Exercise ScienceExercise ScienceSection 3: The Muscular SystemSection 3: The Muscular System

An Introduction to Health and Physical An Introduction to Health and Physical EducationEducation

Ted TemertzoglouTed Temertzoglou Paul Challen Paul ChallenISBN 1-55077-132-9ISBN 1-55077-132-9

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Major Functions of MusclesMajor Functions of Muscles

Movement Includes: breathing, eating, and

the beating of our hearts Support Heat production

There are over 600 muscles in the human body.

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Three Types of Muscle TissueThree Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscles: Voluntary, striated, and attach

to bones by tendons and other tissue

Cardiac muscles: Involuntary, striated, and

found in one place – the heart

Smooth muscles: Involuntary, non-striated, and

surround the body’s internal organs

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

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Properties of Muscle FibreProperties of Muscle Fibre

Irritability Refers to muscle responding to stimuli

Contractibility Refers to muscle shortening in length

ElasticityRefers to muscle stretching and returning to normal position

Extensibility Refers to muscle extending in length

Conductivity Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses

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Neuromuscular JunctionNeuromuscular Junction

Sarcolemma

Axon

Receptor

Neurotransmitteracetylcholine (Ach)

Axon Terminal

Synaptic Cleft

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The Motor UnitThe Motor Unit

Dendrites

Neuron cell body

Muscle fibres

Neuromuscular junction

Terminal branches

Axon hillock

Myelin sheathNeurolemma

Motor neuron

Direction of action potential

Motor end plate

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The Anatomy of Skeletal MuscleThe Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Muscle fibre looking outward:

Perimysium Binds muscle fibres together

Epimysium Sheath enveloping entire muscle

Muscle fibre looking inward: Endomysium

Sheath of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibre

Sarcolemma Contains cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

Myofibrils Contain actin and myosin

Sarcomeres Contains myosin and actin

Perimysium

Muscle fibre

Epimysium

Endomysium

Muscle belly

Tendon

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Muscle FibreMuscle Fibre

Z lineSarcomere

Sarcoplasmic reticulumSarcolemma

Tendon

Thin filamentThick filament

Muscle belly

Muscle Fibre

Sarcomere

Epimysium Perimysium

Z line

Myofibril

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How Muscles Are NamedHow Muscles Are Named

Action/Function Flexion/Extension

Direction of Fibres Rectus/Transversus

Location Anterior/Posterior

Number of Divisions/Heads Number of heads

Shape Deltoid/Trapezius

Points of Attachment Sternum/Clavicle/Mastoid process

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How Muscles Attach to BoneHow Muscles Attach to Bone

Indirect attachment: Epimysium extends past muscle

as a tendon Attaches to periosteum of bone

Direct attachment: Epimysium adheres to and fuses

with the periosteum

Point of attachment

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Antagonistic PairsAntagonistic Pairs

ExamplesAgonist (Prime Mover) Antagonist

(Counteracts)

Elbow flexion Biceps brachii Triceps brachii

Shoulder abduction Deltoid Latissimus dorsi

Medial shoulder rotation

Pectoralis major Infraspinatus

Knee extension Quadriceps Hamstrings

Wrist flexion Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis

Dorsi flexion Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius

Trunk flexion Rectus abdominis Erector spinae group

Hip flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus

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Origin, Insertion, and FunctionOrigin, Insertion, and Function

Origin: Proximal attachment

Where muscle attaches to the least moveable area of the bones of the axial skeleton

Insertion: Distal attachment

Where muscle attaches to the bone that is moved most

Function: Action/motion

What the muscle does when activated

Origin

Insertion

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Types of Muscle ContractionTypes of Muscle Contraction

Concentric: Muscle fibres shorten

Eccentric: Muscle fibres lengthen

Isometric: Muscle fibres do not change in

length

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Muscle Contraction During ExerciseMuscle Contraction During Exercise

Isotonic exercise Controlled shortening and

lengthening of the muscle Isometric exercise

No motion – muscle fibres maintain a constant length throughout contraction

Isokinetic exercise Use machines to control

speed of contractions Combines best features

of both isotonic and isometric training

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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments): Attach, rotate, detach, and reattach in rapid succession Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction) Known as the sliding filament theory

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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments)

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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges Attach, rotate, detach, and re-attach in rapid succession

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The Sliding Filament TheoryThe Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)

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The Role of Adenosine TriphosphateThe Role of Adenosine Triphosphate

