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Excretory & Respiratory Systems. Lungs and Kidneys. Gas Exchange: oxygen & CO 2. Type 1. Earliest type: Simple diffusion. Diffusion = movement of particles to equilibrium!. Gas exchange : simple diffusion. Examples of organisms that use simple diffusion. Protists : amoebas etc - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Excretory & Respiratory SystemsLungs and Kidneys
Gas Exchange: oxygen & CO2
• Earliest type: Simple diffusionType 1
Diffusion = movement of particles to equilibrium!
Gas exchange: simple diffusion• Protists: amoebas etc• Plants: through stomata
Examples of organisms that
use simple diffusion
Gas exchange: skin• Some amphibians, worms• Skin must be moist to open
pores!
Gas exchange: insects
• Tracheal tubes
Tubes open to outside of body, allow passive diffusion of gas
SPIRACLES are valves that open and close
special openings to let in oxygen: SPIRACLES
not lungs!!!!
Interesting idea: ancient giants• What was different about
earth’s atmosphere that would let insects grow so big?
more oxygen!!
Now, oxygen is at 21%
Then, it was at 30%!!!
http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/2431/attack-of-the-giant-insects
Gas exchange: Gills• Thin layers of tissue
letting oxygen diffuse out of water into bloodletting CO2 diffuse out of blood into water
Gills “counter-current exchange”
Fish, (bony & cartilaginous), Mollusks80% efficiciency rate
oxygenoxygen
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
water
blood
Lungs + Air Sacs: Birds• Birds have so
many air sacs, they can get fresh oxygen while inhaling OR exhaling!
Mammals: nose or blowhole• Sinus cavities to filter air• Tissue to warm air
Trachea: tube for air• Cartilage rings around it
keeps it from collapsingChoking: blockage of trachea
Bronchi: branches into lungs• Looks like a
branching tree
By the way: bronchitis is inflammation (swelling) of the bronchi
• Usually due to infection or allergies
Asthma:
Lungs: amphibians, reptiles, mammals
• Concurrent exchange system
Lungs: getting oxygen from air• Expanding lungs =
contracting diaphragm
Take a closer look at lungs:• ALVEOLI: small sacks
Ocean mammals:• Lungs
• Nose or blowhole
Smoker’s Lung:
Excretion: water balance!• Urinary Tract: filters liquid
wastes from body, balances water in blood
RemovesNITROGEN ous
WASTES
Also: sweating!
Kidney: contains NEPHRONS• Units of
tubing that remove excess water and liquid wastes from blood
General idea of a nephron:• In the
glomerulus, blood is passed near the tubules to exchange materials
Glomerulus• Blood can
exchange wastes with liquid
• Excess water will diffuse out of blood into renal tubule
Wastes pass through URETER• To be stored in
bladder
• Passed out urethra to outside of body
• Exit controlled by sphincter
Sphincters: open and close• Muscular “lock”
Potty training kids: • Wait for nervous system to
reach voluntary sphincters• 13 months – 36 months
Kidney Stones
Mineral deposits in kidneys or ureter
Painful!
UTI: urinary tract infection• Bacterial infection• Can spread to kidneys if left
untreated
Control of Water Balance:• Brain hormone ADH keeps
balance• HOMEOSTASIS
BEWARE!You can drink too much waterYou can drink too little water
You can kill babies by giving them too much water in their formula!
What is dialysis? • When kidney’s fail, we have
to do their job with machines.• USE DIFFUSION!