Examples Projects.pdf

8/11/2019 Examples Projects.pdf

1/79

Electrochemical CarDaniell Cell Car

Joshua AddisRamasamy Palaniappan

Mahesh Biradar

ChE-555 Analysis Of Electrochemical Systems

December 07, 2006


2/79

2Ohio University - Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology

y

x

Description of Electrochemical

Reaction/Power SourceThe Daniell Cell


3/79


The Daniell Cell

Anodic:

Electrochemical reaction:

Overall reaction:

2 2 2C H O CO H + ! +

Cathodic:

Electrochemistry

E0= 0.763 V vs.SHE

E0= 0.340 V vs.SHE

Zn(s) Zn2+

(aq) + 2e-

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)

Zn(s)+ Cu2+

(aq) Zn2+

(aq) + Cu(s)E0= 1.103 V vs.

SHE

Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source

Unique Features/Design Creativity

Environmental/SafetyFeatures

Design Flaws


4/79


Cell Set-Up


Source



Design Flaws

Daniell Cell with a Porous Filter

Image Source: http://quiz2.chem.arizona.edu/preproom/demo%20Files/cu-zn_battery.htm


5/79


Cell Set-Up


Source



Design Flaws

Daniell Cell with a Porous Cup

Image Source: http://quiz2.chem.arizona.edu/preproom/demo%20Files/cu-zn_battery.htm


6/79


y

x


Reaction/Power Source

Testing the Daniell Cell


7/79


Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution

Effect of Electrolyte and Concentration

Electrolyte Lower Concentration

(0.5 M)

Higher Concentration

(1.0 M)

Voltage

(V)

Current

(A)

Voltage (V) Current

(A)

CuSO4 1.01 0.210 1.01 0.280

ZnSO4 1 0.005 - -

CuSO4

+ZnSO

4

1.01 0.200 - -

HCl 0.792 0.098 0.79 0.126


Source



Design Flaws


8/79




(0.5 M HCl)


(1.0 M HCl)

Voltage

(V)

Current

(A)

Voltage

(V)

Current

(A)

CuSO4

(0.5 M) 0.75 0.250 0.80 0.290

CuSO4 (1 M) 0.75 0.250 0.80 0.290

CuSO4

(0.5 M)

+ZnSO

4(0.5M)

0.87

0.370

0.90

0.383

Effect of Hydrochloric Acid in the ElectrolyteDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Design Flaws


9/79




(0.5 M)


(1.0 M)

Voltage

(V)

Current

(A)

Voltage

(V)

Current

(A)

CuSO4 0.74 0.310 0.80 0.260

ZnSO4 - - - -

CuSO4+

ZnSO4

0.875

0.230

-

-

HCl 0.71 0.105 0.73 0.135CuSO

4(0.5 M)

+

ZnSO4

(0.5M)

+

HCl (0.5M)

0.150

0.085

-

-

Effect of Saturated Salt in the ElectrolyteDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Design Flaws


10/79




Source



Design Flaws

Conclusion from Electrolyte Testing Using hydrochloric acid

! Eats away too much zinc

! Bubbles form

Copper Sulfate + Zinc Sulfate

! No significant change in current or voltage

Copper Sulfate + Zinc Sulfate + Hydrochloric Acid

! Significantly increased current

!Acid eats away zinc


11/79




Source



Design Flaws

Conclusion from Electrolyte Testing Pure copper sulfate chosen as electrolyte

! No significant difference between pure copper

sulfate and other electrolytes

!HCl does help but eats away at zinc

Was going to be used as braking mechanism


12/79




Source



Design Flaws

Proposed Braking Mechanism (1) Zinc gets plated by copper sulfate

Reaction stops after a certain time

Zinc surface area will get completely covered

! Some current lost due to this reaction


13/79




Source



Design Flaws

Proposed Braking Mechanism (2)

Wires used Time Taken (minutes)

HCl (3 M) HCl (6 M)

Thick wire(0.091)

24 4

Flattened

wire

17


14/79


y

x


Reaction/Power Source

Optimizing Power Output


15/79




Source



Design Flaws

Series/Parallel Connection Series Connection

! Increases voltage

! Voltages are additive

Parallel Connection

! Increases current! Currents are additive


16/79




Source



Design Flaws

Series Connection

+!

+!

Voltage = 2 VCurrent = 1 A




17/79




Source



Design Flaws

Parallel Connection

+ !

+ !





