Exam 2009 Final-1 Organisms

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Final Examination

Semester 2, 2009

102287 BIOLOGY 1: Organisms

BIOLOGY 1202

Official Reading Time:Writing Time:Total Duration:

10 mins180 mins190 mins

Part Suggested Time Allowed

A 45 mins

B 45 mins

C 45 mins

D 45 mins

Instructions

Write your name, Student ID, row and letter number and date in the top righthand corner of this page.

Write only in the spaces provided.

Use labelled diagrams if appropriate

Examination materials must not be removed from the examination room.

Materials

Question Paper Answer Book

Calculators ARE NOT permitted

DO NOT COMMENCE WRITING UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO

For marking use only

Section Marker Mark

A

B

C

D

Total /180

Student ID:_____________________

Family Name:___________________

Other Name:____________________

Desk & Row ____________________

Date:__________________________

Exam Mark:_____________________


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Section A (Allow 45 Minutes)

Answer three (3) of the following four (4) questions (1 - 4).

1. Retama raetamis a plant in the pea family (Fabaceae) that grows in the extreme

desert of the Middle East. It flowers in early winter and then the very smallleaves fall off. Photosynthesis occurs in its green stems during most of the year.Assuming that ancestors of this plant had larger and longer-lived leaves, suggesthow this plant could have evolved to survive in the dry desert environment.

(5 minutes)

2. Describe three characteristics that are found in both mitochondria and bacteria.What do these shared characteristics indicate about the evolutionary origin ofmitochondria?

(5 minutes)

Answeronlythree(3)questionsfromnumbers

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3. An experiment was conducted with cotton plants that were grown in soils that hadvarying levels of the inorganic nutrient phosphorous. Half of the plants weregrown in the presence of mycorrhizal fungi and the other half were not. The sizeof the plants was affected by both phosphorous and mycorrhizae as shown in thegraph below. Explain the mechanisms that would have caused the differences in

plant sizes that were observed in these experimental results.(5 minutes)

4. The malaria parasites, Plasmodium species, are said to have complex lifecycles. What does this term mean? Describe two of the adaptations ofPlasmodiumspecies that facilitate their parasitic nature.

(5 minutes)A

nsweronlythree(3)questions

fromnumbers

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Plant size

(Grams dry weight per plant)

50

40

30

20

10

0

80400Extractable phosphorous in soil

(mg PB/kg)

Mycorrhizae

present

Mycorrhizae

absent


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Answer three (3) of the following four (4) questions (5 - 8).

5. Male long-tailed widow birds have tails that are 2-3 times as long as their bodies,while females have short tails. Males establish and defend territories at the startof the mating season. Each fertile female settles and nests in only one male

territory. The numbers of nests in a males territory are an indication of hismating success. Andersson (1982 Nature 299: 818) measured male matingsuccess in a population and found no significant differences in mating success.Males had an average of 1.5 nests in their territories. Next, he split the birds intofour experimental groups:

i) Tail feathers shortened but cutting the ends off

ii) Tail feathers cut and replaced length unchanged

iii) Tail feathers untouched; birds handled only

iv) Tail feathers lengthened by gluing on the parts removed from group i)

The results of Andersons experiment are shown here.

Give a plausible explanation for why these sexual behaviours and traits of malesand females might have evolved. (10 minutes)

0 2 4 6 8

Shortened

Bird handled only

Cut and replaced

Lengthened

Mean number of nests in each male territoryTr

eatmentofmaletail

feathers

Chart Title

Answeronlythree(3)questionsfromnumbers

5-8


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6. Briefly define each of the following terms: (10 minutes)

a. A shared ancestral trait

b. A shared derived trait

c. A uniquely derived trait

d. A monophyletic group

e. A paraphyletic group

The evolutionary tree below shows five species of whales at the branch ends.Point out on this diagram of an evolutionary tree (f) a monophyletic group and (g)a paraphyletic group (circle the names and label each group). Clearly show howyou would map each of the three types of traits: (h) shared ancestral trait, (i)shared derived trait and (j) uniquely derived trait.

Answeronlythree

(3)questionsfromnumbers

5-8

Minke whale

Humpback whale

Grey whale

Blue whale

Fin whale

Common ancestral whale


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7. The Kangaroo Island kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus, is a subspeciesof the Western grey kangaroo.

Give a plausible explanation for the evolution of differences between thesesubspecies. (10 minutes)

Answ

eronlythree(3)questionsfrom

numbers

5-8


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8. Biologists assert that turtles evolved from ancestral reptiles that lack shells.

What kinds of evidence would support this statement? Choose two types ofsupporting evidence and explain them in detail, giving real or hypotheticalexamples of the patterns you would expect to see in the evidence.

