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1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 1/15
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1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
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1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 3/15
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[Environment]LandslidesinHimalayas:Reasons,Solutions
[Environment]LandslidesinHimalayas:Reasons,Solutions
Environment3yearsAgo16Comments
ForAptitude,IrecommendMaths:FasttrackRajesh Reasoning:MKPandey English:SPBakshi
1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 4/15
1. ClassificationofHimalayas2. HazardsintheHimalayanEcoSystem
1. Regionsanddisasters2. Landslides:Reasons3. Landslides:Damage4. Suggestionstofixproblem
3. E1:AvalancheMitigation
ClassificationofHimalayas
ThreemaingeologicaldivisionsofIndia.
1. Himalayas,alsoknownastheExtraPeninsula2. IndoGangeticPlains3. Peninsula
Further,Himalayasclassifiedviatwomethods:Method#1
Himalayasareclassified,fromwesttoeast,intofourregions:
1. PunjabHimalayaareabetweenIndusandSutlejrivers.2. KumaonHimalayaareabetweenSutlejandKalirivers3. NepalHimalayaareabetweenKaliandTistarivers.4. AssamHimalayaareabetweenTistaandBrahamputrarivers.
Method#2
1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 5/15
MapIndiaLandslideEarthquakeproneareas
threeregions:theWestern,CentralandEasternHimalayaNepalHimalayaconstitutestheCentralHimalayaandthemountainousareatoitswestandeastareknownasWesternandEasternHimalayarespectively
HazardsintheHimalayanEcoSystem
Allmajortypesofdisasters,prominently
1. earthquakes,2. landslides,3. avalanches,4. flashfloods5. forestfires6. soilerosion
1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 6/15
RegionsanddisastersAltitude Typeofdisaster
Over3500m snowavalanchesandglaciallakeoutburstfloods(GLOFs)500to3500mflashfloodslandslidesandmudflows
Landslides:Reasons
1. indiscriminatechoppingdownoftrees.2. slashandburncultivationtechniquecalledJHUM,3. Roadconstructionandmining.4. Everyincreasingpopulation,grazing,urbanizationetc.hasdestroyedthedensenaturalevergreenforest
cover.
Suchactivitieshavedisruptedtheecologicalbalance,therebyresultinginlooseningofthesoil.Duringtheheavyrain,thisleadstosoilerosionandfrequentlandslides
Landslides:Damage
Everyyear,landslidesintheregionkilldozensofpeopleandcausewidespreaddamagetoseveralvillagessuchthattheyhavenowbecomealmostunfitforhabitation.Theycreateblockadesintheroadnetworkandriversystem,whichinturn,causefloods.Theterracedfarmfieldshavebeendestroyedthatcannotbeeasilyrenovatedormadeproductiveagain.Theroadnetworkremainsclosedforlongperiodscausingindescribablehardshiptothevillagerswhogettheirbasicsuppliesandprovisionsfromtheneighbouringareas.Watersourcesaredisruptedandchockedbydebrisfromlandslides.Theriversedimentloadisincreasedconsiderably,causingirregularcoursesandfrequentbreachingofthebanksresultingintounexpectedfloods.Thewaterchannelsareaffectedfromtheuphillsideduetowhichthevillagersaredevoidofwaterforirrigationpurposes.Thisadverselyaffectsagricultureproductionintheregion.
Suggestionstofixproblem
1. StoreExcesswaterincatchmentsareastoreducethefuryofflashfloods,rechargethegroundwaterandimprovetheenvironment.
2. Digrunoffcollectionpondsinthecatchments.3. Growfuel/foddertreesinallofthecommonlands.4. Plantationinbarrenareas,especiallyonslopes,withgrasscoverisanimportantcomponentofintegrated
watershedmanagementprogramme.5. Grazingshouldbecompletelyrestricted.Aftertheareaiscompletelyprotectedfromgrazing,better
grassescanbeplanted.6. Thegrassesofindustrialimportanceshouldalsobeplantedsothatthereissomeeconomicreturntothe
farmersaswell.7. Usethesurfacevegetativecovertoprotectthelandfromraindropsbeatingaction,bindthesoilparticles
anddecreasethevelocityofflowingwater.
Reference:IGNOUMPA018/Chapter3.
AvalancheMitigation
TopicinnewsbecauseinApril2014,~dozenNepaliSherpadiedduringanavalancheinMt.Everestbasecamp.Thisleadtoprotestsandothersherpasrefusingtoguidethetourists.
1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 7/15
Q.Listthefactorsresponsibleforavalanchesandsuggestdisastermitigationmeasures.(200words)
Rapiddownslopemovementofsnow,rocksanddebrisiscalledAvalanche.
Largeavalancheshavespeedofupto200kmph,resultinginmassivedestructionofforests,highways,housesandpowerlines.
