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Click on the central section for an introduction to this topicClick on the outside sections to explore transport’s impacts on our lives
Transport Policy
Social Impacts
What we do
Health
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Economy
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Where we live
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What we do
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Personal Finance
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Environment
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Education
Where we live
Transport Policy
Social Impacts
What does it mean for Transport?
Transport policy should aim to maximise positive impact on economy, society and environment and minimise negative impacts, using relevant evidence in options appraisal. This toolkit shows a variety of ways in which transport impacts on our lives, and the types of evidence which can be used in appraisals.
The next slides demonstrate some of the transport’s impacts on wellbeing.
Why Social Impacts?
Understanding the broader impacts of changes to transport services, regulation and infrastructure enables us to make better decisions with regards to policy option generation and development.
The UK government recognises that measuring the impacts oftransport policy in terms of economic impact is only a partial appraisal of the difference we are making
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Wellbeing
Good psychological
functioningEngagement and
autonomy
Psychological Resources
Optimism, ResilienceSelf-esteem
External Conditions
Transport infrastructure Service provisionUser experience
Health & ProsperityBy im
proving user experience
we can contribute to social
engagement
The feedback fro
m creating
engaged, autonomous
individuals is improved
physical health
& prosperity
Psychological resources will
be a factor in determining
individual transport choices.
Life satisfaction and
happiness will feedback to
enhance psychological
resources
Effective use of transport can increase
social engagement, employment, health and
enjoyment of environment, making
the UK a desirable place to live
Click on the arrows to show the links
5a Reardon and Abdallah (2013)
Transport Policy
Social Impacts
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Journey Quality
Psychological state
NoisePhysical Fitness
Green Space Stress levels
Congestion
Value of timeAccessibility
Accidents
Local travel
Air Quality
Health
Environment
Where we live
Our Relationships
Personal Finance
What we doProductivity
Social participation Quality of LifeAffordability Severance
Reliability
Work/Life Balance
Clinical Health
Economy
Commuting
Active Travel
Transport Impacts Life Satisfaction
Click on the buttons to highlight the relevant transport impacts and the influence these have on our lives
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What should we focus on?Transport policy makers decide what areas they should focus on. Priorities may shift across time but UK transport has core principles that have remained fairly constant, e.g.
- improving road safety- increasing rail capacity
By what means do we deliver our policies?Policies can be achieved by employing new technologies and new innovations, e.g.
- road safety can be delivered with improvements to vehicle design- rail capacity can be delivered with changes to carriage layout
Why are we focussing on these policies?Policy should be developed with an eye on the ‘bigger picture’. We should take a step back and ask ourselves ‘why’ the policy we have chosen is positive for wellbeing and whether it takes into account social impacts. Enhancing local or national wellbeing is a specific reason for ‘why’ something should be done
How will we get there?There are a variety of tools at the disposal of transport policy makers e.g. legislation, grants, incentives or behavioural insights
Behavioural Insights provides a mechanism for ‘how’ policy can be changed in a cost-effective manner
For how much?The intentions of transport policy makers will always be constrained by budget. We may wish to be ambitious with transport projects but delivering Value for Money is a core principle for all policy makers. Costs-Benefit analysis is a significant factor in the feasibility and desirability of a policy intervention
Transport Policy Development
What about wellbeing?
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Click on the ROAMEF boxes to find out more about how and how social impacts can be incorporated into policy
development
Once a policy has been implemented, monitoring seeks to check progress against planned targets. Through reports and evidence it ensures that outputs (including social impacts) are successfully delivered and
If we want to develop policies that create positive social impacts we should be considering wellbeing when developing the policy rationale. It is a chance to think about WHY the policy is worthwhile for society
Developing objectives is an opportunity to consider social impacts. Review sources of evidence and think about what sort of policy is going to deliver maximum wellbeing benefit at minimum cost to the taxpayer
Appraisal is an established area of transport policy development. WebTAG uses Green Book principles to ensure transport policy options consider social impacts as part of a range of economic costs and benefits
The process of evaluation will highlight lessons learned and feedback from stakeholders with regards to the success and impacts of the intervention outcomes. Feedback can also occur at other points in the cycle
Evaluation is the assessment
of policy effectiveness during
and after implementation. It seeks to measure outcomes in order to assess whether the anticipated benefits have been realised. DfT Monitoring & Evaluation Strategy
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Rationale
Appraisal
Monitoring
Evaluation
Feedback ObjectivesTransport Policy
Development
ROAMEF47
Transport Policy
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Transport supports us in
what we do
It helps us choose where we work & how we spend our time
The key questions
Giving choices in leisure and social life?
Providing access to services?
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Getting people to work?