18/79



Effect of Electrolyte and ConcentrationElectrolyte One Cell Two in Series

Connection

1 Molar Voltage

(V)

Current

(A)

Voltage (V) Current

(A)

CuSO4 0.91 0.210 1.80 .217


Source



Design Flaws


19/79



Effect of Electrolyte and ConcentrationElectrolyte One Cell Two in Parallel

Connection

1 Molar Voltage

(V)

Current

(A)

Voltage (V) Current

(A)

CuSO4 0.91 0.210 0.89 0.389


Source



Design Flaws


20/79


y

x



21/79



1. Three wheel design

Lighter

Compact

2. Plexiglas wheels

Decrease friction More rpm than using heavier wheels

3. No gears, gear shaft

Wheel attached directly to motor shaft

4.

Made from Legos

Easy construction

Lightweight

Allows disassembly and repair

Design flexibility


Source



Design Flaws


22/79




Source



Design Flaws


23/79




Source



Design Flaws


24/79




Source



Design Flaws


25/79




Source



Design Flaws


26/79




Source



Design Flaws


27/79




Source



Design Flaws


28/79




Source



Design Flaws


29/79


30/79


Environmental/Safety Features

Wear protective goggles

Wear protective gloves

Use concentrated HCl in fume hood

Clean spills immediately

If chemical contact with skin, washimmediately and flush with water

General SafetyDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Design Flaws


31/79



Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO45H2O)

Harmful if swallowed

Digestive and repiratory tract irritation with

possible burns

Eye and skin irritation

Mutagen

Possible sensitizer

Target Organs

Blood, kidney, liver

Chemical SafetyDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Design Flaws


32/79



Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSO47H2O)

Harmful if swallowed

Digestive and respiratory tract irritation

Eye and skin irritation

Target Organs

None


Source



Design Flaws


33/79



Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Corrosive

Skin and eye burns

Respiratory and digestive tract irritation

with possible burns

Possible sensitizer

Target Organs

Teeth

Circulatory system


Source


Environmental/Safety

Features

Design Flaws


34/79



Chemicals are in covered container

Bottles covered with parafilm

Exposed electrical contacts

Low voltage and current

No concern

Safety Features Concerning Car OperationDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Features

Design Flaws


35/79


y

x

Design Flaws


36/79


Design Flaws

Motor will spin with supplied current andvoltage from wet cell

Vehicle will not move when wheels contact

ground

Mechanical problems

AAA battery will supply enough power to

move the car

Not getting enough power from the wet cell


Source



Features

Design Flaws


37/79


Design Flaws

Two Cells in Series

Voltage = 1.8 V

Current = 0.217 A

Power = V x I = 0.39 W

Two Cells in Parallel

Voltage = 0.89 V

Current = 0.389 A

Power = V x I = 0.35 W

Power CalculationDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Features

Design Flaws


38/79


Design Flaws

Not enough power to move car

Could increase voltage or current

Increasing current

More surface area of electrodes

Parallel connection

Increasing voltage

Different materials (Aluminum, Carbon)

Series connection

Weight considerations with more cells

Power CalculationDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Features

Design Flaws


39/79


Design Flaws

At first the design used wide, gripping tires

Too much friction

Changed to lighter plexiglas wheels

Less friction

Wheels tended to spin out

With AAA battery supplying current

Tried to use tape to get more grip

Wheel designDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Features

Design Flaws


40/79


Design Flaws

Need more power

Increased voltage and/or current

Car would move with AAA battery

Shows sufficient car design

Battery needs to be optimized

Not enough cells to generate power

Not enough room to add more cells

Porous cup would help increase current

Current is lost due to copper plating on zinc

ConclusionsDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power

Source



Features

Design Flaws


41/79


Design Flaws

Conclusions Car needs to be bigger to accommodate more

cells

Bigger motor to get more torque

Plexiglas tires will work if car is heavier

More down force to increase traction


Source



Features

Design Flaws


42/79


y

x

Questions, Comments, Concerns


43/79

Electro-Chem-E-Car

Swamp ThangBen Hanna

Dan Hauser

Dezra Hinkson

Bill Hurder

David McCandlish


44/79

Initial Design


45/79

Swamp Thang


46/79

Unique Features of the Vehicle

! Fuel Cell Chamber

! Use of NaBH4gives higher power output

! One molecule of NaBH4gives 8 electrons

! Inexpensive design

! Disassembles to fit required size limits

! Light weight materials for greater efficiency

!

