Example-based Machine Translation

Example-based Machine Translation Harold Somers, Machine Translation vol. 14 (1999) pp. 113-158. 236817 ' , ? EBMT EBMT2 , . . : . (EBMT) 98 Peter Brown " " IBM.Every time I fire a linguist, my systems performance improves3

. : Data-driven VS. Theory-driven " ()

44 -EBMT .... EBMTAnalogy-basedMemory-basedCase-basedExperience-guided

55" " Translation Memory (TM) TM . .

6" " Translation Memory (TM) EBMT TM . TM -EBMTTM EBMT TM EBMT .

7 . , . : " Existing translations contain more solutions to more translation problems than any other available resource. (P. Isabelle et al., TMI, Kyoto, 1993) 8EBMT : (Matching) - , (Alignment) - (Recombination)-

9EBMT EBMT 10 ( '...)

11Vauquois pyramidHe buys a notebook. .

He buys a book on international politics I read a book on international politics. . EBMT (Sato & Nagao 1990)

1212"" ( ) . , : - " WWW ( ...)

13 EBMT (, , ....) (" ) - - 14 ?

15 16 ? - " ( Clause - ) , the potential of EBMT lies in the exploitation of fragments of text smaller than sentences Cranias (1994) : Michael was next to present his work :We have to present our work tomorrow He bought the present yesterday

: ""

17 , ?

WWW Grefenstettes (1999) expiriment , 1818 ? " "" "" : .19 () .

20 - :" " : I share the use of a computer I use a car " :I share the use of a calculatorI use a calculator 1 1 2. " 1 .

21 String pairs Indexing (IR), Tree structures OK - ("I agree", I understand ) 22221. ( ). , . .231. " . , . . , .

241. " - Kanojo wa kami ga nagai. SHE (topic) HAIR (subj) IS-LONG. She has long hair.

kanojonagaikamiwagahaveshehairlongsubjobjmodKare wa me ga aoi.

kare aoi meheeyesblueHe has blue eyes.

picks[v]up)p)(1-2+4-5/0-5)

He [n](0-1/0-1)ball [n](3-4/2-4)the[det](2-3/2-3)He picks the ball up 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 ()(1-2/0-5)

(")(0-1/0-1) (")(4-5/2-5) (")(2-3/2-3) 1-0 2-1 3-2 4-3 5-4 ()(3-4/2-4)26 . " () 2

262. " " . 272. " :

: John Miller flew to Frankfurt on December 3rd.John Miller ist am 3. Dezember nach Frankfurt geflogen.

: flew to on . ist am . nach geflogen. " :

Dr Howard Johnson flew to Ithaca on 7 April 1997.

" " :

flew to on . < person-m > ist am nach geflogen.283. "

29 - Matching (POS tags, semantic info, structural representations) " .30 ' ' , -2 2 . 31 - 1. a. This is shown as A in the diagramb. This is shown as B in the diagram

1 a -b - (A -B)

2. a. The large paper tray holds up to 400 sheets of A3 paper.b. The small paper tray holds up to 300 sheets of A4 paper.

2 a -b large -small.

32 "" ( ) "

33 - :A man eats vegetables. Acid eats metal.

: He eats potatoes

" potatoes "vegetables" metal .

"He" man acid

, eat 1

: " " 34 :A man eats vegetables. Acid eats metal.

: Sulphuric acid eats iron

iron metal vegetables

acid eat 2

: " "

35 Carolls Angle of Similarity , ., , 36

: d d 2

37Carolls Angle of Similarity37 (a): a. Select Symbol in the insert menu.

b. Select Symbol in the insert menu to enter a character from the symbol setc. Select Paste in the edit menu.d. Select Paste in the edit menu to enter some text from the clip board.

-c ( -2 ), b a, b -d a -c b -d .38

a. Select Symbol in the insert menu. [ ] b. Select Symbol in the insert menu to enter a character from the symbol setc. Select Paste in the edit menu.d. Select Paste in the edit menu to enter some text from the clip board. 0 a - b , , b -d ( )39 " (POS-Part Of Speech) (", ", ...) ( " )

40 , , ? 41 42He buys a book on politicsHe buys the notebook. I read the book on politics. He buys the pen. She wrote the book on politics. . "" the at the --> !

43 : He cheated his wife. He looked at his watch.

He looked his wife . " Look at look - Boundary Friction 44 ,,

, "the handsome boy" ( )

: The handsome boy entered the room:The handsome boy ate his breakfast. Der schne Junge a sein FrhstckI saw the handsome boy. Ich sah den schnen Jungen. - Boundary Friction 45 , , [ ] L abelled fragments 2 , 3 (n-) ,

46 (, ) EBMT , real-time ( ") " ()

47EBMT when to use EBMT EBMT

48Pure EBMT "

49 EBMT

50 - EBMT , , , compound nouns - noun phrases

, , ,

5151 , "EBMT" ? ?EBMT , , ( )5252EBMT - . .EBMT . Google - (won 35 out of 36 categories)

5353 EBMT IS: DATA DRIVEN NOT THEORY DRIVEN5454 Google Translate

55Inside Google Translate