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How can transport systems and services promote well-being through…
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EmploymentMany people need reliable and affordable transport to get to work. People in employment are happier, healthier and wealthier than those who are unemployed. But commuting may be stressful because of:…
• Ambience• Crowding / Congestion• Lack of passenger / user
information• Lack of service provision• Reliability issues
Access to ServicesTransport gives access to vital services like schools and hospitals, and gives people choices on where they shop and spend leisure time. The impacts of the journey depend on…
• Journey purpose• Affordability• Congestion, parking• Regularity of service• Access e.g. in rural areas or for older people
What we do
Social EngagementTransport is fundamental to maintaining ties to family, friends and wider society. Some people are at particular risk of not being able to access or afford transport, to avoid isolation…
• Elderly people • Parents with children
• Unemployed• People with disabilities
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Employment• 75% of people travel for less than 30 mins to get to work
and only 5% commute for more than 1 hour 37
• Diary studies show commuting to work as a low point in the day, with stress and irritability carrying over to the workplace 2 16
• WebTAG appraisal considers transport User Benefits, the Value of Time for journeys made and Journey Quality
Social Engagement• People with disabilities, who are not working, have the
lowest wellbeing and may also have problems accessing transport 22
• Unemployment is a factor in low levels of wellbeing 3 Transport provides opportunities to gain employment and match skills to jobs
• Transport policy considers Equalities analysis to capture transport impacts on user groups who are more vulnerable to social isolation
Access to Services• 81% of the English population can access centres of
employment in a reasonable time by walking or using public transport. For hospitals it is only 29%, making it more likely for these users to have to rely on private transport 38
• Accessibility indicators are being used to examine the link between access to transport and the impact this has on our life transitions (moving home, getting a job)
• WebTAG appraises transport schemes for accessibility specifications
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Employment• 75% of people travel for less than 30 mins to get to work
and only 5% commute for more than 1 hour 37
• Diary studies show commuting to work as a low point in the day, with stress and irritability carrying over to the workplace 2 16
• WebTAG appraisal considers transport User Benefits, the Value of Time for journeys made and Journey Quality
Social Engagement• People with disabilities, who are not working, have the
lowest wellbeing and may also have problems accessing transport 22
• Unemployment is a factor in low levels of wellbeing 3 Transport provides opportunities to gain employment and match skills to jobs
• Transport policy considers Equalities analysis to capture transport impacts on user groups who are more vulnerable to social isolation
Access to Services• 81% of the English population can access centres of
employment in a reasonable time by walking or using public transport. For hospitals it is only 29%, making it more likely for these users to have to rely on private transport 38
• Accessibility indicators are being used to examine the link between access to transport and the impact this has on our life transitions (moving home, getting a job)
• WebTAG appraises transport schemes for accessibility specifications
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Research Resources
ONS WellbeingWheel of wellbeing – bringing together the measures considered significant for national and
individual wellbeing in the UKSubjective wellbeing data – 4 measures of wellbeing included in the annual population survey. Available from the ONS
Longitudinal EvidenceUnderstanding Society – This study provides detailed national coverage of wellbeing measures alongside commuter behaviour and car ownership English Longitudinal Study of Ageing – Measures of wellbeing are collected alongside travel behaviour, travel availability and health indicators for over 50sMillennium Cohort Study – DfT has funded questions to be asked on cycling ability and
frequency for a cohort born in 2000
Insights ToolsBehavioural Insights toolkit – A resource that is designed to give transport policy makers an insight into enabling behavioural choicesEconomic Insights toolkit – Raises awareness of the relevant economic issues for transport policy. There are synergies between economic growth agenda and wellbeing
Other ResourcesSurvey Question Bank – Questionnaire searches allow us to identify wellbeing related questions in various surveys held in the UK data archiveNational Travel Survey – A nationally representative cross-sectional study that collects information on personal travel
For queries on wellbeing research resources contact; [email protected]
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The
- Environment -
plays a significant role in our health and wellbeing
The key questions
Maintaining/Improving air quality?
What role can transport systems and services play in…
Increasing environmental awareness and enjoyment?
Reducing damage to environmental resources?
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Air QualityTransport produces a quarter of the nation’s PM10 emissions, almost half NOx emissions and more than half of CO emissions. This can lead to…
• Respiratory problems and premature death• Isolation for people who feel unable to go outside• Negative impacts on the natural environment
Environmental AwarenessMany people say the natural environment – access to green spaces – is important for their happiness and life satisfaction. Local features which can have an effect include …
• Walkability & Bikeability• Natural habitats e.g. forests,
beaches• Type of road and level of
traffic
Environmental ResourcesThe environment acts as a sink for the outputs of transport including; airborne pollutants and waste products. As such, ecosystems provide services to society…
• Provision of resources• Regulation of climate• Support of natural cycles• A focus for cultural and spiritual
beliefs
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Air Quality• Comparing localities, an increase of 10μg/m3 in mean
NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) concentration corresponds to a drop of nearly half a point of life satisfaction (controlling for key characteristics) 4
• 8100 deaths per year associated with PM10 (particulate matter) in the UK 5
• WebTAG appraisal considers transport Air Quality, as both a net environmental impact and a distributive social impact
Environmental Awareness• Proximity to green space is known to increase
house prices by up to 20% 40
• Over 70% of trips to green spaces are made by active travel, helping people to benefit directly from health and environmental impacts 40
• ‘Natural Capital’ in an area has an influence on the individual wellbeing of residents 9
Environmental Resources• By 2050 the UK aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by at least 80% from the 1990 level. Current GHG emissions from transport are 28% lower than the 1990 level. As a proportion of all domestic GHG, transport’s share has increased from 16% to 22% in this period 39
• The ‘ecosystem services’ methodology, which takes into account the services provided by the environment, will form part of DfT’s appraisal framework
Environment
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Air Quality• Comparing localities, an increase of 10μg/m3 in mean
NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) concentration corresponds to a drop of nearly half a point of life satisfaction (controlling for key characteristics) 4
• 8100 deaths per year associated with PM10 (particulate matter) in the UK 5
• WebTAG appraisal considers transport Air Quality, as both a net environmental impact and a distributive social impact
Environmental Resources• By 2050 the UK aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by at least 80% from the 1990 level. Current GHG emissions from transport are 28% lower than the 1990 level. As a proportion of all domestic GHG, transport’s share has increased from 16% to 22% in this period 39
• The ‘ecosystem services’ methodology, which takes into account the services provided by the environment, will form part of DfT’s appraisal framework
Environment
Research Resources
Environmental Awareness• Proximity to green space is known to increase
house prices by up to 20% 40
• Over 70% of trips to green spaces are made by active travel, helping people to benefit directly from health and environmental impacts 40
• ‘Natural Capital’ in an area has an influence on the individual wellbeing of residents 9
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Research Resources
ONS WellbeingWheel of wellbeing – bringing together the measures considered significant for national and
individual wellbeing in the UKSubjective wellbeing data – 4 measures of wellbeing included in the annual population survey. Available from ONS
Longitudinal EvidenceUnderstanding Society – This study provides detailed national coverage of wellbeing measures alongside commuter behaviour and car ownership English Longitudinal Study of Ageing – Measures of wellbeing are collected alongside travel behaviour, travel availability and health indicators for over 50sMillennium Cohort Study – DfT has funded questions to be asked on cycling ability and
frequency for a cohort born in 2000
Insights ToolsBehavioural Insights toolkit – A resource that is designed to give transport policy makers an insight into enabling behavioural choicesEconomic Insights toolkit – Raises awareness of the relevant economic issues for transport policy. There are synergies between economic growth agenda and wellbeing
Other ResourcesSurvey Question Bank – Questionnaire searches allow us to identify wellbeing related questions in various surveys held in the UK data archiveNational Travel Survey – A nationally representative cross-sectional study that collects information on personal travel
For queries on wellbeing research resources contact; [email protected]
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The transport choices we makewill impact upon our
- Health -
The key questions
Reducing risks to health?
What role can transport systems and services play in…
Enabling choices which are good for health?
Increasing opportunities for healthy activity?
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…and health is a significant factor in our wellbeing
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Emotional ImpactTransport lets people make journeys they want to make. Knowing they have an option to travel when they want gives autonomy. Social and emotional benefits include…
• Sense of empowerment• Visits to family and friends• Access to green space
Impact of NoiseNoise is a major output of transport and has been shownto result in negative impactson health and life satisfaction, including…
• Increased stress levels • Limiting opportunities to
socialise• Affecting concentration
at work and school
Active TravelChoosing active travel, rather than sedentary, improves physical and mental health and reduces risks of developing …
• Cancer• Heart disease• Dementia
Health
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HealthActive Travel• Each additional hour spent driving per day is associated
with a 6% increase in the likelihood of obesity
• Each additional kilometre walked per day is associated with a 4.8% decrease in the likelihood of obesity 10
• Small term improvements in mood can be made with exercise. Regular exercise (5 x 30mins per week) can help guard against depression 11
Emotional Impact• The car is seen to ‘provide the psycho-social
benefits of protection, autonomy and prestige’ 15
• The emotional impact of recreational journeys is known to be a positive influence on wellbeing. This is opposed to the negative influence of the commute 34 35
• Walkers and cyclists are seen to enjoy their commutes the most compared to other modes of transport 17
Impact of Noise• Road traffic noise has been linked to stress and anxiety
brought about by a lack of sleep12 Sleep disturbance is linked to further problems, such as increased cardio- vascular risk and decreased concentration levels 36 17a
• Research suggests that certain levels of road traffic noise can be linked to increased risk of heart disease. Aircraft noise can be linked to increased risk of hypertension 17a
• Noise impact is assessed in WebTAG as part of appraisal
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Emotional Impact• The car is seen to ‘provide the psycho-social
benefits of protection, autonomy and prestige’ 15
• The emotional impact of recreational journeys is known to be a positive influence on wellbeing. This is opposed to the negative influence of the commute 34 35
• Walkers and cyclists are seen to enjoy their commutes the most compared to other modes of transport 17
Research Resources
Active Travel• Each additional hour spent driving per day is associated
with a 6% increase in the likelihood of obesity
• Each additional kilometre walked per day is associated with a 4.8% decrease in the likelihood of obesity 10
• Small term improvements in mood can be made with exercise. Regular exercise (5 x 30mins per week) can help guard against depression 11
Impact of Noise• Road traffic noise has been linked to stress and anxiety
brought about by a lack of sleep12 Sleep disturbance is linked to further problems, such as increased cardio- vascular risk and decreased concentration levels 36 17a
• Research suggests that certain levels of road traffic noise can be linked to increased risk of heart disease. Aircraft noise can be linked to increased risk of hypertension 17a
• Noise impact is assessed in WebTAG as part of appraisal
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Research Resources
ONS WellbeingWheel of wellbeing – bringing together the measures considered significant for national and
individual wellbeing in the UKSubjective wellbeing data – 4 measures of wellbeing included in the annual population survey. Available from ONS
Longitudinal EvidenceUnderstanding Society – This study provides detailed national coverage of wellbeing measures alongside commuter behaviour and car ownership English Longitudinal Study of Ageing – Measures of wellbeing are collected alongside travel behaviour, travel availability and health indicators for over 50sMillennium Cohort Study – DfT has funded questions to be asked on cycling ability and
frequency for a cohort born in 2000
Insights ToolsBehavioural Insights toolkit – A resource that is designed to give transport policy makers an insight into enabling behavioural choicesEconomic Insights toolkit – Raises awareness of the relevant economic issues for transport policy. There are synergies between economic growth agenda and wellbeing
Other ResourcesObesity and Active Travel – A briefing from Public Health England on the issue of creating environments that are more likely to make people use active modes of travelHEAT tool – WHO tool designed to aid the economic valuation of health benefits of walking and cycling
For queries on wellbeing research resources contact; [email protected]
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The key questions
Contributing to economic growth?
