EXAM 2 REVIEW SESSION

Psych 101B: Professor Osterhout

Subjects Covered

Sensation & Perception (Ch. 6 p. 216-243)

Consciousness (Ch. 3 p. 86-109)

Learning (Ch. 7 p. 266-288)

Language (Ch. 9 p. 349-359)

Sensation & Perception

Sensation: Passive process by which stimuli are received by the sensory systems

Perception: the active process by which the brain interprets the sensory information

How many senses? 8!

vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, temperature, pain, balance

Sensation & Perception

Types of receptor cells Photoreceptor – sensitive to photons

Vision Chemoreceptor – sensitive to molecules

Smell Taste

Mechanoreceptor – sensitive to pressure Touch Hearing Balance

Thermoreceptors – sensitive to heat Temperature

Nocireceptors – sensitive to painful stimuli Pain (fast & slow)

Sensation & Perception

Sensory Receptors

Transduction: sensations

neural impulses

Interpretation

Conscious Perception

Vision

Fovea: Center of visual field

Pupil: hole in middle of iris

Neurons in Retina:

Cones Day vision Sensitive to

wavelength, color

Rods Night vision Sensitive to

amplitude, brightness

Detecting motion

Perception

Requires experience in the world Depth Perception

Binocular cues Retinal disparity – eyes are set apart Convergence – inward turn when viewing a near object

Perceptual organization Figure-ground discrimination Grouping

• Close objects/similar objects together Closure

• Filling in gaps Context!

Sleep

Sleep deprivation in rats: died after ~4 weeksDinges: Huge sleep reduction study

Subjects sleep 4, 6, 8 hours per night Given psychomotor and working memory tasks Results: Sleep Deprivation is bad!

After 2 weeks, compared to being legally drunk

Circadian Rhythms ~24 hours(ish) independent of day/night cues Artificial light disrupts rhythms Recent discovery: Depend on photoreceptors in small

% of ganglion cells in retina

Sleep

EEG: Measures brain’s electrical activityStates of sleep:

Sleep

REM EEG looks like awake, increase in heart rate,

respiration Rapid eye movements Paralysis of volunary muscles Dreams

Sleep

Sleep Disorders to Review Insomnia

Chronic inability to get sufficient sleep Narcolepsy

Irresistible sleep attacks during the day Sleep apnea

Cessation of breathing while sleeping SIDS

Infant ceases breathing and dies in night- cause unknown Sleep walking/talking etc

Stages 3 and 4 Night terrors

Stage 4 sleep REM-Behavior Disorder

No paralysis

Dreams

Freud’s Theory of dreams Remember theory of personality: Id, Ego and

SuperegoHobson’s Theory of dreams

Brain activates itself via the: “Reticular Activating System”

Learning

Classical Conditioning: a neutral stimulus, through association, takes on some of the psychological properties of a second stimulus UCS, UCR CS, CR

Food (UCS)Slobber (UCR) Bell (CS) & food (UCS) Slobber (UCR) Eventually bell (CS) Slobber (CR)

Acquisition Extinction Generalization Discrimination

Learning

Operant Conditioning: learning occurs as a result of the consequences of behavior

Reinforcement: any consequence that makes prior behavior more likely to occur Positive and negative Schedules

Continuous Partial (pg. 278-79)

Interval, ratio

Punishment: any consequence that makes prior behavior less likely to occur

Learning

Long Term Potentiation: a long lasting enhancement in signal transmission

between two neurons Improves the postsynaptic cells sensitivity to signals

received from the presynaptic cell

Language

Human Language: 1. Compositional

A. Phonemes- units of sound (English- 45) Ex. K ae t = cat

B. words- units of meaning C. sentences- units of structure

2. 3 level system Sounds (phonemes, words) sentences meaning Syntax: rules that govern how words can be combined to

form sentences 3. infinite # of possible sentences

Results from RECURSIVE nature of syntactic rules

Language

Language Acquisition and stages of development Babbling (5-12 mths)

Non-syllabic babbling (5-7 mths)- baby begins to play with sounds “clicks, hums, smacks”

Syllabic babbling (7-8 mths)- baby begins to produce real syllables “deedeedee” “babababa”

Gibberish babbling (8-12 mths)- baby mixes syllables, really cute ‘speech’ results “da-dee”

One-word utterance stage (12-18 mths) Initially, the child learns about 50 important words

Food: juice, cookie Body parts: eye nose Toys: doll, block People: mama, dada, baby Action words: up, down, eat, go Modifiers: hot, allgone, more, dirty Social interaction: hi, bye-bye, yes, no