.,. .PAPER 2 Writing Part 2

Part 3PAPER 3 Use of English Part 4PAPER 4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

Question 1: Two of the optionsare often used in a militarycontext; one option is often usedwhen taking about a school,college or course; one is notgenerally used to refer to aprocess. The correct optionmeans 'the process of findingnew people to work in abusiness or organisation'.

Question 2: Look at the wordsbefore and after the gap. Thegapped word is part of anexpression that means 'be verylikely to get something'.

Question 4: The options aresomewhat formal words andsome of them are not used oftenany more. The meaning of thecorrect word is 'in that way'.

Question 7: Which option is usedto refer to a single individual oritem that represents a group orclass?

Question 9: The options all havea similar meaning, but thecorrect one can be used todescribe something that is hardto catch or find. The otheroptions describe things orpeople that are hard to define,describe, see or touch.

Question 11: The options allhave a similar meaning, but onlyone collocates with 'on film'.

Question 12: Three of theoptions can be used to describea person who follows anotherperson or trespasses on privateproperty. Only one option can beused to refer to a huntinganimal.

For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D)best fits each gap.

Graphology is not a new science but it is being used increasingly by businesses toassist employers in the (1) process. Some companies have been usinggraphology consultants for years to analyse the handwriting samples of jobapplicants or even employees who are in (2) for promotion. They claim thathandwriting can reveal a great deal about a person's personality, and this is (3) ,not only in deciding whom to employ but also which people can work togetherwithout friction, (4) contributing to a positive atmosphere in the workplace. Bystudying a person's handwriting, graphologists claim they can reveal personality(5) more precisely than is possible through a standard interview. A furtheradvantage of handwriting analysis is that assessments are not affected by anypersonal (6) ,as the writer's race, religion and age remain unknown.

1 A employment B recruitment C enrolment D conscription2 A standby B track C review D line3 A expendable B dispensable C priceless D invaluable4 A henceforth B thereby C whereby D wherefore5 A qualities B attributes C traits D characters6 A biases B predispositions C partialities D suppositions

Scientists are excited by recent photographs of the world's largest invertebrate, thegiant squid. Although (7) have previously been found in the stomachs of spermwhales or (8) up on shores, this is the first time that a live animal has beenphotographed in its natural environment. A team of Japanese scientists managed tolocate the squid by tracking sperm whales, which are known to hunt these (9) .animals, in the North Pacific. They lowered cameras attached to a baited line to adepth of about 900 metres - so far below the surface that no light can (10) evenduring the day - and succeeded in attracting an eight-metre squid and (11) it onfilm. In fact, the squid appeared to be attacking the baited line.

For centuries this behemoth of the deep has been something of a mystery, withnothing at all known about its behaviour. Now it seems that the giant squid may bemore of a (12) than was previously thought.

7 A examples B samples C specimens D instances8 A washed B poured C drifted D waved9 A obscure B elusive C indefinite D intangible10 A probe B pierce C perforate D penetrate11 A seizing B arresting C capturing D captivating12 A marauder B prowler C predator D stalker

ti I IiQuestion 13:The correct optionis used to refer to a feeling thatsomething bad is going to occur.

Question 15:Only one of theoptions can be used to describehair that is thin and messy.Theother options can be used todescribe meat that is tough tochew, limbs that show strongmuscles or a rocky mountain!

Question 18: Only one of theoptions collocates with 'dust'.The other options can be used torefer to small patches or piecesof colour or paint, or microscopicinsects!

With a feeling of dark (13) I returned the mirror to the shop this morning.Nonetheless, I was barely surprised to find the old woman was expecting me.

'You managed to keep it longer than the others: she said, as I laid my parcel downin the space she had cleared amongst the junk that (14) the table.

'Thanks for the experience: I said, 'but I think I'd better get on with my own lifenow.'

The old crone smiled knowingly as she removed the string and newspaper andlifted the mirror up, presumably to check it for signs of damage. I had the chance tosee my face in it one last time: the same (15) blond hair with wisps of grey, mydull, tired eyes and the (16) in my brow that the events of last year had scarredme with.

As I turned to leave she put a (17) hand on my shoulder and said, 'You didwell, Caroline. Remember it is better to reflect, not regret.'

A chill ran through me as she flashed her toothless gums at me and opened thedoor. I turned and made my way out through the swirling (18) of dust into thebright sunlight of the street outside.

13 A intuition B foreboding C premonition D prescience14 A cluttered B disordered C jumbled D muddled15 A gristly B straggly C sinewy D craggy16 A furrows B grooves C tracks D troughs17 A distorted B gnarled C knotted D warped18 A flakes B flecks C motes D mites

PAPER2 writing

PAPER:3 Use of English

PAPER4 listening

PAPER5 Speaking

Question 19: It may appear thatall of the options are correct, butread the first two paragraphscarefully. You should be able toeliminate one option straightaway. Another option is true. initself, but it does not reallyanswer the question. A thirdoption may confuse you, but askyourself if the text actually saysthis.

You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way withchildhood. For questions 19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you thinkfits best according to the text.

The Importance of Play'I remember spending whole evenings playing outside with my friends,whatever the weather. Sure, there was some perfunctory attention paidto homework in the half hour or so of the day left before bedtime, but itwas generally just consolidation of what we'd studied in class.

Since then scientific stUdies have shown that play is more than just aleisure activity for children. Intelligence and aptitude tests havedemonstrated that not only is play fundamental to learning anddeveloping skills, it is also a means by which the brain can grow, facilitatingits own capacity to learn, create and think. That is why it saddens me toread that yet another piece of research indicates that our children don'tplay nearly enough.

Children's literacy scores are in decline, their verbal skills are atrocious andthey lack imagination and creativity. Is it any coincidence that so many alsosuffer from obesity and poor health and find it harder to make friends? Weurge them to spend longer at their homework, but the sad truth is that bynot playing, their capacity for learning is grievously curtailed, no matterhow rigorous their academic drive. With the current focus on schoolwork,children are missing out on a key part of their development - and a greatdeal of fun.

19 According to the text, play is important becauseA it consolidates what is learned in class.B it is a fun way of spending free time.C it ensures proper cerebral development.D it improves intellectual performance.

20 Children who study but don't playA are less able to assimilate what they are taught.B will only improve their aptitude at spelling.C suffer from a variety of eating disorders.D find it harder to develop socially.

Ii 5Question 21: Underline words inthe text that refer to the placethe children are exploring. Thetype of place may not be statedexplicitly, but there is enoughinformation in the text to enableyou to eliminate the incorrectoptions and choose the correctone!

The DareI was beginning to wish I'd never dared him to go inside. He must'vebeen gone about five minutes by my reckoning, but I'd got muddledcounting. There was nothing for it but to go in after him. I inchedcautiously towards the splintered black hole in front of me, half-squatting in the moon-cast shadows until I reached the doorstep. Withall the courage I could muster, I peered inside. My imagination was toobusy filling the shadows with ghouls and spectres to register the starkdecaying grandeur of the place. All I could hear was my own personalbogeyman chasing me - a thumping sound in my ears that only yearslater did I realise was actually my pulse.I opened my mouth to call Timmy's name, convinced now that they

had got him and whisked him off to wherever it was they spent thedaylight hours, but my mouth was so dry that nothing came out. As myeyes adjusted to the gloom, my eight-year-old mind was already inconflict with my body, my muscles battling against a primordial instinctto turn, run, go back the way I'd come.'Timmy!' I croaked. I waited, but it didn't look as if anyone was going

to favour me with an answer.

21 The children seem to be exploringA an enormous cave.B a tumbledown shack.C a derelict mansion.D a disused mineshaft.

22 The writer thought that TimmyA had been caught by the authorities.B had been abducted by ghosts.C had been devoured by wild animals.D was hiding in the darkness.

s e Ii ~ tipsQuestion 23: It may look as ifseveral of the options are correct,but do they complete thequestion stem correctly? Readthe text carefully for clues as towhy the writer was beginning tofeel frustrated.

A DAy AT PlAYGROUPI remember a day when I was confronted by a five-year-old who had

been having a difficult morning. I had asked the children to clearaway their painting things and a few were being delightfully articulate

about it in the exuberant way that children have, but a few had to betold several times nonetheless. One girl in particular seemed

determined not to hear me. I approached her and gently said, 'Sylvia,

could you put away your paints now please?' She stopped what shewas doing and screamed at me at the top of her voice: 'Go away!'

I was taken aback and the other children were shocked. Their eyeswide with alarm, they watched me, anticipating my reaction.However, ( realised that the child probably had to express herfeelings at that moment, as we all do from time to time. Bottling up

her anger would have caused more problems. She might have taken

it out on another child later on, or she might grow up feeling thatsociety was treating her unjustly. I took a deep breath and said: '(know how you feel! I've been wanting to say that to you lot all daytoo. Now, why don't we all go outside and play, and then we'll feelbetter.'