What role can transport services and systems play in …
Influencing the value of our time?
Supporting a flexible labour market?
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Social impacts consider more than just the
- Economy -
…but economy and society areinterdependent
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Value of timeAs journey times in both public and private transport change - whether due to faster vehicles or increasedcongestion - we must consider the value of time we have saved or lost. These values will be different for working and non-working journey purposes
EmploymentLabour market geographies may be a barrier to employment. Transport can help match skills to jobs and so improve productivity. Actions on transport and the labour market which add to well-being as well as economic growth include…
• Getting people into employment and matching them to their preferred jobs
• Improving cycle routes: employees more likely to be fit and alert
• Flexitime and home working: raise productivity, reduce congestion and stress
Economic GrowthTransport is a large part of the economy. Economic growth by higher expenditure on more petrol burned by more cars in longer traffic jams is an example which does not increase wellbeing. However, transport improvements can deliver better wellbeing as well as economic growth…
• Better transport infrastructure to reduce congestion• Vehicles with better fuel efficiencies and lower
emissions reduce costs to industry and families, moving money to more productive use
• Improved transport can lead to growth and jobs. There are clear wellbeing benefits to having more people in employment
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EconomyProductivity• A 1% increase in transport stock leads to approximately
a 0.2% increase in GDP 18
• International evidence shows that increased GDP in developed countries does not necessarily lead to a corresponding increase in average happiness 19
• Choosing a fuel efficient mode of transport such as an electric vehicle can save approximately 80% on the running cost of a petrol car 41
Value of Time• Time savings brought about by quicker journey
times during the working day are valued as increased productive working time
• The value of ‘non working’ time is based on the willingness to pay for travel benefits such as quicker journey times, comfort or reliability
• Appraisal of the time savings captures some of the wellbeing benefits e.g. productivity, impact on personal finance
Employment• Geographical distance, regularity and reliability of transport
can be constraints to accessing the labour market 22
• Lack of affordable transport can act as a barrier by limiting the range of a search, preventing access to interviews and forcing people to turn down job offers 23
• We know that people in work have higher subjective wellbeing scores than those who are unemployed. Transport’s role in matching people to the right jobs is significant for national wellbeing 42
Research Resources
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See DfT’s Economic Insights Toolkit for furtherexploration of transport’s impact on the economy
See DfT’s Economic Insights Toolkit for furtherexploration of transport’s impact on the economy
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Economy
Value of Time• Time savings brought about by quicker journey
times during the working day are valued as increased productive working time
• The value of ‘non working’ time is based on the willingness to pay for travel benefits such as quicker journey times, comfort or reliability
• Appraisal of the time savings captures some of the wellbeing benefits e.g. productivity, impact on personal finance
Research Resources
Productivity• A 1% increase in transport stock leads to approximately
a 0.2% increase in GDP 18
• International evidence shows that increased GDP in developed countries does not necessarily lead to a corresponding increase in average happiness 19
• Choosing a fuel efficient mode of transport such as an electric vehicle can save approximately 80% on the running cost of a petrol car 41
Employment• Geographical distance, regularity and reliability of transport
can be constraints to accessing the labour market 22
• Lack of affordable transport can act as a barrier by limiting the range of a search, preventing access to interviews and forcing people to turn down job offers 23
• We know that people in work have higher subjective wellbeing scores than those who are unemployed. Transport’s role in matching people to the right jobs is significant for national wellbeing 42
Back
Research Resources
ONS WellbeingWheel of wellbeing – bringing together the measures considered significant for national and
individual wellbeing in the UKSubjective wellbeing data – 4 measures of wellbeing included in the annual population survey. Available from ONS
Longitudinal EvidenceUnderstanding Society – This study provides detailed national coverage of wellbeing measures alongside commuter behaviour and car ownership English Longitudinal Study of Ageing – Measures of wellbeing are collected alongside travel behaviour,
travel availability and health indicators for over 50sMillennium Cohort Study – DfT has funded questions to be asked on cycling ability and
frequency for a cohort born in 2000
Insights ToolsBehavioural Insights toolkit – A resource that is designed to give transport policy makers an insight into
enabling behavioural choicesEconomic Insights toolkit – Raises awareness of the relevant economic issues for transport policy. There are synergies between economic growth agenda and wellbeing
Other ResourcesSurvey Question Bank – Questionnaire searches allow us to identify wellbeing related questions in various surveys held in the UK data archiveNational Travel Survey – A nationally representative cross-sectional study that collects
information on personal travel
For queries on wellbeing research resources contact; [email protected]
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Transport enables access to
– Education –
which enables individuals to flourish
The key questions
Getting young people to sites of learning?