The sliding filament theory at the molecular level: Nerve impulse transmitted through the muscle fibre and releases

calcium ions Calcium (in presence of troponin and tropomyosin) facilitates

the interaction of myosin and actin molecules Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy source behind the

release of calcium ATP detaches myosin from the actin molecule ATP must be replaced through food metabolism for process to

continue

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The Role of CalciumThe Role of Calcium Sarcolemma

Outer vessicle of sarcoplasmic reticulum(Terminal cisternae)

Transverse tubule(T-tubule)

A band

Myofibrils

Longitudinal tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum

I band

Triad

Z line

H zone

Terminal cisternaeTransverse tubuleTerminal cisternae

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Anterior MusclesAnterior Muscles

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Posterior MusclesPosterior Muscles

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Muscles of the NeckMuscles of the Neck

Semispinalis capitis

Splenius

Scalenus medius

Scalenus anterior

Sternocleidomastoid

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Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of the Vertebral Column

Occipital bone

Mastoid processNuchal line

Spinalis

Longissimus

Iliocostalis

Erector spinae group

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Muscles of RespirationMuscles of Respiration

Internal intercostals

Internal thoracic artery and vein

Sternum

Transversus thoracis

Diaphragm (thoracic)

Transversus abdominis

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Muscles of the AbdomenMuscles of the Abdomen

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Quadratus lumborum (deep)

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Clavicular head of pectoralis major

Sterncostal head of pectoralis major

Muscles of the ShoulderMuscles of the Shoulder

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Muscles of the Shoulder – cont’dMuscles of the Shoulder – cont’d

Latissimus dorsi

InfraspinatusInfraspinatus

Supraspinatus

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Muscles of the Rotator CuffMuscles of the Rotator Cuff

Supraspinatus

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

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Muscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’dMuscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’d

Subscapularis

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Levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid major

Trapezius

Teres major

Muscles that Act on the ScapulaMuscles that Act on the Scapula

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Muscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’dMuscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’d

Teres major

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Muscles that Move the HumerusMuscles that Move the Humerus

Deltoid (anterior and lateral heads)

Coracobrachialis

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Muscles that Move the Humerus – cont’dMuscles that Move the Humerus – cont’d

Pectoralis minor

Coracobrachialis

Serratus anterior

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Elbow Flexors / Extensors – AnteriorElbow Flexors / Extensors – Anterior

Biceps brachii

Pronator teres

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

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Elbow Flexors / Extensors – PosteriorElbow Flexors / Extensors – Posterior

Triceps brachii (short head)

Triceps brachii (long head)

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Muscles of the Forearm – AnteriorMuscles of the Forearm – Anterior

Biceps brachii

Pronator teres

Brachioradialis

Pronator quadratus (deep)

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Muscles of the Forearm – PosteriorMuscles of the Forearm – Posterior

Brachioradialis

Triceps brachii (lateral head)

Anconeus

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Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)

Supinator

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Extrinsic Hand Muscles – AnteriorExtrinsic Hand Muscles – Anterior

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnarisFlexor digitorum superficialis

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Extrinsic Hand Muscles – PosteriorExtrinsic Hand Muscles – Posterior

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor digitorumExtensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digit minimi

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Intrinsic Hand MusclesIntrinsic Hand Muscles

Thenar eminence

Hypothenar eminence

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Muscles of the Hip – AnteriorMuscles of the Hip – Anterior

Psoas minor

Psoas major

Iliacus

Iliopsoas

Tensor fasciae latae

Pectineus

Sartorius

Gracilis

Rectus femoris

Iliotibial tract (band)

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Muscles of the Hip – PosteriorMuscles of the Hip – PosteriorGluteus medius

Gluteus minimusGluteus maximus (cut)

Gracilis

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Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)

Pectineus (cut)

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Adductor group

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Muscles of the Thigh – AnteriorMuscles of the Thigh – Anterior

Rectus femorisVastus intermedius (underneath)

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Quadriceps femoris group

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Muscles of the Thigh – PosteriorMuscles of the Thigh – Posterior

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Hamstring muscle group

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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – AnteriorExtrinsic Foot Muscles – Anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – PosteriorExtrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior

Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)

Gastrocnemius(medial and lateral heads)

Soleus

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Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)

Popliteus

Tibialis posterior

Fibularis(Peroneus) longus

Flexor hallucis longus

Fibularis (Peroneus) brevis

Flexor digitorum longus

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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – SuperficialIntrinsic Foot Muscles – Superficial

Flexor digitorum brevis

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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – IntermediateIntrinsic Foot Muscles – Intermediate

Quadratus plantae

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Intrinsic Foot Muscles – DeepIntrinsic Foot Muscles – Deep

Flexor hallucis brevis

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