23 The writer was beginning to feel exasperated because some childrenA were being aggressive.B were ignoring her commands.C were making too much noise.D were taking too long to put away their things.

24 The writer decided not to punish Sylvia because sheA didn't want the child to dislike her.B felt intimidated by the child's attitude.C didn't want other children to see her being punished.D thought it would ultimately be detrimental to the child.

ere are twoto think about

~ 3 I. what does the-:3 ? Secondly, why- e text? The

--3 second question__ =~oose the correct

Evolution and childrenIfwe are asked to envisage an archetypal human being, the picturethat comes into our minds may be male 0): female. It may be black,white or yellow, but it will almost certainly be an adult. We take it forgranted that adulthood is the meaningful part of our existence, andeverything prior to it is merely preparation. The old adage quoted bySamuel Butler is often cited but has not yet been fully assimilated: 'Ahen is an egg's way of making another egg.' It is very difficult for anyof us to think of ourselves as a baby's way of making another baby.

So there is a tendency in discussions about human evolution tooverlook the fact that at every step of the journey there were not onlymales and females, but also babies, infants and children, and naturalselection would never have favoured one age group at too great acost to any of the others.

Regarding children as smaller, imperfect copies of ourselves, weexplain much of their behaviour in the way we explain the rough-and-tumble play of cubs and kittens, calling it 'preparation for adult life' or'developing the skills that they will later need.' That is strange,because it is one of the inviolable tenets of evolutionary theory thatwhat an animal is or does is governed by events that have happened,not events that are going to happen. Only in describing the young is itacceptable to believe that a mammal's behaviour is governed by thefuture that awaits it, rather than the history that lies behind it.

25 The quotation by Samuel Butler is used to demonstrate thatA we do not appreciate the role childhood plays in our evolution.S other animals have similar developmental patterns to human beings.C we often give paradoxical examples to justify our points.D we consider childhood to be a necessary part of our lifecycle.

26 According to the writer, it is strange to assume that childhood is 'preparationfor adult life' becauseA the young of many animal species play in order to develop.S children are not mature enough to understand their needs.C an animal's behaviour is determined by its species' past.D the behaviour of some animals influences their evolution in the future.

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You are going to read an article about species loss. Seven paragraphs have beenremoved from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits eachgap (27-33). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.PAPER3 Use of English

PAPER4 listening

PAPER5 Speaking

Ringing the Alarm for -EarthPeter Raven is a botanist. He knows about photosynthesis,primary productivity and sustainable growth. He knowsthat all flesh is grass; that the richest humans and thehungriest alike depend ultimately on plants for food, fuel,clothing, medicines and shelter, and that all of these comefrom the kiss of the sun on warm moist soils, to quickengrowth and ripen grain.

[E]~ _The global population is about to soar from six billion tonine billion in less than a lifetime. Around 800 millionhumans are starving, and maybe two billion aremalnourished, while three billion survive on two dollars aday.

~------------By many, Raven means perhaps half to two thirds of allthe other species on the planet in the next 100 years.There could be ten million different kinds of fern, fungus,flowering plant, arthropod, amphibian, reptile, bird, fishand mammal on Earth. Nobody knows. People such asRaven, director of the Missouri Botanic Gardens in StLouis, are doing their best to count and preserve them.

[3!J~ _Some of these organisms are now being chased tooblivion by human population growth at levels thatecosystems cannot sustain.

~------------There are ways of confirming species loss, even if itcannot be established how many species there were in thefirst place. Look at the vertebrates and molluscs in fossilrecords, Raven says, just for the past sixty-five millionyears or so. 'You find that the average life of a species is

two to three million years and you get about one speciesper million becoming extinct per year in the fossil record.Those particular groups are a small sample, but they are areal sample,' he says.

Q!J_-----------That works out at hundreds of creatures per year over thepast four centuries, and even more when humans, rats andother invaders started colonising islands: 2,000 specieshave vanished from the Pacific basin alone since thePolynesians got there 1,200 years ago.

CEJ _There are various wild creatures that get along withhumans and follow them everywhere: cockroaches, fleas,ticks, rats, cats, pigs, cattle, scavenger birds, lusty weeds.These invade little islands of ancient biodiversity, takeover, and see the natives off the premises. And not justislands: one third of all endangered plants in thecontinental US are threatened because of alien invaders,Raven says. In Hawaii, it is 100 percent.

CEJ _Ecosystems are not static. They change, naturally. Theyburn, are grazed or browsed, they regenerate, flood andsilt up. But left to themselves, they go on providingservices that humans and other creatures value. Amangrove swamp provides a habitat for shrimps. It cannotbe improved by draining it for a tourist beach, or buildinga large city on it. Its natural value would be dissipated. 'Anecosystem itself undamaged is very, very resilient, and themore simplified it gets, the less resilient. Globally, whatwe are doing is simplifying them all, simultaneously,which is a very dangerous large-scale experiment,' Ravensays.

A Ecosystems, Raven says, can be whatever you like.Hedgerows in Hampshire are an ecosystem; so areweeds on a railway line at Hammersmith. Savannahs,grasslands, prairies, rainforests, dry forests, pineforests, uplands, heathlands, downlands, wetlands,mangrove swamps, estuaries, oxbow lakes and coralreefs are all ecosystems, and they survive ondiversity. The greater the variety of microbes, plantsand animals in an ecosystem, the more resilient it isand the better it works for all, including humans. So itwould not be a good idea to evict at least half ofthese creatures, especially if nothing is known aboutthem. But, Raven says, that is what is happening.

B 'Then you can start with the literature in about 1600,when people began to care enough about organismsto be able to document them well, and for the groupsthat they were documenting - birds, mammals,amphibians, reptiles, butterflies and plants - then youcan say, "What was the rate over the past 400 years?It's tens of times or hundreds of times the level it wasbefore." ,

C Global warming is not going to help, either. Whathappens to the unique assembly of plants in the Caperegion of Africa as the thermometer rises? Theycannot migrate south. There is no land south of theCape. So many will perish.

o As he keeps pointing out, the human species is livingas if it had more than one planet to occupy. Fortyyears ago, he and colleagues tried to calculate theeconomic cost of exporting humans to a star systemlikely to be orbited by habitable planets. They workedout that it would cost the entire gross economicproduct of the planet to ship just twelve people ayear to Proxima Centauri or beyond. His message forthe planet is, 'Think, look at the big picture, and thinkagain'.

estion 2S;,Look at the beginning of the paragraph after~ gap. There is a key word here which also occurs in the

_ ect optiC;n..

ion 29,tThe paragraph after the gap mentions",anisms'; ..'human population growth' and 'ecosystems'.-- h optiQ[lalso mentions these key words and could fit_7

[ But the human population is growing at the rate ofabout 10,000 an hour, and each human depends on ahectare or two of land and water for what economistsnow call 'ecosystem services' - the organisms thatultimately recycle waste and deliver new wealth toprovide oxygen, fresh food, clean water, fuel, newclothes, safe shelter and disposable income.

f Valuable agricultural land is being poisoned or parchedor covered in concrete, soils eroded, rivers emptiedand aquifers drained to feed the swelling numbers.Something has-got to give, and the first things to goare many of the plants and animals.

G So botanists such as Raven begin with the big pictureof sustainable growth and can calculate to the nearestplanet how much land and sea it would take tosustain the population of the world if everybody livedas comfortably as the Americans, British or French.The answer is three planets.

H There is another way of checking, Raven says,pioneered by, among others, sociobiologist andevolutionary psychologist Edward O. Wilson. There isa logarithmic relationship between the area of habitatand the species that inhabit it. Measure a patch offorest and count a sample of the species in it. Thencompare it with another patch of forest ten timessmaller. The smaller one will have only half thesample species count. This has been shown inthousands of individual observations, he says. Sodestroying forests piecemeal is a way of extinguishingcreatures.

Question 30: The sentence after the gap suggests that thecorrect option talks about species loss. The gappedparagraph may also be linked to the paragraph before it.

Question 31: Look at the first sent~ncein the paragraphafter the gap. It appears to be an answer to a question. Canyou find the question in one ofthe6ptions?

You are going to read an extract from a book. For questions 34-40, choose theanswer (A, B, C or OJwhich you think fits best according to the text.

PAPER2 Writing

PAPER3 Use of English

PAPER4 Listening

PAPER5 Speaking

Reviewers and students have educated me not only2 about how I write, but about why I write. Apparently,I wish to capture the immigrant experience, todemystify Chinese culture, to show the differencesbetween Chinese and American culture, to pave theway for other Asian-American writers - and I have awhole host of other equally noble motivations.

The truth is, I write for more self-serving reasons -that is, I write for myself. I write because I enjoystories and make-believe. I write because if! didn't, I'dprobably go crazy. Thus I write about questions thatdisturb me, images that mystify me, or memories thatcause me anguish and pain. I write about secrets, lies,and contradictions, because within them are manykinds of truth. In other words, I write stories about lifeas I have misunderstood it. To be sure, it's a Chinese-American life, but that's the only one I've had so far.

