemma
blade
Distinctive “clawed” petals in some genera
claw
Notched or “pinked” petalsone petal
Carpels: 2-5; connate or fused => 1 ovary
superior ovary w/ free central placentation
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Fruit type: capsule = dry, dehiscent fruit from a gynoecium w/ >2 carpels
Calyx sometimes inflated
Silene (or Lychnis)
Flowers may be unisexual
Key featuresIn Montana: 7 genera, 16 species
Habit: herbs; sometimes fleshy/succulent
often w/corms, rhizomes or taproots
Leaves: basal, alternate or opposite; usually simple
“Portulacaceae” - Purslane family
Claytonia Portulaca
Lewisia rediviva- Bitterroot - leaves basal, thickened- round in cross-section
- large taproot
- flowers solitary from base- flowers bisexual, regular
- The root was an important food resource for native peoples
Lewisia rediviva - Bitterroot Sepals: 2 - 10, subtended by bracts
Petals: many, unfused, straplike
Stamens: many, unfused
Gynoecium: ovary superior
1 fused pistil w/ multiple styles
Lewisia rediviva- Bitterroot Fruit type: a capsule
Worldwide: widespread in temperate/tropical New World
In Montana: 2-3 genera, <10 species
Habit: spiny succulents of deserts, dry places; epiphytes
Cactaceae - Cactus family
Stems: modified for photosynthesis and H2O storage
Leaves: usually lacking (or modified into bristles)
**Use Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve H2O --> only open stomates to fix CO2 at night
Cactaceae - Cactus family
areolae
clusters of bristles and spines
Inflorescences: often solitary
Flowers: usually regular
bisexualsunken into modified stem
Cactaceae - Cactus family
Flower charactersSepals: ; distinct
Petals: ; distinct
Stamens: ; distinct
Agrostemma
Cactaceae - Cactus family
spiralled
Flower characters
Carpels: 3 - ; fused
stigma often lobed
Agrostemma
Cactaceae - Cactus family
Hypanthium
(floral cup)
Inferior ovary Agrostemma
Cactaceae - Cactus family
CactaceaeFruit type: berry
Opuntia - Prickly Pear Cactus - flowers radially symmetric, large & usually yellow
- stems usually flattened
- native species low-growing
O. fragilis
Opuntia - Prickly Pear Cactus
Amaranthaceae - Amaranth family(includes Chenopodiaceae)
Key featuresIn Montana: 17 genera, <50 species (most in Chenopodium)
Habit: mostly herbs, some shrubs
Often in disturbed areas, poor soils (e.g. Atriplex)
Atriplex (Saltbush) Chenopodiumsalt glands
Amaranthaceae - Amaranth familylots of crops
spinach
beets
amaranth
amaranth seeds
Habit: herbs, very branchy
Stems: ridged, angular
Leaves: alternate, simple
Agrostemma
Chenopodium - Goosefoot, Lamb’s Quarters
leaf shape variableoften w/white undersides
C. album
Flowers
Mostly bisexual; radial; reducedArranged in dense, “mealy” spikesSepals: 5Petals: 0 or 5Stamens: 2-5Pistil: 1 superior ovary, 2-3 styles
Agrostemma
Chenopodium - Goosefoot
Kochia scoparia (burning bush or summer-cypress)
PolygonalesNepenthaceae -
tropical pitcher plantsDroseraceae -
sundews and venus flytraps
Drosera - 2 species in Montana
Carnivorous plants -- get nutrients from trapped insects as well as soil
Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family
In Montana: 12th largest -- 5 genera, ~55 species
Habit: mostly herbs, some shrubs
Leaves: simple; alternate or basal
Eriogonum Rumex
Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family
Sheathing stipule (ocrea)
Rumex
Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family
Inflorescences: variable
Flowers: regular, often bisexual
Tepals: 3 - 6 (look like sepals)
Stamens: 3 - 9
Gynoecium:1 pistil, 1-3 stylessuperior ovary
Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family Fruit type: achene- usually triangular Rumex
Polygonum - Knotweeds
~20 species in Montanaseveral non-native/invasive
- tiny flowers - sheathing stipules at nodes
Eriogonum - Buckwheats E. flavum
~20 species in Montana>50 species in Rockies!
Habit: perennial herbs - often mat-like or creeping - taproot/woody root crown
Leaves: basal, simple, entire- often hairy/fuzzy- no ocreas
Eriogonum - Buckwheats Inflorescence:compound umbel w/involucres(bracty cup at base)
umbel compound umbel
involucre = cup of bracts at base of inflorescence
Eriogonum
Flowers:regular, bisexual
Tepals: 6, connate or distinct
Stamens: 9
Gynoecium:1 pistil, 3 styles
Color: very variable, even within species (white, pink, yellow)
Fruit: 3-angled achene
Exam 1 – next Wednesday
primarily short-answer questionsdefine/use terminology and concepts
-- don’t forget the systematics/taxonomy lecture material!
identify parts/terms in drawings
-- life histories/habits, roots, leaves & stems, flowers, fruits
identify families/genera from descriptions
-- Plants-to-know list up to & including today’s plants
distinguish families/genera using key features
recognize families/genera from line drawings
GENUS ECOLOGY/LIFE HISTORY LEAV ES CONES/SEEDS OTHER NOTES
TAXACEAE
Taxus understory trees/large shrubscoastal disjunct species (wet)dioecious
flat, dark green needlesappear 2-ranked
no coneseed surroundedby fleshy red aril
source of taxolred, peeling bark
CUPRESSACEAE
Thuja large forest treescoastal disjunct species (wet)monoecious
tiny flattened scale-likeleaves infan-shaped sprays
small (1”) conescones point up
timber tree (W.Red Cedar)
Juniperus understory/alpine shrubs orsmall trees of open rangedioecious
1 sp. scalelike1 sp. more needlelikefoliage often silvery
small, berrylikecones (bird-dispersed)
PINACEAE
(all monoecious)Pinus
(>5 species)trees, often largesome subalpine speciesothers in dry montane
needles in fascicles (2-5long needles in bundle)P. ponderosa = 3 (or 2)P. contorta = 2 (short)P. albicaulis = 5P. monticola = 5P. flexilis = 5
female coneslarge and woody
seeds an importantfood source forwildlife
Larix trees, often large1 alpine sp., one montanedeciduous
needles short (< 2”),triangular,in clusters of >15
cones small(<1.5”) w/conspicuous 3-pointed bracts
Tsuga trees, often large1 sp. coastal disjunct (wet)
short flattish needles(different lengths)
cones small (1”)roundish
Pseudotsuga large forest trees, very broadgeographic and climate range
flat needles (in bottlebrush usually)
cones skinny w/conspicuous 3-pointed bracts
buds red/brown,bark furrowed onolder trees
Abies treessubalpine sp. (A. lasiocarpa)often stunted or spire-like
flat needles w/ blunt endwhite stripes on back ofneedles
cylindrical conespoint upcone-scales drop(no whole coneson groud)
buds and conesoften covered inwaxy resin
Picea large trees short, sharp needlesdiamond-shaped in crosssection
cones hang downcone scalesflexible
bark grey, flatscales