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are admitted by competition in the preliminary examina-tion, and the schools accept women as well as men.At QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST, limitation of entry

is to be continued ; and during the coming session 112students will be admitted. Applicants numbered over400 ; there is a carefully graded system of priority, firstpriority at the moment being given to ex-Service menand women of Ulster origin. During the past year a newcurriculum has been introduced in accordance with theGeneral Medical Council’s report. A new full-time chairin surgery has recently been filled ; and a full-time chairin social and preventive medicine has been created. Theclinical departments are to be rebuilt on the GrosvenorRoad site, so that they will be near the teaching hospitalwhich is already on this site. It is hoped that at leasttemporary buildings will have been erected within ayear.

The NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND has collegesin Dublin, Cork, and Galway.At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN, a new scheme for

limiting the number of students has been adopted ;students will be selected by the results of the pre-medical examinations. Owing to increased costs, ithas been necessary to raise ’the. college fees payableby new students.

At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, CoRK, zoology has beentransferred from the first year of the professionalcourse to the premedical year.At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GALWAY, students must now

pass the premedical examination within two years ofstarting the course ; and they must pass the first andsecond medical examinations within two years of passingthe previous examination. ,

Degrees and DiplomasEXAMINING BOARDS

English, Scottish, and Irish Conjoint Boards -THE Examining Board in England of the Royal College

of Physicians of London and the Royal College ofSurgeons of England examines candidates’ for the

qualifying diplomas of M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Candidatessatisfying the board’s regulations in regard to thepreliminary examination in general education are

eligible for admission to the premedical examination inchemistry, physics, and biology, and are required tocomplete the professional curriculum subsequently at arecognised medical school. The emergency regulationsintroduced as a war measure will hold until further notice.Under these, the medical course has been reduced from57 to 54 months, and candidates are admissible to thelast subject of the final examination after 30 monthsof clinical study instead of 33. The regulation permit-ting a candidate to enter for one part of the final after24 months of clinical study still holds. Some otherwar-time concessions are still authorised in the regula-tions : for example, clinical study may be undertakenat any hospital provided the dean of the candidate’sschool is satisfied as to the instruction available andsigns the certificate of study. Other modifications willbe found in the Emergency Regulations, copies of which,with a calendar showing the dates of examinations, maybe obtained, free of charge, from the secretary to theExamining Board in England, the Examination Hall,Queen Square, London, W.C.I.The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, the

Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and the RoyalFaculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow have anarrangement by which, after one series of examinations,held in Edinburgh or Glasgow, or both, the student mayobtain the diplomas-designated by the letters L.R.C.P.E.,L.R.C.S.E., L.R.F.P.S.G.-of all three bodies. Candidatesmay work for the examination of the Scottish Con-joint Board at any of the recognised medical schoolsof Great Britain and Ireland. The course lasts only fiveyears and includes, in addition to the pre-registrationexamination, four professional examinations : the pre-medical examination (biology, chemistry, and physics) ;the second examination in anatomy and embryology,physiology, biochemistry, and biophysics ; the third inpathology and bacteriology and pharmacology ; andthe final in medicine, surgery, midwifery, forensicmedicine, and public health. Details may be had fromthe registrar, 18, Nicolson Street, Edinburgh.

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The Conjoint Board of the Royal College of Physiciansof Ireland and Royal College of Surgeons in Irelandaccepts candidates for the L.R.c.P.I. and L.M., L.R.C.S.I.

and L.M. from most of the recognised medical schools athome and abroad. Full details of the regulations can beobtained from the registrar, Royal College of Surgeonsin Ireland, Dublin. ’

Apothecaries’ LicencesThe Society of Apothecaries of London grants the

L.M.S.S.A. Lond. to candidates who pass in the primary

examination (which is held quarterly) and the finalexamination. Final examinations are held monthly,except in September. The minimum period of studyis normally five years. The four parts of the final examiia-tion may be taken together or in any order. Regulationsand a schedule of the required courses of study may beobtained from the registrar, Apothecaries’ Hall, BlackFriars Lane, E.C.4.The Apothecaries’ Hall of Ireland grants the diploma

L.A.H. Dubl. to students who have passed the threeprofessional examinations. The diploma confers on

holders the right of registration on the Medical Registersof Ireland and Great Britain. Examinations are heldthree times yearly, in March, June, and November.Further information may be had from the registrar,95, Merrion Square, Dublin.

UNIVERSITY DEGREES

Bachelor of Medicine and SurgeryAll the universities in the United Kingdom offer

baccalaureate degrees in medicine and surgery, conferredon the results of examination.

HIGHER QUALIFICATIONSThose who have graduated in medicine and surgery are

at liberty to seek higher qualifications if they wish.

Doctor of Medicine and Master of SurgeryGraduates holding a bachelor’s degrees can take the

degree of Doctor of Medicine or Master of Surgery. Allthe universities in Great Britain and Ireland confer suchdegrees. The requirements vary and can be obtainedfrom the different universities. London University offersthe M.D. in general medicine, and in pathology, psycho-logical medicine, midwifery and diseases of women,hygiene, and tropical medicine ; the M.S. is obtainable ingeneral surgery, and in dental surgery, ophthalmology,and laryngology, otology, and rhinology. At the Univer-sity of Durham the degree of Doctor of Surgery (D.OR.)is offered in addition to the degree of Master of Surgery(M.S.). Liverpool offers the orthopaedic degree ofM.CH. ORTH.

Master in the Science of Obstetrics and Master ofMidwifery

The Irish universities grant the degree M.A.o. TheSociety of Apothecaries of London grants the Masteryof Midwifery (M.M.S.A.) upon examination in obstetrics,psediatrics, and public health. The examinations areheld in May and November, and regulations may beobtained from the registrar, Apothecaries’ Hall, BlackFriars Lane, E.C.4.B

MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP

The Royal College of Physicians of London confersthe Membership (M.R.C.P.), which is obtained byexamination. Examinations are held four times in eachyear, and medical graduates and licentiates of the collegeover twenty-three years of age may sit for it. Details canbe obtained from the secretary, Royal College ofPhysicians, Pall Mall East, London, S.W.I. Fellows ofthe college are elected annually at a general meetingof the college.