Contrary to what some students, professors,reporters, and fund-raising organizations assume, Iam not an expert on China, Chinese culture, mahjong,the psychology of mothers and daughters, generationgaps, immigration, illegal aliens, assimilation,acculturation, racial tension, Tiananmen Square, MostFavoured Nation trade agreements, human rights,Pacific Rim economics, the purported one millionmissing baby girls of China, the future of Hong Kongafter 1997, or, I am sorry to say, Chinese cooking.Certainly I have personal opinions on any of thesetopics, especially food, but by no means do mysentiments or my world of make-believe make me anexpert.And so I am alarmed when reviewers and educators

assume that my very personal, specific, and fictionalstories are meant to be representative, down to thesmallest detail, of not just Chinese-Americans butsometimes all Asian culture. Is Jane Smiley's AThousand Acres supposed to be representative of allAmerican culture? Do all American daughters servetheir tyrannical fathers the same breakfast everymorning? Do all sisters betray each other? Are allconscientious objectors flaky in love relationships?Why do readers and reviewers assume that a bookwith Chinese-American characters can encompass allthe demographics and personal histories of ChineseAmerica?

My editor at Putnam tells me that over the years ishe has received hundreds of permission requests frompublishers of college textbooks and multicultural

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anthologies, . wishing to reprint my work for Weducational purposes. One publisher wanted to include Iian excerpt from The Joy Luck Club, a scene in which a ii'woman invites her non-Chinese boyfriend to her ~.parents' house for dinner. The boyfriend brings a rbottle ofwine as a gift and commits a number of social gaffes at the dinner table. Students were supposed to ~.read this excerpt, then answer the following question: I!~'If you are invited to a Chinese family's house for!dinner, should you bring a bottle of wine?' My editor ~and I agreed to turn down that permission request. ,f;I hear that my books and essays are now on the i:"

required-reading lists for courses in ethnic studies, rAsian-American studies, Asian-American literature, I:Asian-American history, women's literature, feminist ~.studies, feminist writers of colour, and so forth. I am

Iiproud to be on these lists. What writer wouldn't want Hiher work to be read? But there's a small nagging rquestion that whispers into my ear once in a while: ~:'What about American literature?' I:

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I know I'm not supposed to complain, or at least not Iitoo loudly. After all, I am one of the lucky writers to be ii:read, in classrooms, by the mainstream, and in !iCliffNotes. I have had many readers tell me that they Iread my books because they feel the stories are about 1.universal emotions between mothers and daughters. If

But as my mother has often told me, I have an ;:attitude. I have an attitude not just about my books ~;but about literature in general. I have this attitude rthat American literature, if such a classification exists,should be more democratic than the colour of your rskin or whether rice or potatoes are served at your tfictional dinner table. And so I ask myself and ~~sometimes others: Who decides what is American ~fiction? Why is it that works of fiction by minority ~.writers are read mainly for the study of class, gender,and race? Why is it so hard to break out of this literary ~ghetto?

I,a.fltial tipsQuestion 34:What is the writer'stone here? If you compare thefirst sentence of the secondparagraph with the sentence inquestion, you should notice achange in tone and this shouldhelp you choose the correctoption.

Question 36:What point is thewriter making in this paragraphabout her own work? How doesmentioning another novelstrengthen her argument?

Question 37: To find the answerto this question, you have to readbetween the lines. What had thewriter intended to express in hernovel?What did the question onthe'excerpt from the novel show?

Question 39: Why does the writermention rice and potatoes in thelast paragraph? Canyou detect ahintof sarcasm here?

34 Why does the writer use the word 'Apparently' in line 2?A to emphasise that some readers misunderstand her reasons for writingB because she had not been aware of how her work was perceived by othersC to indicate that she has not given much thought to her true reasons for

writingD to show that she is not interested' in any of the subjects mentioned

subsequently

35 Why do some people assume that the writer is an expert on China?A because she writes about topical Chinese issuesB because she expresses h-er views about Chinese culture in her fictionC because she has strong feelings about anything to do with ChinaD because she often touches upon Chinese themes in her fiction

36 The writer mentions Jane Smiley's novel in the fourth paragraph becauseA it contains untenable generalisations about American life and culture.B although it is an American novel, the reader does not expect to draw

conclusions about American culture from it.C it deals with the same themes as the ones in her own novels and is

peopled by similar characters.D it deals with the difficult relationship between daughters and fathers.

37 Why did the writer and her editor refuse a request to publish an excerptfrom The Joy Luck Club?A because the excerpt would have given readers an inaccurate idea of

Chinese cultureB because the excerpt might have misled readers about correct Chinese

etiquetteC because one of the questions on the text showed that the point of the

scene had been misunderstoodD because one of the questions on the text would have been unfair to

students

38 The writer implies that her booksA are popular with ordinary readers.B are read mainly by academics.C are studied by mothers and daughters.D are largely unknown to the general public.

39 What is the writer's main point in the last paragraph?A She thinks academics classify American literature incorrectly.B She does not consider the way American literature is classified to be fair.C She thinks nobody is properly qualified to classify American literature.D She thinks socio-political issues in literature should not be the subjects of

study.

40 We can infer from the text that the writer isA an American citizen with Asian roots.B a Chinese citizen with an American background.C an Asian-American living in Hong Kong.D an illegal Chinese immigrant living in America.

PAPER 4 listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

Essential tips~ Here, you are required to writea proposal, so study theinformation you have beengiven and think about how itcan help you to writesomething about eachcandidate. What are their goodand bad points?

~ You will need to write anintroductory paragraph statingbriefly your purpose forwriting.

~ Write a paragraph about eachcandidate. You can use theirnames as headings. Don't sayat this point who you wouldrecommend for promotion, butdiscuss their skills, qualities,JYersonalities andshortcomings, taking care toemphasise the strengths of theperson you will eventuallyrecommend.

~ Write a conclusion which stateswho you think would be bestfor the job and give yourreasons. You might want alsoto say why you think the othercandidates are less suitable.

You must answer this question. Write your answer in 300-350 words in anappropriate style.

You are the department manager of a large international clothing franchise inwhich the position of sales manager has just opened. The board of directors hasasked you to submit a proposal based on your knowledge of three candidateswho work on your staff, explaining who you think would be the most suitableperson for the position. You have written the following notes about eachcandidate:

PAuLINE BROWN, age 365 years wi1:h coMpany.Puncfual, SMar1:, good wifh people.Gefs sfressed easily.

JAMES ROBERTS, age 4417 years wifh cOMpany.Mefhodical, pafienf, hard-working.A bi1: scruffy sOMefiMes.

ELAINE SUMMERS, age 272 years wifh coMpany.

AMbi1:ious, innovafive. Speaks 2 fl'foreign languages. A bi1: bossy. :"

~ !.. _ .I

PAPER 4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

Question 2Think about your target readersand what kind of register andstyle will be appropriate for yourarticle. It is a good idea to writeabout what you know, so askyourself if there are anyhistorical sites of interest in yourtown/village/city. What do youknow about them?Why are theysignificant and why may touristsbe interested in them? If youdon't know any real sites in theareawhere you live, write aboutother famous historical sites thatyou have visited, or invent some.Planyour article carefully anddecide what you will say in eachparagraph before you startwriting. Remember:you need aninteresting introduction that willmakeyour readerswant to findout more.

Question 3This is a different kind of letter tothe one in Test 1, Part 1. Here,asemi-formal register is probablymore appropriate than a formalone. Youwill need to usedescriptive language, as thecontents of your letter willconsist of first-hand personalexperiences. In some ways thiskind of letter is similar to anessay,although you will need towrite a suitable beginning andending.

Write an answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in300-350 words in an appropriate style.

2 A local museum has asked readers to submit articles to its monthly newsletter onthe most important historical sites in the area where you live, outlining theirsignificance and attraction for visitors.

3 A monthly general interest magazine has asked for contributions to a specialsupplement entitled A Fresh Start, based on readers' first-hand experience. Writea letter to the magazine, describing an important turning point in your life,explaining how it changed you and your lifestyle, career or relationships.

4 You have recently attended a well-known play performed by the drama club ofyour local college. Write a review of the play for your college magazine and sayhow successful you think the production was and how it compares with well-known professional productions.

PAPER 1 Reading

PAPER 2 Writing

... .PAPER 4 Listening Part 2

Part 3PAPER 5 Speaking Part 4

Part 5

Esseutial tipsQuestion 4: The gapped word ispart of a phrase that describeswhen something happened.Which word can be used with'back' to talk about a long timeago?

Question 9: The gapped wordforms part of an adverbialphrase with 'at', indicating aminimum number or amount.

Question 10;The word'consistent' is often followed bya preposition.

Question 13:The gapped word isa very common verb. Here it isused in an old-fashioned sensewith 'would' to mean 'want' or'wish for'.

