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Examining the deployment of redox flow batteries and
understanding how to achieve their optimum
performance
Luis Santos
Agenda
1. EDP in Spain
2.Redox flow batteries and their implications
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
5. Redox2015 project
6. Conclusions
1. EDP in Spain
4th Electricity producer and Distribution System Operator
3rd Operator of natural gas
First Portuguese company by market capitalisation
#1 Portugal
~ 3 GW of hydraulic projects under construction
#1 Europe
More than 6.4 GW of wind capacity
#3Worldwile
1. EDP in Spain
Innovation priorities
Cleaner energy
Smarter grids
Client focused solutions
Data Leap
Environmental innovation
Agenda
1. EDP in Spain
2.Redox flow batteries and their implications
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
5. Redox2015 project
6. Conclusions
2. Main implications of redox flow batteries
Different needs imply different technologies and approachesWhat do you need storage for…?
Large-scale electricitystorage tecnologies
High PowerApplications
High EnergyApplications
Fast power quality applications
Improve reliabilitypower quality and
uninterrupted power supply (UPS) applications
Energy discharges from a fraction of
a second
Reserve applications
Electric power grid stability and switching
between energy sources
Stored energy is used in minutes
rather than seconds or hours
Energy management applications
Improve profitabilityload leveling, peak
shaving
Energy discharges that last hours
Bridging PowerApplications
2. Main implications of redox flow batteries CHARGE - DISCHARGE
V4+
V5+
VO2+
VO2+
V2+
V3+
OxidationReduction
ANODECATHODE
H+
e- e-
e- e-
V2+ V3+ + e-
V5+ + e- V4+
OxidationReduction
H+
e- e-
e- e-
ANODE CATHODE
V3+ + e- V2+
V4+ V5+ + e-
CHARGE DISCHARGE
ElectrodeMembraneElectrode
Half-cell + Half-cell -
2. Main implications of redox flow batteries
Pumping hydro and Compressed Air Energy Storage fall
apart from other technologies:
• Heavy reliance on geology (site dependent)
(Portugal, Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia)
• Massive capital costs and long comissioning
periods
• Mature technology
• Enviromental issues involved
Other technologies are needed to address the storage problem
from a distributed & site-independent approach
Pumping hydro and Compressed air are for the lucky ones
2. Main implications of redox flow batteries
Eurelectric position paper about decentralised storage
• It is not the "silver bullet“
• It is part of the development of a
smarter grid
• It is not a natural monopoly
• More European support to R&D
for network integration
• An integrated view of all costs and
benefits is needed
• Tariffs: more focus on power than
on energy
Agenda
1. EDP in Spain
2.Redox flow batteries and their implications
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
5. Redox2015 project
6. Conclusions
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
Cp (purchase price)+ Ci (installation and commissioning cost )+ Co (operation costs )+ Cm (maintenance and repair costs )+ Cd (down time costs )+ Ce (environmental costs )+ Cd (decommissioning costs)----------------------LCC (life cycle cost)
Investment costs of the stack andnumber of full cycles per year :
the two biggest key parameters for the LCC.
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
Capacity costs and power costs are independent
Redox Flow Batteries show better cost performance for large systems
Energy stored kWh
Electrolyte costRedow flow batteries total costsOther batte
ries costs
Cost
Power dependent costs
E1
Benefit over other
technologies
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
Costs per kW and per kWh
Performance metrics
real efficiency
ciclability stability
calendar and cycle lifes
Cost metrics
• capex in €/kW and €/kWh
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
Sources of income
Price arbitrage
Grid servicesReserves
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
Technology push and market pull
TRL 1-3Basic
comments and concepts
TRL 4-5R&D stage,
Development in laboratory
TRL 6-7Pilot or Demo
TRL 8-91st Commercial
Project in Operation
CRL1Future, more than 5 years
CRL2Need between
1-5 years
CRL3At least one
customer would buy
CRL4Many
customers would buy
Customer Readiness Level
Tech
no
logy
Rea
din
ess
Leve
l
Science
R&D&d&I
Market
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
Maturity is a three component vector: technology-market-regulation
TRL 1-3Basic
comments and concepts
TRL 4-5R&D stage,
Development in
laboratory
TRL 6-7Pilot or Demo
TRL 8-91st Commercial
Project in Operation
CRL1Future,
more than 5 years
CRL2Need
between 1-5 years
CRL3At least one
customer would buy
CRL4Many
customers would buy
Customer Readiness Level
Tech
no
logy
Rea
din
ess
Leve
l
Science
R&D&d&I
Market
Regulatory Readiness Level RRL 0
Prohibited RRL 1
“Tolerated”
RRL 2Regulated
RRL 3Liberalised
RRL 4Mandatory
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
Fostering new technologies should not jeopardize competitiviness
“The Commission has recently adopted guidance on public intervention in electricity markets in order to minimise distortive impacts. State aid guidelines for energy and environment also have to evolve to promote more market oriented approaches that reflect the evolving cost structure of energy technologies and increasing cost competitiveness in the internal market.
As such, subsidies for mature energy technologies, including those for renewable energy, should be phased out entirely in the 2020-2030 timeframe. Subsidies for new and immature technologies with significant potential to contribute cost-effectively to renewable energyvolumes would still be allowed.”
It is necesary to help technologies to improve its maturity (with R&D&i)…
…But to enter into the market they must prove they are competitive without distortions.