Promoting active travel?
Affecting the learning experience?
…and how does this impact on our lives?
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How can transport systems and services create positive socialimpacts by…
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Impact on learningResearch shows links between levels of noise from roads and airports and reduced classroom concentration levels. Transport schemes must take into account a broad set of impacts if sites of schools and colleges are affected…
• Noise• Actual and perceived safety• Severance- transport acting as an obstruction
Young people and active travelActive travel should be emphasisedas having considerable wellbeingbenefits for young people. Once safety perceptions and protocolhave been addressed, the well-being benefits form a virtuous cycle…
• Improved physical health• Better discipline and attainment• Increased levels of social
interaction
Travel to schoolDfT has encouraged using active modes of travel as well as public transport. The aim is to reduce the number who drive their children to school. This has a number of potential benefits…
• Improved cycling proficiency• Early influence on travel behaviours
and habits• Free access to education for rural and
remote communities
Education
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EducationTravel to School• Bikeability encourages better cycling uptake and
proficiency for schools in England. The wellbeing benefits are associated with safety, health improvements and academic performance
• Bus travel is provided free of charge by LEAs for students who live beyond the statutory distances from school. It can also be delivered at full or partial discount by local commercial providers. Transport forms part of the delivery of education; a major wellbeing influence
Active Travel and Young people• The travel to school initiative funded by DfT has
shown that encouraging active modes of travel can have benefits for rates of obesity and local carbon emissions
• Wider wellbeing benefits such as stronger community cohesion and improved pupil behaviour can be derived
Impacts on Learning• The impacts of transport noise can be detrimental to the
wellbeing of school children by affecting concentration levels and subsequently academic performance 13
• Transport appraisal takes into account the proximity of schools when examining safety, noise, air quality and severance of proposed transport schemes. School age children are known to be more vulnerable to these impacts compared to other groups
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EducationTravel to School• Bikeability encourages better cycling uptake and
proficiency for schools in England. The wellbeing benefits are associated with safety, health improvements and academic performance
• Bus travel is provided free of charge by LEAs for students who live beyond the statutory distances from school. It can also be delivered at full or partial discount by local commercial providers. Transport forms part of the delivery of education; a major wellbeing influence
Active Travel and Young people• The travel to school initiative funded by DfT has
shown that encouraging active modes of travel can have benefits for rates of obesity and local carbon emissions
• Wider wellbeing benefits such as stronger community cohesion and improved pupil behaviour can be derived
Impacts on Learning• The impacts of transport noise can be detrimental to the
wellbeing of school children by affecting concentration levels and subsequently academic performance 13
• Transport appraisal takes into account the proximity of schools when examining safety, noise, air quality and severance of proposed transport schemes. School age children are known to be more vulnerable to these impacts compared to other groups
Research Resources
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Research Resources
ONS WellbeingWheel of wellbeing – bringing together the measures considered significant for national and
individual well-being in the UKSubjective wellbeing data – 4 measures of wellbeing included in the annual population survey. Available from ONS
Longitudinal EvidenceUnderstanding Society – This study provides detailed national coverage of wellbeing measures alongside commuter behaviour and car ownership English Longitudinal Study of Ageing – Measures of wellbeing are collected alongside travel behaviour, travel availability and health indicators for over 50sMillennium Cohort Study – DfT has funded questions to be asked on cycling ability and
frequency for a cohort born in 2000
Insights ToolsBehavioural Insights toolkit – A resource that is designed to give transport policy makers an insight into enabling behavioural choicesEconomic Insights toolkit – Raises awareness of the relevant economic issues for transport policy. There are synergies between economic growth agenda and wellbeing
Other ResourcesSurvey Question Bank – Questionnaire searches allow us to identify wellbeing related questions in various surveys held in the UK data archiveNational Travel Survey – A nationally representative cross-sectional study that collects information on personal travel
For queries on wellbeing research resources contact; [email protected]
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Individual wellbeingis largely influenced by our ability to
form and maintain
- Relationships -
Encouraging community involvement?
The key questions
Developing social capital?
What role do transport systems and services play in…
Guarding against isolation?
…and how does this impact on society?
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IsolationResearch shows that people who have fewest social contacts with family, friends and community are less happy and find life least worthwhile. Isolation is also linked to poor health. Transport can facilitate or hinder development of relationships through…
• Availability, affordability and reliability of services
• Number of cars on the road• Air quality & noise levels
Family & Community InvolvementPeople with longer journeys to work are less engaged in family life and civil activities. Participation in community groups and time spent with family are both known to be beneficial for wellbeing.