Question 14: If you read the textcarefully, you will see that thesentence in which this gapoccurs must have a negativemeaning. The gapped word ispart of a somewhat unusualstructure, but one which addsemphasis to the point the writeris making.

For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits eachspace. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers in CAPITAL LETIERS on the separate answer sheet.

The Mysteries of Giza

Egyptologists tell us that the Sphinx and the pyramids at Giza (0) .

built approximately 4,500 years ago by an Egyptian pharaoh, but in recent years a

great (1) of evidence has surfaced to challenge this. A growing

(2) of independent researchers claim that these monuments may in

(3) have been built as (4) back as 12,500 years ago!

According to (5) the Giza pyramids precisely line

(6) with the position of certain stars in the year 10,450 Be. It isinteresting to note that on that date the leonine Sphinx (7) have

faced the exact location on the horizon where the constellation of Leo rose

(8) dawn on the Spring equinox. Equally interesting is the claim

made by at (9) one geologist that weathering patterns on the body

of the Sphinx are consistent (10) those left by precipitation over a

substantial period of time, yet Egypt (11) saw heavy rainfall over

7,000 years ago.

Could it be that both the pyramids and the Sphinx were built by a highly civilised race

thousands of years (12) the Age of the Pharaohs, at a time when

historians would (13) us believe humans had

(14) the know-how to construct such amazing structures? If

evidence (15) surface that can support such claims, the history

books will undoubtedly have to be rewritten.

PAPER1 Reading

PAPER2 Writing

PAPER4 Listening

PAPER5 SpeakingPart 3Part 4Part 5

Question 16:The word beforethe gap is an adjective and it isapparent that the gapped word isa noun. You should be familiarwith the most common ways offorming nouns from verbs, butbe c.arefulhere - an internalchange to the word in capitals isalso needed.

Question 17: 'Vary' means'change' or 'differ'. From thecontext it seems clear that thegapped word must be an adverbthat describes the way in whichgirls are expected to show theirfeelings. Also, a negative form ofthe adverb is needed in order forthe sentence to make sense.

Question 18:You need to forman adjective meaning 'incorrect'.If you do not know the word youneed, experiment with differentpossibilities - apart from a suffix,you will need to make aninternal change to the word incapitals.

Question 19: 'Incline' can beeither a noun or a verb, but hereyou need to form a nounmeaning 'tendency'. If you donot know the word you need,experiment with different nounendings - you will need to leaveoff the final 'e' from the word incapitals.

Question 20: The word after thegap is a noun, so the gappedord is probably an adjective.

For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the endof some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There isan example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.

~ __ E_X_CE_P_T_'O_N __ I=0= I

Boys don't cry

Almost without (0) ,when a little boy starts to cry,

he's told to put a brave face on it. 'Boys don't cry!' is the familiar

(16) , and with this, we exert enormous pressure

on our sons to hide their emotions. Girls are almost

(17) expected to express their feelings, but it

would be (18) to believe that they are born

weaker, more sensitive or with a greater natural

(19) to cry. Boys have feelings too.

According to several leading psychiatrists, boys are more

vulnerable to psychological and other problems later in life. Social

pressures on them to be 'tough' can affect their

(20) performance, and even lead to antisocial

behaviour. This, in turn, can manifest itself in acts of violence and

(21) It is even suspected that the

(22) higher rate of suicide among young men is a

result of boys being unable to 'get it off their chest', as compared

to girls and women, who confide more (23) in

others and are more likely to seek professional help if they are

emotionally distressed.

What boys really need is more encouragement in their

(24) years in order not to succumb to feelings of

depression later on. This will help them to become more mature

emotionally and it may even lead to a reduction in juvenile

(25) among young males.

VARYERROR

RECKLESSSIGNIFICANCE

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Essential Ii sQuestion 26: In the first twosentencesthe gapped word isused as part of an expression. Ifyou don't know the expressions,the third sentencewill probablyhelp you. Which verb collocateswith 'highly' and 'of' and can beused to express what Mr Jonesdoes to his friends?

Question 27: In the first sentencethe gapped word collocates with'party'. You can 'have' a party,but 'have' doesn't work in theother sentences.What other verbcan be used with 'party'? In thesecond sentence the gappedword forms part of anexpression meaning 'explain'. Inthe third sentence the gappedword is used idiomatically,although the s"enseof thesentence is negative, soprobably a great distance is notmeant here!

Question 28: In the first sentencethe gapped word forms part ofan expression with 'time',meaning 'make time pass quicklyby doing something'. In thesecond sentence the gappedword probably means somethinglike 'destroy'. In the thirdsentence the gapped word formspart of an expression meaning'dressed up in order to attractthe attention or envy of others'.

For questions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in allthree sentences. Here is an example (OJ.

Example:

o We are setting off at first , so please go to bed early. She had to explain the matter to me again before I saw the .

e Some interesting new findings have come to .

26 The way he looks at you volumes about his feelings.

Sylvia usually her mind, so she'll tell us what she reallythinks.

27 Celia and Dan are going to a party at the weekend.

The police hope the investigation will some light on whathappened that night.

I wouldn't trust that man as far as I could him.

28 I had plenty of time to before my train left.

Gerald managed to everyone's enthusiasm for the film byrevealing the ending!

Susanna, wearing a stunning black number, was dressed to

29 In to increased demand, the company have doubled theiroutput.

I was surprised to receive an immediate to my query.

The to our plea for information was overwhelming.

30 I didn't meet a interesting person at the party.

As a mother, I know how difficult it is to raise children.

31 Children can on very quickly, so be careful what you say.

Roger tried to me out by saying he knew where I had beenthat day.

If you aren't careful, you'll your death!

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Question 32: You need a phrasalverb formed from the verb'dawn', meaning 'realisesomething gradually'. If you getthis right, you will be awardedone of the two marks for acorrect answer. For the secondmark, you need to convey theidea of certainty ('I'm sure') witha suitable modal in the correctform.

Question 33: You need a phrasalverb with 'down', meaning'refuse an offer'. The object cango between the verb and 'down',or after the phrasal verb. Also,what is the object? What is beingrefused?

Question 34: You need to use aphrase that emphasises whenyou remembered to dosomething. This phrase beginswith 'Not', so it involvesinversion.

Question 35: Think carefullyabout the tense you need. Thetime is the future, when we canlook back on an event that hadits beginnings in the past andcontinued over a period oftwenty years.

For questions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaningto the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You mustuse between three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example(0).

Example:

o He struggled to open the door.difficulty

He the door.o had difficulty in opening 1=0= I32 I'm sure John eventually realised that we'd be late.

dawned

It that we'd be late.

33 That's the second time this year that Kathy has refused to marry him.

down

Kathy twice this year.

34 It was only when the film had ended that I remembered to switch off the oven.

didNot to switch off the oven.

35 Our twentieth wedding anniversary is this coming Friday.

will

By this Friday twenty years.

36 They think the manuscript was written by a fourteenth century scholar.

attributed

The manuscript a fourteenth centuryscholar.

37 I'm afraid it's none of your business what I do in my spare time!

no

What I do in my spare time , I'm afraid!

38 You cannot justify your recent behaviour with that excuse.

no

That excuse is behaving recently.

39 It appears to me that Sam is miserable at university.

tell

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Question 40: Readthe questioncarefully. It does not ask you todefine 'dramatic socia-ethicalchange', but to explain why it istaking place.

For questions 40-44, read the following texts on alternative medicine. For questions40-43, answer with a word or short phrase. For question 44, write a summaryaccording to the instructions given.

Write your answers to questions 40-44 on the separate answer sheet.

Western culture is undergoing a revolution. Not of a socio-political kind, but a dramatic socio-ethical change in attitudetowards health and nutrition. A rise in the incidence ofsubstance intolerance and allergies, noticeable particularlyamong children with a poor diet, accompanied by an increase inchronic bronchial and asthmatic conditions has led to a growingawareness of the shortcomings of orthodox medicine in dealingwith such problems.

Consequently, people have started exploring alternatives, andthis has aroused interest in complementary medicine - this usestreatments from both orthodox and alternative medicine -bringing forth a new generation of health specialists who believethat we need to address the question of health through a moreholistic approach, looking at a person's lifestyle and diet, andfocusing on the cause of disease rather than its symptoms alone.Along with a revival of interest in traditional forms of alternativemedicine such as Chinese medicine, acupuncture andhomeopathy, a plethora of complementary treatments hasdeveloped in an effort to combine the best elements of easternand western medicine, and so provide society with effectivehealth care. As alternative medicine becomes more widelyaccepted, it is important that people are educated about thevarious options available to them so they can make intelligentchoices about health care.

40 In your own words, explain the reasons the writer gives for the 'dramatic soc' -ethical change in attitude towards health and nutrition'.

,- sQuestion 42: In this text payattention to the writer's tone.How did he feel about thearomas permeating theatmosphere in his house?

Question 44: Although thereasons why some people areturning to alternative medicinemay seem more immediatelyapparent in the first text, thinkabout why the writer of thesecond text became an'alternative convert'.

