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EXECUTIVESUMMARY
A Rising Tide
Understanding Incarceration’s Multigenerational Impact on Women, Girls, and Communities
BROUGHTTOYOUBY
The Fierce Advocacy Fund
BACKGROUND
Thepublicfaceofover-incarcerationisoverwhelminglymale.However,between1980and2016,thenumberofincarceratedwomenintheU.Sincreasedbymorethan700percent.i
Toidentifysolutionsandprovokechangearoundtheincarcerationofwomen,girls,andparentingfamilies,MaternityCareCoalitioninpartnershipwiththeStoneleighFoundationhostedARisingTide:UnderstandingIncarceration’sMultigenerationalImpactonWomen,Girls,andCommunities.
Thisday-longforumbroughttogetherpolicymakers,systemstakeholders,industryleaders,advocatesandcommunitymemberstospurconversationandchallengepersistentinequalitiesaffectingthehealthandwell-beingofwomen,girls,andcommunitiesimpactedbythecriminaljusticesystem.
DEVELOPINGTRENDS
Hereareseveralpromisingtrendsandsuggestionsforreformthatemergedduringthepolicyforum.
1. Decrease/eliminatecashbailforpregnantwomenandparentingmothers.
2. FocusonMedication-AssistedTreatment(MAT)forpregnantwomenandmothersstrugglingwithsubstanceabusedisorders.
3. Expandtheusageofrestorativejusticepractices.
4. Increasediversionprogrammingandofferhomevisitingservicesforpregnantandnewlyparentingwomen.
Attheconclusionofthissummary,youwillfindalistofsuggestionsforhowyouoryourorganizationcancontinuetoengageinandsupportthiswork.
SCHEDULEOFEVENTS9:00 – 9:10 am Welcoming Remarks
RonnieL.Bloom,ExecutiveDirector,StoneleighFoundationMarianneFray,ChiefExecutiveOfficer,MaternityCareCoalition
9:10 – 10:10 am Opening Keynote Conversation
CriminalizationofGender&GenderedProsecutionandSentencingLawrenceS.Krasner,DistrictAttorney,CityofPhiladelphiaJeannettePai-Espinosa,President,NationalCrittentonModeratedby:MarshaLevick,ChiefLegalOfficer&Co-Founder,JuvenileLawCenter
10:25 – 11:10 am Breakout Session Period A
MothersBehindBars:PregnancyandParentingWhileIncarceratedBridgetBiddle,Advocate,MaternityCareCoalitionBlancheCarney,Commissioner,PhiladelphiaDepartmentofPrisonsMargaretZhang,StaffAttorney,Women’sLawProjectModeratedby:KathleenCreamer,ManagingAttorney,FamilyAdvocacyUnit,CommunityLegalServices
IncarcerationandHealthAccessBruceHerdman,ChiefofMedicalOperations,PhiladelphiaDepartmentofPrisonsTamraWilliams,DeputyChiefClinicalOfficer,CommunityBehavioralHealthCharmaineSmithWright,MedicalDirector,CenterforSpecialHealthCareNeeds,ChristianaCareHealthSystemModeratedby:HollyHarner,AssociateProfessorofPublicHealth,LaSalleUniversity
SCHEDULEOFEVENTS(CONTINUED)
11:25 am –
12:10 pm
Breakout Session Period B
ServingTimeontheOutside:Women,Girls,andReentryFaithBartley,LeadFellow,People’sPaperCo-opClaireShubik-Richards,ExecutiveDirector,PennsylvaniaPrisonSocietyJulieWertheimer,SeniorDirectorofCriminalJusticeReformStrategies&Programs,CityofPhiladelphiaModeratedby:MarjieMogul,SeniorDirectorofResearch,MaternityCareCoalition
PunitiveTreatmentofPregnantWomenExperiencingSubstanceUseDisordersColetteGreen,DirectorofBehavioralHealth,MaternityCareCoalitionCathleenPalm,Founder,TheCenterforChildren’sJusticeCarolE.Tracy,ExecutiveDirector,Women’sLawProjectModeratedby:NanFeyler,StoneleighFellow,DeputyManagingDirector’sOfficeforHealthandHumanServices,CityofPhiladelphia
1:30 – 2:20 pm
Closing Plenary
IntersectionalityandtheJusticeSystemAmberHikes,ExecutiveDirector,OfficeofLGBTAffairs,CityofPhiladelphiaAngelaIrvine,FounderandPrincipalConsultant,CeresPolicyResearchKeeTobar,StoneleighEmergingLeaderFellowandStaffAttorney,CommunityLegalServicesModeratedby:MarieN.Williams,SeniorProgramOfficer,StoneleighFoundation
2:20 – 2:30 pm Concluding Remarks
CRIMINALIZATIONOFGENDERANDGENDEREDPROSECUTIONANDSENTENCING
Shacklingwomenbefore,during,orafterchildbirth
wasprohibitedbyAct45in2010ii
PhiladelphiaDistrictAttorneyLarryKrasneropenedtheconferencewithadiscussiononthehistoryofPennsylvania’sinequitablesentencinglawsandhighlightedthewaysinwhichgendereddiscriminationisapersistentissueinthejusticesystem.