Social CapitalSome communities show more cohesion, mutual trust and reciprocity than others, and there is evidence that this supports higher life satisfaction and better health outcomes. Transport can play a part in building social capital by enabling people to …
• Visit family & friends• Volunteer locally• Engage in recreation and
social activity with others
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Social Capital• Defined as ‘the social interactions that inspire trust and
reciprocity among citizens’ 24
• Happiness is higher on average for residents in areas which also show high social capital 44
• Social capital can be demonstrated (and developed) by voluntary groups such as hospital car schemes, cycle groups offering free safety checks and repairs, ‘walk to school’ groups 11a 22a
Family & Community Involvement• An increase in commute duration leads to significant
decreases in time spent with family and friends for men. The same commute time increase for women results in a decrease in time spent with friends and also having to shift priorities to maintain family time 33b
• With each additional ten minutes spent on the daily commute, involvement in community affairs is reduced by ten percent 25
Isolation• Losing access to transport is associated with a
detachment from social networks and leisure activities. This detachment is more common amongst the single, divorced or widowed than it is amongst couples 43
• Residents on the light- and medium-traffic streets were found to consider part or the entire street as their ‘territory’. Territory of those on a heavy traffic street is within their immediate home and does not extend onto the street, thus reducing social contact 26 27
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Family & Community Involvement• An increase in commute duration leads to significant
decreases in time spent with family and friends for men. The same commute time increase for women results in a decrease in time spent with friends and also having to shift priorities to maintain family time 33b
• With each additional ten minutes spent on the daily commute, involvement in community affairs is reduced by ten percent 25
Isolation• Losing access to transport is associated with a
detachment from social networks and leisure activities. This detachment is more common amongst the single, divorced or widowed than it is amongst couples 43
• Residents on the light- and medium-traffic streets were found to consider part or the entire street as their ‘territory’. Territory of those on a heavy traffic street is within their immediate home and does not extend onto the street, thus reducing social contact 26 27
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Social Capital• Defined as ‘the social interactions that inspire trust and
reciprocity among citizens’ 24
• Happiness is higher on average for residents in areas which also show high social capital 44
• Social capital can be demonstrated (and developed) by voluntary groups such as hospital car schemes, cycle groups offering free safety checks and repairs, ‘walk to school’ groups 11a 22a
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Research Resources
ONS WellbeingWheel of wellbeing – bringing together the measures considered significant for national and
individual wellbeing in the UKSubjective wellbeing data – 4 measures of wellbeing included in the annual population survey. Available from ONS
Longitudinal EvidenceUnderstanding Society – This study provides detailed national coverage of wellbeing measures alongside commuter behaviour and car ownership English Longitudinal Study of Ageing – Measures of wellbeing are collected alongside travel behaviour, travel availability and health indicators for over 50sMillennium Cohort Study – DfT has funded questions to be asked on cycling ability and
frequency for a cohort born in 2000
Insights ToolsBehavioural Insights toolkit – A resource that is designed to give transport policy makers an insight into enabling behavioural choicesEconomic Insights toolkit – Raises awareness of the relevant economic issues for transport policy. There are synergies between economic growth agenda and wellbeing
Other ResourcesSurvey Question Bank – Questionnaire searches allow us to identify wellbeing related questions in various surveys held in the UK data archiveNational Travel Survey – A nationally representative cross-sectional study that collects information on personal travel
For queries on wellbeing research resources contact; [email protected]
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Levels of
- Personal Finance -
play a role in our travel behaviour
The key questions
Incentivising travel choices which are better for health/environment?
Creating affordable travel for leisure?
Not deterring people from work?
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Cost of Travel to WorkCost and convenience of travel are important factors in choosing between jobs, including moving from benefit to employment. The financial and psychological benefits from working are limited for some people by …
• Costs of travel to interviews or starting work
• High costs of commuting• No available public transport to suit
working hours• Season tickets don’t give savings for
part time staff
Affordable Travel Choices for LeisureTravelling for enjoyment is important for personal wellbeing and the economy (shopping trips, family visits, trips to countryside, holiday)…
• Those with higher incomes can choose how much to travel• Poorer people travel less• Concessions for older people and people with disabilities increase their options (but are
not limited to those with low incomes)
Cost of TravelTransport is the largest spending area in household budgets: 14% on average in the UK. Disposable income constrains people’s choices on mode and amount of travel, with consequences for health, emissions, accidents, congestion personal wellbeing. Economic factors and transport policies affect the incentive to choose …
• Time and distance travelled• Vehicle or walk/cycle• Car or public transport
Personal Finance
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Personal FinanceCost of Travel
• Transport takes 13% of household expenditure in urban areas, 15% in rural. For households where someone is working, transport takes 15% of the budget, but 11% for retired households. People in the lowest income decile spend 9% on transport; the top decile spend 15% 45
• Personal financial incentives mean car ownership and use is cheaper than public transport for some families, regardless of emissions 32
• Transport schemes are appraised according to personal affordability criteria to ensure low income groups are considered
Affordable Travel Choices for Leisure• The department provides the Bus Service Operator