Factors
Whenevergravitationalforceexceedthemechanicalstrengthofsnowcoveravalancheoccurs.Thishappensbytriggersnaturalandartificial
Naturaltriggers Artificialtriggers
LargemassoffreshsnowfallblizzardsGlobalWarming,Rainearthquakes
SkiingandmountaineeringDeforestationloudsoundsShoutsmachinenoisesonicbooms
MitigationinAvalancheproneAreas
1. Dontconstructbuildingsforwinteroccupancy2. Avoidconstructionofpowerlines,highwaysandrailroads.Ittheymustbeconstructedthendesignfor
minimumimpact.3. Itispossibletoforecastavalanche,bystudyingSnowdepositiondata,heatinput,slopeangle.4. UseRemotesensingtechnology&satelliteimagerytoobtainsuchdata.5. Onlyallowagricultureandrecreationalactivitiesduringsummerandspring.6. Useexplosivestocreatesmaller,controlledavalanchesandthusavoidbuildingupofsnowforlarge
unpredictabledestructiveavalanches.
7. Quickresponseteams(QRT)fromlocaladministrationandNDRF,withstandardAvalancheequipmentanddeviceslikeGPS,RadioBeacons,shovelsandsnifferdogs.
~180words.
Alreadydone:
1. SnowandAvalancheStudyEstablishment(SASE):forecastssnowavalanches2. Borderroadorganization(BRO):keepsthehighwaypathsclearafteravalanchesparticularlythe
RohtangPassandBaralachlaPass.
Factoids:
1. MostAvalanchevictimsdieofsuffocation(lackofoxygen)andnothypothermia(extremecoldtemperature)
2. After35minutes,thesurvivalchanceis30%3. Aftertwohours,survivalchangeis~0%4. Thereforeselfrescueorcompanionrescueisvital,becauseNDRF/sarkaarihelpwilltakehoursto
reach.
1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 8/15
MockMCQ:Whichofthefollowingcancauseavalanches?
1. Shouting2. sonicbooms3. Earthquakes
Answerchoice
a. Only3b. Only1and3c. Only2and3d. Allofthem
Tags:EnvNaturalDisasters
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Sofar16Commentsposted
1. Replyshaileshkumar
ireallyappreciateyourwayofunderstandingregardingthetopics.Andtheseareveryusefulforquickrevisionandbriefknowledge.
2. Replyneha
sir,anerror500internalservererroroccuredwhileusingurwebsite.urwebsiteisofgr8helptome,sopleasehelpmebylettingmeknoanythingimighthavedonethatmayhavecausedtheerror.
3. Reply
1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 10/15
SOSONCHONGLOI
MRUNALYOUARETRUELYABLESSINGFORME.MAYTHEGOODGODBLESSYOUANDGUIDEYOUALWAYS
4. ReplyKAPIL
MRUNALCOULDUPLEASEEXPLAINTHECLIMATICFEATURESANDSOILOFINDIA.
5. ReplyNiharika
MrunalSir,Thanksforyournotes.Ifounditreallyhelpful.
6. Replyvikas
SirHowerosioncanbetermedasadisaster,itisaveryslowprocessandthuscanbetermedasacauseofdisaster.
7. ReplyRANJODHSINGH
sir,iwanttheinfo.aboutthetop6worstlandslidesinindiasince1970,plshelp!!!
8. Replyradha
nonsense
9. ReplyBin2
Mrunalsirthanksalot
10. ReplyOlivia
thnkusirithelpedmegreatly!!!
11. Replydivyasharma
thanksalotmrunalsir
12. Replybharti
hellosir.thankyoufortheinformationonavlanchesinthepresentdisastertopicwithabriefbackgroundinfoonhimalayas..kindlysupplementitwiththeinfoonpresentdisasterofNepalearthquakeasyouprovideaverytothepointinformation(afacthighlyappreciated)..
13. Replypreeti
1/11/2016 ExamNotes:Landslidesreasons,disastermitigationinHimalay
http://mrunal.org/2012/08/disasterhimalayalandslidesavalanches.html 11/15
sirforthisprelimforenvironmentthematerialyouprovidedisalltobedoneassuchgivenorthetopicslikedisaster,faunaflora,agri,energypolutionarewillbecoveredbycurrentstudy?sirplzreply.thanku
14. Replypreeti
sirforthisprelimforenvironmentthematerialyouprovidedisalltobedoneassuchgivenorthetopicslikedisaster,faunaflora,agri,energypolutionarewillbecoveredbycurrentstudy?sirplzreply.thanku
15. Replyrupal
Thankyousirandmadamforyourlecturesofeconomyandgeography..itisagreathelp..andalsothanksforguidanceforpreparationofupsc..yourtestseries..yournotestheyarereallyhelpfultostudentsofremoteplacesandpoorfinancialconditionduetowhichtheycannotaffordhighlypaidcoachings..Iwishwecouldhavesuchlecturesforotherssubjectstoo..
16. Replyjitendar
Siriwantknowreasonandsolutionofhimalayanregionsearthquakeandlandslidesandialsoknowalllistofeffectedregionindetailsbyachart.
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