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ANIMAL & PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
STRUCTURES OF PLANTS/ANIMALS THAT HELP MAXIMIZE
EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS WITH THE CELLS’ ENVIRONMENT:
1. _____________—root extensions that increase surface area
to maximize _____________________________________
2. __________—sacs in the lungs that increase surface area to
maximize _____________________________
3. _______________—fingerlike projections in small intestine
to increase surface area for _________________________
***The smaller an animal the ____________its metabolic rate.
*** _____________ = a measure of a metabolic rate based on
temperature
(an increase of _____ degrees Celsius ______ the reaction rate;
an ________________’ Q10 fluctuate with its surrounding temp)
Ex: a water flea’s (Daphnia’s) Q10 is
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
MOST ANIMALS & PLANTS DO NOT REPRODUCE YEAR ROUND .
Instead they reproduce seasonally based on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLANTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR LIFE CYCLE AS:
1. Annual---germination, flowering, and death
__________________________________________________
2. Biennial---________________________________ (____ year it
flowers)
3. Perennial---grows and flowers _______________ year
PLANTS & ANIMALS try to maintain ______________________---
trying to maintain a balance between internal and external
environment
Aquatic and terrestrial ANIMALS maintain this in different ways:
1. ___________________—allows its internal conditions to
fluctuate as the environment changes
2. ___________________—maintains its internal conditions even
though the environment changes
(SEE DIAGRAM)
3. ________________—allows its internal metabolism to
fluctuate with the environment (Ex: ______________)
4. _______________—maintains its metabolism even though the
environment changes (Ex: ___________________)
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS—organisms use these to help maintain
homeostasis
1. Positive feedback---
______________________________________________________
Ex: __________onset during childbirth---the
hormone_________________stimulates labor contractions.
Ex: _____________---the hormone _______________ promotes
fruit ripening which stimulates a variety of ENZYMES that convert
starch and acids of unripe fruit into sugar and softens the fruit by
breaking down the PECTINS in the cell wall.
2. Negative feedback—
_________________________________________________---like
a “tug of war”
Ex: ____________________---When blood glucose levels _____,
the ___________ releases the hormone _______. This causes
target cells to uptake glucose and store it as _______ (in animals).
When blood glucose levels _______, then ________releases the
hormone ____________to cause __________ to break down and
release more blood sugar.
Ex: response to _________---If someone is dehydrated, the blood
contains ______water and therefore becomes more concentrated
(with solute). The __________________ then triggers the release
of the hormone ______________________. This hormone
increases the permeability of the DISTIL TUBULE AND COLLECTING
DUCT which are in the ___________ causing the urine to be more
concentrated and allowing the ______________of water. This
_________ the blood and therefore no more ADH is released.
____________________________-----the effect of length of day
and night on plant growth
Long day (short night) vs. short day (long night) plant
(SEE DIAGRAM)
TROPISMS:
1. ______________---movement towards light
2. ________________---movement towards touch
3. _________________—movement towards gravitational pull
KINESIS -________________movement towards a stimulus
VS. TAXIS--__________ movement to or away from a stimulus
1. ____________—movement towards light
2. ____________---movement towards water
3. _________—movement towards/away from a
chemical
Ex: ________________moves toward egg
________________________ moves toward
foreign body
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS---_______________ that repeat once a
day __________ needed cues and can be maintained
regardless of temp. Ex:
__________________________________________________
The _______________ sends a message to the _____________
gland which causes an increase in the hormone
_________________to be secreted during the NIGHT and
decreased secretion during the DAY . __________________can
occur when hypothalamus can’t readjust its melatonin
instantly.
BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS---present in plants & animals
EX: the _______ in the eye contains receptors that send a
message to_________________ to create a _______________
cycle
PLANTS AND ANIMALS EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS/WASTES WITH
THE ENVIRONMENT:
PLANTS:
Gas exchange occurs through ________ in the _________ of a
leaf. These are surrounded by_____________ which regulate
the _____________________________________________.
ANIMAL’S DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
_____________ digestion- food is taken in by cells using
_______________________
______________ digestive system—has a ______opening for
______________________________________________
_________________--- In _________________ where digestion
occurs; composed of ___________ . This __________ canal
may contain a ________-_which MECHANICALLY AND
CHEMICALLY BREAKS DOWN NUTRIENTS and/or an
______________________which REABSORBS NUTRIENTS.
This is a ___________________ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM------
(READ ABOUT THIS ON P. 720)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
***The exchange of gases requires a ________________!!
Single celled organisms use simple ____________ across their
moist membrane.