NationalCrittentonPresidentJeanettePai-Espinosaintroducedfourprimaryfactorsthatdrivegirlsintothecriminaljusticesystem:
• Statusoffenses
• Schoolpushout
• Familyviolence
• Domesticminorsextrafficking
Overthelastfewdecades,theshareofgirlsinthejusticesystemhasincreased,evenastheoverallnumberofyouthindetentionhasdeclined.iiiItisessentialtostopdetaininggirlsfortheirsafetywhentheiroffenseisnotarisktothepublic.
DistrictAttorneyKrasnerreiteratedhiscommitmenttocreatingmoreintentionalsentencingguidelinesandtoprioritizinggreatergenderbalancewithintheOfficeoftheDistrictAttorney.
MOTHERSBEHINDBARS:PREGNANCYANDPARENTINGWHILEINCARCERATED
Onecollateralconsequenceofincarcerationisthetraumaexperiencedbychildrenofincarceratedparents.Researchshowscontinuedcommunicationwithanincarceratedparentisaprotectivefactorthatcanminimizeachild’strauma.ivBridgetBiddle,aMaternityCareCoalitionAdvocateattheRiversideCorrectionalFacility,alsoemphasizedtheimportanceofprovidingtrauma-informedOBGYNsandprenatalcarespecialists,aswellasfindingwaystoincreasemothers’timewiththeirchildren.
PhiladelphiaDepartmentofPrisonsCommissionerBlancheCarneyspokeabouttheCityofPhiladelphia’sinitiativesfocusedonparentingfamiliesandaddiction.
InadditiontopartneringwithMCC’sMOMobileprogramtoprovidesupporttowomenattheRiversideCorrectionalFacility,theCitywasalsoawardedagrantfromtheMacArthurFoundationtoreducethesizeofthelocaljailpopulation.v
Whenpregnantwomenareincarcerated,theyhavedifferentneedsfromthoseofmen.MargaretZhang,astaffattorneyattheWomen’sLawProject,explainedsomeofthewaysinwhichthejusticesystemwasdesignedformenandnotwomen.Mostsignificantly,themajorityofwomenaretheprimarycaretakersoftheirminorchildrenuponbeingincarceratedandwillagainbecaretakerswhentheyarereleased.
81%OFINCARCERATEDWOMENINPHILADELPHIACOUNTY
AREPRE-TRIALvi
INCARCERATIONANDHEALTHACCESS
Allincarceratedindividualshaveaconstitutionallymandated“righttocare.”However,unmetmentalhealthneedsarerampantandespeciallypronouncedamongwomenandchildren.Dr.TamraWilliams,DeputyChiefClinicalOfficerofCommunityBehavioralHealth,spokeaboutthechallengesfacingincarceratedwomenandgirls,andthetreatmentoptionsavailabletothem,inPhiladelphia.