Grant to deliver concessionary bus travel for older people, disabled people, the unemployed and children
• These groups have limited income and/or mobility so often rely on public transport to engage in society and maintain levels of wellbeing 33
Cost of Travel to Work• Travel behaviour is influenced by; our own attitudes, habits,
societal norms and external factors (such as the cost of transport)
• Influencing behaviour of transport users requires an appreciation of the cost of transport. However, cost is just one factor amongst many that must be reviewed to understand the potential for behaviour change
• Cost of travel to work is a necessity which constrains the rest of the household budget, sometimes leading to stress and debt 46
Research Resources
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Cost of Travel• Transport takes 13% of household expenditure in urban areas,
15% in rural. For households where someone is working, transport takes 15% of the budget, but 11% for retired households. People in the lowest income decile spend 9% on transport; the top decile spend 15% 45
• Personal financial incentives mean car ownership and use is cheaper than public transport for some families, regardless of emissions 32
• Transport schemes are appraised according to personal affordability criteria to ensure low income groups are considered
Cost of Travel to Work• Travel behaviour is influenced by; our own attitudes, habits,
societal norms and external factors (such as the cost of transport)
• Influencing behaviour of transport users requires an appreciation of the cost of transport. However, cost is just one factor amongst many that must be reviewed to understand the potential for behaviour change
• Cost of travel to work is a necessity which constrains the rest of the household budget, sometimes leading to stress and debt 46
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Personal Finance
Research Resources
Affordable Travel Choices for Leisure• The department provides the Bus Service Operator
Grant to deliver concessionary bus travel for older people, disabled people, the unemployed and children
• These groups have limited income and/or mobility so often rely on public transport to engage in society and maintain levels of wellbeing 33
Back
Research Resources
ONS WellbeingWheel of wellbeing – bringing together the measures considered significant for national and
individual wellbeing in the UKSubjective wellbeing data – 4 measures of wellbeing included in the annual population survey. Available from ONS
Longitudinal EvidenceUnderstanding Society – This study provides detailed national coverage of wellbeing measures alongside commuter behaviour and car ownership English Longitudinal Study of Ageing – Measures of wellbeing are collected alongside travel behaviour, travel availability and health indicators for over 50sMillennium Cohort Study – DfT has funded questions to be asked on cycling ability and
frequency for a cohort born in 2000
Insights ToolsBehavioural Insights toolkit – A resource that is designed to give transport policy makers an insight into enabling behavioural choicesEconomic Insights toolkit – Raises awareness of the relevant economic issues for transport policy. There are synergies between economic growth agenda and wellbeing
Other ResourcesSurvey Question Bank – Questionnaire searches allow us to identify wellbeing related questions in various surveys held in the UK data archiveNational Travel Survey – A nationally representative cross-sectional study that collects information on personal travel
For queries on wellbeing research resources contact; [email protected]
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What we do
Health
Personal Finance
Economy
Environment
Where we live
OurRelationships
Education
Transport Policy
Social Impacts
Transport systems and services have a big impact on
- Where we live -
The key questions
Ensuring road safety?
Linking communities?
Helping people feel safe in public areas?
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Perceived SafetyPeople’s behaviour is affected by their perceptions of the safety of cycling, walking home from public transport and travelling by car, rail and plane, whether or not these match the actual rate of transport related accidents or crime. Fear of going out at night can add to isolation and low wellbeing. Mitigations include …
• Local initiatives on traffic calming• Pedestrian and cycling infrastructure• Lighting and monitoring of public
transport and access routes
Road SafetyRoad traffic accidents cause injuries and loss of life with clear immediate damage to wellbeing, and in some cases lasting impact through disability and bereavement. They also affect behaviour by making people afraid to walk and cycle. WebTAG captures this by measuring …
• Longer term wellbeing impacts• The demographic characteristics
of victims• The wider costs of dealing with
an accident
Where we live
Linking Local CommunitiesCommunities depend on good local communications, including footpaths, bus services, safe crossing points, and some parking. New roads and railway lines may create barriers between two local areas, including blocking foot and cycle routes. Implementation of transport schemes should take into account …
• Change in traffic speed and volume • Provision of suitable crossing points
• Location of key destinations
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Where we live
Road Safety• A serious accident resulting in personal injury or death is
associated with a significant negative impact on wellbeing for an individual and their associated network 28
• Road traffic accidents are experienced disproportionately by the poor and vulnerable in society 29 This is considered as part of webTAG appraisal
• Wellbeing effects remain for around 20 years following road traffic accidents experienced by children 30
Perceived Safety• Those who live on roads with heavier traffic are more worried
than those on quieter ones due to a perception of traffic danger. This results in lower levels of reported happiness 26
• Parental perceptions of issues regarding safe pedestrian and cycling conditions are negatively associated with 10- to 12-year-old children’s walking or cycling to local destinations 31
• Groups such as women and people with disabilities feel more at risk using public transport compared to other groups. The main concern for these groups is visibility of transport staff and police 33a
Linking and Severing Local Communities• Understanding transport impacts on community
severance is important for wellbeing. Access to social networks, local services and green spaces could all be affected
• WebTAG appraisal analyses the impact that changes in traffic flow, traffic speeds and physical modifications to the road or rail network have on user groups
Research Resources
Back
Road Safety• A serious accident resulting in personal injury or death is