Plants use _______________________.
Insects use _______________________.
Gills---provide a large_______________ for more efficient gas
exchange and a ____________ for gas exchange.
_____________________________---used by bony fish to
maximize gas exchange and increase DIFFUSION rate
throughout the gills.
(SEE DIAGRAM) READ ABOUT THIS P. 704--705
_________________---in larger land animals; increases surface
area for gas exchange rather than using ___________________
as in small animals
_________________---allows lungs to expand & contract
___________________---projections from the lungs
_________________-----saclike structures which
increase__________ to maximize gas exchange
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
Fish have a ___ chambered heart (1 atrium & 1 ventricle)
Amphibians have a ___chambered heart.
Birds and Mammals have a ____chambered heart. A
______separates the atria from ventricles. This allows for
_______metabolism in endotherms AND
____________________of deoxygenated & oxygenated blood.
In Mammals, because the pressure of ____________________
is _________than the ____________, oxygen diffuses out of
the lungs into red blood cells. This oxygen rich blood is carried
__________________________________________________.
The pressure of ___________________________________than
in the lungs, so carbon dioxide diffuses out of the red blood
cells into the lungs.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
1. Invertebrates such as ________ use a ____________ as
their excretory organ.
2. Invertebrates such as Earthworms use a nephridium
(___________________________________).
3. Invertebrates such as ________ use _________________.
4. ________________ have paired kidneys which contain a
functional unit called the ______________.
AQUATIC VS. TERRESTRIAL EXCRETION:
Aquatic animals secrete___________directly into the water. This is
highly soluble in water.
Mammals secrete _________________. Urea is produced in the _____.
Birds and reptile secrete _______________ which is an energetically
______________ waste but yet allows for more ______________.
In protists, __________________pump out excess water from their cell.
In land plants, __________ regulate water loss through the process of
________________. Also, the plant’s large _______________regulates
solute concentration. The hormone _______________regulates
stomata opening & closing in order to ________ water. Plants also
have waxy _________________to prevent water loss.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Invertebrates use _________immunity because they lack specific
defense mechanisms. This type of immunity involves any ________
barriers to the invader, __________ in the lungs, the ______________
of a stomach, and the natural antibacterial secretions on the ______
and in _____________.
Vertebrates use _________ & _______ immunity triggered by invaders.
2 types of specific immune responses are ________________________.
_______are produced by the body’s _______to recognize foreign
______________.
These 2 are very specific to each other. For example, antibodies
produced against antigen_____ will not increase the body’s defense
against antigen____. However, a _____exposure to antigen____results
in a more rapid response by the _____________immune system.
When a cell is invaded, __________are displayed on the outside of the
cell which then attracts _________________________.
ANIMAL AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT
_____________ occurs when the embryo is forming. This is controlled
by _____________and ___________________.
TRANSCRIPTION factors are ________ that work in groups to
________________________. These factors recognize certain
_________________________________________ the gene of interest.
_________genes are groups of genes that control
___________formation during embryonic development. An example is
the ______________. Specific genes control their expression and are
regulated by_________________________________.
During ___________________________, one tissue affects another so
that that the responding tissue differentiates in a way that it normally
would not. This ____________ require the tissues to directly_____ but
will only occur if the RESPONDING tissue is ___________to receive at
least ____________ from the INDUCING tissue. This process is critical
in the development of
______________________________________________ in vertebrates.
When a seed germinates and starts to grow, the hormones
_____________________________are involved in________ feedback.
____________-----small ________ RNA pieces that help
regulate___________________________________________________
___________________________________(involved in immune system,
cell cycle control, metabolism, and cell differentiation)
_____________---programmed cell death (Ex: destruction of the 6th
____________________, destruction of some _______ cells, ______
development, loss of a _________ as it grows into a frog,
______________ breaks down thus starting menstruation)
____________----reduces _____ production but doesn’t completely
stop protein sysnthesis; __________________________ can occur in
order for animal to return to activity
_______________—chemical signal triggering social response
_______________—protein that regulates pheromone production,
enzyme action, cell organelle functions, & transcription
________________—when a bacteria population grows to become
dense so that the population density controls gene expression
POLLINATION causes the hormone ________ to increase. Petals then
also drop due to the production of an enzyme called
__________________. The genes that code for this enzyme are
turned_________ after pollination.