My work entails giving presentations and selling, and I have a lot ofdirect contact with people. So at the age of fifty-five, the suddenappearance of red lesions on my arms and hands, which then started to flakeoff, filled me with horror. I consulted various doctors and dermatologists, was

diagnosed as suffering from late onset psoriasis and duly tried numerousointments, soaps and medications, but all to no avail.

Unbelievably, my daughter came to the rescue. At the time, she was doing

a course in aromatherapy and enthusing over the healing properties of

essential oils. With the house smelling like the perfume department at John

Lewis, I was inclined to feel otherwise. Nevertheless, she gave me a sermonon how I needed to take a 'holistic' approach to my problem, and that what

was probably to blame was my tendency to smoke and eat too much atbusiness lunches. She cited various complementary therapies such as

acupuncture and herbalism as having had considerable success in treatingpsoriasis. A victim of failed conventional treatments, my reaction was cynical.

Anyway, she persuaded me to become one of her case studies and I

couldn't say no. I have to take my hat off to her; she was very thorough inher approach. She gave me advice about my diet and ways of dealing withstress. After overcoming my trepidation at the thought of being massaged

by my own daughter, I found it a wonderfully relaxing experience, andseveral treatments later the essential oils did clear up my skin. My wife

helped me improve my eating habits and my sense of wellbeing improved.

I recently made an appointment at the Alternative Centre in London, whichdeals exclusively in treating psoriasis. I admit it, I'm an 'alternative convert'

and no one is more surprised about it than me!

42 In your own words, explain what the writer is referring to when he says 'I wasinclined to feel otherwise'.

44 In a paragraph of 50-70 words, summarise in your own words as far as possiblewhy, according to both texts, people are turning to alternative medicine for helpin treating health problems. Write your summary on the separate answer sheet.

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Part 2Part 3Part 4

IiQuestion 1: How does the manfeel when he goes for a walk? Heuses a couple of expressions thatyou may not be familiar with.What do you think he means by'at a loss' or 'bogged down in amire'?

Question 3: Listen for keywords and phrases. What do youthink the correspondent meansby 'do it on my own terms'?What does the expression 'at thedrop of a hat' mean? If all the. options look like possibleanswers to you, ask yourselfwhat the question is actuallyaskirig.

You will hear four different extracts. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B or e)which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for eachextract.

1 Nature inspires him most when

A he wants to be alone.

B he has a lack of ideas.

e he is feeling bored.

2 The man seems to be

A a composer.

B a poet.

e a painter.

3 The correspondent would prefer

A to travel as a tourist.

B not to be sent so far from home.

e to be given advance warning about trips.

4 According to the correspondent,

A the truth is sometimes distorted.

B editors are good at selecting articles.

e essential news is sometimes omitted.

sseftlicd lipsOuestion 5: From what the manand the woman both say, youshould get an idea of whatGordon is usually like. So whydo you think the woman isconcerned about him?

Ouestion 7: The question stemshows that you are being askedfor the reason why the telescopewas launched. Be careful - morethan one option may bementioned but this does notmean they complete thequestion stem correctly.

5 The woman is concerned because Gordon

A wasn't a good conversationalist.

B was behaving out of character.

C couldn't express his problems.

6 The man

A doesn't trust Gordon.

B doesn't know Gordon very well.

C doesn't like Gordon very much.

7 The Hubble Space Telescope was launched because

A there is greater visibility beyond the Earth's atmosphere.

B extraordinary celestial phenomena are only visible from space.

C it can pinpoint invisible energy sources in the universe.

8 Since being launched, the telescope

A has taken more enhanced photographs.

B has not lived up to scientists' expectations.

C has helped make new discoveries.

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5e ti t sQuestion 9: Key words in thissentence are 'London' and 'sold'.Listen for these words or otherwords that might be associatedwith them.

Question 10:A key word in thissentence is 'animals'. Thegapped word is clearly a noun,either singular or plural, whichdescribes a quality that animalspossess,and that Marc wantedto express in his paintings.

Question12: A key word to listenfor is 'Cubism'. How did Marc'swork change under the influenceof Cubism?

You will hear part of a lecture about the artist Franz Marc. For questions 9-17,complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

_____ [1]

In his paintings Marc attempted to express the

I ~~ of animals, which he saw as part of nature.

One of Marc's paintings features a purple and blue horse standing in a

I @]ofprimarycolours.

Due to the influence of Cubism, sharper, more I ~[!Ubegan to replace the soft areas of colour in Marc's work.

In The Fate of the Animals Marc seems to offer a warning

of the impending 1 Q]ill

In The Wolves some 1 QiJare depicted as drooping and dying.

The art group The Blue Rider were aiming to capture the purity of style

often found in paintings by I DTI

One of Marc's completely I DTIpaintings is Fighting Forms.

Marc's life ended tragically in the war in I QIJ 'when he was killed by a grenade in France.

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t sQuestion 18: The interviewerasks Julian why he opened anightclub. Listen carefully toJulian's answer because hementions several points.However, the question asks forthe main reason why he openedthe nightclub, so listen for theone he emphasises.

Question 19: Again, Julian givesseveral reasons why a nightclubseemed like a good place for him:0 work in, but you need to"dentify the reason why it was"deal - a perfect place for him to"ork.

estion 20: Listen carefully to-ear what someone once said to-'m. Do you think it was a- sitive or negative comment?

You will hear an interview with Julian Morris, a nightclub owner. For questions18-22, choose the answer (A, B, e or D) which fits best according to what you hear.

The main reason why Julian decided to start his own business was becauseA it was a way of overcoming his disability.B he was disappointed with his life so far.e all his friends persuaded him to do it.D it was an irresistible challenge.

A nightclub seemed the ideal environment for Julian to work in becauseA he had worked in one before.B his disability was less of a problem there.e people find it easier to express themselves.D he responded more positively to musical vibrations.

20 When Julian told people about his idea, someone once reactedA with a derisive comment.B in an ironic manner.e laconically.D with an expression of amusement.

21 The club owes its good reputation mainly toA its convenient location.B the decor of the building.e its disc jockeys.D the diversity of people who go there.

22 Julian's main reason for calling the club Whispers wasA because he thought it was amusing at the time.B to encourage people to whisper in nightclubs.e that it paradoxically conveys the volume of noise inside.D to allude ironically to his personal disability.

I 1fu..1....B.."1;::~:c~

~~

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sse Ii Ii sQuestion 23: Most people wouldagree with this statement, butdon't assume that the personwho says this is a parent. If youhear one of the speakers sayingsomething to this effect, wait tohear whether the other speakeragrees or not.

Question 26: What is meant by'A contemporary lifestyle'? Whatmight be another way ofexpressing this? If we'eliminated' the need to work, wewouldn't have to work any more.Which speaker gives an exampleof traditional physical work?

Question 27: Listen for anexpression which means 'haveas many new things as otherpeople'. The speaker also usesan expression which means'things always seem moreattractive when you can't havethem' to make a point aboutcontentment.

Question 28: What is meant by'domestic problems'? Can youthink of alternative ways ofexpressing 'resentful' and'pressure'?

You will hear two friends, Jake and Angela, discussing their lifestyles. For questions23-28, decide whether the opinions are expressed by only one of the speakers, orwhether the speakers agree.

Write J for JakeA for Angela

or B for Both, where they agree.

27 The acquisition of material possessions does not necessarilymake people content.

28 Domestic problems are often caused by resentful peopleunder pressure.

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PAPER4 Listening

Answer these questions:

Do you come from a large family? Who are you closest to in your family? Do you have friends who are closer to you than family members? How important is friendship to you?

Candidates A and B: Turn to pictures A-F on pages 132-133, which show imagesconnected with cultural attitudes to beauty. First look at pictures A and C anddiscuss how our attitudes to beauty are influenced by our culture and other externalfactors. You have about one minute for this.

Now look at all the pictures. Each picture illustrates a different idea of beauty. Talkabout the pictures and discuss how each one either influences people's ideas ofbeauty or has been influenced by other factors.

Candidate A: Look at the question in the box and say what you think about it. Youcan use the ideas in the box if you like or add some ideas of your own. You havetwo minutes for this.

How far do our moral rights extend?

society decides no limits in nature until the rights of others begin

Candidate B: Is there anything you would like to add?

Candidate B: Look at the question in the box and say what you think about it. Youcan use the ideas in the box if you like or add some ideas of your own. You havetwo minutes for this.

Do we have a right to improve the quality of our livesat the expense of the natural world?

dominion over others survival of the fittest all species have the same rights

Candidate A: Is there anything you would like to add?

Candidates A and B: Now answer these questions about moral issues in general:

Is there such a thing as right and wrong, or good and bad in nature? How far does society decide what is morally acceptable and what isn't? How do moral boundaries change over time? How do you decide what to do if you find yourself in a moral dilemma?