State of the art stopping mechanism

! Durable rubber tires


47/79


48/79

Voltage output

Current,

mA

Voltage with

NaBH4fuel,

V

Voltage with

alcohol fuel,

V

0 0.90 0.7

50 0.80 0.5

100 0.76 0.3

200 0.69 -

500 0.47 -


49/79

Fuel Cell Design

FUEL:

KOH + NaBH4


50/79

Cell Schematic

V

Anode Cathode

- +

e-

Current

Galvanic Cell Schematic


51/79

Electrochemical Reactions

! Anode:

(1) NaBH4+ 8 OH-"NaBO2+ 6 H2O + 8e

- Eo =1.2V

(2) NaBH4+ 2 H2O" NaBO2 + 4 H2

H2+ 2 OH-" 2 H2O + 2e

-

! Cathode:

O2+ 2 H2O + 4e-"4 OH-Eo= 0.401 V

! Net Reaction:

NaBH4 + 2 O2 O"NaBO2+ 2 H2O Eo= 1.60V


52/79

Stopping Mechanism

! Breaking the circuit by reacting away a strip of

Al wire with 6N HCl:

2 Al + 6 HCl"

2 AlCl3+ 3 H2!Al wire is pretreated in acid for 1 minute and 20

seconds

!The time taken for the complete reaction of Al

is approximately 2 minutes and 15 seconds


53/79

Problems encountered with stopping

mechanism! Inconsistent results

! Different sizes of Aluminum tested

! Slight differences in concentrations of acid due to

AlCl3 buildup from previous trials

! Calibration correlations with the cell, which was

found to be slightly inconsistent


54/79

Time ran vs. Distance Traveled

y = 0.2046x

R

2

= 0.9347

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 50 100 150 200

Time(seconds)

Distance(feet)

Vehicle Control


55/79

Safety/Environmental

Considerations! H2gas evolution:

! H2is extremely flammable.

! Limit the amount of reactant used to avoid

exceeding flammability limit

! NaBH4:

!Toxic substance

!

Handle with care. Use gloves.

! Dispose in proper waste container


56/79

Safety/Environmental

Considerations Cont.! KOH:

! Corrosive, harmful if inhaled or ingested.

! Handle with care. Use gloves and proper eye

protection.

! Hydrochloric Acid:

! Corrosive, harmful if inhaled or ingested.

! Handle with care. Use gloves and proper eyeprotection.

! Flush down drain with running water.


57/79

LeClanch Trike

Bryan Boggs, Dammy Daramola, and

Channa De Silva

ChE 555 ~ Analysis of ElectrochemicalSystems Chem-E-CarProject


58/79

2

Electrochemical Device

Dry cell battery that uses a Zinccontainer as the anode,Manganese(IV) Oxideas the cathode, and a Carbonrod asthe current collector [1].

LeClanche!Cell

Courtesy of Wikipedia [1]

Electrochemical

Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration


59/79

3


Georges LeClanche!isfamous for inventing the

LeClanche!cell which wasa precursor to the modernday dry cell.

He was a French electricalengineer (1839-1882)[2]

LeClanche!Himself

Electrochemical


Courtesy of Google Images


60/79

4


Cell Design ~ Zn|Zn+2

|| ZnCl2 ||Mn2O3|MnO2Anode:

Zinc ContainerCathode:

Manganese(IV) OxideElectrolyte:

Zinc Chloride

*Carbon powder improves conductivity and provides moistureretention

Separator:Felted Paper

Electrochemical


Current Collector:Carbon Rod


61/79

5


!+

+" eaqZnsZn 2)()( 2

)()(2)(2)(2 2322 lOHsOMneaqHsMnO +!++ "+

Mechanism (E0

vs. SHE) [3,4]

Anode: Oxidation of Zinc (E0= 0.763 V)

Cathode: Reduction of Manganese Dioxide (E0= 1.081V)

Overall (E0= 1.844 V) :)()()()(2)(2)( 232

2

2 lOHsOMnaqZnaqHsMnOsZn ++!++ ++

Electrochemical


Anode(-)

Cathode(+)

e e

i

1.84 V


62/79

6


Cathode Mix

Component % / wt.

Manganese(IV) Oxide 56.0 %

Acetylene Black 9.0 %

Zinc Oxide 0.3 %

Zinc Chloride 9.0 %

Water 25.7 %

Electrochemical



63/79

7


Theoretical Capacity Zn/MnO2 [1]

Electrochemical


e

eMgeq

hrAC

18.26

!

