•Exam #3 W 12/5 at 7-8:30pm9am class in ETC 2.108andnoon class in ECJ 1.202•Review T 12/4 at 5pm in WRW 102•Homework #4 due now

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

How are we related, and where did we come from?

The earth is covered in H. sapiens, but it wasn’t always.

When did these migrations take place?

DNA is passed from generation to generation, and therefore can tell us about relationships between individuals.

Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

Human DNA is divided into 46 chromosomes(23 pairs)

X 23in humans X 23

in humans

X 23in humans

Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and dad.

Mom provides 50.000275%and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring.

… because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

Fig 1 and 4

As DNA is passed on mutations take place

Fig 4

Fig 4

By determining the average time between mutations, we can estimate the time of the last common ancestor.

Fig 4

The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years.ORA difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.

When did these migrations take place?

Multiregional hypothesis

“Out of Africa” hypothesis

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1

Relationships of different populations using mtDNA

~150,000ya

Multiregional hypothesis

“Out of Africa” hypothesis

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381

•93-95% of genetic variation within population.

•3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations.

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

There is no genetic definition of race.

Fig 3

Newer Data: Estimated time of divergence for several DNA regions

Fig 3

Newer Data: Estimated time of divergence for several DNA regions

Multiregional hypothesis: disproved by mtDNA data

“Out of Africa” hypothesis: disproved by other DNA data

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381

•93-95% of genetic variation within population.

•3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations.

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

Race has no genetic definition.

The nervous system allows us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.

Input to brain is filtered. What are you paying attention to?

Active seeking of infoversusSubconscious scanning for threats

Are we evolutionarily adapted to detect certain threats?

Emotion Drives Attention: Detecting the Snake in the GrassJournal of Experimental Psychology: General 2001, Vol. 130, No. 3, 466-478Arne Ohman, Anders Flykt, and Francisco Esteveshttp://sas.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=0&_ug=sid+B751259C%2D3010%2D40FD%2D856F%2D2A9AA70CE5D2%40sessionmgr6+FE52&_us=SLsrc+ext+30AB&_usmtl=ftv+True+137E&_uso=hd+False+db%5B0+%2Dpdh+33B8&bk=S&EBSCOContent=ZWJjY8bb43ePqLhrvNfxa6Gmr4GPp7iFpKq5gKiWxpjDpfKDo6%2BwfqevrbjQ3%2B151N7uvuMA&rn=&fn=&db=pdh&an=xge1303466&sm=&cf=1

Fig 1. Emotion Drives Attention: Detecting the Snake in the Grass (2001) J. of Ex. Psy., Vol. 130, No. 3, 466-478

Ability to detect snake or spider versus flower or mushroom

by grid position

Fig 1. Emotion Drives Attention: Detecting the Snake in the Grass (2001) J. of Ex. Psy., Vol. 130, No. 3, 466-478

Ability to detect snake or spider versus flower or mushroom

by grid position

Fig 2. Emotion Drives Attention: Detecting the Snake in the Grass (2001) J. of Ex. Psy., Vol. 130, No. 3, 466-478

Ability to detect snake or spider versus flower or mushroom is relatively quicker in a larger grid

The Role of Social Groups in the Persistence of Learned Fear (2005) SCIENCE 309 pg 785 Andreas Olsson, Jeffrey P. Ebert, Mahzarin R. Banaji, Elizabeth A. Phelpshttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5735/785

This perspective accompanies the article and has some useful background and further discussion:http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5735/711

Fig 1. The Role of Social Groups in the Persistence of Learned Fear (2005) SCIENCE 309 pg 785

Conditioned fear: snakes/spiders

Fig 1. The Role of Social Groups in the Persistence of Learned Fear (2005) SCIENCE 309 pg 785

Conditioned fear: race

Fig 1. The Role of Social Groups in the Persistence of Learned Fear (2005) SCIENCE 309 pg 785

Conditioned fear:

snakes/spiders race

Fig 2. The Role of Social Groups in the Persistence of Learned Fear (2005) SCIENCE 309 pg 785

Fear of other races:

Whites Blacks

Is Race Necessarily a Defining Characteristic?

Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization (December 18, 2001) PNAS vol. 98 no. 26 pg 15387–15392 Robert Kurzban, John Tooby, and Leda Cosmideshttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/26/15387

My birthday is in April.

My birthday is in June.

My birthday is in August.

My birthday is in January.

My birthday is in July.

My birthday is in October.

My birthday is in May.

My birthdayis in February.

Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization (December 18, 2001) PNAS vol. 98 no. 26 pg 15387–15392

Random Statements

I like orange. Hook em’. Acie Law is awesome.

Go Horns.Kevin Durant is awesome.

I like Maroon.

Gig em’.

Go Aggies.

Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization (December 18, 2001) PNAS vol. 98 no. 26 pg 15387–15392

Coalition Membership

I like orange. Hook em’. Acie Law is awesome.

Go Horns.Kevin Durant is awesome.

I like Maroon.

Gig em’.

Go Aggies.

When alternate coalition membership information is introduced, race is ignored.

Despite a lifetime's experience of race as a predictor of social alliance, less than 4 min of exposure to an alternate social world was enough to deflate the tendency to categorize by race. These results suggest that racism may be a volatile and eradicable construct that persists only so long as it is actively maintained through being linked to parallel systems of social alliance.

Multiregional hypothesis: disproved by mtDNA data

“Out of Africa” hypothesis: disproved by other DNA data

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381

•93-95% of genetic variation within population.

•3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations.

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

There is no genetic definition of race.

•Exam #3 W 12/5 at 7-8:30pm9am class in ETC 2.108andnoon class in ECJ 1.202•Review T 12/4 at 5pm in WRW 102•Homework #4 due now