1 .PAPER 2 Writing Part 2

Part 3PAPER 3 Use of English Part 4PAPER 4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

For questions 1-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D)best fits each gap.

Why is it that the average man has a(n) (1) to buying clothes? In fact, shoppingprobably (2) as high as visits to the dentist or doing the washing up on the male'Most Hated Chores' list. While a woman may sit happily (3) through glossyfashion magazines, then spend hours trying to (4) her favourite top model, hermale partner spends approximately five minutes deciding what to wear, even lesstime putting it on, and is out of the front door before she has even (5) herunderwear. Women seek out ways to look different, while men generally chooseclothes which are as (6) as possible. She will be horrified if another woman iswearing the same dress at a party, whereas for him, finding someone else in the sameattire will simply confirm that he belongs and is not a freak.

1 A hatred B distaste C aversion D horror

N'\ 2 A ranks B stands C places D aims3 A roaming B turning C rifling E"leafing4 A emulate B envisage C visualise D embody

J\\ 5 A dressed B worn C donned D adorned6 A indescribable B nondescript C obscure D nonexistent

An old, ostensibly obsolete Thames barge has gained an unexpected (7) of life.A young couple have bought it and intend to (8) it into a floating home. Thismove (9) a major change in the couple's lifestyle. 'We had been feeling(10) boxed in by our small flat in the centre: says Cathy Smythe, 'but with such(11) house prices, the possibility of moving anywhere else in the city seemed amillion years away. Then someone jokingly mentioned houseboats, and that gave usthe idea.'

A broker showed them various vessels and the Smythes saw potential in the barge.'We (12) for the Thames barge because of its broadness: explains David, Cathy'shusband. 'It's actually very spacious below. And, of course, the price was right!'

Let's hope that life afloat lives up to their expectations.

7 A spalk B lease C addition D loan8 A convert B alter C transfer D adapt9 A rates e:P marks C infers D announces10 A exclusively B extensively C decidedly D drastically11 A extortionate B opulent C stupendous D lavish12 A chose B decided C agreed D opted

I need help. I can't work, I can't sleep; the situation's getting out of (13) Try as I(14) , I just can't resist opening the paper every morning at the puzzle page. It'sthis Su Doku numbers game everyone's been (15) about. Although it looksstraightforward at first (16) , it's fiendishly deceptive. You start with a simple-looking grid of nine rows by nine, split into nine boxes with nine squares in each. The(17) of the game is to fill in the grid so that every row, column and box containsthe numbers one to nine. You think, no problem, I'll just have a quick go. Five minutesand I'll (18) this. But oh, no! You get hooked. The tricky ones niggle you and youcan't stop. I've been late for work twice this week. And now there's talk of themadding the game to mobile phones!

/13 A sorts B world C hand D mind14 A could B might C can D should15 A craving B longing C raging D raving16 A glance B look C peep D glimpse17 A task B object C exercise D goal18 A break B win C crack D split

I need help. I can't work, I can't sleep; the situation's getting out of (13) Try as I(14) , I just can't resist opening the paper every morning at the puzzle page. It'sthis Su Doku numbers game everyone's been (15) about. Although it looksstraightforward at first (16) , it's fiendishly deceptive. You start with a simple-looking grid of nine rows by nine, split into nine boxes with nine squares in each. The(17) of the game is to fill in the grid so that every row, column and box containsthe numbers one to nine. You think, no problem, I'll just have a quick go. Five minutesand I'll (18) this. But oh, no! You get hooked. The tricky ones niggle you and youcan't stop. I've been late for work twice this week. And now there's talk of themadding the game to mobile phones!

/13 A sorts B world C hand D mind14 A could B might C can D should15 A craving B longing C raging D raving16 A glance B look C peep D glimpse17 A task B object C exercise D goal18 A break B win C crack D split

PAPER3 Use of English

PAPER4 Listening

PAPER5 Speaking)

You are going to read four extracts which are all concerned in some way withwaterways. For questions 19-26, choose the answer (A, B, C or Dj which you thinkfits best according to the text.

TItE ECO--TRAVEllER _Yiannis Reklos is a man with a mission. Born on the shores of LakeI

open water swimmIngAs a youth I swam in the Trent - before it got filthy- hung on to rocksin the turbulent Wye, and sampled various lakes. Growing up today, itwould be a lot harder. For wild swimming is increasingly frownedupon. Police and local authorities take it upon themselves todiscourage any 'open water swimming'. Every year more traditionalswimming-holes and stretches of river are surrounded with fiercenotices and warnings banning anyone from trying. But this is counter-productive; these oft-used places are likely to be the safest, and kidsturning up on a hot day will just find somewhere far more dangerous,like the canal or a faster stretch of river.

At the head of the campaign for the right to swim is the River and LakeSwimming Association (RALSA).Its website has lists of swimming-holes but the longer list is of threats to the pastime. Councils gratefullyside with anyone who wants to stop open water swimming:conservationists, sailors, fishing clubs and the rest. Members ofRALSA,often people who have swum all year round in their favouredspot for years, rightly get fed up with being lectured by passingpolicemen about how they might 'encourage' vulnerable children toswim and cause 'tragedies'. Other countries are less feeble - theircitizens swim happily in remote lakes, rivers and other waterways.Only we poor weedy British are told that it is terrible to immerseourselves in anything that is not rectangular, chlorinated andsupervised.

21 According to the writer, why are warnings against open water swimming'cou nter-prod uctive'?A They do not stop young people from swimming in the areas where they

are placed.B They do not make open water swimming any safer for young people.C They simply encourage young people to swim in less suitable spots.D They discourage young people from swimming safely outdoors.

22 The writer feels thatA the authorities are misguided in their attitude towards open water swimming.B councils are to be congratulated for banning open water swimming.C policemen should be less feeble in their attitude towards RALSA members.D the RALSA is in danger of causing tragedies by encouraging open water

swimming.

An activity that has been Mudlarkinknown to Londoners sinceVictorian times, mudlarking is in essence 'grass roots'archaeology. The Thames is a tidal river, and there are areasin the capital where, when th~ tide is ebbing, anyone who isinterested may find artefacts stuck in the mud. Over theyears ancient tools, pieces of pottery, weapons and jewelshave been washed up by the tide, revealed as the waterrecedes; fragments of the city's rich history, providing easypickings for enthusiasts.

The Port of London Authority is responsible for issuingpermits to people wishing to dig the foreshore today. Theyalso set restrictions on where you are allowed to dig. AStandard Permit allows you to dig 7.5 cm down in certainareas, while members of the Society of Mudlarks maypurchase a Mudlarks Digging Permit, enabling them to dig upto one metre down. The latter permit imposes fewerrestrictions concerning where one can dig. Ail finds ofpotential historical interest must be taken to the Museum ofLondon, which already houses about a thousand finds.

It is possible, however, to make important discoveries withoutdigging at all, for the tide rises and falls as much as sevenmetres, so there's a chance of something new being washedup on the shoreline's surface with every tide.

23 The writer describes mudlarking as 'grass roots' archaeology becauseA it involves scouring the river banks at high tide in search of artefacts.B you don't have to be a professional archaeologist to be a mudlark.C mudlarking is an easy way for archaeologists to make discoveries.D people dig around in the mud in search of historical artefacts.

24 If you do not have a licence,A you cannot dig deeper than 7.5 cm beneath the surface of the mud.B you can only comb the surface of the foreshore in search of finds.C you are not permitted to look for artefacts along the shoreline of the river.D you can only go mudlarking at certain times in restricted areas.

Gig pulling'Give way together! ... And pull ... pull ... Come on, put your backsinto it!'Five o'clock on a damp April afternoon, and I'm sitting

shivering with four other girls in an old, clinker-built boat in themiddle of Bristol docks. Some weird desire for self-inflictedsuffering has brought us here. Having decided to take on the boysin the local sea scouts regatta, we found ourselves a trainer andset to work, three times a week, an hour at a time. That may notsound too gruelling, but these boats are heavy, as are their longwooden oars. No lightweight, fibreglass skiffs for us! At present,trapped in our wodenprison, the attitude we have towards ourtrainer is anything but warm. He is thoroughly enjoying ourdiscomfort, yelling at us to work harder; a regular slave driver, theonly thing missing is his whip.

15 Cursing - for the umpteenth time - my decision to join the crew"161grasp my oar a little too firmly, and - oops! - catch a 'crab'.That's what you call getting your oar stuck under the water

18during a stroke, and it causes all sorts of problems to the other190arswomen. Our trainer's dulcet tones slice through the crispevening air: 'Bowman, what are you playing at? Stop daydreamingand get sorted! Now, once again, crew: give way together!'

