Exercise 7

Axial Skeleton

Portland Community CollegeBI 231

Bone Landmarks

• All bones possess distinctive landmarks that are designed for specific functions.

• Review table 7.1

Axial Skeleton

• Skull

• Spine

• Thoracic Cage

• Hyoid bone

Frontal BoneFrontal Bone

Frontal Bone

Supraorbital ridge

Zygomatic Bone

Temporal Process

Zygomatic Arch

MaxillaHard Palate

Facial Bones

Mandible

Body

Ramus

Coronoid ProcessMandibular

Condyle

AngleMental Foramen

Alveolar Process

Facial Bones

Perpendicular Plate (Ethmoid)

Middle NasalConchae (Ethmoid)

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Vomer

Ethmoid Bone

Perpendicular Plate

Middle NasalConchae

Ethmoid Bone

Cribriform Plate

Perpendicular Plate

Cristae Galli

Ethmoid Bone

Crista Galli

Perpendicular Plate

Orbit

Coronal Suture

Between the Parietal bones and the Frontal Bone

Parietal Bone Frontal Bone

TemporalBone

Occipital Bone

Squamous Suture

Between the Parietal bone and the Temporal Bone

Parietal Bone Frontal Bone

TemporalBone

Occipital Bone

Lambdoid Suture

Between the Parietal bones and the Occipital Bone

Parietal Bone Frontal Bone

TemporalBone

Occipital Bone

Temporal Bone

Mastoid Process

Zygomatic Arch

Mandibular fossa

External Acoustic Meatus

Styloid Process

Temporal Bone

Temporal Bone

Occipital Bone

Parietal Bone

Parietal Bone

Sagittal Suture

Parietal Bone

(Right)

Parietal Bone(Left)

Frontal Bone

Occipital Bone

Between the Right and Left Parietal bones

Occipital Bone

External occipitalprotuberance

Occipital Condyles

Foramen Magnum

Palatine Bone

Vomer

Temporal Bone

Jugular Foramen

Carotid Canal

Sphenoid Bone Sphenoidal Sinus

Pterygoid Process

CraniumFloor

Anterior Cranial Fossa

Middle Cranial Fossa

PosteriorCranial Fossa

Frontal BoneFrontal Sinus

Parietal Bone

Parietal Bone

Temporal Bone

Temporal Bone

Temporal Bone

Mandible

Mylohyoid Line Mandibular Foramen

Sphenoid Bone

Greater Wing

Lesser Wing

Sella Turcica

SphenoidBone

Hypophyseal Fossa

Dorsum Sella

Sphenoid BoneLesser Wing

Greater Wing

Pterygoid Process

Medial Pterygoid Plate

Lateral Pterygoid Plate

Sinuses FrontalEthmoid Air Cells

MaxillarySphenoidal

Fetal SkullSuperior View

Fetal Skull

Wormian (Sutural) Bones

Small islands of bone that fill gaps in sutures.

Present in varying amounts

Cervical Spine

• 7 Vertebra

• C1-C7

• Concave Posterior

Thoracic Spine

• 12 Vertebra

• T1-T12

• Convex Posterior

• Attach to the ribs

Lumbar Spine

• 5 Vertebra

• L1-L5

• Concave Posterior

Sacral Spine

• 5 Fused Vertebra

• “Sacrum”

Coccyx

• 4 Fused Vertebra

Sacrum

5 Fused Vertebrae

Sacrum

Sacral Foramina

Sacrum

Sacral Promontory

Typical structure of vertebra

Intervertebral Foraminae

Intervertebral Disk

Annulus Fibrosus

(Fibrocartilage)

Nucleus Pulposus

Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)

BODY

VertebralForamen

Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)

Transverse Processes

Transverse Foramen

Cervical Vertebrae C1: Atlas

Superior Articular Facet

Cervical Vertebrae C2: Axis

Odontoid Process (Dens)

Cervical VertebraeC1 & C2 Joined Together

Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)

Bifid Spinous Process

Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)

Superior Articular Facet

Superior Articular Process

Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)

Vertebral Arch

Thoracic Vertebrae

Spinous Process

Thoracic Vertebrae

Costal Facets on the Transverse Process (for rib attachment)

Lumbar Vertebrae

BODY

Sacroiliac Joints

Coccyx

4 Rudimentary Vertebrae

Hyoid Bone

Greater HornLesser Horn

BODY

Sternum Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid Process

Sternal Angle

Ribs 1-7: True Ribs

Ribs 8-10: False Ribs

Ribs 11 & 12: Floating Ribs

Costovertebral Angle

Ribs

Ribs Attached to Thoracic Vertebrae

The End