Untilrecently,incarceratedwomenwereservedthesamemealsasincarceratedmen.Thisledtoincarceratedwomengaininganaverageof17lbsduringtheirfirstyearofincarceration,which,inturn,
islinkedtopoorcardiovascularandbehavioralhealthoutcomes.viiBruceHerdman,ChiefofMedicalOperationsatthePhiladelphiaDepartmentofPrisons,highlightedtheneedforstrongerexternalsystemstopreventincarceration(andre-incarceration)fromoccurring.
Dr.CharmaineSmithWrightexplainedthebenefitsofadoptingatwo-generationapproach,whichtakesintoaccountthehealthandwell-beingofbothmothersandtheirchildrenduringincarceration.Newinitiativesfocusoninfusingacultureofhealthintocorrectionalfacilities,includingnutrition,exercise,andmentalhealth.
17LBSAVERAGEAMOUNTOFWEIGHTTHATWOMENGAINDURING
THEIRFIRSTYEAROFINCARCERATION
SERVINGTIMEONTHEOUTSIDE:WOMEN,GIRLS,ANDRE-ENTRY
Listeningtoindividuals’“livedexperience”iscriticaltoinformingandshapingcriminaljusticereform.FaithBartley,LeadFellowatthePeople’sPaperCo-op,spokeaboutherexperiencesandthespecificneedsofformerlyincarceratedwomenreturningtothecommunity.TheCo-opconnectsformerlyincarceratedindividualswithartists,lawyers,andmanyothers.
“Preventionisaboutmovingpeopleoutofpoverty.”
FaithBartley
ClaireShubik-Richards,ExecutiveDirectorofthePennsylvaniaPrisonSociety,spokeaboutthecontinuedneedtoaddressshacklingduringlaboranddeliveryinPennsylvaniastateprisons,andsomeofthesupportsherorganizationprovidestokeepfamiliesconnectedbyfacilitatingvisitstostateprisons.
TheCityofPhiladelphiahas30differentprograms,policiesandstrategiescurrentlyinplacetoreduceitsjailpopulationandtodecreaseracialandeconomicdisparitieswithinthejusticesystem.JulieWertheimer,SeniorDirectorofCriminalJusticeReformStrategies&ProgramsfortheCityofPhiladelphia,spokeaboutseveralCityobjectives,includingendingcashbail,reducingthenumberofpeopleonprobation,andrampinguppolice-assisteddiversionprograms.
PUNITIVETREATMENTOFPREGNANTWOMENEXPERIENCINGSUBSTANCEUSEDISORDERS
CarolTracydiscussedtheWomen’sLawProject,andthehistoryoftheWaronDrugs.Drugtreatmentprogramsduringthe1980swereoftenfocusedonpunishing,ratherthantreating,patients.Inoneinstance,amotherwasplacedonthechildabuseregistryforherdruguse.viii
TheCenterforChildren’sJusticehasspentthepastfiveyearsworkingtochangestatestatutesinPennsylvania.CathleenPalm,theCenter’sfounder,discussedAct54,whichaimstoprovidemultidisciplinarysupportforwomenandinfantsaffectedbysubstanceusedisorders.
Expertsagreethatgroupandindividualtherapy,inconjunctionwithMedication-AssistedTreatment(MAT)foropioid-usedisorders(OUD),arethemosteffectivetreatmentsforsubstancedependence.
MaternityCareCoalitionSeniorDirectorofProgramsColetteGreenspokeaboutthepromiseofMATinaddressingOUD.ApersonwithOUDwhoisreleasedfromjailwithoutMATissignificantlymorelikelythansomeonefromthegeneralpopulationtodieofanoverdosewithinthefirsttwoweeksofrelease.Currently,manyincarceratedwomenareforcedtoendurepainfulopioidwithdrawalwithoutanyassistance.
InadditiontotherapyandMAT,long-termresidentialfacilitiesandrecoveryhousesforwomenandchildrenarecriticalinhelpingwomengetbackontheirfeet.Unfortunately,womenareoftendischargedprematurelyfromthesefacilitiesduetoarbitrarytime-limits,whichcanbeaset-upforrelapseandrecidivism.