25 Which word best describes the writer's feelings about her trainer?A respectB trepidationC exasperationD abhorrence

26 Which phrase does the writer use sarcastically?A 'for the umpteenth time' (line 15)B 'a little too firmly' (line 16)C 'it causes all sorts of problems' (line 18)D 'our trainer's dulcet tones' (line 19)

You are going to read an article about a chess grandmaster. Seven paragraphs havebeen removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fitseach gap (27-33l. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.PAPER 3 Useof English

PAPER 4 listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

The Grandmaster and the RookieMy first thought is that it's a long way from Leigh inLancashire, where Nigel Short was born. I am interviewinghim on the terrace overlooking the garden of his ramblinghouse in southern Greece. The early evening sun beatsdown and the Mediterranean shimmers in the distance.The life of a professional chess player is an arduous one.

CEJ _Short is now forty and, as in all sports, anno Domini takesits toll. He is down to thirtieth in the world - grandmastersare precisely, mercilessly even, graded according to theirperformance, and Short has slipped below all those hungryyoung Russians, Ukrainians and Armenians looking fortheir own place in the sun. He still loves - lives for - thegame, the adrenaline rush of competition, but realises hewill never again make the top ten.

[m _Not that everyone, hitherto, has quite appreciated theappeal. Chess as an international sport gets tucked away intiny paragraphs in the press; the world's leading playersremain nothing more than exotic names. Until the all-too-mortal nature of the struggle over the chessboard iscommunicated, chess will continue to be jammed, in tinyprint, between bowls and darts. That will be Short'sdemanding job - to make chess come alive.

@]------------My chess credentials are ropey: learned the game ateleven; played for my school but always on lower boards toavoid strong opponents; came third in Newport under-eighteen championship (my sole chess prize). Now I playendless low-grade chess on the internet, against unnamedamnesiacs all around the world. I am not promisingmaterial.

[}Q]~-----------Short has lived and breathed chess since the age of six,when his father showed him the moves. He beat the great

Viktor Korchnoi in a simultaneous exhibition at the age often, played in the British championship at twelve(defeating the ten times British champion JonathanPenrose), beat grandmaster Tony Miles at fourteen andbecame a grandmaster himself at nineteen.

QTI~-----------We had been looking at a chess website detailing all theelite games that had been played worldwide in the pastweek - 2,500 of them, anyone of which might contain someimportant opening innovation. 'Even if you just cast youreye over these things, spend three minutes on each ... '. Helaughs and leaves the implication hanging, but I calculatelater that spending three minutes studying each of thosegames would take 125 hours a week.

@J _The 1993 match against Kasparov was a watershed forShort, and he never quite climbed those heights again.'Getting to the world championship final was probablyabout as good as I could manage,' he says. 'It's difficult tomotivate yourself and it becomes self-fulfilling. You think,"Well, maybe if I work very, very hard again, I can doexactly the same again and then lose to Kasparov." It's adepressing feeling. '

CEJ _Meanwhile, he is optimistic about the future of the sport.'If, and when, some new people come in who are morebusiness-minded, I think chess will take off again,' he says.'Chess has huge advantages over many other sports in thatit is played all over the world. It's a game for the internetage, a game where I can be sitting here in a village withgoats and chickens and donkeys, and I can go on theinternet and be playing some leading grandmaster inRussia or the Philippines.' The whole world in sixty-foursquares.

A But he has an even harder task, which is why 1 haveturned up in Greece to wreck his family's summerholiday. He has to try to teach me to play well. 1 havebeen playing chess for almost forty years, and 1am stilltruly hopeless. Turning me into a 'strong' player will,he admits, be his greatest challenge.

B Short's career was dominated by his rivalry with GarryKasparov, the player with the highest rating of all time.They met as juniors, then as grandmasters, and finallyin the 1993 world championship. Kasparov came outon top in 1993, as he usually had. 'I had him on theropes in several games,' recalls Short, 'but he wasiJilcrediblytenacious. He suffered in a lot of the games,but because of his resilience 1 wasn't able to put himout. 1discovered there was more to his genius than justhis opening preparation, though that is one of his greatstrengths.'

C But if Short will be playing less chess, he will instead becommentating more and evangelising on behalf of asport that has lost its way in recent years. He will bewriting a weekly column and occasional longer articleson the characters who populate chess's fascinatingworld.

D Actually, it is: a continuous round of cheap hotels andcut-throat tournaments for not much prize money.Like the game itself, it's a constant battle for survival.But Short has been lucky. He has been lucky becausehe is good: once rated third in the world, hechallenged Garry Kasparov for the worldchampionship in 1993 in a match, played in London,that briefly got chess onto live national television.

E Former world chess champion Emanuel Lasker oncesaid that, given 100 hours with a novice player, hecould turn him into an expert. Actually, this is one ofthose quotes, like 'You dirty rat', that is difficult tosource. But you get the gist: chess has a clear set ofrules and stratagems that you don't have to be a geniusto absorb; we can all aspire to mastery.

F The Short-Kasparov match was also a watershed forworld chess, creating a schism that has still not beenhealed. The two protagonists fell out with Fide, thesport's world governing body, over money, andorganised the final themselves, with a purse of 1.7million pounds. Fide organised a rival final betweenthe two players beaten by Short in previous rounds,and world chess has since endured a boxing-style split,with at least two players claiming to be worldchampion. It's a mess, but there are hopes that over thenext twelve months the world title will be reunified,starting with the Fide world championship tournamentbeing played in Argentina from September 27 toOctober 16. Short will be at that eight-playerchampionship as commentator rather than player - thepoacher turned gamekeeper.

G Short knows it, too. 'Chess is inherently a difficultgame,' he cautions me. 'There aren't any very easyanswers. You often find in the course of chessdevelopment that you have to unlearn what you havealready learned. You have to take a step backwards inorder to move forwards.'

H He never wanted to be anything else other than aprofessional chess player. 'As soon as 1 knew thatprofessional players existed, 1 wanted to be one,' hesays. 'I loved the game and wanted to devote myself toit. Chess is a very demanding mistress. It requires acolossal amount of time. If you are to study chessseriously, the amount of work is endless. You got somesense of that this afternoon.'

You are going to read an extract from a book about an architect. For questions 34-40,choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.PAPER3 Use of English

PAPER4 listening

PAPER5 Speaking

The first impression created by Tadao Ando'sarchitecture is that of its materiality. His powerfulconcrete walls set a limit. Beyond this point there is nopassagebut that which is opened by his will. A secondimpression of Tadao Ando's architecture is its tactility.Hard walls seem soft to the touch. They exclude thenenclose, admitting light, wind and the passingvisitor, wholeaves behind the disorder of everyday existence to besheltered in a realm of stillness. A third impression ofTadao Ando's architecture is its emptiness. Within, onlylight and space surround the visitor.

Enso, the mysterious circles drawn by Zen Buddhistmonks in a single stroke, symbolise emptiness, oneness,and the moment of enlightenment. The circle and otherrigorous geometric forms are the vocabulary of Ando,related as much to Western architecture as to any Easternthought. He cites the Pantheon in Rome as an influenceon his work; proof that simple shapes fashioned with amastery of light and materials can create a transcendentspace. He speaksalso of the 'Prisons' in Piranesi'sCarcerid'invenzioni whose 'dynamic verticality' contrasts withthe horizontal emphasis of much traditional Japanesearchitecture, which is 'non-geometric and irregular' bynature. Tadao Ando has said that a goal of his work is tobring together these apparently divergent ideasof space ina 'unified transcendent architecture'. What Ando seeks,and what he finds in his best work, is the simplicity ofperfection, a faultless circle drawn by a steady hand in asingle stroke.

Winner of the 1992 Carlsberg prize, the 1995 Pritzkerprize, the 1996 Praemium Imperiale, and the 2002 Kyotoprize, Tadao Ando is today at the height of his career,called on to build major buildings from Fort Worth toNaoshima in the Inland Seaof Japan.Looking out from thehilltop annex of the Naoshima Museum of ContemporaryArt toward the framed view of cone-shaped islands,feeling the gentle breeze on a sunny day, one feels asc1ose'to architectural perfection as possible. A great dealof the meaning of Tadao Ando's work can be captured inthose fleeting instants when nature's presence ebbs andflows past his concrete walls.