(10 minutes)

Answeronlythree(3)questionsfromn

umbers

5-8


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Section B (Allow 45 Minutes)

9. Where in the plant body would you find a lateral meristem? (1 minute)

10. The transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment required plants to adaptto a number of challenges. Name one (1) challenge and the likely adaptation tothis challenge. (3 minutes)

11. Define the term essential element. (3 minutes)

12. Define two (2) the following structures: (4 minutes)

a. Seed

b. Ovule

c. Pollen


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13. Answereither:

a. Why does a tree die when it is ring barked? (4 minutes)

-OR-

b. What is the function of endodermis in the root? (4 minutes)

14. On the diagram below indicate the following: (4 minutes)

a. vascular cambium,

b. a vessel element,

c. parenchyma cells, and

d. cortex.


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15. Answereither:

a. How can heat stress in plants be made worse by high humidity or still air?(5 minutes)-OR-

b. Describe one physiological or anatomical adaptation which can help a plantavoid heat stress. (5 minutes)

16. Answereither:

a. Describe double fertilization. (5 minutes)

-OR-

b. Describe how the phloem sap moves from source to sink. (5 minutes)


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17. Answereither:

a. Angiosperm fertilization does not require free water. Explain this statement.(6 minutes)

-OR-

b. What role does phytochrome play in the process of de-etiolation or greening.(6 minutes)


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18. Answereither:

a. There are 5 key features common to all plants. Name and describe two (2).(10 minutes)

-OR-

b. The first land plants were homosporous. More advanced plants areheterosporous. Describe the difference between a homosporous life cycle anda heterosporous life cycle. Use a simple diagram(s) if you wish.

(10 minutes)


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Section C (Allow 45 Minutes)

Answer each of the following four (4) questions (19-22).

19. Choose a species of animal. Name it and indicate why this is an animal and not a

plant. (5 minutes)

20. Provide a description of this animal (e.g., size and general exterior appearance).Is this animal an ectotherm or endotherm? Is this animal terrestrial, amphibiousor aquatic? What does this animal feed on? (10 minutes)


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21. List the various embryological features of this animal (5 minutes)

a. Is the animal radially or bilaterally symmetric?

b. Is the animal diploblastic or triploblastic?

c. Is the animal acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate?

d. Does the animal have protosome or deuterostome development?

e. Is the animal segmented?

f. Does the animal have no skeleton, a hydrostatic skeleton, an exoskeleton or

endoskeleton?

g. Does the animal have jointed appendages?

h. Does the animal have a nerve cord and notocord?


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22. Describe one(1) of the following systems of the chosen animal: (10 minutes)

digestive

respiratory

circulatory

nervous and sensory


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Answer one (1) of the following four (4) questions (23 - 26).

23. If the animal is terrestrial or amphibious, describe the adaptations that it has forterrestrial existence and note how these adaptations differ from animals that liveentirely in an aqueous environment. (15 minutes)


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24. If the animal is aquatic, describe the adaptations that it has for aquatic existenceand note how these adaptations differ from animals that live in a terrestrialenvironment. (15 minutes)

Answe

ronlyone(1)questionfromnu

mbers

23

26.


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25. If the animal is a vertebrate, describe the adaptations that it has and comparethem to the adaptations of an invertebrate for living in the same environment.

(15 minutes)

Ans

weronlyone(1)questionfrom

numbers

23

26.


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26. If the animal is an invertebrate, describe the adaptations that it has and comparethem to the adaptations shown by a vertebrate for living in the same environment.

(15 minutes)

Answeronlyone(1)questionfromn

umbers

23

26.


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Section D (45 minutes)

Answer all of the following three (3) questions

27.While predation can be in general defined as one organism feeding upon another

organism this can happen in many different ways. Choose two modalities ofpredation sensu latoand explain their similarities and differences. (10 minutes)


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28. Explain the main differences between primary and secondary succession. Howcan this knowledge be applied for the restoration of degraded ecosystems?

(10 minutes)


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29. Explain two (2) ways in which species with broadly overlapping niches cancoexist in a community without the stronger competitor excluding the weakercompetitor.

(10 minutes)


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Answerthree (3) of the following five (5) questions:

30. List and describe two factors that affect the efficiency of transfer of energybetween trophic levels. Indicate the mechanisms involved. (5 minutes)

31. What are the main effects of the fragmentation of ecosystems? (5 minutes)

Answeronlythree(3)qu

estionsfromnumbers

30-34

.


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32. List and describe two geographic factors that can affect the distribution of biomes,one acting at large (planetary) scale and one acting at small (regional) scale.Provide an example for each. (5 minutes)

33. What is the realised niche of a species? (5 minutes)

Answeronlythree(3)

questionsfromnumbers

30-3

4.


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34. Draw a graph showing the number of individuals as a function of time for twopopulations, one with a low value ofrand a high value ofK, and the other with ahigh value ofrand a low value ofK. Label the axes and lines. (5 minutes)

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Exam 2009 Final-1 Organisms