MEDICATION-ASSISTEDTREATMENTHASBEENSHOWNTOREDUCEixPOST-INCARCERATIONOVERDOSEFATALITIESBYASMUCHAS
75%
INTERSECTIONALITYANDTHEJUSTICESYSTEM
AmberHikes,theExecutiveDirectoroftheOfficeofLGBTAffairsfortheCityofPhiladelphiahighlightedtheimportanceofbringingyouth,andmembersoftheLGBTQcommunity,tothetableinasubstantiveway.Philadelphia,ashometooneofonlyfourofficesofLGBTQAffairsinthestate,ismakingprogress.
Gender-responsiveprogramsareanimportanttoolincombatingoppression.AngelaIrvine,FounderandPrincipalConsultantofCeresPolicyResearch,spokeabouttheimportanceofconsideringnot
justgender,butalsorace,sexuality,immigrationstatus,andgenderexpression,intheseprograms.
Homelessyouthmaystopseekingoutandreceivinghealthbenefitsfromcareorganizationsiftheydon’tfeelsafebasedontheirgenderidentityorrace.KeeTobar,aStoneleighEmergingLeaderFellowatCommunityLegalServices,spokeaboutherFellowship’seffortstoleverageyouthservicestofighthomelessnessinPhiladelphia.
BLACKWOMENARE
3TO4TIMESMORELIKELYTODIEINCHILDBIRTHTHANWHITEWOMENx
TRAUMAANDJUSTICEINVOLVEMENTAMONGWOMENANDGIRLS
“Ifyouimproveservicesforwomenandgirls,itwill
improveservicesformen.Ifyouonlyfocusonimprovingservices
formen,itneverimprovestheserviceforwomenandgirls.”
StephanieCovington
AddictiontreatmentservicesdesignedformenandboysareonlyoneoftheobstaclesincarceratedwomenintheUnitedStatesface,accordingtoStephanieCovington,Co-DirectoroftheInstituteforRelationalDevelopmentandtheCenterforGenderandJustice.Despitebeinghometoonly5%oftheworld’swomen,theUnitedStatesholds30%ofallwomenincarceratedglobally.InEurope,mother/childunitswithinprisonsaremorecommon,andinUzbekistan,pregnantwomencannotbeincarcerated.xi
ChangeintheU.S.criminalsystemmovesslowly.Trauma-informedcareismorewidespreadinEurope,butitismakingitswayintotheU.S.Forthosewithahistoryofaddictionortrauma,programssuchasHealingTraumaandBeyondViolencearecreatingsafeenvironments,whichcanleadtolonger-termrecoveryandhealing.xii
WHATCANYOUDO?Stayconnectedwith…
• MaternityCareCoalition• StoneleighFoundation
Learnabout…
• NextStepActof2019• DignityforIncarceratedWomenLegislativePackage
Readmoreon….
• Traumaandjusticeinvolvementamongwomenandgirls• MassIncarceration,anditseffectsoncommunities• LegalresourcesforpeopleinprisoninPennsylvania
CITATIONSihttps://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/incarcerated-women-and-girls/iihttps://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/li/uconsCheck.cfm?yr=2010&sessInd=0&act=45iiihttp://www.nationalcrittenton.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Gender_Injustice_Report.pdfivhttps://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/60691/410627-Effects-of-Parental-Incarceration-on-Young-Children.PDFvhttp://www.safetyandjusticechallenge.org/challenge-site/philadelphia/viCarne,Blanche."RE:ARisingTide"ReceivedbyHayimWolf,12April2019.Emailinterview.viihttp://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/SelectPops/HealthDisparities/2018-JUN-06/presentations/Charmaine%20Smith%20Wright.pdfviiihttp://ssrn.com/abstract=1003683ixhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.13779xhttps://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Freproductivehealth%2Fmaternalinfanthealth%2Fpmss.htmlxihttps://stoneleighfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/A-Rising-Tide-Trauma-and-Justice-Involvement-Among-Women-Girls.pdfxiihttps://www.stephaniecovington.com/books-and-curricula.php