Born in Osaka in 1941, Tadao Ando is unusual in thathe was self-educated as an architect, largely throughtravels in the United States, Europe, and Africa(1962-1969). He founded Tadao Ando Architect &

Associates in Osaka in 1969. When asked how he came tobe interested in architecture, he replied, 'As it happenswork was carried on where I lived when I was 15, and Igot to know some of the carpenters. About the sametime,in a used bookstore, I saw a book on the complete workof Le Corbusier. I recopied some of his drawings, and Iwould say that that is how I began to be interested inarchitecture. '

Although the influence on Ando of Le Corbusier andothers such as Louis Kahn is often cited, it is interesting tonote that the first project that brought him publicattention, the so-called Azuma House (Row House,Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 1975-76) is already very much apersonal creation. On a small site (57.3 square metres)inserted into a row of narrow houses, the simple concretefacade and equally unadorned doorway stand out withoutbreaking the rhythm of the street. Old wood houses thatformerly lined the street have given way to a hodgepodgeof generally undistinguished modern residences.Althoughthis residential area of Osaka is somewhat less chaotic inappearance than many other parts of a metropolis with apopulation density of 11,793 persons per squarekilometre (1995), there is a marked contrast between thisconcrete slab and its environment. Stepping through thedoor, the visitor need no longer be conscious of theoutside world. The house is divided into three equalsections - a living room and kitchen below, and twobedrooms above, separated by an external courtyard, andthe stairway up to the second floor. Access to thebathroom on the ground floor from the bedroomsrequires the resident to pass through the courtyard. Thisfact surprises Western visitors but seems to be of littleconcern to the Japanese,who, asAndo says, 'are used toliving with the rhythms of nature.' As for its limiteddimensions, with total floor spaceof 64.7 square metres,the Sumiyoshi Row House exceedsthe averagesize of anOsaka dwelling (estimated at 61 square metres in 1993).Despite its rigorously geometric design, this house, withits unusual facade and open central courtyard, is closelyrelated both to local architecture and to Japanesetraditions. By excluding the chaotic environment andadmitting nature, Ando also developed what wouldbecome one of the central themes in his work in thishouse, which won a prize from the JapaneseArchitecturalAssociation.

34 What does the writer mean by the 'materiality' of Ando's buildings?A the limits set by his concrete wallsB the sense of control reflected in the solid wallsC the type of building materials he employsD the passages that penetrate their concrete walls

35 Why does the writer mention Enso?A to illustrate how Ando's work is influenced by geometric shapesB to emphasise the simple perfection of the circle in architectureC because it is a word Ando often uses to talk about architectureD because it contributes to the beauty of buildings like the Pantheon

36 Ando's aim in creating a 'unified transcendent architecture' isA to create a fashion in the use of geometric shapes in architecture.B to emulate the work of Piranesi.C to break free from the irregular nature of traditional Japanese architecture.D to create a harmonious marriage of conflicting principles in architecture.

37 What does the writer imply is 'architectural perfection'?A the contrast created between a building and the natural environment

around itB the use of nature to transcend the structure of a buildingC buildings which acknowledge and welcome the presence of natureD buildings which go beyond the usual limits of architecture

38 Ando's interest in architecture was stimulatedA by his travels abroad.B by a second-hand book.C when he got involved in construction work.D when some carpenters re-built his home.

39 The Azuma HouseA contrasts with the old wood houses lining the rest of the street.B is easily distinguished yet blends into its surroundings.C is limited in space by Japanese standards.D bears the mark of Le Corbusier's influence on the architect.

40 We can infer from the text that the writer particularly admiresA the use of contrasting shapes in Ando's designs.B the mastery Ando has over his choice of materials.C the lighting effects that Ando is able to create in his buildings.D the sense of peace and harmony in Ando's buildings.

You must answer this question. Write your answer in 300-350 words in anappropriate style.

PAPER4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking1 You are a drama student. Your course tutor has asked you to submit an essay

comparing the popularity of the theatre with that of the cinema in today's society.You have made the following notes on the topic:

CaVl teeVlagei"si"elate to it? Emph.asis OVI plot

aVId dialoglAe?

Theat~e

Emph.asis

OVI actioVl?

MOi"e stimlAlatiVlg

fOi" }:'olAVlgstei"s?

Cinema

PAPER 3 Use of English

PAPER 4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

Write an answer to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in300-350 words in an appropriate style.

2 You work for a local newspaper, whose circulation figures have been steadilyfalling over the last six months. The editor has asked you to submit a report,based on opinions expressed by members of the public, regarding thenewspaper's content, level of interest and how it compares to the nationalnewspapers, and make suitable recommendations for improvement.

3 An environmental magazine has invited readers to send in articles on localwildlife, describing how urban development is affecting its survival, and whatsteps, if any, are being taken to protect it. You decide to write about some of thewildlife in your area.

4 You recently travelled to work by train, and were appalled because the train wasdirty and the canteen facilities were poor. Due to work on the tracks, your trainfailed to arrive at its destination on time, which made you late for work. You havedecided to write a letter of complaint to the railway company, expressing yourviews and stating what you expect them to do about the problem.

3PAPER 1 Reading

PAPER 2 writing

PAPER 4 Listening Part 2Part 3

PAPER 5 Speaking Part 4Part 5

For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits eachspace. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.

The common cold is the world's (0) common illness, which is

probably why there are more myths about it than any of the other plagues that flesh

is heir to. The most common fallacy (1) all is that colds are caused

by cold. They are not. You may certainly feel (2) comfortable if you

go out in winter with wet hair, but you won't be any (3) susceptible

to rhinoviruses, which are the true cause of colds. (4) ,you will catch

a cold more easily by (5) in close proximity to others infected

(6) the virus. The reason why we (7) to catch more

colds in winter is because we (8) up the heating and close the

windows. The resulting poor ventilation and higher relative humidity can

(9) to easier transmission of the cold virus. The Inuit of the Arctic

regions, however, (10) living in inhospitable conditions, rarely catch

colds. In fact, you are more likely to suffer (11) hypothermia

(12) you are over-exposed to cold temperatures.

Numerous scientific studies have found no correlation (13) lower

body temperatures and susceptibility to colds. Conversely, studies seem to

(14) that psychological stress, allergic disorders, poor diet and a

weaker immune system can (15) a person susceptible to colds.

PAPER1 Reading

PAPER2 Writing

PAPER4 listening

PAPER5 SpeakingPart 3Part 4Part 5

For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the endof some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There isan example at the beginning (0).

Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.

Cacti have enjoyed an (0) popularity among

gardeners spanning several centuries. Perhaps this is due in part

to their unusual appearance: more often than not, they consist of

(16) stems covered in spines. Unlike other plants,

cacti can squat in their pots, (17) in suspended

animation, for months, showing little sign of growth or

development; then suddenly, their flowers will burst forth, dazzling

observers with their (18) vibrant colours. Added

to this is the fact that they come in a huge (19) of

shapes, sizes and forms, so many gardeners, myself included, find

themselves (20) drawn to these extraordinary

plants.

You do not have to be an expert to grow cacti, and the

(21) needn't be concerned about cultivating them

because they are among the easiest of plants to care for. Their

(22) are simple and few. Plenty of light, a little

compost and occasional watering will keep them happy and

healthy. Also, their hardy constitution (23) them

to withstand harsh climatic conditions in the wild. So should you

neglect to water them, they are (24) to object. For

this reason, I recommend them to the young (25) .

who ask me about starting their own windowsill gardens.

SWELL

APPEAR

GLORY

VARIOUS

LIKE

ENTHUSE

PAPER1 Reading

PAPER 2 Writing

PAPER4 Listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

For questions 26-31, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in allthree sentences. Here is an example (0).

Example:

o We are setting off at first , so please go to bed early. She had to explain the matter to me again before I saw the .

Some interesting new findings have come to .

26 Ann is astute and can her own in any meeting.

Can you the line while I connect you to Mr Brown's office?

He is very restless and finds it difficult to down a job forlong.

27 She seems to have a sixth about people's foibles.

There was a of longing in her voice as she spoke of herhome.

28 She put the cash in the office safe, locked up and wenthome.

He was convicted of theft and sentenced to two months inprison.

29 Just because she's a girl, it doesn't necessarily that shelikes pink!

Whatever Sally did, Tina would suit, never taking theinitiative herself.

I can usually what he says, but all that jargon confusedme.

30 Having read the of the contract, she signed her name.

In of its content, the book lacks substance.

They've just moved in but they are already on first name .with their neighbours.

31 When I saw her, she was still from the shock ofdiscovering the body.

While he was in the fish, it broke free and swam away.

He was off the names of the players in the various teams.

PAPER 1 Reading

PAPER 2 Writing

... .PAPER 4 listening

PAPER 5 Speaking

Part 5

For questions 32-39, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaningto the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. Youmust use between three and eight words, including the word given. Here is anexample (0).

Example:

o He struggled to open the door.difficulty

He the door.o had difficulty in opening 1=0= I32 David never expressed regret for hurting his mother.

time

At regret for hurting his mother.

33 There are plans to close down the cinema due to poor attendance levels.

threat

The cinema due to poor attendancelevels.

34 The machine looks dangerous, but I'll believe it's safe if you say so.

take

The machine doesn't look safe, but it.

35 Once signed, this contract is binding.

byAs soon as you sign, this contract.

36 Looking back, I really believe I did everything I could to stop her.

hindsight

I can honestly say, more to stop her.

37 If you refuse to go to bed until three, naturally you're going to be tired!

insist

If you until three, naturally you'regoing to be tired!

name

She has a novelist.

39 He often gets ill at this time of year.

prone

He at this time of year.

PAPER1 Reading

PAPER2 Writing

PAPER4 Listening

.PAPER5 Speaking

For questions 40-44, read the following texts on advertising and children. Forquestions 40-43, answer with a word or short phrase. For question 44, write asummary according to the instructions given.

A nearly al