associated with a significant negative impact on wellbeing for an individual and their associated network 28
• Road traffic accidents are experienced disproportionately by the poor and vulnerable in society 29 This is considered as part of webTAG appraisal
• Wellbeing effects remain for around 20 years following road traffic accidents experienced by children 30
Linking and Severing Local Communities• Understanding transport impacts on community
severance is important for wellbeing. Access to social networks, local services and green spaces could all be affected
• WebTAG appraisal analyses the impact that changes in traffic flow, traffic speeds and physical modifications to the road or rail network have on user groups
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Where we live
Research Resources
Perceived Safety• Those who live on roads with heavier traffic are more worried
than those on quieter ones due to a perception of traffic danger. This results in lower levels of reported happiness 26
• Parental perceptions of issues regarding safe pedestrian and cycling conditions are negatively associated with 10- to 12-year-old children’s walking or cycling to local destinations 31
• Groups such as women and people with disabilities feel more at risk using public transport compared to other groups. The main concern for these groups is visibility of transport staff and police 33a
Back
Research Resources
ONS WellbeingWheel of wellbeing – bringing together the measures considered significant for national and
individual wellbeing in the UKSubjective wellbeing data – 4 measures of wellbeing included in the annual population survey. Available from ONS
Longitudinal EvidenceUnderstanding Society – This study provides detailed national coverage of wellbeing measures alongside commuter behaviour and car ownership English Longitudinal Study of Ageing – Measures of wellbeing are collected alongside travel behaviour, travel availability and health indicators for over 50sMillennium Cohort Study – DfT has funded questions to be asked on cycling ability and
frequency for a cohort born in 2000
Insights ToolsBehavioural Insights toolkit – A resource that is designed to give transport policy makers an insight into enabling behavioural choicesEconomic Insights toolkit – Raises awareness of the relevant economic issues for transport policy. There are synergies between economic growth agenda and wellbeing
Other ResourcesSurvey Question Bank – Questionnaire searches allow us to identify wellbeing related questions in various surveys held in the UK data archiveNational Travel Survey – A nationally representative cross-sectional study that collects information on personal travel
For queries on wellbeing research resources contact; [email protected]
<<< Close
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References
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1 Koslowsky, M et al. (1995), Commuting Stress: Causes, Effects, and Methods of Coping. Plenum Press: New York.
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17 Gatersleben, B. and Uzzell, D. (2007) Affective Appraisals of the Daily Commute: Comparing Perceptions of Drivers, Cyclists, Walkers, and Users of Public Transport, Environment and Behaviour (39), pp. 416-431.
21 Church, A. et al. (2000) Transport and social exclusion in London. Transport Policy. 7 p 195-205
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18 Eddington, R. (2006) The Eddington Transport Study. HMSO. Available from http://www.thepep.org/ClearingHouse/docfiles/Eddington.Transport.Study%20-%20Rod.pdf
22a Kingham, S., Ussham, S. (2007) An assessment of the benefits of the walking school bus in Christchurch, New ZealandAvailable from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856406001443
17a WHO (2011) Burden of disease from environmental noise: Quantification of healthy life years lost in Europe. World Health Organization and JRC European Commission. Available from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf
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23 Welsch, H. (2007) Macroeconomics and life satisfaction: Revisiting the ‘misery index’. Journal of Applied Economics (X), pp. 237-251.
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26 Appleyard, D. (1981) Livable Streets, London: University of California Press.
27 Hart, J. (2008) Driven To Excess: Impacts of Motor Vehicle Traffic On Residential Quality Of Life In Bristol, UK. MSc Dissertation, Bristol: University of The West of England.
24 Leyden, K. (2003) Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighbourhoods, American Journal of Public Health Vol. 93 (9), pp. 1546-1551.
25 Putman, R, (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster.
28 ETSC (2007) Social and Economic consequences of road traffic injury in Europe. Available from: http://www.etsc.eu/documents/Social%20and%20economic%20consequences%20of%20road%20traffic%20injury%20in%20Europe.pdf [accessed 26/07/12]
29 Peden, M. et al. (2004) World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. World Health Organization. Geneva. Available from: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/index.html [accessed 16/08/12]
30 Arnberg, F., Rydelius, P-A., Lundin, T. (2011) A longitudinal follow-up of posttraumatic stress: from 9 months to 20 years after a major road traffic accident. Child and adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 5:8 p 1-8.
31 Timpero, A., Crawford, D., Telford, A. and Salmon, J. (2004) Perceptions about the Local Neighbourhood and Walking and Cycling Among Children, Preventive Medicine (38), pp. 39-47.
32 Currie, G. et al. (2009) Investigating links between transport disadvantage, social exclusion and well-being in Melbourne—Preliminary results. Transport Policy 16 p 97–105
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33a Passenger Focus (2012) National Passenger Survey. Available from: http://www.passengerfocus.org.uk/research/national-passenger-survey-introduction
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36 Babisch, W. (2006) Transportation Noise and Cardiovascular Risk: Updated Review and Synthesis of Epidemiological Studies Indicate that the Evidence has Increased, Noise Health [serial online] Vol. 8 (30), pp. 1-29.
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34 Ettema, D. et al (2011) The road to happiness? Measuring satisfaction of Dutch car drivers with their travel using the satisfaction with travel scale (STS). Paper submitted for presentation at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board
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47 HMT (2011) The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government. London: TSO. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/179349/green_book_complete.pdf.pdf