!

= e

Ce

Mwhere theoretical capacity and isequivalent weight

geq

gM

molgMW

Zne

Zn

!

=

=

75.32

49.65

, geq

gM

molgMW

MnOe

MnO

!

=

=

47.43

93.86

2

2

,

g

hrmAC

Zne

!

= 818, g

hrmAC

MnOe

!

= 6172,


64/79

8

LeClanche Trike

SchematicMaterials

1.Acrylic chassis andwheels

2.

DC-geared motor3.

Zinc/MnO2Build-A-BatteryKit

4.

Reversible PEMFC5.

Aluminum bearings6.

Aluminum axle7.

Nylon shaft collars

Electrochemical



65/79

9

LeClanche Trike

BudgetOrder # Materials Cost1 Acrylic $13.65

2 Shaft Collars $8.44

3 Rev. PEMFC $139.00

4 Bearings $21.64

5 DC Motor $2.99

6 Aluminum Axle $3.05

7 Wires/Switches $12.27

8 Screws & Nuts $3.22

9 Battery Materials $11.88

Total $216.14Electrochemical



66/79

10

The Battery

s Job

H2O Electrolysis/PEMFC [5]

Electrochemical


Electrolyzer

Zn/MnO2


67/79

11

The Battery

s Job

H2O Electrolyzer [5]

Electrochemical


Electrolyzer Operation Normal working voltage:

1.5 - 1.8 V

Current: 0-500 mAStorage capacity of H2andO2: 15 mL


68/79

12

Zn/MnO2

Single Cell ~ Charging PEMFC

Electrochemical


+

-

Zn/MnO2

-

+

0.72 V0.35A


69/79

13

Zn/MnO2

Electrochemical


Parallel

Zn/MnO2

Zn/MnO2

+

-

- +

1.41 V0.36 A

PEMFC Charging (Parallel vs. Series)

Series

Zn/MnO2

Zn/MnO2

+

-

- +

1.61 V0.34 A


70/79

14

Zn/MnO2

Electrochemical


Single/Parallel/Series Characterization


71/79

15

Zn/MnO2

Electrochemical

Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ.Vehicle Calibration

Possible Discharge Reactions Single Cell


72/79

16

LeClanche TrikeEquipment Layout

Electrochemical



73/79

17

Safety & The EnvironmentsSafety Concerns

1.

In 1995, there were reports of explodingflashlights. This occurred because H2gas isproduced naturally from the corrosion of Zn in

the aqueous electrolyte.2.

Electrolyte (ZnCl2) is corrosiveand causesirritation

3.

Have proven to cause sparks resulting in fires4.

Water and electricity present!can causeshock

Electrochemical



74/79

18

Safety and The Environment

1.Since Zinc is oxidized, the Zinc containerbecomes thinner and thinner over time. As aresult, materials found in the cathode mix, in

particular ZnCl2, will leak.2.Are not hazardousunder U.S. Federal Law3.Zn-C batteries are not rechargeable!build

up of batteries in waste dumps4.

Battery industries have demonstratedrecyclingbatteries via furnace

Environmental Concerns

Electrochemical



75/79

19

0.5-1.5 V Solar DC-Geared Motor

Power Consumption (76 1 mW)

Electrochemical



76/79

20

Reversible PEMFC

Voltage vs. Time (Power Generation 80 1 mW)

Electrochemical

Reaction Unique Features Design CreativitySafety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration


77/79

21

Vehicle Control

Calibration based on volume of hydrogen vs. distance the cartravels. A wide range was tested to obtain a curve that can beinterpolated.

A curve for both 50 and 100 g of water were prepared.

An Arbin potentiostat was used to electrolyze the water untilpre-determined volumes of hydrogen were reached in an effortnot to waste the batteries.

Matrix

Electrochemical

Reaction Unique FeaturesDesign Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration


78/79

22

Vehicle Control

Electrochemical

Reaction Unique FeaturesDesign Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration

Calibration Curves


79/79

References

[1] www.Wikipedia.org[2] http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/leclanche.htm[3] Linden, D. Handbook of Batteries and Fuel Cells. McGrawHill. 1984, New York.

[4] Prentice, G. Electrochemical Engineering Principles.Prentice Hall. 1991, Upper Saddle River, NJ.[5] Heliocentris. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Model Car hydro-GeniusOperation Guide. 3rded. 2005, Berlin.

Documents

Examples Projects.pdf