LOCAL VS. LONG-DISTANCE CHEMICAL REGULATORS:
___________ REGULATORS are secreted from a cell and affect a
_________________IN ______________________.
Ex: ____________ signaling—______________ travel from a ______
to a _________ cell
___________ signaling—a cell secretes a chemical that travels to an
_______________ target cell
____________ signaling—a cell secretes a chemical and acts
_________as the target cell
________________ REGULATORS travel via the __________ from
a______________ cell to affect a target cell. The main type is
a___________. In plants, they can travel through the _______ or
through the ________. In animals, they travel through the
______________________________ to reach a target cell.
2 types of hormones:
1. ____________ derivative(AKA ________ hormones)---have large
shapes that usually ________ cross the cell membrane but instead
_______________________________________; _______acting
Ex: __________ & ________________________
2. _____________ hormones---have _________ shapes and ______
cross the cell membrane into the ___________ of the cell;
_________acting but _________________ duration
CELL TO CELL COMMUNICATION:
****review to cell communication webquest!!!
Cells communicate through MESSENGER molecules that are released by
a ______________ cell and sent to a _______________cell.
Ex: ________________ are released by TYPES OF ____________ cells
to act on other white blood cells or other types of cells
Source of the INTERLEUKIN
Target Cell Function
macrophage macrophage
macrophage T cells
T cells/B cells B cells
Phagocytes T cells/B cells
Ex: Plants communicate through _____________________________.
( _______________ can occur through this; also plants can respond to
_________________________________________________ via this).
Ex: Animal cells communicate through similar structures called
__________________________________.
Nerve cells (NEURONS) release NEUROTRANSMITTERS that travel
to target cells across the ________________. The
neurotransmitter _____________________ signals
________________ BREAKDOWN in animals.
Ex: bacterial cells use chemical signaling to communicate with nearby
cells about _______________________________________.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THESE COMMUNICATION SIGNALS ARE
MODIFIED or CHANGED?
Ex: the enzyme ___________________ can mutate and
cause__________________________________________________
If the pancrease releases mutated ________ these can lead to
______________
If a NEURON’S PROTECTIVE OUTER LAYER (__________________) is
destroyed, it can’t transmit signals correctly. This could cause
______________________________________.
__________ starts when a cell grows and divides ___________a signal.
__________________________________________all work based off
blocking communication signals.
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Both the ______________systems work together well. The
________________________ is an organ involved in both systems’
____________________________.
Nerve cells (neurons) have an _________that sends the signal to a
target cell, a __________which integrates the signal, and
_____________which receive incoming signals. They release
NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are chemicals that control actions in
target cells.
Neurotransmitter
Function
Muscle contraction; slows heart contractions
Excitatory signal involved in long-term
memory
A major ___________ neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine Excitatory in the ___________ nervous system
Affects sleep, mood, attention, & learning
Affects sleep, mood, attention, & learning
Endorphins
Causes penis erection
Carbon monoxide Regulates release of ____________ hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Hormones are ____________________chemical regulators that travel
through the bloodstream to reach their TARGET cells. Therefore, since
they travel through the __________________, they are secreted from
_______________cells or glands.
HORMONE FUNCTION
oxytocin
insulin Released by _____ to _______ blood sugar
and help store sugar as _______ in the ______
glucagon _____ blood sugar by breaking down
_________ that is stored in the liver
ADH (__________________________) __________ water in the blood by increasing
the permeability of water in the
_____________________________________
Produces milk in the mammary glands
FSH (_______________________________) Helps ________ and __________both mature
LH (________________________________) Stimulates ovulation and also sperm release
during ejaculation
TSH (_________________________________) Activates thyroid gland
T3 and T4 Increases ____________________________
Calcitonin ________________blood calcium by storing
extra calcium in the bone
PTH (_________________________________) _____________________blood calcium by
extracting calcium from the bone
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoids Increases_____________________________
in the kidney’s nephron
Supports male reproductive tract & develops
male secondary sex characteristics
Supports female reproductive tract &
develops female secondary sex characteristics
Causes thickening of uterine wall
Affects mood and responds to light and dark