Agenda
1. EDP in Spain
2.Redox flow batteries and their implications
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
5. Redox2015 project
6. Conclusions
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
EU Materials Roadmap for electrical storage
Energy oriented materials
Power oriented materials for
electro chemical
Material for non-chemical
energy storage
Novel materials
Supporting research
infrastructure
T0 T0+5T0+3 T0+10
R&D on Li-Ion system and redox flow systemsLower cost
- Li-Ion: ca. 200€/kWh- Redox: ca. 120€/kWh
Wider Tº range
R&D on material for advanced capacitor
Set of testing of electrochemical capacitors at kW to MW scale
Energy densityPower densityCost reduction
R&D on materials for SMES, flywheels, resistant materials for pumped hydro storage and for insulation of large heat storage devices for adiabatic CAES
Cost reduction e.g. flywheelsProjected system capital cost
R&D on novel materials & systems (metal-air systems, solid state batteries…)
Lower costHigher life span
Lower costHigher life span
Low cost high speed manufacturing
Testing of redox system at MW scale
Testing of large Li-Ion batteries system (>1MW)
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
New chemistries for faster kinetics, higher voltages and higher energy densities
Cheaper electrolytes
Low cost membrane with long lifetimes
Systems without membrane
Electrode materials with higher electrochemical activity
Nanomaterials and surface treatments to increase the electrocatalytic activity
Designs to tackle manufacturing issues
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
KPI
time
Disruptive but less frequentbreakthroughs
Incremental and frequent improvements
RFB are prone to improving incrementally
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
Redox flow batteries show more opportunities to bring costs down
Tendency of published patents shows better perspective for Redox Flow Batteries
NaS battery VRF battery
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
Metal-Air
Hydrogen
Micro-CAES
ZnBr
VRB Super cap Flywheel SMESZebra Li-ion
NaS NiMHNiCd
Pb-acid CAES
PHS
TRL:Technology Readiness Level
?
Agenda
1. EDP in Spain
2.Redox flow batteries and their implications
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
5. Redox2015 project
6. Conclusions
5. Redox2015 project
Consortium and funding
•Budget :2,7 M €•Project length: 33 months (2011-2014)
Funded by the Economy and Competitiveness Ministry of Spain with
FEDER funding from the European Commission
(IPT-2011-1690-900000)
5. Redox2015 project
Develop a VRF battery
New knowledge:Integration and
manufacturing skills with current technology
Research on electrodes, electrolyte and membranes
New knowledge:Improve performance for next generation product
Two objectives
5. Redox2015 project
12
3
1. Battery building2. Small substation
MV/LV3. EDP premises4. LV connection
4
5. Redox2015 project
ARGF: Felt untreatedTTFF: Thermal feltBiGF: Modified felt using bismuthGFOx: Electrochemically oxidized feltGFOxQN: chemically oxidized felt
E (V) vs. Hg /Hg 2SO 4
0.80.60.40.20
j/m
Acm
-2
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
ARGF
GFOxGFOxQN
-32
-24
-16
-8
8
0
16
24
32
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
j (m
Acm
-2)
GO
TRGO700
TRGO1000
_ _ _ _
………
Ewe
/V1.21.00.80.60.40.20
<I>/m A
36
24
12
2
0
-2
-12
-24
0
GOTRG700TRG1000
E (V) vs. Hg /Hg 2SO 4
j/m
Acm
-2
GO: Graphite Oxide
TRG700: GO reduced at 700 ºC
TRG1000: GO reduced at 1000 ºCGRAPHENES
CNW1CNW2CNW3
(a)0.60.40.20
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
CNW1
CNW3CNW2
j/m
Acm
-2
CARBON NANOWALLS HALF-CELD POSITIVE
(V4+/5+ )
ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIALS SCREENING FOR VRFB
HALF-CELD NEGATIVE 2+/3+(V )
5. Redox2015 project
VRFB PROTOTYPE
Objective: High energy and power efficiency, long life and cyclability (excellent> 30,000),
5 times the charge density of the typical solutions
Electrodes development
PAN commercial felt with standard electrolyte (3M H
2SO
4 and 1M VOSO
4)
Use of additives to improve the electrolyte
Synthesis Functionalization
PAN based flexible nanofiber
Electrospinning Graphene nanoparticles
PAN commercial felt
High energy density electrolyte Innovative membranes
5. Redox2015 project
• Objective: To minimize vanadium crossover through the membrane by surface plasma activation .
MEMBRANES FOR REDOX FLOW BATTERIES
REDOX FLOW BATTERY SINGLE CELL
• Single cell set-up to test new materials in flow battery operation
• Development of testing protocols for membranes and electrodes
•Treatments cause changes in the material:• Inversion of surface polarity • Surface crosslinking
Agenda
1. EDP in Spain
2.Redox flow batteries and their implications
3. Lifecycle benefits compared to other storage systems
4. Technical challenges and further research needed
5. Redox2015 project
6. Conclusions
6. Conclusions
•Applications of distributed energy storage are necessary
•Redox Flow Batteries are not the most competitive solution
now…
•…but have promising cost reduction oportunities
•That shows in patents, projects and near to market solutions
•It is necessary to improve R&D without distortion in the
markets
•Project REDOX2015 is an example of these efforts to meet
performance and cost requirements